Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pluriel nominal'

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des syntagmes nominaux sémantiquement pluriels en chinois mandarin et aux interprétations collective et distributive qui leur sont associées. Elle offre une analyse des formes de pluralité suivantes : le syntagme coordonne par gen, les nominaux modifiés par le suffixe -men, ainsi que les sujets ou les objets des groupes verbaux modifies par quan (‘tout’-flottant). A propos du syntagme coordonne par gen, nous montrons que la conjonction gen dans le syntagme ‘A gen B’ lexicalise une contrainte de pluralité nominale par le biais de restrictions sur les conjoints. Notre argument est bâti sur trois points principaux, à savoir que la catégorie des conjoints est nécessairement [+N], que le syntagme coordonne par gen n’introduit que des individus pluriels dans le discours et que ce syntagme porte la valeur sémantique pluriel [+Pl]. Nous passons aussi en revue différents types de prédicats afin de retracer la distribution des interprétations collective et distributive des syntagmes coordonnés par gen. Ensuite, nous nous penchons sur le suffixe -men et sur l’expression formée par ce suffixe et un nom commun ou un nom propre. Notre examen couvre principalement deux questions, celle de la nature de -men et celle de la (in)définitude de l’expression suffixée par -men en mandarin. Nous soutenons que -men n’est pas un marqueur collectif mais plutôt un marqueur pluriel. Cependant, ce marqueur n’est pas obligatoire, à la différence des marqueur du pluriel tels que -s dans les langues occidentales, le mandarin étant une langue à classificateur. Quant à l’(in)définitude de l’expression suffixée par -men, nous admettons que c’est un pluriel défini, mais ceci du fait que -men ne s’attache qu’aux pronoms personnels et aux noms d’humains, noms qui occupent le hautde la hiérarchie d’animacité. Donc l’expression suffixée par -men hériterait de la définitude en partie de la nature de son domaine fortement individué. Enfin, nous nous intéressons a l’interprétation distributive des syntagmes nominaux dans la phrase ou figure l’adverbe quan (‘tout’-flottant). Nous affirmons que quan impose la lecture distributive de manière autonome et nous en proposons une analyse en tant que modificateur de prédicat d’évènement. Quan cible un nominal relie par un θ-rôle et encapsule dans ce rôle l’instruction de distribution. La distributivité renforcée par quan implique une relation distributive entre deux entités : le nominal qui est sémantiquement pluriel et l’évènement pluriel
The thesis invested the research on the semantically plural nominal phrases in Mandarin Chinese and on their collectif and distributif interpretations. It offered an analysis of the following form of pluralities : the coordinated phrase with gen, the nominals modified by the suffix -men, and the subjects or the objects of the VP modified by quan (the floating quantifier). Concerning the coordinated phrase with gen, we will show that the conjunction gen of the phrase ‘A gen B’ lexicalize the constraint of the plurality via the restrictions on the conjoint elements. Our argument is mainly based on three points : 1) the category of the conjuncts is necessarily [+N] ; 2) coordinated phrases with gen introduce only the plural individuals in the discourse and 3) this nominal phrase characterizes the semantic plural value [+Pl]. We will also examine the different types of predicates in order to retrace thedistribution of collective and distributive interpretations of the coordinated phrases with gen. Then, we look into the suffix –men and the expressions formed by this suffix and a common noun or a proper noun. The investigation will mainly concern two questions : the question of the nature of –men and the question of the (in)definitude of the expressions suffixed by –men in Mandarin Chinese. We will argue that –men is not a collectif marker, but preferably a plural marker. However, different from plural markers in the western languages for exemple –s, the marker –men in Mandarin Chinese which is typically a classifer language, is not obligatory. Regarding the (in)definitude of the expressions suffixed by -men, we will admit that they are definite plurals, because of the fact that –men attaches only to only to personal