Journal articles: 'Pleistocene mammal'

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Mayhew, D. F., F. E. Dieleman, A. A. Slupik, L. W. van den Hoek Ostende, and J. W. F. Reumer. "Small mammal assemblages from the Quaternary succession at Moriaanshoofd (Zeeland, the Netherlands) and their significance for correlating the Oosterschelde fauna." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 93, no. 3 (2014): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2014.6.

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AbstractWe investigated fossil small mammals from a borehole near Moriaanshoofd (Zeeland, southwest Netherlands) in order to get better insights in the fossil mammal faunas that are found in the subsurface in the southwestern Netherlands, and to investigate the age and provenance of the mammal fauna that is being dredged from the deep tidal gullies in the nearby Oosterschelde estuary. The record in the borehole covers Gelasian (Early Pleistocene) to Holocene deposits, represented by six formations. Thirty-nine specimens of small mammals were obtained from the borehole. These fossils derived from the Early Pleistocene marine Maassluis Formation and from directly overlying deposits of a Late Pleistocene age. During Weichselian times (33–24 ka), a proto-Schelde River shaped the northern Oosterschelde area. The river reworked substantial amounts of Early and Middle Pleistocene deposits. At the base of the Schelde-derived fluvial sequence (regionally described as the Koewacht Formation), Gelasian vertebrate faunas were concentrated in the channel lag. The Late Pleistocene channel lag is almost certainly the main source for the rich Early Pleistocene vertebrate faunas with larger mammals dredged from the Oosterschelde.

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Markova, Anastasia K., and Andrey Yu Puzachenko. "Small mammal fauna in Europe during the second half of the Middle Pleistocene." Fossil Imprint 73, no. 1-2 (2017): 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2017-0002.

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Evolutionary changes in European small mammals during the second half of the Middle Pleistocene, from the Likhvin (Holsteinian, Hoxnian) Interglacial (MIS 11) to the beginning of the Mikulino (Eemian) Interglacial (MIS 5e), that is between 424 ka BP and 130 ka BP were traced. Trends in evolutionary change were documented, and East European and West European faunas were compared. An integrated analysis of available theriological, geological, and geochronological data for the second half of the Middle Pleistocene in Europe has shown marked changes in the small mammal fauna throughout the period under consideration and provided information on the climate and environments at different time intervals. Changes traceable in the Arvicolinae phyletic lines made a correlation between the West European and East European mammal localities possible. The biostratigraphic scheme of the second half of the Middle Pleistocene has been developed and maps of small mammal localities compiled.

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Markova, A. K., and A. Yu Puzachenko. "MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE SMALL MAMMAL fAUNAS Of EUROPE: EVOLUTION, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, CORRELATIONS." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 11, no. 3 (2018): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-3-21-38.

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The paper is concerned with the small mammal fauna evolution in Europe in the Middle Pleistocene. The information on the faunas of the end of the Early Pleistocene has been also taken into consideration. The data available made possible identifying several stages in the small mammal evolution. Not all intervals within the Middle Pleistocene are provided with sufficient information for recognizing individual stages; that is particularly true for the cold periods of the Middle Pleistocene – the Donian and the Okian glaciations (=Elsterian, =Anglian). Based on the studies of small mammal localities, the biostratigraphic scheme has been developed, the principal phylogenetic lineages of Arvicolinae were traced, and maps of the Middle Pleistocene small mammal localities have been compiled

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Markova, Anastasia K. "Pleistocene mammal faunas of Eastern Europe." Quaternary International 160, no. 1 (2007): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.09.011.

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Agadzhanyan, Alexandre K., Inesa A. Vislobokova, Mikhail V. Shunkov, and V. A. Ulyanov. "Pleistocene mammal fauna of the Trlica locality, Montenegro." Fossil Imprint 73, no. 1-2 (2017): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2017-0005.

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The paper presents new evidence on the small and large mammal fauna from the Trlica locality, Montenegro, based on our records from the 2010 – 2014 excavations. It is shown that the lower layers of the locality correspond to the Early Pleistocene, and the upper layers are dated as the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. The results obtained allow us to characterize the environment in which the oldest hominid migrants dwelt in this region of South-Eastern Europe. Within the interval 1.8–1.5 Ma, there was a relatively cool climate in the region. At the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, the climate became milder; the areas occupied by forests, including broad-leaved forests, increased. The presence of Lagurini throughout the section is evidence of the existence of local areas of steppe in northern Montenegro during the Early Pleistocene and first half of the Middle Pleistocene.

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Graham, Russell W. "Response of North American mammal communities to late Quaternary environmental fluctuations." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006729.

