Academic literature on the topic 'Pleosporales'

The order Pleosporales comprises a miscellaneous group of fungi and is considered to be the largest order of the class Dothideomycetes. The circumscription of Pleosporales has undergone numerous changes in recent years due to the addition of large numbers of families reported from various habitats and with a large amount of morphological variation. Many asexual genera have been reported in Pleosporales and can be either hyphomycetes or coelomycetes. Phoma-like taxa are common and have been shown to be polyphyletic within the order and allied with several sexual genera. During the exploration of biodiversity of pleosporalean fungi in Taiwan, a fungal strain was isolated from mycelium growing on the fruiting body of an Ophiocordyceps species. Fruiting structures that developed on PDA were morphologically similar to Phoma and its relatives in having pycnidial conidiomata with hyaline conidia. The fungus is characterised by holoblastic, cylindrical, aseptate conidiogenous cells and cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate, guttulated, thin-walled conidia. Phylogenetic analysis based on six genes, ITS, LSU, rpb2, SSU, tef1 and tub2, produced a phylogenetic tree with the newly generated sequences grouping in a distinct clade separate from all of the known families. Therefore, a new pleosporalean family Tzeananiaceae is established to accommodate the monotypic genus Tzeanania and the species T.taiwanensis in Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. The Ophiocordyceps species was identified as O.macroacicularis and this is a new record in Taiwan.

AbstractPolylepis tarapacana forms one of the highest-altitude woodlands worldwide. Its populations are experiencing a decline due to unsustainable land-use practices, climate change, and fungal infection. In Sajama National Park in Bolivia, Polylepis tarapacana is affected by a disease caused by the pleosporalean fungus Leptosphaeria polylepidis, recently described in 2005. In this study, the integrative morphological and molecular analyses using sequences from multiple DNA loci showed that it belongs to the genus Paraleptosphaeria (Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales). Accordingly, the appropriate new combination, Paraleptosphaeria polylepidis, is made. Pseudothecia of Pa. polylepidis were found to be overgrown by enigmatic conidiomata that were not reported in the original description of this fungus. Morphological and molecular analyses using sequences from two DNA loci revealed that they belong to an undescribed genus and species in the family Dictyosporiaceae (Pleosporales). The new generic and specific names, Sajamaea and S. mycophila, are introduced for this unusual fungus.

Macrodiplodiopsis desmazieri, the type species of Macrodiplodiopsis, was collected from Italy, and morpho-molecular studies were carried out. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum-likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian) using combined data set of LSU, SSU and EF1-α sequences showed our strain to group in Lophiostomataceae (Pleosporales) with Misturatosphaeria uniseriata and other Misturatosphaeria spp. Floricola striata, the type species of Floricola also groups in the same clade with a close relationship with Misturatosphaeria cruciformis. The Macrodiplodiopsis clade is well supported with high bootstrap and posterior probability. Floricola striata and nine species of Misturatosphaeria are transferred to the older name Macrodiplodiopsis as new combinations.

A new ascomycete species, inhabiting decaying bamboo culms, is introduced in this paper based on morphology and molecular evidence. Analyses of partial LSU sequence data place the taxon in a monophyletic clade within the order Pleosporales. Morphological characters of the taxon are also distinct from other members of Pleosporales. Ligninsphaeria jonesii gen. et sp. nov. is therefore introduced to accommodate the new taxon, which is characterized by its clypeate, scattered, deeply immersed ascomata, with a slit-like opening, long ostioles, cellular pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci containing broad-fusiform and 1-septate ascospores surrounded by a gelatinous cap at both ends. The phylogenetic analyses show that the new taxon is phylogenetically close but distinct from the families Amniculicolaceae and Testudinaceae, and forms a distinct clade from other taxa in Pleosporales. The new taxon is described and compared with similar taxa. A new genus Ligninsphaeria (Pleosporales, incertae sedis) is introduced to accommodate this distinct lineage.

A novel genus, Anastomitrabeculia, is introduced herein for a distinct species, Anastomitrabeculia didymospora, collected as a saprobe on dead bamboo culms from a freshwater stream in Thailand. Anastomitrabeculia is distinct in its trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and ascospores with longitudinally striate wall ornamentation. A new family, Anastomitrabeculiaceae, is introduced to accommodate Anastomitrabeculia. Anastomitrabeculiaceae forms an independent lineage basal to Halojulellaceae in Pleosporales and it is closely related to Neohendersoniaceae based on phylogenetic analyses of a combined LSU, SSU and TEF1α dataset. In addition, divergence time estimates provide further support for the establishment of Anastomitrabeculiaceae. The family diverged around 84 million years ago (MYA) during the Cretaceous period, which supports the establishment of the new family. The crown and stem age of Anastomitrabeculiaceae was also compared to morphologically similar pleosporalean families.