pronouns and humain nouns, the nouns which occupy a high hierarchy of animacity. In consequence, the expressions suffixed by –men partly inherit the definitude of the nature of its considerably individuated domain. Finally, we are interested in the distributive interpretation of the nominal phrases in the sentences wherethe adverbial quan (the floating quantifier) appeares. We will claim that quan imposes the distributive reading in an autonomous manner and we will put forward an analysis of adverbial quan as a modifier of event predicate. Quan targets nominals linked by θ-roles and encapsulate in this role the instruction of distribution. The distributivity reinforced by quan involves a distributive relation between two entities : the nominal which is semantically plural and the plural event

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Cette recherche a pour objectif d’analyser les premiers emplois du pluriel nominal dans la production orale d’enfants monolingues et bilingues qui sont en train d’acquérir le portugais du Brésil (désormais PB) et le français (désormais FR). Nos analyses sont fondées sur les réflexions de Bakhtine et du Cercle à propos de la langue et du langage, et les concepts de Vygotsky et Bruner à propos de l’acquisition du langage. Les données qui comprennent des enregistrements de deux enfants monolingues brésiliens (Ana, de 1;11.03 à 2;07;27, Melissa, de 2;02.05 à 2;11.19), une enfant monolingue français (Madeleine, de 1;11.13 à 2;09.16) et une enfant bilingue PB/FR (Marina, de 2;05.10 à 3;02.18), ont été transcrites au format CHAT avec le logiciel CLAN, et analysées sur EXCEL à partir de categories linguistiques et extralinguistiques. D’abord, nous avons observé que les numéraux constituent une ressource importante pour l’expression de la pluralité dans la période de l’acquisition du langage. Ils ont été observés majoritairement dans le corpus en PB (chez les deux enfants monolingues et chez l’enfant bilingue). Nous avons relevé davantage de cas de syntagmes nominaux composés de D+N au pluriel en FR et leur production est plus précoce ; toutefois, ils sont aussi utilisés dans des contextes où l’on attendrait plutôt le singulier. Nous avons identifié trois possibilités de marquage du pluriel du syntagme nominal chez les enfants brésiliens : des syntagmes nominaux composés de Dp+Np (par exemple: « as asas »), des syntagmes composés de Dp+Ns (par exemple : « os amiguinho ») et des syntagmes composées de Ds+Np (par exemple : « a mãos »)...(Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous)
Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os primeiros empregos do morfema de plural no sintagma nominal na produção oral de crianças monolíngues e bilíngues adquirindo o português do Brasil (PB) e o francês (FR). A análise foi proposta considerando as reflexões acerca da língua(gem) que constam nos escritos de Bakhtin e o Círculo, bem como os conceitos propostos por Vygotsky e Bruner acerca da aquisição da linguagem. O corpus foi coletado longitudinalmente, em situações naturalísticas, e é composto pelo registro em vídeo de duas crianças monolíngues brasileiras (Ana, 1;11.03 a 2;07;27, Melissa, 2;02.05 a 2;11.19), uma criança francesa (Madeleine, 1;11.13 a 2;09.16) e uma criança bilíngue PB/FR (Marina, 2;05.10 a 3;02.18). Os dados foram transcritos no programa CLAN, segundo as normas CHAT, e analisados com o auxílio do programa EXCEL, a partir de categorias linguísticas e extralinguísticas. A princípio, nós observamos que os numerais são um recurso importante para a expressão de pluralidade no período de aquisição, sendo constatado em maior número na produção em PB (tanto das crianças monolíngues quanto da criança bilíngue) do que em FR. Há mais ocorrências de sintagmas nominais plurais no corpus em francês – e a produção é mais precoce, porém, também é maior o número de uso de plural em contextos em que o singular era esperado. Identificamos também, na produção da criança brasileira adquirindo o PB, três possibilidades de marcação de plural em sintagmas nominais compostos por dois ou mais elementos: sintagmas compostos por Dp+Np (por exemplo: as asas), sintagmas compostos por Dp+Ns (por exemplo: os amiguinho) e sintagmas compostos por Ds+Np (por exemplo: a mãos). A ocorrência desse último tipo é consideravelmente maior, possivelmente...