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The late Quaternary was a time of rapid environmental fluctuations. The last glacial maximum was reached about 20 ka with continental glaciers covering most of Canada as well as the northeastern and upper midwestern United States (U.S.). Glacial ice physically displaced entire terrestrial biomes and the cooler climates altered distributions of species outside of the glacial limits. About 14 ka, the climate began to warm rapidly and glacial ice retreated northward, opening new landscapes for colonization by terrestrial biotas. Maximum warmth was reached between 9–5 ka with a time transgressive progression from west to east.Radiocarbon chronologies allow for fine scale (100's to 1000's of years) resolution of mammal responses to these changes. Mammal communities did not respond as intact units but individual species shifted diachronically along environmental gradients. As a result, many late Pleistocene mammal communities contain associations of extant species that do not occur together today and appear to be ecologically incompatible. Pleistocene mammal communities also had a greater diversity of species than either Holocene or modern ones. This greater diversity was, in part, due to the existence of a diverse megafauna that became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene (10 ka). However, Pleistocene small mammal guilds with extant species, especially insectivores and microtine rodents, were also more diverse. Rapid changes in small mammal species distributions, diversity patterns, and clinal shifts around 10 ka strengthens environmental models for the end-Pleistocene extinction.Modern mammal communities began to appear at the end of the Pleistocene and into the Holocene. In the eastern U.S., the species composition of these communities has been stable for the last 10 ka, although vegetational communities have shown change throughout the Holocene. In other parts of the U.S., middle Holocene warming caused some species to shift their geographic ranges. However, species composition of communities was not significantly altered. Understanding these changes not only provides a better perspective for viewing mammal communities of the past but it may also give insight into those of the future as climate will continue to vacillate, whether induced naturally or anthropogenically.

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Lyman, R. Lee. "Terminal Pleistocene change in mammal communities in southeastern Washington State, USA." Quaternary Research 81, no. 2 (2014): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.10.019.

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AbstractSmall mammal communities in western North America experienced declines in taxonomic richness across the late Pleistocene to Holocene transition (PHT), a recent natural global warming event. One community also experienced a decline in evenness and others replaced one species with a congener. Variability in response of small mammal communities to PHT warming is apparent. At the presently arid and xeric Marmes site in the Columbia Basin of southeastern Washington State, megafauna were absent by about 13,000 cal yr BP, evenness of small mammals declined about 11,700 cal yr BP and again about 11,400 cal yr BP whereas richness declined about 11,400 cal BP. Regional faunal turnover was, however, minimal among small-bodied taxa. Local mammal communities are depauperate as a result of megafaunal extinctions and subsequent decreases in small-mammal richness and evenness. The latter chronologically corresponds with a decrease in primary productivity driven by increasing warmth and aridity. More faunas must be studied in order to fully document the range of variability in the responses of mammalian communities to PHT warming. Documentation of patterns in those responses will facilitate understanding and enhance predictive accuracy with respect to responses of mammalian communities to modern global warming.

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Capasso Barbato, L., G. Di Stefano, C. Petronio, and R. Sardella. "PLEISTOCENE MAMMAL FAUNAS FROM PONTE MOLLE (ROME)." Quaternary International 47-48 (March 1998): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(97)00072-4.

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9

Potts, Richard, and Alan Deino. "Mid-Pleistocene Change in Large Mammal Faunas of East Africa." Quaternary Research 43, no. 1 (1995): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1010.

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AbstractSingle-crystal 40Ar/39Ar age estimates of 392,000 ± 4000 to 330,000 ± 6000 yr from Lainyamok, a middle Pleistocene fossil locality in the southern Kenya rift, document the oldest evidence from sub-Saharan Africa of a diverse, large mammal fauna consisting entirely of extant species. The inferred age of this fauna implies an upper limit for extinction of species that characterize well-calibrated, mid-Pleistocene fossil assemblages in East Africa. For its age and species richness, the Lainyamok fauna is surprising for its lack of extinct forms (e.g., the bovine Pelorovis) well documented in later faunal assemblages of East and South Africa. Definitive presence of the South African blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas) is also unexpected, especially as this alcelaphine bovid is the dominant large mammal in the Lainyamok fauna. These age estimates and the faunal composition at Lainyamok indicate that geographic ranges and taxonomic associations of extant largebodied mammals were susceptible to wide fluctuations in sub-Saharan Africa over the past 330,000 yr. This inference is consistent with the hypothesis of nonanalogue, or ephemeral, biotas believed to characterize late Quaternary ecosystems of northern continents.

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10

Loy, Thomas H., and E. James Dixon. "Blood Residues on Fluted Points from Eastern Beringia." American Antiquity 63, no. 1 (1998): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694774.

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Blood residues have been microscopically and chemically detected on fluted projectile points from eastern Beringia. From these residues a variety of large mammal species, including mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), have been identified using biochemical and molecular-biological methods. This is the first time a direct association has been made between the use of fluted projectile points and human predation of extinct fauna and other large Pleistocene mammals in arctic and subarctic North America. This suggests the northern fluted-point assemblages are part of the Paleoindian big-game hunting tradition that was widespread in North America at the close of the Pleistocene.

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11

Athanassiou, Athanassios. "Reghínio, a new mammal locality from the Plio-Pleistocene of Central Greece." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2006, no. 2 (2006): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2006/2006/116.

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12

Schepartz, Lynne, and Sari Miller-Antonio. "Large mammal exploitation in Late Middle Pleistocene China." Before Farming 2010, no. 4 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bfarm.2010.4.2.