Dead leaves of Musa sp. (banana) were collected in northern Thailand during an investigation of saprobic fungi. Preliminary morphological observations revealed that three specimens belong to Dictyoarthrinium. Phylogenetic analyses of combined SSU, LSU, ITS and tef1-α sequence data revealed that Dictyoarthrinium forms a clade in Didymosphaeriaceae (Massarineae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) sister to Spegazzinia. Based on contrasting morphological features with the extant taxa of Dictyoarthrinium, coupled with the multigene analyses, Dictyoarthrinium musae sp. nov. is introduced herein. Our study provides the first detailed molecular investigation for Dictyoarthrinium and supports its placement in Didymosphaeriaceae (Massarineae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). Previously, Dictyoarthrinium was classified in Apiosporaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes).

El Orden Pleosporales incluye hongos dematiáceos con distribución cosmopolita y que suelen comportarse como saprofitos o parásitos de la madera y las hojas. Tienen notable repercusión agrícola debido a que causan cuantiosas pérdidas económicas por infección de cultivos, principalmente de cereales, verduras, frutales y pastos, y de plantas en general. En patología humana y veterinaria se han relacionado con afecciones que van desde colonizaciones cutáneas leves hasta infecciones diseminadas fatales, pasando por el hecho de que dentro de este orden se encuentran algunos de los hongos alergénicos más reconocidos como Alternaria y Epicoccum. La aerobiología de las conidias de Alternaria ha sido ampliamente estudiada por su gran importancia como fitopatógeno y alérgeno, no obstante, a pesar de que se ha demostrado alta homología entre algunas de sus moléculas alergénicas y factores de virulencia con las de otros géneros dentro de los Pleosporales, poco se conoce acerca de la diversidad y distribución en la atmósfera y del efecto de los factores ambientales sobre estos otros Pleosporales. Barcelona y su área metropolitana es una zona densamente poblada con un clima templado influenciado por el mediterráneo y caracterizado por veranos cálidos y secos e inviernos no muy fríos y otoños y primaveras lluviosos, condiciones consideradas óptimas para el desarrollo de la mayoría de los hongos. La prevalencia de enfermedades alérgicas en la zona es alta, y la sensibilización a alérgenos fúngicos afecta a más del 23% de la población atópica, asociándose principalmente a la frecuencia de las esporas de Alternaria en el aire. No obstante, el aporte de otros taxones filogenéticamente relacionados con Alternaria a la aerospora de Barcelona se desconoce. Con el propósito de dilucidar el comportamiento aerobiológico de los Pleosporales en Barcelona, se procedió a: 1) establecer el comportamiento estacional de las esporas de Pleosporales más frecuentemente identificadas en el aire de tres regiones en Cataluña con diferentes características ambientales (Barcelona, Bellaterra y Lleida), su dinámica a través de un periodo de 15 años y la correlación con los parámetros meteorológicos por medio del análisis retrospectivo de las bases de datos de la Xarxa Aerobiològica de Catalunya desde 1995 al 2009; 2) identificar las esporas de Pleosporales (diversidad) en el aire de la ciudad de Barcelona durante el año 2010, determinando el comportamiento horario y diario de cada taxón y el efecto de las variables meteorológicas sobre su presencia y variabilidad en la atmósfera; y 3) analizar la presencia de Pleosporales en el aire y el polvo sedimentado en ambientes intra y extradomiciliarios de las viviendas de individuos sensibilizados a Alternaria y un grupo control (no sensibilizados al hongo) en Barcelona durante las cuatro estaciones climáticas y empleando métodos para hongos viables y no viables, además de determinar los niveles del alérgeno Alt a 1 en las muestras de polvo del interior de las viviendas. El estudio retrospectivo de 15 años de monitoreo, permitió establecer que los Pleosporales mitospóricos predominaron en la aerospora de todas las zonas estudiadas, siendo Alternaria el taxón más frecuentemente observado. Las mayores concentraciones se presentaron en zonas rurales (Lleida) o semiurbanas (Bellaterra) comparadas con los ambientes urbanos (Barcelona). Los Pleosporales mitospóricos presentaron un comportamiento estacional con un incremento del nivel de las esporas asociado al aumento de la temperatura y la disminución de la humedad relativa. En contraste, los Pleosporales meiospóricos no mostraron un patrón claro, aunque si evidenciaron un comportamiento contrario a los mitospóricos, correlacionándose principalmente a periodos de humedades relativas altas. Durante el año 2010 se identificaron 32 taxones de Pleosporales, nuevamente con el predominio de los estadios mitospóricos a expensas de las conidias de Alternaria, Epicoccum y Stemphylium. Dentro de los Pleosporales meiospóricos las ascosporas de Leptosphaeria y Pleospora fueron las más representativas. Aunque el comportamiento horario no fue común entre todos los Pleosporales, se describió una tendencia a la liberación diurna (hacia el mediodía) de las esporas entre los mitospóricos y nocturna (hacia la madrugada) en los meiospóricos. Con respecto al estudio de los ambientes intra y extradomiciliarios, los hallazgos corroboran la infravaloración de los niveles de hongos cuando se emplean solamente los métodos para organismos viables ya que no permiten el crecimiento de Pleosporales meiospóricos y la cuantificación de los mitospóricos en forma de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) da resultados significativamente inferiores a los métodos para no viables. Adicionalmente se observó que las concentraciones fueron evidentemente mayores en el exterior que en el interior, y que eran aún superiores cuando la vivienda se ubicaba en zonas rurales que en semiurbanas. Alternaria fue también el taxón más comúnmente observado en el método viable, tanto en las muestras de aire en el interior como en las del exterior. En cuanto a las superficies, aquellas obtenidas de exteriores presentaron un mayor número de esporas o UFC por cm² y una mayor diversidad de Pleosporales que las de interiores, y estuvieron dominadas por los Pleosporales productores de macroconidias. Las esporas y UFC fueron significativamente mayores durante el verano, tanto en el aire interior como en el exterior, no obstante sobre las superficies de exterior los mayores recuentos se presentaron en invierno o en otoño. Algunas características de las viviendas, como la presencia de moquetas, la ventilación natural por ventanas abiertas y la presencia de mascotas, se correlacionaron con los niveles de algunos taxones de Pleosporales. Los hallazgos sugieren que la abundancia de los Pleosporales en la atmósfera podría representar riesgo de sensibilización para los individuos expuestos o de exacerbación de los síntomas en los ya sensibilizados a los alérgenos de Alternaria u otros Pleosporales, debido principalmente a la reactividad cruzada. Para establecer el riesgo real que supone la exposición a estos agentes, es necesario demostrar la presencia del gen que codifica para Alt a 1 y la producción de esta proteína en los géneros de Pleosporales comunes en el aire. También hay que continuar con la búsqueda de otras moléculas alergénicas determinando la prevalencia de sensibilización a estos nuevos alérgenos en la población.