FAPESP: 11/08203-2

Orientador: Alessandra Del Ré
Banca: Márcia Romero
Banca: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck
Banca: Irani Rodrigues Maldonade
Banca: Marianne Carvalho Bezerra Cavalcante
Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os primeiros empregos do morfema de plural no sintagma nominal na produção oral de crianças monolíngues e bilíngues adquirindo o português do Brasil (PB) e o francês (FR). A análise foi proposta considerando as reflexões acerca da língua(gem) que constam nos escritos de Bakhtin e o Círculo, bem como os conceitos propostos por Vygotsky e Bruner acerca da aquisição da linguagem. O corpus foi coletado longitudinalmente, em situações naturalísticas, e é composto pelo registro em vídeo de duas crianças monolíngues brasileiras (Ana, 1;11.03 a 2;07;27, Melissa, 2;02.05 a 2;11.19), uma criança francesa (Madeleine, 1;11.13 a 2;09.16) e uma criança bilíngue PB/FR (Marina, 2;05.10 a 3;02.18). Os dados foram transcritos no programa CLAN, segundo as normas CHAT, e analisados com o auxílio do programa EXCEL, a partir de categorias linguísticas e extralinguísticas. A princípio, nós observamos que os numerais são um recurso importante para a expressão de pluralidade no período de aquisição, sendo constatado em maior número na produção em PB (tanto das crianças monolíngues quanto da criança bilíngue) do que em FR. Há mais ocorrências de sintagmas nominais plurais no corpus em francês - e a produção é mais precoce, porém, também é maior o número de uso de plural em contextos em que o singular era esperado. Identificamos também, na produção da criança brasileira adquirindo o PB, três possibilidades de marcação de plural em sintagmas nominais compostos por dois ou mais elementos: sintagmas compostos por Dp+Np (por exemplo: as asas), sintagmas compostos por Dp+Ns (por exemplo: os amiguinho) e sintagmas compostos por Ds+Np (por exemplo: a mãos). A ocorrência desse último tipo é consideravelmente maior, possivelmente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Resumé: Cette recherche a pour objectif d'analyser les premiers emplois du pluriel nominal dans la production orale d'enfants monolingues et bilingues qui sont en train d'acquérir le portugais du Brésil (désormais PB) et le français (désormais FR). Nos analyses sont fondées sur les réflexions de Bakhtine et du Cercle à propos de la langue et du langage, et les concepts de Vygotsky et Bruner à propos de l'acquisition du langage. Les données qui comprennent des enregistrements de deux enfants monolingues brésiliens (Ana, de 1;11.03 à 2;07;27, Melissa, de 2;02.05 à 2;11.19), une enfant monolingue français (Madeleine, de 1;11.13 à 2;09.16) et une enfant bilingue PB/FR (Marina, de 2;05.10 à 3;02.18), ont été transcrites au format CHAT avec le logiciel CLAN, et analysées sur EXCEL à partir de categories linguistiques et extralinguistiques. D'abord, nous avons observé que les numéraux constituent une ressource importante pour l'expression de la pluralité dans la période de l'acquisition du langage. Ils ont été observés majoritairement dans le corpus en PB (chez les deux enfants monolingues et chez l'enfant bilingue). Nous avons relevé davantage de cas de syntagmes nominaux composés de D+N au pluriel en FR et leur production est plus précoce ; toutefois, ils sont aussi utilisés dans des contextes où l'on attendrait plutôt le singulier. Nous avons identifié trois possibilités de marquage du pluriel du syntagme nominal chez les enfants brésiliens : des syntagmes nominaux composés de Dp+Np (par exemple: « as asas »), des syntagmes composés de Dp+Ns (par exemple : « os amiguinho ») et des syntagmes composées de Ds+Np (par exemple : « a mãos »)...(Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous)
Doutor

Cette etude est une contribution au domaine de la recherche phonologique et morphologique de l'arabe marocain et plus particulierement celle de la derivation nominale dans cette meme langue. L'objectif premier de notre investigation est de decrire et d'analyser le fonctionnement du pluriel brise qui consiste en une infixation interne dans le scheme du singulier. Notre investigation sera basee sur les idees fondamentales de la theorie de la morphologie prosodique qui stipule que le gabarit morphologique est defini en termes d'unites authentiques de la prosodie : la more, la syllabe, le pied et le mot phonologique. Cette etude demontre par consequent, que grace a ces categories, la morphologie prosodique en arabe marocain fonctionne. Sous la multitude et la diversite des sujets rencontres tout au long de cette etude, une idee de base a ete defendue. Selon cette idee, les structures phonologiques nous permettent de mieux rendre compte de certaines regularites morphologiques au cours de lala derivation. Trois theses fondamentales se sont developpees dans ce sens : 1- les gabarits en arabe marocain sont definis en terme d'unites authentiques de la prosodie. 2- les contraintes de la satisfaction du gabarit sont obligatoires et elles sont determinees aussi bien par les principes de la prosodie universelle que par des principes specifiques a la langue etudiee. 3- le domaine, ou les operations morphologiques sont appliquees doit etre circonscrit par des criteres prosodiques (en particulier le mot minimal par lequel le domaine doit etre selectionne)