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13

Kosintsev, Pavel. "Late Pleistocene large mammal faunas from the Urals." Quaternary International 160, no. 1 (2007): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.09.012.

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14

Meltzer, David J. "Overkill, glacial history, and the extinction of North America’s Ice Age megafauna." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (2020): 28555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015032117.

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The end of the Pleistocene in North America saw the extinction of 38 genera of mostly large mammals. As their disappearance seemingly coincided with the arrival of people in the Americas, their extinction is often attributed to human overkill, notwithstanding a dearth of archaeological evidence of human predation. Moreover, this period saw the extinction of other species, along with significant changes in many surviving taxa, suggesting a broader cause, notably, the ecological upheaval that occurred as Earth shifted from a glacial to an interglacial climate. But, overkill advocates ask, if extinctions were due to climate changes, why did these large mammals survive previous glacial−interglacial transitions, only to vanish at the one when human hunters were present? This question rests on two assumptions: that previous glacial−interglacial transitions were similar to the end of the Pleistocene, and that the large mammal genera survived unchanged over multiple such cycles. Neither is demonstrably correct. Resolving the cause of large mammal extinctions requires greater knowledge of individual species’ histories and their adaptive tolerances, a fuller understanding of how past climatic and ecological changes impacted those animals and their biotic communities, and what changes occurred at the Pleistocene−Holocene boundary that might have led to those genera going extinct at that time. Then we will be able to ascertain whether the sole ecologically significant difference between previous glacial−interglacial transitions and the very last one was a human presence.

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Kostopoulos, D. S., and G. D. Koufos. "SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GREEK MIDDLE MIOCENE TO EARLY - MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE MAMMAL ASSEMBLAGES." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 1 (2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16498.

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The Greek fossil record of small and large mammal Local Faunal Assemblages is studied and compared by means of cluster analysis techniques using Jaccard similarity index and unweighted pair-group method. The analysis allow recognizing a good arrangement of the Greek LFAs according to time and a main cluster gap, corresponding to an important faunal renewal that, however, is not synchronous in the large and small mammal community. Minor groupings of large mammal faunas seem also to fit with main climatic trends, whereas the small mammal assemblage appears to undergo longer periods oftaxonomic stability

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Iliopoulos, G., H. Eikamp, and C. Fassoulas. "A NEW LATE PLEISTOCENE MAMMAL LOCALITY FROM WESTERN CRETE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 2 (2017): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11257.

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During the last five years systematic explorations of the Natural History Museum of Crete have added more than 20 Pleistocene fossil localities around Crete to the catalogue of the over 70 already known on the Island. The new localities are distributed in all four prefectures of Crete. The most important of these is the newly discovered site of Koutalas at Cape Drepano in Western Crete. The fossil remains are found in two levels and in red cemented clays of a collapsed cave. In the upper level a rich assemblage of micromammal, bird and large mammal remains has been discovered. The large mammals consist of dwarf hippopotamus (Hippopotamus creutzburgi) and elephants (Elephas sp.). A partly articulated skeleton (vertebral column, mandible and few long bones) of a dwarf hippo has been found next to a deciduous molar of an elephantid, indicating that the two taxa probably coexisted. The micromammal remains belong to the giant Cretan mouse Kritimys catreus. Therefore, the age of the assemblage is dated to the Kritimys catreus zone and thus to the late Middle Pleistocene. In the lower level scattered remains of deers, birds and micromammals have been identified, and their age is most likely younger than that of the upper level.

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Sablin, M. V., and K. Yu Iltsevich. "Faunal complex of the Early Pleistocene Muhkai 2 locality." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 325, no. 1 (2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.82.

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The Early Pleistocene locality Muhkai 2 was discovered in Central Dagestan, northeastern Caucasus, Russia, in 2006. Archaeological investigations of the site have been directed by Corresponding member of RAS H.A. Amirkhanov (Institute of Archaeology RAS, Moscow). The article presents the results of the study of osteological material from the excavations of 2006–2017. The cultural layers with stone tools and mammal bones are found within stratum of brownish-grey petrified loams with reversed magnetization. We identified 14 large species of mammals, which are indicators for the dating of the faunal assemblage and crucial in identifying the specific characteristics of the natural environment at the time of site formation. Stenon horse and Etruscan wolf dominate the spectrum of species at Muhkai 2. All large mammal species from the site are inhabitants of open and semi-open landscapes and animals indicative of closed biotopes are absent. The biotope appears to have been a dry savannah-steppe with small areas of forest vegetation. The climate at this time was warm and quite arid. Most likely, the animals died here due to natural causes and their carcasses were buried at the bottom of an ancient, slightly saline and shallow, temporary body of water. Data from the theriofauna place the age of the site Muhkai 2 within the chronological range of 2.1–1.77 Mya.

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Petronio, Carmelo, and Federica Marcolini. "Mammal Biochronology at the end of Late Villafranchian (Early Pleistocene): Pirro Faunal Unit." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 298, no. 1-6 (2013): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/298/2013/183.

