Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plug-flow reactors in series

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Plug-flow reactors in series'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Plug-flow reactors in series"

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Lindeque, Rowan, and John Woodley. "Reactor Selection for Effective Continuous Biocatalytic Production of Pharmaceuticals." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030262.

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Enzyme catalyzed reactions are rapidly becoming an invaluable tool for the synthesis of many active pharmaceutical ingredients. These reactions are commonly performed in batch, but continuous biocatalysis is gaining interest in industry because it would allow seamless integration of chemical and enzymatic reaction steps. However, because this is an emerging field, little attention has been paid towards the suitability of different reactor types for continuous biocatalytic reactions. Two types of continuous flow reactor are possible: continuous stirred tank and continuous plug-flow. These reactor types differ in a number of ways, but in this contribution, we focus on residence time distribution and how enzyme kinetics are affected by the unique mass balance of each reactor. For the first time, we present a tool to facilitate reactor selection for continuous biocatalytic production of pharmaceuticals. From this analysis, it was found that plug-flow reactors should generally be the system of choice. However, there are particular cases where they may need to be coupled with a continuous stirred tank reactor or replaced entirely by a series of continuous stirred tank reactors, which can approximate plug-flow behavior. This systematic approach should accelerate the implementation of biocatalysis for continuous pharmaceutical production.
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Molin, Paul, and Patrick Gervais. "Convergence of a series of well-stirred reactors to plug-flow reactor." AIChE Journal 41, no. 5 (May 1995): 1346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410533.

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Allain, Florent, Jean-François Portha, and Laurent Falk. "Analysis of Equilibrium Shifting by Inter-Stage Reactant Feeding in a Series of Isothermal Reactors." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2013-0116.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the impact of reactant staging on conversion for one single reversible reaction in a two-stage, isothermal, continuous reactor. The analytical expression of global conversion has been derived for a series of two continuously stirred-tank reactors. Improvements in the overall conversion and yield by staging can be obtained for low Damköhler number systems leading to low conversions, when the volumetric flow rate of the staged reactant has a higher value than that of the other one. The example of triolein transesterification involving three reversible reactions in a two-stage plug flow reactor is also studied as a concrete example of a consecutive/parallel reversible reactions system. Results are obtained by using a pseudo-homogeneous model and are compared with those obtained with a heterogeneous model from a previous study.
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Azizan, Amizon, and Nornizar Anuar. "Simulating Trambouze reaction for a series reactor." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v3i1.10930.

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Simulating the existing data on Trambouze reaction is compiled in this article. The objective of the work is to present the change of volumetric flow rate and the inlet concentration of key reactant A in a series continuous stirred tank reactor-plug flow reactor (CSTR-PFR) configurations. The volumetric flow rate does not affect selectivity and conversion for a constant volumetric flow rate operating condition, entering CSTR and PFR, at a specific concentration of reactant. The CSTR-PFR series reactor configuration is proposed for the aim of maximizing the selectivity of the desired product B in comparison to the undesired products X and Y. CSTR as the first reactor is capable to achieve the maximum conversion at the highest selectivity of A. PFR is then proposed after CSTR in a configuration of CSTR-PFR, to allow higher conversion value to be achieved for the resulted outlet stream conditions coming out of the first reactor, CSTR. Both reactors commonly encounter a decrease in the initial concentration of A and an increase to the formation of other products. The CSTR entering volumetric flow rate influence the volume sizes needed in achieving the maximum selectivity and conversion
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Raboni, Massimo, Renato Gavasci, and Paolo Viotti. "Influence of denitrification reactor retention time distribution (RTD) on dissolved oxygen control and nitrogen removal efficiency." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 1 (April 21, 2015): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.188.

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Abstract Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) are usually found in biological anoxic pre-denitrification reactors, causing a reduction in nitrogen removal efficiency. Therefore, the reduction of DO in such reactors is fundamental for achieving good nutrient removal. The article shows the results of an experimental study carried out to evaluate the effect of the anoxic reactor hydrodynamic model on both residual DO concentration and nitrogen removal efficiency. In particular, two hydrodynamic models were considered: the single completely mixed reactor and a series of four reactors that resemble plug-flow behaviour. The latter prove to be more effective in oxygen consumption, allowing a lower residual DO concentration than the former. The series of reactors also achieves better specific denitrification rates and higher denitrification efficiency. Moreover, the denitrification food to microrganism (F:M) ratio (F:MDEN) demonstrates a relevant synergic action in both controlling residual DO and improving the denitrification performance.
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Tanthapanichakoon, Wiwut, Shinichi Koda, and Burin Khemthong. "Dynamic Simulation of Adiabatic Catalytic Fixed-Bed Tubular Reactors: A Simple Approximate Modeling Approach." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 14, no. 1 (October 23, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.49713.

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Fixed-bed tubular reactors are used widely in chemical process industries, for example, selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene in a naphtha cracking plant. A dynamic model is required when the effect of large fluctuations with time in influent stream (temperature, pressure, flow rate, and/or composition) on the reactor performance is to be investigated or automatically controlled. To predict approximate dynamic behavior of adiabatic selective acetylene hydrogenation reactors, we proposed a simple 1-dimensional model based on residence time distribution (RTD) effect to represent the cases of plug flow without/with axial dispersion. By modeling the nonideal flow regimes as a number of CSTRs (completely stirred tank reactors) in series to give not only equivalent RTD effect but also theoretically the same dynamic behavior in the case of isothermal first-order reactions, the obtained simple dynamic model consists of a set of nonlinear ODEs (ordinary differential equations), which can simultaneously be integrated using Excel VBA (Visual BASIC Applications) and 4th-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. The effects of reactor inlet temperature, axial dispersion, and flow rate deviation on the dynamic behavior of the system were investigated. In addition, comparison of the simulated effects of flow rate deviation was made between two industrial-size reactors.Keywords: Dynamic simulation, 1-D model, Adiabatic reactor, Acetylene hydrogenation, Fixed-bed reactor, Axial dispersion effect
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Mitroo, Dhruv, Yujian Sun, Daniel P. Combest, Purushottam Kumar, and Brent J. Williams. "Assessing the degree of plug flow in oxidation flow reactors (OFRs): a study on a potential aerosol mass (PAM) reactor." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 3 (March 27, 2018): 1741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1741-2018.