This study concerns the field of phonology and morphology in morrocan arabic and particulary noun derivations. Thus the main purpose of our invistigation is to describe and analyse the mechanisms involved in the broken plural. Our theoritical framework is based on the prosodic theory that stipulate the fact that the morphological templat's most important points are : the mora, the syllable, the foot and the phonological word. Through our analysis we have tried to show that, by means of these elements, the prosodic morphology works for the case of morrocan arabic. The idea we support throughtout this work is that trough phonological structures, we can get some morphological regularities that come out during the process of derivation. As a result, three points were discussed. Firstly, templates in morrocan arabic are defined in terms of authentic units of prosody. Secondly, satisfaction of templatic constraints is obligatory and is specified by the principles of prosody, both universal and language-specific. Thirdly, the domain that has to do with morphological processes must be circumscribed by prosodic measures (espacially the minimal word that governs the selection of the domain)

The aim of this dissertation was to investigate plural absence in Noun Syntagma in interviews with speakers of a community in Goias city, Brazil, based on theoretical and methodological Labov s Linguistic Variation approaches. Linguistic factors were: phonic prominence, syntagma elements position, syntagma elements grammatical class and syntagma structure. Extra linguistic variables were: schooling, sex and age. Based on works from Braga (1977) and Scherre (1988), the conditions for noun number agreement rules were studied and compared to pattern language in this community in Brazilian Portuguese speaking. The hypothesis were confirmed: speakers who studied till the second degree use less agreement rules than those who studied till fourth degree, although schooling was not relevant in every data crossing; female speakers are more concerned to these rules than male ones; explicit plural marks are less frequent in binary data (-prominent) as in mulher-mulheres, pior-piores; the first position have favored s retention in every data crossing; article was the grammatical class that received more plural marks; and syntagma structure that received more plural marks was that formed by a Determinant and a Noun (DET N)
O objetivo desta dissertação foi investigar o apagamento do plural em sintagmas nominais a partir de entrevistas com falantes de uma comunidade de fala da cidade de Goiás, com base nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Teoria da Variação e Mudança Lingüística de Labov. As variáveis lingüísticas estudadas foram: saliência fônica, posição dos elementos no sintagma nominal, classe gramatical dos elementos e estrutura sintagmática. As variáveis extralingüísticas foram: escolaridade, sexo e faixa etária. Com base nos trabalhos de Braga (1977) e Scherre (1988), foram estudados os condicionamentos da aplicação da regra de concordância de número de acordo com a norma padrão na fala dessa comunidade, no Português do Brasil. As hipóteses de pesquisa foram confirmadas: os falantes até segunda série fazem menos concordância que os de terceira e quarta séries, embora o grau de escolaridade não tenha sido relevante em todos os cruzamentos feitos; os falantes do sexo feminino preocupam-se mais em fazer a CN que os do sexo masculino; as marcas explícitas de plural ocorrem menos nos dados de forma binária (- saliente), como no plural em es (mulher-mulheres, pior-piores) e em is (real-reais, material-materiais); a primeira posição da marca de plural favoreceu a retenção do s em todos os cruzamentos feitos. Quanto à classe gramatical dos elementos formadores do SN, em todos os cruzamentos feitos, o artigo foi o que mais recebeu a marca de plural. A estrutura sintagmática de maior ocorrência de plural foi DET N, ou seja, a estrutura formada por um determinante e um substantivo.