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Ceballos, Gerardo, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales, and Eduardo Ponce. "Effects of Pleistocene environmental changes on the distribution and community structure of the mammalian fauna of Mexico." Quaternary Research 73, no. 3 (2010): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.02.006.

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Biological communities in Mexico experienced profound changes in species composition and structure as a consequence of the environmental fluctuations during the Pleistocene. Based on the recent and fossil Mexican mammal checklists, we determine the distribution, composition, diversity, and community structure of late Pleistocene mammalian faunas, and analyze extinction patterns and response of individual species to environmental changes. We conclude that (1) differential extinctions occurred at family, genus, and species level, with a major impact on species heavier than 100 kg, including the extinction all proboscideans and several ruminants; (2) Pleistocene mammal communities in Mexico were more diverse than recent ones; and (3) the current assemblages of species are relatively young. Furthermore, Pleistocene relicts support the presence of biogeographic corridors; important refugia existed as well as centers of speciation in isolated regions. We identified seven corridors: eastern USA–Sierra Madre Oriental corridor, Rocky Mountains–Sierra Madre Occidental corridor, Central United States–Northern Mexico corridor, Transvolcanic Belt–Sierra Madre del Sur corridor, western USA–Baja California corridor, Tamaulipas–Central America gulf lowlands corridor, and Sonora–Central America Pacific lowlands corridor. Our study suggests that present mammalian assemblages are very different than the ones in the late Pleistocene.

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Suwa, Gen, Hideo Nakaya, Berhane Asfaw, et al. "Plio-Pleistocene terrestrial mammal assemblage from Konso, southern Ethiopia." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, no. 4 (2003): 901–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/2469-15.

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Faith, J. Tyler. "Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa." Earth-Science Reviews 128 (January 2014): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.10.009.

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22

Feranec, Robert S., and Andrew L. Kozlowski. "AMS Radiocarbon Dates from Pleistocene and Holocene Mammals Housed in the New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA." Radiocarbon 52, no. 1 (2010): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045136.

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Despite its rich paleontological record, only limited research has been published on the Pleistocene and Holocene vertebrate faunal record of New York State. This paper presents a set of dates from the bone collagen of Pleistocene and Holocene mammal specimens housed in the Vertebrate Paleontology Collections at the New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA.

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Saarinen, Juha J., Alison G. Boyer, James H. Brown, et al. "Patterns of maximum body size evolution in Cenozoic land mammals: eco-evolutionary processes and abiotic forcing." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1784 (2014): 20132049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2049.

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There is accumulating evidence that macroevolutionary patterns of mammal evolution during the Cenozoic follow similar trajectories on different continents. This would suggest that such patterns are strongly determined by global abiotic factors, such as climate, or by basic eco-evolutionary processes such as filling of niches by specialization. The similarity of pattern would be expected to extend to the history of individual clades. Here, we investigate the temporal distribution of maximum size observed within individual orders globally and on separate continents. While the maximum size of individual orders of large land mammals show differences and comprise several families, the times at which orders reach their maximum size over time show strong congruence, peaking in the Middle Eocene, the Oligocene and the Plio-Pleistocene. The Eocene peak occurs when global temperature and land mammal diversity are high and is best explained as a result of niche expansion rather than abiotic forcing. Since the Eocene, there is a significant correlation between maximum size frequency and global temperature proxy. The Oligocene peak is not statistically significant and may in part be due to sampling issues. The peak in the Plio-Pleistocene occurs when global temperature and land mammal diversity are low, it is statistically the most robust one and it is best explained by global cooling. We conclude that the macroevolutionary patterns observed are a result of the interplay between eco-evolutionary processes and abiotic forcing.

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MacFadden, Bruce J., Peter K. Zeitler, Federico Anaya, and John M. Cottle. "Middle Pleistocene age of the fossiliferous sedimentary sequence from Tarija, Bolivia." Quaternary Research 79, no. 2 (2013): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.12.009.

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AbstractThe highly fossiliferous sediments of the Tolomosa Formation from Tarija, southern Bolivia, represent one of the most important localities in South America that documents the Great American Biotic Interchange. Over the past several decades, chronostratigraphic studies have indicated a middle Pleistocene age for the Tolomosa Formation from ~ 1.1 to 0.7 Ma. This interval correlates to the Ensenadan South American Land Mammal Age as it is characterized from classic localities in Argentina. Recently, however, a new interpretation based on AMS 14C ages indicates that the fossiliferous sediments from Tarija are latest Pleistocene, i.e., < 44 ka, and thus of Lujanian age. Here we report a new age of 0.76 ± 0.03 Ma (2σ) based on 11 U–Th/Pb and U–Th/He individual determinations from the Tolomosa Formation. This is indistinguishable from the age published from the same ash in 1983, and was originally used to calibrate the magnetostratigraphic section at Tarija. The new age confirms that the age of the Tolomosa Formation is middle Pleistocene, and not latest Pleistocene. The age of the Tarija Fauna has significant implications with regard to the stage of evolution biochronology for Pleistocene fossil mammals in South America, and in particular, the classic and important reference sections in Argentina.