Order Pleosporales includes dematiaceous fungi with cosmopolitan distribution and usually behaving as saprophytes or parasites of wood and leaves. Pleosporales have an important impact on agriculture because they cause economic losses by infecting crops (mainly cereal, vegetables, fruits and pastures), and plants in general. In human and veterinarian pathology they have been linked to a wide range of illnesses from mild skin colonization to fatal disseminated infections, and through allergy, as the most recognized allergenic fungi (Alternaria and Epicoccum) are comprised amongst of them. Aerobiology of Alternaria conidia has been intensively studied because of its huge importance as phytopathogen and allergen; however, despite high homology between some allergenic molecules and virulence factors with other Pleosporales genera has been demonstrated , little is known about the diversity and distribution in the atmosphere of these other Pleosporales and the effects that environmental factors have on them. Barcelona and its metropolitan area is a densely populated area with a mild climate influenced by the Mediterranean Sea. It is characterized by warm and dry summers and mild winters, as well as by rainy springs and falls. These conditions are considered optimal for the development of most fungi. The prevalence of allergic diseases in the area is high, and sensitization to fungal allergens affects more than 23% of the atopic population, mainly associated with the frequency of Alternaria spores in the air. However, the contribution to the aerospora of Barcelona of other taxa phylogenetically related to Alternaria is unknown. In order to elucidate the aerobiological behavior of the Pleosporales in Barcelona, this study aimed to: 1) establish the seasonal behavior of the most common Pleosporales spores identified in the air of three regions with different environmental characteristics in Catalonia (Barcelona, Bellaterra and Lleida); their dynamics in the atmosphere and correlation with meteorological parameters in a 15 years period using data from 1995 to 2009 provided by the Xarxa Aerobiològica de Catalunya , 2) identify Pleosporales spores (diversity) in the air of Barcelona year 2010, determining for each taxon the hourly and daily distribution and the effect of meteorological parameters, and 3) analyze the presence of Pleosporales spores in the air and settled dust in indoors and outdoors housing environments of people sensitized to Alternaria and a control group (not sensitized to the fungus) in Barcelona, at four moments in the year corresponding to climatic seasons, using methods for viable and non-viable fungi and also measuring the alt a 1 allergen in the indoor dust samples. The study of the 15 years dataset showed that Alternaria was the most frequent mitosporic Pleosporales taxon in the aerospora of the three studied areas. The highest concentrations occurred in the rural (Lleida) and suburban (Bellaterra) areas, while the urban environment (Barcelona) showed lower levels. Mitosporic Pleosporales presented seasonal behavior, increasing their levels with increasing temperature and decreasing relative humidity. In contrast, meiosporic Pleosporales did not show a clear pattern, and correlated mainly with periods with high relative humidity. In 2010, 32 Pleosporales taxa were identified, again with the predominance of mitosporic stages due to the abundance of Alternaria, Epicoccum and Stemphylium conidia. Within meiosporic Pleosporales, Leptosphaeria and Pleospora ascospores were the most representative. Regarding the hourly behavior, mitosporic Pleosporales showed a tendency to be released during daylight (about noon) while meiosporic Pleosporales showed a nocturnal release tendency (toward dawn). With regard to the study of indoors and outdoors environments, our results corroborated that fungi levels were underestimed not only when using measuring methods for viable organisms, which do not allow meiosporic Pleosporales growth, but also when making the quantification of colony forming units (CFU) of mitosporic taxa and comparing them with total spore counts. Additionally, it was found that the concentrations were obviously higher outdoor than indoor, and were even higher in rural than in suburban areas. Alternaria was also the most commonly observed taxon in the viable method, both in indoor and outdoor air samples. Regarding outdoor surfaces, they showed higher number of spores or CFU/cm² and higher Pleosporales diversity than indoor surfaces and were dominated by taxa producing macroconidia. Counts of Spores and CFU were significantly higher during summer, both in indoors and outdoors air, however, counts of the outdoor surfaces samples were higher in winter and autumn. Some characteristics of homes, such as presence of carpets, natural ventilation through open windows and having pets, showed correlations with the levels of some taxa Pleosporales. These findings suggest that the abundance of Pleosporales spores in the atmosphere could be a risk of sensitization to the exposed people and of exacerbation of symptoms in those already sensitized to allergens of Alternaria or other Pleosporales, mainly due to cross-reactivity. To establish the actual risk of the exposure to these particles, it is necessary to demonstrate the presence of the gene coding for Alt a 1 and the production of this protein in common Pleosporales taxa in the air. It is also important to pursue the search for other allergenic molecules and to determine the prevalence of sensitization of the population to these new allergens.

