Academic literature on the topic 'Plosive consonants'

Objectives. Both acoustic and aerodynamic analyses are essential to evaluate the phonetic characteristics of voice pathology. The purpose of the study is to determine the magnitude of their correlation with the different types of bilabial plosive consonants.Methods. A controlled prospective study of 35 patients diagnosed with unilateral vocal fold paralysis was performed. The sustained vowel /a/ and bilabial voiceless consonants were used. Three common acoustic parameters were measured from a sustained vowel /a/ and aerodynamic parameters from a set of syllables /pi/, /p^hi/, and /p’i/. We determined the correlation coefficients between acoustic and aerodynamic measurements for the bilabial plosive consonants /pi/, /p^hi/, and /p’i/.Results. The mean values of acoustic parameters were higher than the thresholds of pathology. The mean values of aerodynamic parameters varied according to the types of consonants. The correlation between acoustic and aerodynamic parameters was significantly larger with the consonant /p^hi/ compared with the consonants /p’/ and /p/. The magnitudes of correlation were higher with the consonant /p^hi/ compared with the consonants /p’/ and /p/.Conclusion. The plosive consonant /p^hi/ may represent a more valuable investigative consonant than the consonants /p/ or /p’/ for aerodynamic analysis of voice pathology, especially in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

AbstractSound change in the form of plosive mergers has been reported for a variety of languages and is the result of a reduction of phonetic distance between two (or more) sounds. The present study is concerned with the opposite development of phonetic differentiation in plosives (akin to a phonetic split), a less commonly reported phenomenon that is taking place in Austrian German at the moment. A previously small (or null) phonetic distinction between fortis and lenis plosives – a presumed near-merger – is gradually developing into a clear phonetic contrast in younger speakers. In the present study, voice onset time of word-initial plosives was measured in two generations of Austrian speakers (born in the middle and at the end of the 20th century), yielding an ongoing phonetic differentiation where the voice onset time of lenis consonants is shortened while, at the same time, that of fortis consonants is lengthened. These results present an insight into the recent diachronic development of Austrian German and the changes in plosive production that are currently taking place.

Voice Onset Time (VOT) is commonly found in most spoken languages. It is a speech feature to indicate differences in voicing and meaning. In particular, the duration of Voice Onset Time values is directly determined by place of articulation, with labial VOT values being shorter than velar and alveolar and, sometimes, alveolar being shorter than velar. In the present study, the researchers examined the VOT values of English speakers in Malaysia, particularly Indian-Muslim English speakers in the northwest region of Malaysia. From the analysis conducted by employing PRAAT software in examining differences in VOT values of voiced and voiceless plosives, the results revealed that there were significant differences in VOT values of bilabial plosives of /p/ and /b/ as well as alveolar plosives of /t/ and /d/ in Indian-Muslim English speakers’ community. However, there is no significant difference in the VOT values of both voiced and voiceless velar plosives of /k/ and /g/, indicating the influence of the speakers’ mother tongue in their English language use. In the case of prominence of aspiration in the present study, the results show that the Indian-Muslim English speakers in Malaysia have high VOT values in voiceless alveolar plosive /t/ (M = 0.0705, SD = 0.0509) and voiced alveolar plosive /d/ (M = 0.015, SD = 0.00). The findings highlight that there are differences in term of VOT values in bilabial plosives and alveolar plosives of English speakers between Indian-Muslim community and Malay community.

This study aims to examine whether speakers who have a basic English language make mistakes in pronouncing the plosive / t /, / d / consonants due to the influence of the Tarakan language, which is the language of the speakers during their domicile in the area. A recording technique was used in collecting data. The instrument used is a list of words, sentences and paragraphs. The population in this study were English-bachelor students who had lived in Tarakan for a long time and were accustomed to using the Tarakan accent. The sampling technique used was purposive sample of 3 people. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods by analyzing the data of the transcription.The results of this study indicate that in pronouncing English consonants and vowels, there are still many students who do not pronounce them correctly. They make a lot of mistakes in pronouncing the plosive / d / correctly in every word. They tend to change it to / t /.