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Grayson, Donald K. "Moisture History and Small Mammal Community Richness during the Latest Pleistocene and Holocene, Northern Bonneville Basin, Utah." Quaternary Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1970.

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Precipitation and net primary productivity are positively correlated in arid environments. Both variables are, in turn, correlated with mammal species richness, but this relationship is not necessarily positive. With increasing precipitation in arid areas of low to moderate productivity, mammal richness increases linearly; as rainfall and productivity increase beyond this point, mammal richness is known to decline in some areas, producing a relationship that has been termed “unimodal” or “humped.” In the Great Basin of the arid western United States, studies of the relationship between rodent species richness and precipitation have revealed only a positive relationship between these two variables. It has, however, been argued that if areas of higher precipitation were to be sampled within this region, the decline phase would become evident. When latest Pleistocene and Holocene small mammal assemblages from the northern Bonneville Basin (central Utah) are examined across a temporal moisture gradient, species richness declines as moisture declines. Since the Great Basin was significantly moister during the latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene than it has been since that time, the unimodal response model does not appear to apply to this region.

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Kosintsev, P. A., and O. P. Bachura. "Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal fauna of the Southern Urals." Quaternary International 284 (January 2013): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.06.022.

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Gibbard, Philip, and Anastasia Markova. "Pleistocene chronostratigraphic subdivisions and stratigraphic boundaries in the mammal record." Quaternary International 160, no. 1 (2007): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.001.

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Kotlík, Petr, Silvia Marková, Mateusz Konczal, Wiesław Babik, and Jeremy B. Searle. "Genomics of end-Pleistocene population replacement in a small mammal." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1872 (2018): 20172624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2624.

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Current species distributions at high latitudes are the product of expansion from glacial refugia into previously uninhabitable areas at the end of the last glaciation. The traditional view of postglacial colonization is that southern populations expanded their ranges into unoccupied northern territories. Recent findings on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of British small mammals have challenged this simple colonization scenario by demonstrating a more complex genetic turnover in Britain during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition where one mtDNA clade of each species was replaced by another mtDNA clade of the same species. Here, we provide evidence from one of those small mammals, the bank vole ( Clethrionomys glareolus ), that the replacement was genome-wide. Using more than 10 000 autosomal SNPs we found that similar to mtDNA, bank vole genomes in Britain form two (north and south) clusters which admix. Therefore, the genome of the original postglacial colonists (the northern cluster) was probably replaced by another wave of migration from a different continental European population (the southern cluster), and we gained support for this by modelling with approximate Bayesian computation. This finding emphasizes the importance of analysis of genome-wide diversity within species under changing climate in creating opportunities for sophisticated testing of population history scenarios.

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PUZACHENKO, Andrei Yurievich, and Anastasia Konstantinovna MARKOVA. "Mammal diversity during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Eastern Europe." Integrative Zoology 9, no. 4 (2014): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12059.

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Tóth, Anikó B., S. Kathleen Lyons, W. Andrew Barr, et al. "Reorganization of surviving mammal communities after the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction." Science 365, no. 6459 (2019): 1305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1605.

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Large mammals are at high risk of extinction globally. To understand the consequences of their demise for community assembly, we tracked community structure through the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in North America. We decomposed the effects of biotic and abiotic factors by analyzing co-occurrence within the mutual ranges of species pairs. Although shifting climate drove an increase in niche overlap, co-occurrence decreased, signaling shifts in biotic interactions. Furthermore, the effect of abiotic factors on co-occurrence remained constant over time while the effect of biotic factors decreased. Biotic factors apparently played a key role in continental-scale community assembly before the extinctions. Specifically, large mammals likely promoted co-occurrence in the Pleistocene, and their loss contributed to the modern assembly pattern in which co-occurrence frequently falls below random expectations.

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LOPES, RENATO PEREIRA, FRANCISCO SEKIGUCHI BUCHMANN, FELIPE CARON, and MARIA ELIZABETH ITUSARRY. "Tafonomia de Fósseis de Vertebrados (Megafauna Extinta) Encontrados nas Barrancas do Arroio Chuí e Linha de Costa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." Pesquisas em Geociências 28, no. 2 (2001): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.20269.

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The present work describes the taphonomy of the extinct mammals’ fossils (Pleistocene megafauna) found in Chuí creek embankment, in Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil and compares them to the mammals’ fossils occurring along the shoreline of the same State. These mammals lived during the Upper Pleistocene (Lujanense land-mammal period) about 120000 years ago; the fossils that occurs along Chuí creek and the ones found along the shoreline suffered deposition in coastal lagoons, originated during events of sea transgression-regression, althought the last ones are now found in subaquatic environments, preserved in submerged biodetritic banks along the coast and are being thrown onto the beach during storm events. These fossils are extremely hard and dark, due to substitution of the bone’s original calcium phosphate by silicates and oxides. While these fossils are found fragmented on the beach due to wave action and transport, the fossils occurring along Chuí creek embankment are well preserved, indicating that they haven’t suffered significant transport; the latter show light colour and more fragility due to lixiviation. Articulated parts of mammals are found, and many bones show grooves and scratches, suggesting the action of scavengers after death. They are found in situ at a depth of 2,5-3,5m in lacustrine sediments of Pleistocene origin in the Chuí creek embankment and above a layer of oxidated beach sands which show parallel stratification and galleries of the Callianassa crustacean.