Mestre em Lingüística

Dans la perspective de la théorie des opérations énonciatives, le problème du pluriel nominal déterminé par l'article zéro en anglais est abordé. Il est montré que le pluriel indeterminé n'a pas de valeur numérique ou quantitative, mais que ses emplois relèvent de la strategie fondamentalement qualitative de la détermination zéro. Le pluriel en zéro -s est analysé en fonction de la place argumentale du groupe nominal déterminé (sujet ou objet), conjointement avec l'étude de la valeur spécifique ou générique de la réference associée au nom. Ces differents facteurs sont mis en relation avec les opérations de structuration qui sous-tendent l'organisation de l'énoncé et déterminent son interprétation comme "évènement" ou "proprieté"
Within the theoretical frame of utterance operations, the use of the bare plural is described. The base value of the zero plural is shown to be qualitative rather than quantitative. It is analysed in relation to the place of the noun phrase within the utterance (subject or object), along with the study of the specific or generic value of the reference assigned to the noun. These different factors are shown to be related to underlying operations which organise the structure of the utterance and determine its final interpretation as "event" or "property"

Cette thèse s’articule autour de la formation des noms et de la variation morpho-Phonologique dans les dialectes kabyles. L’analyse des données de mon propre dialecte AEH issues du dictionnaire de Dallet (1982) a montré que1. les éléments qui apparaissent au pluriel mais qui sont absents au singulier sont imprédictibles et ils font donc partie des ingrédients lexicaux de la racine ;2. à partir du dialecte d'AEH, j'ai dégagé la généralisation selon laquelle le pluriel a une taille constante de 5 unités CV. Il s'est avéré par la suite que cela est vrai en réalité pour l’ensemble des dialectes kabyles. Cette généralisation est basée sur les enquêtes de terrain que j'ai menées dans la région de Kabylie. Je propose aussi une analyse de la voyelle initiale en kabyle (et en berbère) qui prend en compte le scénario diachronique de Vycichl (1957) et Brugnatelli (1997) selon lequel en proto-Berbère il y a eu un figement d’anciens démonstratifs avec les noms. J’ai proposé que l’alternance a- (EL) vs w/u- (EA) est allomorphique. Par le même mouvement, j'ai affiné l’analyse de Bendjaballah (2011) en éliminant le CV qui épèle K (le cas). Dans mon analyse, la VII arrive avec son propre CV.Le cadre général de mon analyse est défini par la situation typologique du berbère : il s'agit d'une langue concaténative, puisqu'on ne peut attacher aucune information sémantique ou morpho-Syntaxique aux voyelles ni au gabarit ; la démonstration de la taille constante du pluriel établit par ailleurs que le berbère est gabaritique, i.e. que et les consonnes et les voyelles sont stockées ensemble dans la racine (vocalisée) et le gabarit sont stockés indépendamment dans le lexique. Si donc en sémitique est qu’en sémitique les ingrédients lexicaux d'un mot sont au nombre de trois (racine consonantique, voyelle, gabarit), en kabyle il y en a seulement deux (racine (vocalisée) et gabarit). Dans cet environnement gabaritique mais parfaitement concaténatif, la thèse développe une théorie de la variation diatopique dont les locus sont au nombre de deux : il s’agit d'une part de l’association d’une racine donnée à des gabarits différents dans différents dialectes, d'autre part de racines mélodiquement identiques mais dont des segments peuvent porter à travers les dialectes des instructions lexicales différentes quant à leur comportement lors de l'association. Etant donné le fait que les travaux sur la variation diatopique en afro-Asiatique sont clairsemés, il sera intéressant de voir si la variation dans d'autres langues fonctionne de la même façon.La façon dont la variation diatopique est gérée dans cette thèse se rapporte à la conjecture Borer-Chomsky que, suivant Oostendorp (2013), j’applique à la phonologie. Dans le cas du kabyle, la variation diatopique des singuliers n'implique pas des mécanismes différents de formation du pluriel (computation), mais des marquages lexicaux des racines à faire leur singulier dans telle ou telle classe. Enfin, j’espère que la thèse trouvera sa place dans le débat sur le statut de la racine et du gabarit dans le lexique mental des langues afro-Asiatiques : l'approche classique accorde un statut lexical, grammatical et cognitif indépendant à la racine et au gabarit, alors que la stem-Based morphology soutient que les deux unités cohabitent dans le lexique. Si la variation diatopique en kabyle fonctionne de la manière décrite, i.e. par l’association d’une racine donnée à des gabarits singuliers distincts à travers les dialectes, la racine et le gabarit représentent nécessairement deux unités lexicales indépendantes