Testing, Demonstrating, Practicing and Revising (TDPR) technique is a technique which includes testing, demonstrating, practicing and revising activities to know and improve the students’ pronunciation ability. Deriving from the importance of pronunciation, the main purpose of the current study is to investigate the use of Testing, Demonstrating, Practicing and Revising (TDPR) technique to improve the students’ ability in pronouncing plosive consonants. Based on the purpose of the study, a series of classroom activities with TDPR technique was done. In gathering the data, the researcher applied a quasi-experimental research method. Pre-test and post-test were distributed to 72 students of SMKN 1 Praya Tengah. The result of the study has revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean of pre-test and the post-test, t-test 5.10 ˃ t-table 1.994, it means that the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected meanwhile alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It proved that the TDPR technique can improve students’ ability in pronouncing plosive consonants.

Las personas con un mecanismo velofaringeo defectuoso hablan con una resonancia nasal anormal (habla hipernasal). Métodos de análisis de voz para detección de hipernasaliad comúnmente usan las vocales y las vocales nasales. Sin embargo para obtener una evaluación más general de esta anormalidad es necesario analizar las paradas y las fricativas. Este estudio describe un método con alta capacidad de generalización para detección de hipernasalidad análisis de las consonantes oclusivas sordas españolas. Se muestra la importancia del análisis fonema por fonema, en contraste con la parametrización de la palabra completa que incluye segmentos irrelevantes desde el punto de vista de la clasificación. Los parámetros que correlacionan la incompetencia velofaringea (VPI) sobre las consonantes oclusivas sordas se usa en la fase de estimación de características. La clasificación se llevó a cabo usando una Maquina de Vector de Soporte (SVM), incluyendo el modelo de complejidad Rademacher con el objetivo de aumentar la capacidad de generalización. Rendimientos del 95.2% y del 92.7% fueron obtenidos en las etapas de elaboración y verificación para una repetida evaluación y clasificación de validación cruzada.

ABSTRACTAs a reliable and valid measures of perceptual auditory laterality, dichotic listening has been successfully applied in studies in many countries and languages. However, languages differ in the linguistic relevance of change in initial phoneme of words (e.g., for word identification). In the present cross-language study, we examine the effect of these differences on dichotic-listening task performance to establish how characteristics of one's native language affect the perception of nonnative phonological features. We compared 33 native speakers of Norwegian, a language characterized by a clear distinction between voiced and unvoiced initial plosive consonants, with 30 native speakers of Estonian, a language that has exclusively unvoiced initial phonemes. Using a free-report dichotic-listening paradigm utilizing pairs of voiced (/ba/, /da/, /ga/) and unvoiced (/pa/, /ta/, /ka/) stop-consonant vowels as stimulus material, the Norwegian native speakers were found to be more sensitive to the voicing of the initial plosive than the Estonian group. “Voicing” explained 69% and 18% of the variance in the perceptual auditory laterality in the Norwegian and the Estonian sample, respectively. This indicates that experiential differences, likely during acquisition of the mother tongue in early development, permanently shape the sensitivity to the voicing contrast.