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Foronova, Irina V. "Large mammal faunas from southwestern Siberia of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary and Lower/Middle Pleistocene transition." Quaternary International 131, no. 1 (2005): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2004.07.005.

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Bibi, Faysal, and Wolfgang Kiessling. "Continuous evolutionary change in Plio-Pleistocene mammals of eastern Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 34 (2015): 10623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504538112.

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Much debate has revolved around the question of whether the mode of evolutionary and ecological turnover in the fossil record of African mammals was continuous or pulsed, and the degree to which faunal turnover tracked changes in global climate. Here, we assembled and analyzed large specimen databases of the fossil record of eastern African Bovidae (antelopes) and Turkana Basin large mammals. Our results indicate that speciation and extinction proceeded continuously throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene, as did increases in the relative abundance of arid-adapted bovids, and in bovid body mass. Species durations were similar among clades with different ecological attributes. Occupancy patterns were unimodal, with long and nearly symmetrical origination and extinction phases. A single origination pulse may be present at 2.0–1.75 Ma, but besides this, there is no evidence that evolutionary or ecological changes in the eastern African record tracked rapid, 100,000-y-scale changes in global climate. Rather, eastern African large mammal evolution tracked global or regional climatic trends at long (million year) time scales, while local, basin-scale changes (e.g., tectonic or hydrographic) and biotic interactions ruled at shorter timescales.

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Prado, José Luis, María Teresa Alberdi, and Jonathan Bellinzoni. "Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications." Quaternary 4, no. 2 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat4020015.

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The Pampean Region contains sedimentary sequences with abundant mammal fossil records, which constitute the chronological outline of the Plio–Pleistocene of South America. These classic localities have been used for more than a century to correlate with other South American regions. Throughout this time, a series of misinterpretations have appeared. To understand the stratigraphic significance of these localities and the geochronological situation of each unit referring to the Pleistocene, a critical historical study of the antecedents was carried out, evaluating the state of each unit. The biostratigraphic studies of the Pampean Region’s mammalian faunas improved the understanding of biogeographic changes taking into account the environmental fluctuations of the Pleistocene.

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Price, Gilbert J., Kyle J. Ferguson, Gregory E. Webb, et al. "Seasonal migration of marsupial megafauna in Pleistocene Sahul (Australia–New Guinea)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1863 (2017): 20170785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0785.

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Seasonal two-way migration is an ecological phenomenon observed in a wide range of large-bodied placental mammals, but is conspicuously absent in all modern marsupials. Most extant marsupials are typically smaller in body size in comparison to their migratory placental cousins, possibly limiting their potential to undertake long-distance seasonal migrations. But what about earlier, now-extinct giant marsupial megafauna? Here we present new geochemical analyses which show that the largest of the extinct marsupial herbivores, the enormous wombat-like Diprotodon optatum , undertook seasonal, two-way latitudinal migration in eastern Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea). Our data infer that this giant marsupial had the potential to perform round-trip journeys of as much as 200 km annually, which is reminiscent of modern East African mammal migrations. These findings provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence for repetitive seasonal migration in any metatherian (including marsupials), living or extinct, and point to an ecological phenomenon absent from the continent since the Late Pleistocene.

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Piskoulis, Pavlos. "Potential precipitation-driven body size differentiation of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum from the Late to latest Pleistocene of Loutra Almopias Cave A (Pella, Macedonia, Greece)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 297, no. 3 (2020): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0927.

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The hypothesis that the body size of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum does not follow Bergmann's rule was examined. The Loutra Almopias Cave A bears two chronologically different small mammal faunal assemblages of Late and latest Pleistocene age, where fossil specimens of the afore-mentioned species have been retrieved. The measurements of the fossils showed that there is a differentiation in tooth size and thus body size from the Late to latest Pleistocene indicating a correlation of the latter with climate.

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Popova, L., M. Krochak, O. Krokhmal', and E. Tzyzh. "MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE SMALL MAMMAL FAUNA OF THE CAVE LOCALITY AT VINYAVY (L'VIV REGION)." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 2 (85) (2019): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.85.03.