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Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) have been developed to achieve high degrees of oxidant exposures over relatively short space times (defined as the ratio of reactor volume to the volumetric flow rate). While, due to their increased use, attention has been paid to their ability to replicate realistic tropospheric reactions by modeling the chemistry inside the reactor, there is a desire to customize flow patterns. This work demonstrates the importance of decoupling tracer signal of the reactor from that of the tubing when experimentally obtaining these flow patterns. We modeled the residence time distributions (RTDs) inside the Washington University Potential Aerosol Mass (WU-PAM) reactor, an OFR, for a simple set of configurations by applying the tank-in-series (TIS) model, a one-parameter model, to a deconvolution algorithm. The value of the parameter, N, is close to unity for every case except one having the highest space time. Combined, the results suggest that volumetric flow rate affects mixing patterns more than use of our internals. We selected results from the simplest case, at 78 s space time with one inlet and one outlet, absent of baffles and spargers, and compared the experimental F curve to that of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The F curves, which represent the cumulative time spent in the reactor by flowing material, match reasonably well. We value that the use of a small aspect ratio reactor such as the WU-PAM reduces wall interactions; however sudden apertures introduce disturbances in the flow, and suggest applying the methodology of tracer testing described in this work to investigate RTDs in OFRs to observe the effect of modified inlets, outlets and use of internals prior to application (e.g., field deployment vs. laboratory study).
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Shilton, Andy N., and Julius N. Prasad. "Tracer studies of a gravel bed wetland." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0459.

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Current rational design methods for subsurface flow wetlands idealise these systems as plug flow reactors. This assumption ignores the existence of longitudinal dispersion, short-circuiting, stagnant zones and so on. This paper reports on a series of three tracer experiments performed on a gravel bed wetland with a design hydraulic retention time of four days in order to study its hydraulic characteristics. The results present the hydraulic retention time distributions. The first tracer run using a single point inlet source had a mean time of 2.71 days. The second and third had the influent distributed across their width using an inlet manifold and yielded mean retention times of 3.47 and 3.41 days respectively. Further interpretation of these results indicates that the current plug flow assumption used in design can result in over estimation of treatment efficiency.
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Terashima, M., M. Iwasaki, H. Yasui, R. Goel, K. Suto, and C. Inoue. "Tracer experiment and RTD analysis of DAF separator with bar-type baffles." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): 942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.584.

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This paper describes the development of a new dissolved air flotation (DAF) separator with a flow streamlining baffle to improve solid separation efficiency. The analysis of the RTD (residence time distribution) curves indicated that the parameter θ10 (dimensionless time at which 10% of tracer has discharged) increased from 0.38 for control reactor to 0.54 for the test reactor, suggesting significant reduction in short circuit flow. The RTD curves were also used to develop a compartment model for white water (rich in micro-bubbles and water flow is turbulent) and clear water (little or no air content and water flow is quiescent) zones in the reactor using a series of CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactors) and plug flow regime respectively. The proportion of the volume occupied by the white water zone was different in control and test configurations. In the test reactor, the fraction of the clear water zone was found to increase from 6 to 37%, resulting in improvement of the suspended solid (SS) removal efficiency from 97 to 99%.
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Nandi, Biswajit, Pamela Chelme-Ayala, Mark Loewen, and Mohamed Gamal El-Din. "A new compartmental model for describing the mixing behaviour in a multi-transversal jet reactor." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 45, no. 2 (February 2018): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0284.

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The axial dispersion model (ADM) and tank-in-series model (TiSM) are conventionally used for determining mixing performance of a reactor, which is generated by transverse jets in many engineering applications. The effect of transverse jets on the mixing performance is not well determined by the ADM and TiSM when the Reynolds number of the mainstream flow is higher than ∼104. In this study, this problem was solved by a dispersive compartmental model (DCM). The DCM was a modification of the conventional compartmental model by adding a dispersive nature of plug flow compartment. The results of a series of tracer studies showed that the experimental data were better matched by the DCM than by the conventional models. The effect of transverse jets on the mixing characteristics was significant when the experimental data were modelled by the DCM. The DCM could be used for practical reactors where the E-curve shows a single peak.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plug-flow reactors in series"

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Briens, Lauren Anne. "Identification of flow regimes in multiphase reactors by time series analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0018/NQ58396.pdf.

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Nazir, Mohammad Nawaf. "Control of Power Flow in Transmission Lines using Distributed Series Reactors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52978.

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Distributed Series Reactors (DSRs) can be used to control power flow to more fully utilize the capacity of a transmission network, delaying investment in new transmission lines. In this study the IEEE 39 bus standard test system is modified to a 3-phase, unbalanced model consisting of 230 kV, 345 kV and 500 kV lines, where lines of different voltage run in parallel. This model is used to study load growth and the effect of adding DSRs to alleviate resulting overloads, and in particular to alleviate overloads on lines of different voltage running in parallel. The economic benefit of adding DSRs to the network is compared to the addition of new transmission lines in the network. In the second part of the work, the effect of unsymmetrical operation of DSRs on a single transmission line is studied and compared to the symmetrical operation of DSRs. It is found that the unsymmetrical operation of DSRs is more economical. Finally the unsymmetrical operation of DSRs to reduce voltage imbalance in the network is considered.
Master of Science
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Omran, Shaimaa AbdAlla Ezz Ibrahim. "Control Applications and Economic Evaluations of Distributed Series Reactors in Unbalanced Electrical Transmission Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52240.