The widely attested onset/coda asymmetry involves a situation in which the inventory of phonemes in syllable-final position in a particular language is a subset of those which contrast in onsets. The inverse of this pattern has been claimed to never occur (Goldsmith 1990, Beckman 1998). However, this prediction is falsified by Chamicuro, a Peruvian language in which /h/ and /[glottal plosive]/ are systematically restricted to coda position. Since no permutation of all known constraints can account for this unusual distribution, a new constraint is necessary. I propose that we invoke HAVEPLACE and subcategorise it for onsets. This positional markedness filter permits placeless (laryngeal) consonants to surface in codas, but blocks them in onsets. A beneficial side-effect of this analysis is that it preserves the onset/coda asymmetry while allowing /[glottal plosive]/ and /h/ to be the only principled exceptions to it.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Teresa Rosangela Lofredo Bonatto.pdf: 2333969 bytes, checksum: 5ca789ba06460e596a8e60420ff59a97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-13
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Plosive sounds are produced early in childhood, yet it is not uncommon cases in speech therapy clinics of children who have difficulty pronouncing them, particularly as regards the distinction between voiced and voiceless plosives. Existing literature in Phonetics states that the production of plosives involves the constriction of the vocal folds which can in turn increase the degree of supra-laryngeal obstruction in par with that of sublaryngeal obstruction and, as a result, make voicing difficult. In order to produce voiced obstruent sounds similarly to adults, the child has to learn to synchronize glottal and oral gestures. Procedures for the acoustic investigation of such plosives abound in the literature, among which we can mention Voice Onset Time (VOT), the total duration of the plosive segment and the duration of the vowel sound which either precedes or follows it. The aim of the present study is to characterize, by means of acoustic phonetics investigation, the production of plosive consonants in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), in the speech of three and twelve year-old children. In order to undertake such investigation, we used a corpus comprised of six plosives of BP, extracted from the production of two-syllable words inserted in carrier phrase. The children were selected after detailed analysis and the acoustic sign inspection was carried out in the sound wave shape using the broadband spectrogram. Extractions were made of VOT as well as of each of the vowel and consonant segments from the /a/ sound of diga , besides the key-words, of the word baixinho and the full sentence, starting from the first vowel (ex: D/i/g/a/p/a/p/a/baixinho ). The corpus composed of 3-year-old children was used in the perceptive study with the participation of 120 judges. The results showed that the judges identified the plosives /b/, /d/ e /g/ as voiced when accompanied by at least 53% of sound spectra. As regards /p/, /t/ e /k/, plosives, the appearance of breathy vowel caused these consonants to identified as voiced, while aspiration had no effect whatsoever in the perception of judges in the case of voiceless plosives. As to production results, variability in the mean scores and high standard deviation for voiceless, tonic and post-tonic plosives were observed by and large in all the age brackets. Overall, VOT proved to be a satisfactory parameter for voicing differentiation in infant talk, observed in the speech of children over 3 years of age. However, VOT measures were not consistent enough to differentiate plosives, bilabials and alveolar sounds. This study adopted theoretical notions as proposed by Source - Filter Theory (Fant, 1960), Articulatory Phonology (FAR - Browman and Goldstein, 1986; 1990. 1992) and Articulatory Acoustic (FAAR - Albano, 2001), Direct Realism Theory (Fowler, 1986), and the theory of the phonological system acquisition termed by Albano (1990) as O Toque de Ouvido . Based on this theoretical background, we can affirm that voicing contrast was present in the speech of all the children. We can also affirm that in the production of 3-year-olds there have been greater latency between the coordination of glottal and articulatory gestures, which was observed by the great availability in the productions in the measures of VOT. Velar sounds showed less variability. It was inferred , based on the analysis of spectrographic characteristics along with theoretical foundations of gestural phonology (FAR and FAAR), that small children have difficulty interrupting a gesture and starting another one, probably due to difficulties arisen from overlapping gestures , which are better articulated the older one gets