Coprophilous ascomycetes are a diverse group of saprobes, of which many belong to three families, Delitschiaceae, Phaeotrichaceae and Sporormiaceae, within the large order Pleosporales. The natural relationships and circumscription of these families are unclear, especially within the family Sporormiaceae, where the generic delimitation have been questioned. There is also a need to understand how different ecological processes affect species richness and occurrence of coprophilous ascomycetes in general. The aim of this thesis was therefore to test earlier classifications of coprophilous taxa within Pleosporales, using phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences; and to study how the habitat, dung type and herbivores´ food choice may affect the species richness and species composition of coprophilous ascomycetes.

A phylogenetic study shows that coprophilous taxa have arisen several times within Pleosporales. Sporormiaceae and Delitschiaceae are separate monophyletic groups and should continue to be recognized as two distinct families within Pleosporales. Phaeotrichaceae forms a monophyletic group, and is, unexpectedly, a strongly supported sister-group to Venturiaceae, but if they belong to Pleosporales or not, remains unresolved. Testudinaceae and Zopfiaceae, which previously had an unclear position in Ascomycota, are shown to be members of Pleosporales and should be treated as two separate families. The genus Eremodothis is, however, not related to Testudinaceae, but is nested within Sporormiaceae and should be transferred to Westerdykella.

The natural relationships within Sporormiaceae are still not fully resolved and consequently, I suggest a rather conservative generic classification, accepting Preussia, Sporormia, Westerdykella, as well as Sporormiella, despite that the latter is not conclusively well supported as monophyletic. Characters previously used in the taxonomy and classification of Sporormiaceae, as choice of substrate, presence or absence of an ostiole, presence or absence of germ slits, and spore ornamentation, were all homoplastic and not very useful for circumscribing monophyletic groups.

Field-studies of moose (Alces alces), mountain hare (Lepus timidus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) dung resulted in several new species records, which suggests that coprophilous ascomycetes in boreal Sweden are poorly known. Fungal species richness and occurrence on moose dung varied significantly between habitats. Species diversity was negatively associated with amount of insect attack, and insects feeding either on the dung and/or the fungi may be an important factor explaining the observed pattern. Species richness of coprophilous fungi varied also significantly between different dung types. A study of moose, mountain hare, and roe deer dung did not show any consistent patterns in respect to the animals´ digestive system. There was, however, a general strong positive relationship between the total number of ascomycete species and the number of plant species foraged by the three herbivores. Fungal species with large spores (≥ 50 µm) were over-represented on roe deer dung, and under-represented on moose dung, while the reverse was found for species with small spores (<10µm). This suggests that the foraging level of the herbivore, which in turn mirrors species-specific differences in spore dispersal of the fungi, may be an important factor in explaining species richness and diversity of the coprophilous community.