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An important issue in today's power system is the need to analyse and determine the adequacy of transmission capacity. There is a need for approaches to increase transmission system capacity without construction of new transmission facilities, all while assuring secure operation of the grid. New technologies can enhance efficiency and reliability, increase capacity utilization, enable more rapid response to contingencies, and increase flexibility in controlling power flows on transmission lines. Distributed Series Reactor (DSR) control is a new smart grid technology that can be applied to control flows in the transmission system. DSRs can be used to balance phase flows in a single line as well as to control the distribution of flow in parallel flow paths. This dissertation investigates the Design of Distributed Series Reactors (DSRs) on transmission lines and provide guidelines and considerations for their implementation in bulk power system transmission networks to control power flow to: increase the exisiting transmission capacity utilization, alleviate overloads due to load growth and contingencies, and mitigate the effects of unbalanced voltages, unbalanced transmission line impedances and unbalanced loads by balancing flows in the phases of an unbalanced line. This dissertation provides several DSR System Design aspects; for a single line by performing an experiment for EHV and high voltage three parallel transmission lines, and for lines within the boundaries of a power system by deployment of DSRs over the IEEE 39 bus system that is modified and modelled as a 3-phase unbalanced transmission model with 345 kV lines that accounts for tower geometry and as a balanced, 3-phase model that is derived from the unbalanced, 3-phase model, and finally for lines within a control area and a set of tie lines among control areas by deployment of DSRs over a real system control area and the tie lines connecting this area to other power pool areas. For all experiments and simulations in this dissertation lines are modelled as 3-phase lines. The DSR system design for Unbalanced vs. Balanced 3-phase systems (Unbalanced immittance, Unbalanced load) are examined. Also the Distributed vs. Lumped models for 3-phase systems are tested. Comparison between DSR system design and transposition for voltage balancing was performed. The effect of bundling the conductors for DSR system design was investiagted. In this dissertation an economic evaluation of DSR System Design for parallel lines and for the IEEE 39 bus three-phase unbalanced line model for N-1 criterion contingency with load growth is performed. The economic evaluation performed for the DSR system design of a power system versus new transmission line construction showed that DSRs can be cost effective in managing load increases from year to a year, and thus avoid larger investments in new line construction until load expectations are proven to be true. Thus, a major value of DSRs is handling load growth in the short term, delaying larger investments. Although many aspects of DSR control implementation have yet to be explored, this work has demonstrated the fundamental concept is sound and the economics are compelling.
Ph. D.
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Campos, Danuza Costa. "STRIPPING DE AMÔNIA DE LIXIVIADO DE ATERRO SANITÁRIO EM REATORES DE FLUXO PISTONADO." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2009. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2168.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danuza Costa Campos.pdf: 804335 bytes, checksum: 441982181b951341885ec2d7d4211a38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-09
By the population growth, the production of municipal solid residues is enhancing, and consequently the final disposal of such residues has been one of the major environmental problems faced in large urban centers. Lately the most used form of arrangement is the sanitary landfill, and when the residues are biodegraded inside the landfill cells they produce leachate and biogas. The leachate is a highly liquid pollutant, besides having high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen. Treating leachate is a very difficult task once its composition is very complex. A kind of treatment that is being developed is the stripping of ammonia where this chemical will be removed from the leachate by the mass transfer of the liquid phase to gas. Therefore, this paper addressed to study the ammonia stripping process in leachate liquids using plug-flow reactors in series. In order to accomplish the experimental part four plugflow reactors in series were built, with average height of 50 centimeters, without forced air supplier and without the leachate pH adjustment. The leachate samples used was from the metropolitan landfill of João Pessoa city, Paraiba, which was collected and transported to the EXTRABES laboratory and made the physicalchemical caracterization. The experimental monitoring system consisted of four distinct phases, with applied superficial loads of 450, 500, 600 and 700 kg NH4 +. ha 1.dia 1, hydraulic detention time equal to 65, 60, 50 and 38 days, and it was obtained an average efficiency of ammonia nitrogen removal around 96.1%, 99.7%, 99.5% and 98.5% respectively. At the end of monitoring, the reactor was discharged and made microscopic examinations of the remaining sludge reactor and each can observe the presence of bacteria fototróficas anoxigênicas, cocci, bacilli and algae. Can be found in this study that the higher the applied superficial load, was greater efficiency of removal of ammonia nitrogen, which may be load tested to verify the larger surface of contaminant removal.
Com o aumento populacional, a geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos vem aumentando, e com isso a disposição final desses resíduos vem sendo um dos graves problemas ambientais enfrentados nos grandes centros urbanos. A forma de disposição mais utilizada ultimamente é o aterro sanitário, e quando os resíduos são biodegradados dentro das células dos aterros, esses geram lixiviado e biogás. O lixiviado é um líquido altamente poluidor, haja vista, possuir altas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal. Tratar lixiviado é uma tarefa muito difícil devido a sua composição ser muito complexa. Um tratamento que vem sendo desenvolvido é o stripping de amônia, no qual a amônia vai ser removida do lixiviado por transferência de massa da fase líquida para a fase gasosa. Com isso, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o processo de stripping de amônia em líquidos lixiviados, utilizando reatores em série de fluxo pistonado. Para a realização da parte experimental foram construídos quatro reatores em série de fluxo pistonados, com altura média de 50 centímetros, sem alimentação forçada de ar e sem correção do pH do lixiviado. O lixiviado utilizado foi proveniente do aterro metropolitano de João Pessoa, onde foi coletado e transportado até as dependências físicas do laboratório da Estação Experimental de Tratamento Biológico de Esgoto Sanitário EXTRABES e feito a caracterização físico-química. O monitoramento do sistema experimental constou de quatro fases distintas, com cargas superficiais aplicadas de 450, 500, 600 e 700 kg NH4 +.ha 1.dia 1, tempo de detenção hidráulica igual a 65, 60, 50 e 38 dias, e obteve-se uma eficiência média de remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal em torno de 96,1%, 99,7%, 99,5% e 98,5%, respectivamente. Ao final do monitoramento, os reatores foram descarregados e feitos exames microscópicos no lodo remanescente de cada reator e pode-se observar a presença de bactérias fototróficas anoxigênicas, cocos, bacilos e algas. Pode ser constatado nesta pesquisa que quanto maior a carga superficial aplicada aos reatores, maior foi eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal, podendo ainda ser testadas cargas superficiais maiores para verificar a remoção desse contaminante.
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Rincon, Guillermo. "Kinetics of the electrocoagulation of oil and grease." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/131.

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Research on the electrocoagulation (EC) of hexane extractable materials (HEM) has been conducted at the University of New Orleans using a proprietary bench-scale EC reactor. The original reactor configuration forced the fluid to follow a vertical upward-downward path. An alternate electrode arrangement was introduced so that the path of flow became horizontal. Both configurations were evaluated by comparing the residence time distribution (RTD) data generated in each case. These data produced indication of internal recirculation and stagnant water when the fluid followed a vertical path. These anomalies were attenuated when the fluid flowed horizontally and at a velocity higher than 0.032 m s-1 . A series of EC experiments were performed using a synthetic emulsion with a HEM concentration of approximately 700 mg l-1. It was confirmed that EC of HEM follows first-order kinetics, and kinetic constants of 0.0441 s-1 and 0.0443 s-1 were obtained from applying both the dispersion and tanks-in-series (TIS) models, respectively. In both cases R2 was 0.97. Also, the TIS model indicated that each cell of the EC behaves as an independent continuous-stirred-tank reactor.
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Carey, Elizabeth A. "Using plug-flow reactors to determine the role of soluble Fe(III) in the cycling of iron and sulfur in salt marsh sediments." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-03292004-141819/unrestricted/carey%5Felizabeth%5Fa%5F200312%5Fms.pdf.