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A new locality of the Pleistocene small mammals at Vynyavy (L'viv region) has been discovered in the filling of rock shelters beneath the massive well-cemented sandstone of the Opillia Suite of the Badenian, the Middle Neogene. The locality was formed as a result of pellet accumulation. Predators, whose activity was forming the taphocoenosis, were birds and predatory beasts that inhabited the rock shelters and small caves in the looser underlying sandstone. The fauna includes fossils of insectivores, lagomorphs and rodents. The presence of Arvicolachosaricus and the evolutionary level of other arvicolidsallow identification this fauna as Khasarian one. The closest analogue of Vynyavy, with respect to the geological age, is a fauna from sub-moraine deposits of the Dnieper area, Matviivka. Ecologically, Vynyavy fauna shows similarity with Medzhybizh (Syngilian fauna of the Bug area). Geological age of the locality is the Middle Pleistocene, Dnieprovian climatolith, and, taking into account ecological features of the fauna, most likely, its beginning. On the basis of small mammal fauna, open steppe habitats should be reconstructed for the time span presented by Vynyavy fauna. Climate was colder than the present one, although not extremely cold, which is evidenced by the presence of insectivores. Climate was also wet enough, as soon as all xerophillous species are absent. Special characteristic feature is the absence of Laguridae, usual for the Pleistocene of Ukrainian group. Arctic component is presented by a lemming. High percentage of the water vole in the taphocoenosis indicates extensive areas of flood-plains and high fluvial activity, which could be expected during interstadials rather than during cold epochs. Otherwise, a decrease of seasonal floods would have resulted in foresting of valley and, as a consequence, in the appearance of forest mammal species, which are observed in Vinyavy fauna. Remains of ground squirrels belong to Spermophilusodessanus, a fact that supports a recent (Holocene) colonization of this area by its present inhabitant, S. citellus.

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Middleton, Owen S., Jörn P. W. Scharlemann, and Christopher J. Sandom. "Homogenization of carnivorous mammal ensembles caused by global range reductions of large-bodied hypercarnivores during the late Quaternary." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1929 (2020): 20200804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0804.

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Carnivorous mammals play crucial roles in ecosystems by influencing prey densities and behaviour, and recycling carrion. Yet, the influence of carnivores on global ecosystems has been affected by extinctions and range contractions throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene (approx. 130 000 years ago to the current). Large-bodied mammals were particularly affected, but how dietary strategies influenced species' susceptibility to geographical range reductions remains unknown. We investigated (i) the importance of dietary strategies in explaining range reductions of carnivorous mammals (greater than or equal to 5% vertebrate meat consumption) and (ii) differences in functional diversity of continental carnivore ensembles by comparing current, known ranges to current, expected ranges under a present-natural counterfactual scenario. The present-natural counterfactual estimates current mammal ranges had modern humans not expanded out of Africa during the Late Pleistocene and were not a main driver of extinctions and range contractions, alongside changing climates. Ranges of large-bodied hypercarnivorous mammals are currently smaller than expected, compared to smaller-bodied carnivorous mammals that consume less vertebrate meat. This resulted in consistent differences in continental functional diversity, whereby current ensembles of carnivorous mammals have undergone homogenization through structural shifts towards smaller-bodied insectivorous and herbivorous species. The magnitude of ensemble structural shifts varied among continents, with Australia experiencing the greatest difference. Weighting functional diversity by species’ geographical range sizes caused a threefold greater shift in ensemble centroids than when using presence–absence alone. Conservation efforts should acknowledge current reductions in the potential geographical ranges of large-bodied hypercarnivores and aim to restore functional roles in carnivore ensembles, where possible, across continents.

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Mendes, Millena Silva, Tábata Zanesco, Luíza Bomfim Melki, et al. "Eremotherium (Xenarthra, Mammalia) materials from the collections of Laboratório de Paleontologia e Evolução and Laboratório de Geologia of Universidade Federal de Goiás." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 7 (2020): e316973951. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.3951.

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This study presents the first survey of fossil mammal specimens housed at the collections of the Federal University of Goiás. Here, we describe a set of associated femur and vertebrae fragments, one fragment of tibia, and two left and right maxillary fragments, identified as Eremotherium. Despite its fragmentary condition, the size and morphological aspect of the materials show diagnostic characteristics that suggest their relationship with Eremotherium. These new specimens described here contribute to the paleontology of the Goiás State, which may provide future research investments in collections not yet known, which may increase the knowledge on Pleistocene mammals of Central Brazil.

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Koufos, G. D. "NEOGENE AND QUATERNARY CONTINENTAL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF GREECE BASED ON MAMMALS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 1 (2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11701.

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Most basins of Greece were filled with thick Neogene-Quaternary continental deposits, which include a large number of mammal fossiliferous sites. The investigations of the last 40 years in the various basins of Greece led to the discovery of many new fossiliferous sites. The extensive, long time and continuous excavations in the new fossiliferous sites as well as in the previously known ones - like the classical localities of Axios Valley, Pikermi and Samos Island - provided numerous fossils enriching remarkably the Greek fossil mammal record. The systematic study of these collections provided numerous data for their biochronology. Further magnetostratigraphic, radiometric or other methods of absolute chronology provided additional chronological data for the mammal faunas and the corresponding deposits. The correlation of all these data allowed the biostratigraphic classification of the continental Neogene Quaternary deposits of Greece which is given in the biostratigraphic tables of the present article. From these tables it is clear that for some time-intervals (Late Miocene, Early Pleistocene) the data are abundant allowing a detailed biostratigraphy, but for some others (Early- Middle Miocene, Pliocene, and for some time-spans of Early Pleistocene) the data are imited or missing and cannot allow an accurate and complete biostratigraphy.