Os sons obstruintes plosivos são produzidos logo cedo pelas crianças, mas apesar disso é comum encontrarmos na clínica fonoaudiológica aquelas que apresentam dificuldades para pronunciá-los, principalmente em relação a estabelecer a distinção entre os vozeados e os não-vozeados. Para a produção dos sons vozeados a literatura fonética explica que o grau de constrição das pregas vocais pode aumentar o nível de obstrução supra-laríngea igualando-o ao da sub-larínge e como conseqüência dificultar o vozeamento. Para produzir os sons obstruintes vozeados semelhantes aos do adulto, a criança tem que aprender a sincronizar o gesto glotal e oral. Para a investigação acústica da produção dessas plosivas a literatura aponta várias medidas, dentre elas o Voice Onset Time (VOT), a duração total do segmento correspondente à plosiva e a duração da vogal que a precede ou a sucede. O objetivo do presente estudo é caracterizar, por meio de uma investigação fonéticoacústica, a produção das consoantes plosivas no Português Brasileiro (PB), na fala de crianças de 3 a 12 anos. Para realizar tal investigação, utilizamos um corpus contendo as seis plosivas do PB, a partir da produção de palavras dissílabas, inseridas em frases-veículo. As crianças foram selecionadas após análise criteriosa e a inspeção do sinal acústico foi realizada na forma de onda e no espectrograma de banda larga. Foram realizadas a extração do VOT e de cada um dos segmentos vocálicos e consonantais a partir do /a/ de diga , além das palavras-chave, da palavra baixinho e da frase completa, começando com a primeira vogal (Ex: D/i/g/a/p/a/p/a/baixinho ). O corpus das crianças de 3 anos foi utilizado para a realização do estudo perceptivo com a participação 120 juizes. Quanto aos resultados obtidos, os juízes identificaram as plosivas /b/, /d/ e /g/ como vozeadas quando apresentavam, pelo menos, 53% de barra de sonoridade. No caso das plosivas /p/, /t/ e /k/, a presença da breathy vowel favoreceu a identificação dessas consoantes como vozeadas e a presença da aspiração não interferiu no julgamento dos juizes para as plosivas não-vozeadas. Quanto aos resultados da produção, pudemos observar para as plosivas não-vozeadas, tônicas e pós-tônicas, variabilidade nos valores das médias e desvios-padrão elevados para todas as faixas etárias. De forma geral, verificamos que o VOT foi um parâmetro satisfatório para a diferenciação do vozeamento na fala infantil, e esta foi encontrada a partir dos 3 anos. O VOT não foi específico para diferenciar entre o ponto articulatório das plosivas bilabiais e alveolares. Os pressupostos teóricos que adotamos, como a Teoria da Fonte e do Filtro (Fant, 1960), a Fonologia Articulatória (FAR - Browman e Goldstein, 1986; 1990; 1992) e a Acústica Articulatória (FAAR - Albano, 2001), a Teoria do Realismo Direto (Fowler, 1986) e a proposta de aquisição do sistema fonológico que Albano (1990) denominou O Toque de Ouvido , nos permitem afirmar que o contraste de vozeamento esteve presente na produção de fala de todas as crianças. Podemos afirmar, também, que principalmente na produção das crianças de 3 anos, ocorreu maior latência entre a coordenação dos gestos glotal e articulatório, que foi observada pela grande variabilidade em suas produções em termos de VOT, sendo que as velares revelaram menor variabilidade. Inferimos com base na análise das características espectrográficas e com apoio nos fundamentos teóricos da fonologia gestual (FAR e FAAR) que as crianças pequenas têm dificuldades em interromper um gesto e iniciar outro, provavelmente em função de dificuldades em relação à sobreposição de gestos e com o aumento da idade essa sobreposição passa a ser melhor realizada