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Beyer, Matthias, Dirk Lucas, Heiko Pietruske, and Lutz Szalinski. "Two-Phase Flow Experiments on Counter-Current Flow Limitation in a model of the Hot Leg of a Pressurized Water Reactor (2015 test series)." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-216094.

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Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL) is of importance for PWR safety analyses in several accident scenarios connected with loss of coolant. Basing on the experiences obtained during a first series of hot leg tests now new experiments on counter-current flow limitation were conducted in the TOPFLOW pressure vessel. The test series comprises air-water tests at 1 and 2 bar as well as steam-water tests at 10, 25 and 50 bar. During the experiments the flow structure was observed along the hot leg model using a high-speed camera and web-cams. In addition pressure was measured at several positions along the horizontal part and the water levels in the reactor-simulator and steam-generator-simulator tanks were determined. This report documents the experimental setup including the description of operational and special measuring techniques, the experimental procedure and the data obtained. From these data flooding curves were obtained basing on the Wallis parameter. The results show a slight shift of the curves in dependency of the pressure. In addition a slight decrease of the slope was found with increasing pressure. Additional investigations concern the effects of hysteresis and the frequencies of liquid slugs. The latter ones show a dependency on pressure and the mass flow rate of the injected water. The data are available for CFD-model development and validation.
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Hua, Chi Yu, and 紀又華. "The Study of Hydrogen Productivity of Anaerobic Photohydrogenesis by Plug-Flow Reactors in Various Organic Loadings and Operational Conditions." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76484455315421486582.

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碩士
國立臺中教育大學
環境教育研究所
94
The main purpose of this study was that photohydrogenic bacteria —Rhodopsedo-monas palustris (purple nonsulfur bacteria, strain WP3-5), which screened out from NCHU laboratory of professor Li, was used in the tests by opened-system and conti-nuous-input plug-flow reactors for hydrogen productivity in various organic loadings (influent COD concentration, HRT) and operational conditions (pH, Temp.). In tests of various organic loading, the main ingredients of influent were beef extract and glucose, the range of organic loadings were between 3.0~19.2 kg-COD/m3•day. The results were shown below: The test of highest organic loading (19.2 kg-COD/ m3•day) was the best operation. The hydrogen productivity of per unit reactor volume was 45.82 mol-H2/m3•day, the hydrogen content of biogas was 55.23% and the hydro-gen productivity of per gram influent COD was 2.45 mmol-H2/g-CODin. Therefore the operational condition (the highest organic loading: 19.2 kg-COD/m3•day) was used in tests of various operational conditions (pH and Temp.). The formula of linear regression and correlations is: The hydrogen productivity of per unit reactor volume (mol-H2/m3•day) =2.738(organic loading) - 8.087. In tests of various operational conditions(pH, Temp.), the influent COD concentra-tion was 8,000 mg/L with HRT of 10 h, the illumination was 11,000 lux, the pHs were 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, the Temp. were 21, 28, 35, 43℃. In tests of various pHs, the results were shown below: The test of pH 5.0 was the best. The hydrogen productivity of per unit reactor volume was 45.72 mol-H2/m3•day, the hydrogen content of biogas was 54.90% and the hydrogen productivity of per gram influent COD was 2.48 mmol-H2/g-CODin. This was the best operational condition of pH. And the second one was the test of pH 4.5. The test of pH 5.5 was the third. The θpH (correction coefficient of pH tests) is 0.776. In tests of various temperatures, the results were shown below: The test of Temp. 35℃ was the best one. The hydrogen productivity of per unit reactor volume is 45.72 mol-H2/m3•day, the hydrogen content of biogas was 54.90% and the hydrogen productivity of per gram influent COD was 2.48 mmol-H2/g-CODin. This was the best operational condition of Temp. tests. And the second one was the test of Temp. 28℃. The test of Temp. 43℃ was the third. The θT (correction coefficient of Temp. tests) is 0.975. The formula of linear regression and correlations for all is: The hydrogen productivity of per unit reactor volume (mol-H2/m3•day) =〔2.738(organic loading)-8.087〕× , which was tested in 3.0~19.2 kg-COD/ m3•day, pH=4.5~ 6.0, Temp. 21~43℃. The results of this study can be provided as a reference of control and operation for anaerobic photohydrogenic reactors.
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(6588797), Joseph A. Oliva. "Process Intensification Techniques for Continuous Spherical Crystallization in an Oscillatory Baffled Crystallizer with Online Process Monitoring." Thesis, 2019.

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Guided by the continuous manufacturing paradigm shift in the pharmaceutical industry, the proposed thesis focuses on the implementation of an integrated continuous crystallization platform, the oscillatory baffled crystallizer (OBC), with real time process monitoring. First, by defining an appropriate operating regime with residence time distribution (RTD) measurements, a system can be defined that allows for plug flow operation while also maintaining solid suspension in a two-phase system. The aim of modern crystallization processes, narrow crystal size distributions (CSDs), is a direct result of narrow RTDs. Using a USB microscope camera and principal component analysis (PCA) in pulse tracer experiments, a novel non-contact RTD measurement method was developed using methylene blue. After defining an operating region, this work focuses on a specific process intensification technique, namely spherical crystallization.

Used mainly to tailor the size of a final dosage form, spherical crystallization removes the need for downstream size-control based unit operations (grinding, milling, and granulation), while maintaining drug efficacy by tailoring the size of the primary crystals in the agglomerate. The approach for generating spherical agglomerates is evaluated for both small and large molecules, as there are major distinctions in process kinetics and mechanisms. To monitor the spherical agglomeration process, a variety of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tools were used and the data was implemented for scale-up applications.

Lastly, a compartmental model was designed based on the experimental RTD data with the intention of predicting OBC mixing and scale-up dynamics. Together, with validation from both the DN6 and DN15 systems, a scale independent equation was developed to predict system dispersion at different mixing conditions. Although it accurately predicts the behavior of these two OBC systems, additional OBC systems of different scale, but similar geometry should be tested for validation purposes.


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(5930285), Karen N. Son. "Improved Prediction of Adsorption-Based Life Support for Deep Space Exploration." Thesis, 2019.