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MacFadden, Bruce J. "Middle Pleistocene Climate Change Recorded in Fossil Mammal Teeth from Tarija, Bolivia, and Upper Limit of the Ensenadan Land-Mammal Age." Quaternary Research 54, no. 1 (2000): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2146.

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Fossiliferous middle Pleistocene sediments of the Tarija basin of southern Bolivia contain a classic Ensenadan land-mammal fauna. New carbon isotopic data reported here for 50 specimens of the grazing mammals Equus (horse) and Cuvieronius (mastodon), documented from eight stratigraphic levels at Tarija, vary significantly in the δ13C values of their teeth. The pattern of variation appears to reflect the proportion of C3 and C4 grasses eaten during colder (more C3) and warmer (more C4) times. Within age limits set by associated magnetostratigraphy, the cold periods can be correlated with particular even-numbered stages in the marine oxygen-isotope record, and the warm periods can be correlated with odd-numbered stages. The oldest fossil teeth analyzed from the Tarija section can thereby be assigned to stage 29, and the youngest to stages 17 or 15, that is; the teeth range in age from about 1.1 myr to as young as 0.7 myr. Based on correlation of the upper part of the Tarija beds to the isotopic stages, the upper limit of the Ensenadan land-mammal age is between 0.7 and 0.6 myr, which is younger than stated in most previous studies.

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Faith, J. Tyler, and James F. O'Connell. "Revisiting the late Pleistocene mammal extinction record at Tight Entrance Cave, southwestern Australia." Quaternary Research 76, no. 3 (2011): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.08.001.

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AbstractTight Entrance Cave (TEC) in southwestern Australia provides a Pleistocene sequence documenting the extinction of 14 large mammal species. This record has been interpreted as indicating that extinctions did not occur during or before the penultimate glacial maximum (PGM) and that humans played a primary role in the extinctions. However, it remains possible that the majority of extinct megafauna persisted no later than the PGM. The TEC extinctions correspond with vegetation change, a cooling/drying trend, increased biomass burning, and increasingly unstable small mammal communities. The initiation of these trends predates human arrival on the continent and implies environmentally mediated extinctions.

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Denys, Christiane, C. Terry Williams, Yannicke Dauphin, Peter Andrews, and Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo. "Diagenetical changes in Pleistocene small mammal bones from Olduvai Bed I." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 126, no. 1-2 (1996): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(97)88905-5.

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Petculescu, Alexandru, and Emanoil Ştiucă. "Peculiarity of the mammal associations from the Upper Pleistocene (Dobrogea, Romania)." Quaternary International 179, no. 1 (2008): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.030.

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Sardella, Raffaele, Maria Rita Palombo, Carmelo Petronio, Claudia Bedetti, and Marco Pavia. "The early Middle Pleistocene large mammal faunas of Italy: An overview." Quaternary International 149, no. 1 (2006): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.11.023.

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Sala, Benedetto, and Federico Masini. "Late Pliocene and Pleistocene small mammal chronology in the Italian peninsula." Quaternary International 160, no. 1 (2007): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.002.

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Oliveira, Édison V., Pétrius S. Bélo, Gelson L. Fambrini, Alcides N. Sial, Ana K. B. Silva, and Alcina M. F. Barreto. "A new late Pleistocene ichnological site with mammal footprints from Brazil." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 94 (October 2019): 102216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102216.

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Prideaux, G. J., G. A. Gully, A. M. C. Couzens, et al. "Timing and dynamics of Late Pleistocene mammal extinctions in southwestern Australia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 51 (2010): 22157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011073107.

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Blois, Jessica L., Jenny L. McGuire, and Elizabeth A. Hadly. "Small mammal diversity loss in response to late-Pleistocene climatic change." Nature 465, no. 7299 (2010): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09077.

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Braun, Andreas, and Thekla Pfeiffer. "Cyanobacterial blooms as the cause of a Pleistocene large mammal assemblage." Paleobiology 28, no. 1 (2002): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0139:cbatco>2.0.co;2.

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We investigated the petrography and biochemistry of varved sediments from a Pleistocene mass occurrence of fossil vertebrates in the lake basin of Neumark-Nord (Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany). The carbonate portions of the varves appear to be cyanobacterial layers that have been decomposed by benthic bacteria. The biochemical results obtained by absorption spectroscopy and RP-HPLC with UV-detection show that pigments, and probably toxins, characteristic for cyanobacteria are preserved in the sediment. The results of this study indicate the presence in the lake of large amounts of toxic cyanobacteria that probably occurred in seasonal blooms. It seems likely that these toxic cyanobacterial blooms caused the mass death of the large mammals preserved at the Neumark-Nord locality. This model may explain comparable lithologies and vertebrate occurrences in other Tertiary lake sediments such as the Messel oil shale.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pleistocene mammal'

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