This thesis presents a study concerning stop consonant to vowel transitions which are modeled making use of acoustic tube model. Characteristics of the stop consonant to vowel transitions are tried to be obtained first. Therefore several transitions including fricative to vowel transitions are examined based on spectral and time related properties. In addition to these studies, x-ray snapshots, lip videos and also experiments including subjects are used to intensify the characterization, from the production and the perception side of views. As results of these studies the plosive to vowel transitions are observed to be uttered by exponential vocal tract movements and the perception mechanism is observed to be highly related with exponential spectral changes. A model, based on the acoustic tube model, is tried to be established using the knowledge and the experience gained during characterization therefore proposed model involves the vocal tract parameters observed in characterization part. Finally, plosive to vowel transitions including three types of plosives (alveolar, labial and velar) are synthesized by the proposed model. The formants of the synthesized sounds are compared with the formants of the natural sounds. Also the intelligibility tests of these sounds are done. Performance evaluation tests show the proposed model&rsquo
s performance to be satisfactory.

博士
東吳大學
日本語文學系
100
For the Taiwanese Japanese language learners, who Chinese is their mother tongue, in their study of Japanese pronounciation, the most difficult part is generally the confusion of the voiceless consonants and voiced consonants. Taiwanese learners, under the influence of their mother tongue, can clearly differentiate “aspirated voiceless consonants” and “non-aspirated voiceless consonants”. But they often are not able to differentiate “voiced consonants” from “voiceless consonants”. In Chinese language, there exists a difference in meaning between “aspirated, voiceless plosive consonants” and “non-aspirated, voiceless consonants”. But “voiced plosive consonants” do not exist. On the other hand, there is a difference in meaning, in Japanese language, between “voiceless consonants” and “voiced consonants”. But there is no such difference in meaning between “voiced consonants” and “voiceless consonants”. However, in the actual conversation by Japanese people, under the particular phonetic environment, “aspirated voiceless consonants” and “non-aspirated voiceless consonants” equivalent to those in Chinese language emerged. This is exactly the area Taiwanese learners feel confused. This thesis analyzes the characteristics of the languages in Japanese and Taiwan from the acoustic phonetics point of view in order to seek for the instruction methods for Taiwanese Japanese language learners. This thesis contains six chapters. The first chapter, Introduction, introduces the language environment of the Taiwanese learners. It also describes the difficulties Taiwanese learners, who Chinese is their mother tongue, come across in learning the affricate consonants and plosive consonants of Japanese language. It further describes the research objectives and method of this thesis. Chapter two compares and contrasts the phonetic systems of learners’ mother language – Chinese and target language – Japanese by observing the learners’ mother language and the languages they have learnt and its positive and negative influences in learning Japanese language. Chapter three introduces the concept of vot (voice onset time) and describes the theoretical basis of the research of this thesis follows by an overview of research documents regarding the plosive consonants and affricate consonants by the Taiwanese scholars and Japanese scholars. It further introduces the articles regarding the affricate consonants and plosive consonants by the Japanese language phonetic teaching materials and text books. Chapter four and chapter five use the phonetic software to observe the aspirated sound and voiced sound of affricate consonants and plosive consonants. In the meantime, it verifies the phenomenum of “devoiced of voice consonants” by the Japanese speakers. It also uses the statistics point of view to investigate the frequencies of appearance of affricate consonants and plosive consonants in Japanese language teaching material. Chapter six through the survey method to understand the current situation and mental status of Japanese pronounciation learners in Taiwan and to seek the most suitable phonetic instruction methods for Taiwanese learners with the expectation to be able to contribute to the instruction/learning of Japanese phonetic education.

Caning (or Shatt), an Eastern Sudanic (Nilo-Saharan) language of Sudan, has bilabial, alveolar, palatal, and velar plosives, but it is not straightforward for which plosives (if any) there is an underlying voicing contrast. Three analyses that can be shown to account reasonably for the data. One analysis proposes a voicing contrast of all plosives in all word positions where plosives occur. Of the three, this analysis posits underlying plosives most closely to the surface forms. A second analysis proposes only a voicing contrast of alveolar and velar plosives in word-initial position, and posits the same alternation processes in roots that are observed across morpheme boundaries. A third analysis proposes no voicing contrast of any plosives in any position by positing a “ghost” consonant before alveolar and velar plosives in word-initial position. There are advantages to each analysis, but none is without certain obstacles. After the noun root and morphological data of plosives is presented as neutrally as possible, the data are analyzed according to each of the three competing analyses, and the evidence for each is summarized. The reader is left to decide which analysis is the best choice.

This study examines the structural models of Lithuanian plosive consonants in intervocalic, word-initial and word-final positions. The research material consists of 24 sentences read three times by 6 native speakers. The results show that the plosive consonants can be composed of one to three phases, and the most frequent and common models are the closure with a burst release, which might be followed by a different degree of frication.

This chapter presents the Latin-based alphabet of Turkish, which differs from that of English in the extra letters ç, ğ, ı, ö, ş, and ü, whereas it lacks q, w, and x. A detailed account is given of vowels, of consonants not present in the English alphabet, and of consonants shared by both languages. The notions front and back for vowels are introduced, as well as the notions voiced versus voiceless for consonants. Next, attention is given to aspiration of voiceless plosives. The most conspicuous letters for which the phonological environment determines their sound value are r and ğ; the former being pronounced with a kind of rustling at the end of a word, and the latter functioning either as a lengthening marker or as a symbol representing the y-sound. This chapter ends with the Turkish telephone alphabet.