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Adsorbent technology is widely used in many industrial applications including waste heat recovery, water purification, and atmospheric revitalization in confined habitations. Astronauts depend on adsorbent-based systems to remove metabolic carbon dioxide (CO2) from the cabin atmosphere; as NASA prepares for the journey to Mars, engineers are redesigning the adsorbent-based system for reduced weight and optimal efficiency. These efforts hinge upon the development of accurate, predictive models, as simulations are increasingly relied upon to save cost and time over the traditional design-build-test approach. Engineers rely on simplified models to reduce computational cost and enable parametric optimizations. Amongst these simplified models is the axially dispersed plug-flow model for predicting the adsorbate concentration during flow through an adsorbent bed. This model is ubiquitously used in designing fixed-bed adsorption systems. The current work aims to improve the accuracy of the axially dispersed plug-flow model because of its wide-spread use. This dissertation identifies the critical model inputs that drive the overall uncertainty in important output quantities then systematically improves the measurement and prediction of these input parameters. Limitations of the axially dispersed plug-flow model are also discussed, and recommendations made for identifying failure of the plug-flow assumption.

An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of an axially disperse plug-flow model is first presented. Upper and lower uncertainty bounds for each of the model inputs are found by comparing empirical correlations against experimental data from the literature. Model uncertainty is then investigated by independently varying each model input between its individual upper and lower uncertainty bounds then observing the relative change in predicted effluent concentration and temperature (e.g., breakthrough time, bed capacity, and effluent temperature). This analysis showed that the LDF mass transfer coefficient is the largest source of uncertainty. Furthermore, the uncertainty analysis reveals that ignoring the effect of wall-channeling on apparent axial dispersion can cause significant error in the predicted breakthrough times of small-diameter beds.

In addition to LDF mass transfer coefficient and axial-dispersion, equilibrium isotherms are known to be strong lever arms and a potentially dominant source of model error. As such, detailed analysis of the equilibrium adsorption isotherms for zeolite 13X was conducted to improve the fidelity of CO2 and H2O on equilibrium isotherms compared to extant data. These two adsorbent/adsorbate pairs are of great interest as NASA plans to use zeolite 13X in the next generation atmospheric revitalization system. Equilibrium isotherms describe a sorbent’s maximum capacity at a given temperature and adsorbate (e.g., CO2 or H2O) partial pressure. New isotherm data from NASA Ames Research Center and NASA Marshall Space Flight Center for CO2 and H2O adsorption on zeolite 13X are presented. These measurements were carefully collected to eliminate sources of bias in previous data from the literature, where incomplete activation resulted in a reduced capacity. Several models are fit to the new equilibrium isotherm data and recommendations of the best model fit are made. The best-fit isotherm models from this analysis are used in all subsequent modeling efforts discussed in this dissertation.

The last two chapters examine the limitations of the axially disperse plug-flow model for predicting breakthrough in confined geometries. When a bed of pellets is confined in a rigid container, packing heterogeneities near the wall lead to faster flow around the periphery of the bed (i.e., wall channeling). Wall-channeling effects have long been considered negligible for beds which hold more than 20 pellets across; however, the present work shows that neglecting wall-channeling effects on dispersion can yield significant errors in model predictions. There is a fundamental gap in understanding the mechanisms which control wall-channeling driven dispersion. Furthermore, there is currently no way to predict wall channeling effects a priori or even to identify what systems will be impacted by it. This dissertation aims to fill this gap using both experimental measurements and simulations to identify mechanisms which cause the plug-flow assumption to fail.

First, experimental evidence of wall-channeling in beds, even at large bed-to-pellet diameter ratios (dbed/dp=48) is presented. These experiments are then used to validate a method for accurately extracting mass transfer coefficients from data affected by significant wall channeling. The relative magnitudes of wall-channeling effects are shown to be a function of the adsorption/adsorbate pair and geometric confinement (i.e., bed size). Ultimately, the axially disperse plug-flow model fails to capture the physics of breakthrough when nonplug-flow conditions prevail in the bed.

The final chapter of this dissertation develops a two-dimensional (2-D) adsorption model to examine the interplay of wall-channeling and adsorption kinetics and the adsorbent equilibrium capacity on breakthrough in confined geometries. The 2-D model incorporates the effect of radial variations in porosity on the velocity profile and is shown to accurately capture the effect of wall-channeling on adsorption behavior. The 2-D model is validated against experimental data, and then used to investigate whether capacity or adsorption kinetics cause certain adsorbates to exhibit more significant radial variations in concentration compared than others. This work explains channeling effects can vary for different adsorbate and/or adsorbent pairs—even under otherwise identical conditions—and highlights the importance of considering adsorption kinetics in addition to the traditional dbed/dp criteria.

This dissertation investigates key gaps in our understanding of fixed-bed adsorption. It will deliver insight into how these missing pieces impact the accuracy of predictive models and provide a means for reconciling these errors. The culmination of this work will be an accurate, predictive model that assists in the simulation-based design of the next-generation atmospheric revitalization system for humans’ journey to Mars.
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Books on the topic "Plug-flow reactors in series"

1

The CHP Book of Amazing Experiments: You Can Do at Home (I Can Do That! Series). Niagra Falls, New York, USA: Hayes Publishing Ltd., 1985.

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2

Epstein, Irving R., and John A. Pojman. An Introduction to Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096705.001.0001.

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Just a few decades ago, chemical oscillations were thought to be exotic reactions of only theoretical interest. Now known to govern an array of physical and biological processes, including the regulation of the heart, these oscillations are being studied by a diverse group across the sciences. This book is the first introduction to nonlinear chemical dynamics written specifically for chemists. It covers oscillating reactions, chaos, and chemical pattern formation, and includes numerous practical suggestions on reactor design, data analysis, and computer simulations. Assuming only an undergraduate knowledge of chemistry, the book is an ideal starting point for research in the field. The book begins with a brief history of nonlinear chemical dynamics and a review of the basic mathematics and chemistry. The authors then provide an extensive overview of nonlinear dynamics, starting with the flow reactor and moving on to a detailed discussion of chemical oscillators. Throughout the authors emphasize the chemical mechanistic basis for self-organization. The overview is followed by a series of chapters on more advanced topics, including complex oscillations, biological systems, polymers, interactions between fields and waves, and Turing patterns. Underscoring the hands-on nature of the material, the book concludes with a series of classroom-tested demonstrations and experiments appropriate for an undergraduate laboratory.
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LoBrutto, Vincent. Ridley Scott. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177083.001.0001.

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This, the first biography of film director Ridley Scott, investigates the life and moving-image work of a major cinema artist. Ridley Scott is a supreme visualist who applies artistry to telling motion picture narratives. The influence of his early work in commercials, television projects, short films, and music videos is explored. The arc of his life experience is examined to provide a total picture of the man, with emphasis on the look and content of his films. Each Ridley Scott film is presented from a series of views: conception, production, postproduction, critical and social reactions, box office results, and impact on his long and continuing career. Scott’s ability to make and release feature films on a regular timetable and run a multifaceted production company at the same time reveals his stamina and work ethic. Thematic patterns in Ridley Scott’s filmography give further insight into his artistic personality; he repeatedly examines subjects such as war, the nature of the male of the species, and the strength of women. Scott deals with these themes through hands-on collaboration with screenwriters and film craft artists such as the director of photography, production designer, and editor. The book embraces the concept that Ridley Scott is a complex artist driven to apply his art in a constant flow of projects. This biography will fill in many gaps of the life and films of this British-born director, who is known and respected by audiences, film critics, and scholars all over the globe.
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Book chapters on the topic "Plug-flow reactors in series"

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Huth, Michael, and Wolfgang Leuckel. "Soot Formation from Hydrocarbons in a Plug Flow Reactor: Influence of Temperature." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 371–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85167-4_21.

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Okafor, Obinna, Ruth Goodridge, and Victor Sans. "Chapter 13. Additively Manufactured Advanced Flow Reactors for Enhanced Heat and Mass Transfer." In Green Chemistry Series, 416–39. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00416.

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3

Paul, N. C. "Flow Reactor Nitrations Using Dinitrogen Pentoxide." In ACS Symposium Series, 165–73. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0623.ch015.

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4

Babushok, V. I., D. R. F. Burgess, Wing Tsang, and Andrzej W. Miziolek. "Simulation Studies on the Effects of Flame Retardants on Combustion Processes in a Plug Reactor." In ACS Symposium Series, 275–88. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0611.ch022.

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Venkatraman, Sripathy, Scott Tweedie, Mark McLaws, and David Lathbury. "Continuous Flow Chemistry of Metal Mediated Carboxylation and α-Arylation Reactions." In ACS Symposium Series, 441–53. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2014-1181.ch016.

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Mattiello, R., M. Hofmann, Chr Spieles, A. Jahns, H. Sorge, H. Stöcker, and W. Greiner. "Cluster-Flow and Resonance-Matter Formation in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Reactions." In NATO ASI Series, 787–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2516-5_71.

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Mizuno, K., and K. Kakiuchi. "Chapter 4. Perspectives on the Use of Flow Systems to Carry Out Organic Photochemical Reactions." In Green Chemistry Series, 129–52. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00129.

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Zhang, Zhuqing, and C. P. Wong. "Study on Metal Chelates as Catalysts of Epoxy and Anhydride Cure Reactions for No-Flow Underfill Applications." In ACS Symposium Series, 264–78. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2004-0874.ch020.

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Tang, Guangwu, Kaile Tang, Armin K. Silaen, Hongjie Yan, Zhixiang Cui, Zhi Wang, Haibin Wang, Ping Zhou, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "CFD Modeling of Flow and Chemical Reactions in a Submerged Lance Copper Smelting Furnace." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 103–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72138-5_11.

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"— Plug-Flow Tubular Reactors." In Plantwide Dynamic Simulators in Chemical Processing and Control, 143–72. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482275803-15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plug-flow reactors in series"

1

Ozalp, Nesrin, Vidyasagar Shilapuram, and D. Jayakrishna. "Modeling of Vortex-Flow Solar Reactor via Ideal Reactors in Series Approach." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90324.

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In this work, we present a thorough reaction engineering analysis on the modeling of a vortex-flow reactor to show that commonly practiced one-plug reactor approach is not sufficient to explain the flow behavior inside the reactor. Our study shows that N-plug flow reactors in series is the best approach in predicting the flow dynamics based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. We have studied the residence time distribution using CFD by two different methods. The residence time distribution characteristics are calculated by approximating the real reactor as N-ideal reactors in series, and then estimated the number of ideal reactors in series for the model. We have validated our CFD model by comparing the simulation results with experimental results. Finally, we have done a parametric study with a different sweeping gas to identify the best screening gas to avoid carbon deposition inside the vortex-flow reactor. Our results have shown that hydrogen is a better screening gas than argon.
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Takano, Jun-ichi, Satoshi Okachi, Hideaki Monji, Akiko Kaneko, Yutaka Abe, Hiroyuki Yoshida, and Kazuyuki Takase. "Development of Prediction Technology of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics Under Earthquake Acceleration: 7 — Measurement of Velocity Profile Around Bubble Under Flow Rate Fluctuation." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15447.

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Earthquake is one of the most serious phenomena for safety of a nuclear reactor, especially in Japan. Therefore, nuclear reactors were contracted considering structural safety for a big earthquake. On the other hand, thermal-fluid behavior of the nuclear reactor is not fully confirmed under the earthquake. The behavior of nuclear reactor may be affected by the fluctuation of gas-liquid two-phase flow caused by the earthquake but not studied enough. For example, the bubble behavior under the fluctuation caused by the earthquake is not clear. In order to clear the two-phase flow behavior under the earthquake, it is studied systematically in the project of “Development of Prediction Technology of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics under Earthquake Acceleration”. In the project, bubbly or plug flow with flow rate fluctuation in a fixed horizontal pipe is studied experimentally. The bubbly or plug flow under the structural vibration but without the flow rate fluctuation is also studied. Here, the structural vibration done by using the pipe on the oscillation table. Moreover, the numerical code which can simulate the flows measured in the experiments is under development. In this paper, the result on the bubbly flow under the flow rate fluctuation is shown. The flow was bubbly flow and/or plug flow in a horizontal circular pipe. The working fluids were water and nitrogen gas. The water was driven by a pump and the flow rate fluctuation was given by a reciprocating piston attached to the main flow loop. In the study, the behavior of horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow under the flow rate fluctuation is investigated with image processing and particle image velocimetry (PIV). As the result, the bubble’s deformation under the flow rate fluctuation was investigated by the image processing. The velocity profile around the bubble under flow rate fluctuation was measured with PIV. The velocity field around the deformed bubble showed the characteristic profile. Therefore, the velocity field changing with the flow rate fluctuation affected the bubble deformation.
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Wang, Di, Wenjun Kong, Yuhua Ai, and Baorui Wang. "Numerical Simulation of Pollutant Emissions in a Can-Type Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23483.

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A research program is in development in China in order to realize a demonstrator of combined cooling heating and power system (CCHP) with net electrical output around 100kW by using of a can-type micro gas turbine. In this paper, numerical simulations were completed to investigate the pollutant emissions in a can-type low NOx gas turbine combustor. Based on the analysis of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results, a Chemical Reactor Network (CRN) model was set up to simulate the pollutant emissions in the combustor with detailed gas-phase chemical kinetic mechanism of GRI-Mech 3.0. The CRN consists of a number of ideal reactors of the perfectly stirred reactors (PSR) and plug flow reactors (PFR) in series and parallel structures. Two types of CRN models were designed. One is relatively simple, another is more complex. The results show that the complex CRN model corresponds with the actual combustion process better. The trends of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) varying with the equivalence ratio were conducted. Effects of the inlet temperature and pressure on NOx and CO emissions were also presented in this paper. At last, the numerical results are compared with the experimental results.
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Zhao, Wenjie, and Huixuan Zhang. "Solving the output concentration of computer in multiple mixed flow reactors in series — Second-order reversible reaction." In 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cecnet.2011.5768461.

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Yoshida, Hiroyuki, Taku Nagatake, Kazuyuki Takase, Akiko Kaneko, Hideaki Monji, and Yutaka Abe. "Development of Prediction Technology of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics Under Earthquake Acceleration: (14) Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in Subchannels Under Accelerating Condition." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30153.

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An earthquake is one of the most serious phenomena to consider for the safety of a nuclear reactor in Japan. Therefore, structural safety of nuclear reactors has been studied and nuclear reactors were contracting with structural safety for a big earthquake. However, it is not enough for safety operation of nuclear reactors because thermal-fluid safety is not confirmed under the earthquake. For instance, behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is unknown in seismic conditions. Especially, fluctuation of void fraction is an important factor for the safety operation of the nuclear reactor. In previous work, fluctuation of void faction in bubbly flow was studied experimentally and theoretically to investigate the stability of the bubbly flow. In such studies, flow rate or void fraction fluctuations were given to the steady bubbly flow. In case of the earthquake, the fluctuation is not only the flow rate, but also a body force on the two-phase flow and shear force through the pipe wall. Interactions of gas and liquid through their interface also act on the behavior of the two-phase flow. The fluctuation of the void fraction is not clear for such complicated situation during the earthquake. Therefore, the behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is investigated experimentally and numerically in a series of studies. In this study, to develop the predictive technology of two-phase flow dynamics under earthquake acceleration, a detailed two-phase flow simulation code with an advanced interface tracking method TPFIT (Two-Phase Flow simulation code with Interface Tracking) was expanded to two-phase flow simulation in seismic conditions. In a previous study, we performed a numerical simulation of a two-phase bubbly flow in a horizontal pipe and a vertical bubble motion in a water tank in seismic conditions. And it was confirmed that the modified TPFIT can be applicable to the bubbly flow in seismic conditions. In this paper, the two-phase bubbly flow in a simulated single-subchannel excited by oscillation acceleration was simulated by using the expanded TPFIT. A calculation domain used in this simulation was a simplified subchannel in a BWR core. And time-series of void fraction distributions were evaluated based on predicted bubble distributions. When no oscillation acceleration was added, void fraction concentrated in a region near the wall. When oscillation acceleration was added, void fraction distribution was changed by time. And coalesces of bubbles occurred in the numerical simulation, and bubbles with relatively large diameter were observed. In the results, complicated void fraction distribution was observed, because the response of void fraction distribution on the oscillation acceleration was dependent on not only imposed acceleration, but also the bubble diameter.
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Yoshida, Hiroyuki, Taku Nagatake, Kazuyuki Takase, Akiko Kaneko, Hideaki Monji, and Yutaka Abe. "Development of Prediction Technology of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics Under Earthquake Acceleration: 10 — Numerical Prediction of Velocity Profile Around Bubble Under Accelerating Condition." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15259.

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An earthquake is one of the most serious phenomena for the safety of a nuclear reactor in Japan. Therefore, structural safety of nuclear reactors has been studied and nuclear reactors ware contracted with structural safety for a big earthquake. However, it is not enough for safety operation of nuclear reactors because thermal-fluid safety is not confirmed under the earthquake. For instance, behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is unknown under the earthquake conditions. Especially, fluctuation of void fraction is an important factor for the safety operation of the nuclear reactor. In the previous work, fluctuation of void faction in bubbly flow was studied experimentally and theoretically investigate the stability of the bubbly flow. In such studies, flow rate or void fraction fluctuations were given to the steady bubbly flow. In case of the earthquake, the fluctuation is not only the flow rate, but also a body force on the two-phase flow and shear force through the pipe wall. Interactions of gas and liquid through their interface also act on the behavior of the two-phase flow. The fluctuation of the void fraction is not clear for such complicated situation under the earthquake. Therefore, the behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is investigated experimentally and numerically in the series of study. In this study, to develop the predictive technology of two-phase flow dynamics under earthquake acceleration, a detailed two-phase flow simulation code with an advanced interface tracking method TPFIT was expanded to two-phase flow simulation under earthquake conditions. In this paper, the bubbly flow in a horizontal pipe excited by oscillation acceleration and under the fluctuation of the liquid flow was simulated by using the expanded TPFIT. Predicted time series of velocity profiles around the bubbles and shapes of bubbles were compared with measured results under flow rate fluctuation and structural vibration. Predicted results were almost same as measured results qualitatively. And it was concluded that the expanded TPFIT can be applied to qualitative analysis of bubbly flow under accelerating conditions.
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7

Arai, Rie, Akiko Kaneko, Hideaki Monji, Yutaka Abe, Hiroyuki Yoshida, and Kazuyuki Takase. "Development of Prediction Technology of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics Under Earthquake Acceleration: (13) Rising Bubble Motion Under Horizontal Vibration." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30009.

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An earthquake is one of the most serious phenomena for the safety of a nuclear reactor in Japan. Therefore, structural safety of nuclear reactors has been studied and nuclear reactors ware contracted with structural safety for a big earthquake. However, it is not enough for safety operation of nuclear reactors because thermal-fluid safety is not confirmed under the earthquake. For instance, behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is unknown under the earthquake conditions. Especially, fluctuation of void fraction is an important factor for the safety operation of the nuclear reactor. In the previous work, fluctuation of void faction in bubbly flow was studied experimentally and theoretically, to investigate the stability of the bubbly flow. In such studies, flow rate or void fraction fluctuations were given to the steady bubbly flow. In the case of the earthquake, the fluctuation is not only the flow rate, but also a body force on the two-phase flow and a shear force through a pipe wall. Interactions of gas and liquid through their interface also act on the behavior of the two-phase flow. The fluctuation of the void fraction is not clear for such complicated situation under the earthquake. Therefore, in this research project, the behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is investigated experimentally and numerically in the series of study. In this study, to investigate the effects of vibration on bubbly flow in the components and construct an experimental database for validation, we performed visualization experiments of vertical bubbly flow in a rectangular water tank on which a sine wave vibration was applied. In this paper, results of visualized experiment evaluated by the visualization techniques, including positions of bubbles, shapes of bubbles and liquid velocity distributions around bubbles, were shown. And liquid velocity distribution around bubbles by the PIV measurement was also shown. In the results, bubble behaviors were affected by oscillation. And the cycle of the bubble tilt angle was almost same as the cycle of oscillation table velocity.
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Arai, Rie, Kousuke Mizuno, Akiko Kaneko, Hideaki Monji, Yutaka Abe, Hiroyuki Yoshida, and Kazuyuki Takase. "Development of Prediction Technology of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics Under Earthquake Acceleration: 9 — Effect of Structure Vibration on Rising Bubble Behavior." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15577.

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Abstract:
Earthquake is one of the most serious phenomena for safety of a nuclear reactor in Japan. Therefore, structural safety of nuclear reactors has been studied and nuclear reactors ware contracted with structural safety for a big earthquake. However, it is not enough for safety operation of nuclear reactors because thermal-fluid safety is not confirmed under the earthquake. For instance, behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is unknown under the earthquake conditions. Especially, fluctuation of void faction is an important factor for the safety operation of the nuclear reactor. In the previous work, fluctuation of void faction in bubbly flow was studied experimentally and theoretically to investigate the stability of the bubbly flow. In such studies, flow rate or void fraction fluctuations were given to the steady bubbly flow. In case of the earthquake, the fluctuation is not only the flow rate, but also body forth on the two-phase flow and shear forth through the pipe wall. Interactions of gas and liquid through their interface also act on the behavior of the two-phase flow. The fluctuation of the void fraction is not clear for such complicated situation under the earthquake. Therefore, in this research projects, the behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is investigated experimentally and numerically in the series of study. In this study, to investigate effects of vibration on bubbly flow in the components and construct experimental database for validation, we performed visualization experiments of vertical bubbly flow in rectangular water tank on which sine wave vibration was applied. In this paper, results of preliminary visualization experiments were shown including data of positions of bubbles, shapes of bubbles and velocity of bubbles evaluated by the visualization techniques. And liquid velocity distribution around bubbles by the PIV measurement was also shown. In the results, bubble behaviors were affected by oscillation. And the cycle of the bubble inclination angle was almost same as the cycle of oscillation table velocity.
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9

Yokoyama, Ryotaro, Jun-ichi Takano, Hideaki Monji, Akiko Kaneko, Yutaka Abe, Hiroyuki Yoshida, and Kazuyuki Takase. "Development of Prediction Technology of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics Under Earthquake Acceleration: (11) Bubble Motion Under the Flow Vibration." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30014.

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Earthquake is one of the most serious phenomena for safety of a nuclear power plant. Therefore, nuclear reactors were contracted considering structural safety for a big earthquake. In a nuclear reactor, the gas-liquid two-phase flow is the one of primary factor of the property and bubbly or plug flow behavior is important issue to evaluate of safety. However, the influence of an earthquake vibration on the gas-liquid two-phase flow inside the nuclear power plant is not understood enough. For example, the bubbly flow behavior under the flow rate fluctuation caused by the earthquake acceleration is not clear. It is necessary to clear the two-phase flow behavior under the earthquake conditions. To develop the prediction technology of two-phase flow dynamics under the earthquake acceleration, the detailed two-phase flow simulation code with an advanced interface tracking method, TPFIT was expanded to the two-phase flow simulation under earthquake accelerating conditions. In the present study, the objective is to clarify the behavior of the gas-liquid two-phase flow under the earthquake conditions. Especially, the bubble behavior in the two-phase flow, a diameter, shape and velocity of bubbles which are expected to be influenced by the oscillation of the earthquake is investigated. In this experiment, the flow was bubbly flow and/or plug flow in a horizontal circular pipe. The working fluids were water and nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas from gas cylinder was injected into the water through a nozzle and bubbly flow was generated at a mixer. The water was driven by a pump and the flow rate fluctuation was given by a reciprocating piston attached to the main flow loop. Main frequency of earthquakes is generally between 0.5Hz and 10Hz. Thus the frequency of the flow rate fluctuation in the experiment also was taken between 0.5Hz and 10Hz. The behavior of horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow under the flow rate fluctuation was investigated by image processing using a high-speed video camera and PIV at test section. The pressure sensors were installed at the inlet of the mixer and the outlet of the test section. As the result, the bubble behavior mechanism under the flow rate fluctuation was obtained. In addition, the acceleration of a bubble and the pressure gradient in the pipe was synchronized under all frequency conditions. The prediction results by TPFIT were compared with the experimental results. They show good agreement on the flow field around a bubble and the bubble behavior.
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Yang, X. B., G. H. Su, and S. Z. Qiu. "Development of Simulation Codes for Some Accidents in Pressurized Water Reactors." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48644.

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An analysis code has been developed for evaluating the transient thermo-hydraulic behaviors of the pressurized water reactor system. A series of mathematical and physical models is considered in this code, such as the point reactor neutron kinetics model, the heat transfer model, the friction model, the thermo-physical property model and so on. All possible flow and heat transfer conditions in some accidents have been considered and their corresponding models are supplied. Gear’s method is adopted for a better solution to the stiff equations. In this paper, some general accidents in the pressurized water reactors have been investigated, including the station blackout accident (SBO), the loss of flow accident (LOFA), the loss of feed water accident (LOFWA) and the reactivity insertion accident (RIA). The calculated results have been verified by the RELAP5/Mod3 and the results are satisfactory.
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Reports on the topic "Plug-flow reactors in series"

1

Larson, R. S. PLUG: A FORTRAN program for the analysis of PLUG flow reactors with gas-phase and surface chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/204257.

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