This thesis deals with noun formation and morpho-Phonological variation in Kabyle dialects. The analysis of the data in my own dialecte AEH from Dallet (1982) dictionary showed that1) items that appear in the plural but are absent in the singular are unpredictable and they are part of the lexical root ingredients.2) from the dialect of AEH, I've proposed the generalization that the plural has a constant size 5 CV units. It turned out later that this is true in fact for all Kabyle dialects. This generalization is based on field research that I conducted in the Kabylie region.I also proposed an analysis of the initial vowel in Kabyle (and Berber) which takes into account the diachronic scenario of Vycichl (1957) et Brugnatelli (1997) that in Proto-Berber there has been a congealing former demonstrative with names. I suggested that alternating a-(EL) vs w/u (EA) is allomorphic. By the same movement, I refined analysis Bendjaballah (2011) by removing the CV that spells out K (the case). In my analysis, VII arrives with his own CV. The general framework of my analysis is defined by the Berber typological situation: it is a concatenative language, since we cannot attach any semantic or morpho-Syntactic information to vowels or template; demonstration of constant size plural also establishes that Berber is templatic, i.e. and that consonants and vowels are stored together in the root (vocalized) and the template are stored independently in the lexicon. If so Semitic lexical ingredients of a word are three in number (consonant root vowel template), in Kabyle there are only two (root (vocalized) and template).In this templatic but perfectly concatenative environment, the thesis develops a theory of diatopic variation whose locus are two in number: combination of a given root to different templates in different dialects in one hand, and in the other hand, roots melodically identical but whose segments can carry of across the dialects different lexical instructions about their behavior at time of association. Given the fact that work on diatopic variation in Afro-Asiatic are sparse, it will be interesting to see if the variation in other languages works in the same way.How diatopic variation is handled in this thesis relates to the Borer-Chomsky Conjecture that, according Oostendorp (2013), I apply to phonology. In the case of Kabyle, diatopic variation of singulars does not imply different mechanisms of plural formation (computation), but lexical markings to their unique roots in a particular class.Finally, I hope that the thesis will find its place in the debate on the status of the root and template in the mental lexicon of Afro-Asiatic languages: the classical approach gives an independent lexical, grammatical and cognitive status to the root and template, while the stem-Based morphology supports both units coexist in the lexicon. If diatopic variation in Kabyle works as described, i.e. by the association of a given root to a distinct singular templates across dialects, the root and template necessarily represent two independent tokens

O principal objectivo deste estudo é o de fornecer dados de referência sobre a aquisição do plural em nomes terminados em ditongo nasal, em PE. Para a recolha de dados, construiu-se uma prova de nomeação, que foi aplicada a 130 crianças portuguesas entre [3;00-7;01] anos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que, inicialmente (3 e 4 anos), as crianças usam produções que reflectem o impacto da regra de formação do plural (acrescente-se [ʃ] à forma de singular) – efeito gramatical: recorrem preferencialmente ao formato [ɐʃ], independentemente do paradigma a que pertencem, tanto em palavras como em pseudopalavras. Posteriormente, começam a dar gradual atenção ao formato com maior produtividade no PE ([õʃ]), sendo [ɐʃ] usado como formato não marcado em contextos problemáticos até aos 5 anos e não se registando, nas faixas etárias mais baixas, um efeito de frequência. O formato [ɐʃ] revela-se o mais problemático e não se encontra estabilizado aos 6 anos. Apesar de a marcação do plural emergir cedo em PE, a estabilização do plural em nomes terminados em ditongo nasal ocorre tardiamente devido à complexidade morfofonológica que lhe está associada, não estando a estrutura ainda adquirida aos 6 anos. Os resultados disponibilizados na presente tese são de utilidade para terapeutas da fala, educadores de infância, professores de 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e linguistas, que os poderão usar como valores de referência para o estudo e para a estimulação do desenvolvimento linguístico associado a esta estrutura. -- ABSTRACT: The main goal of this study is to provide reference data on the acquisition of plural in nouns ending with nasal diphthongs in EP. For data collection, a naming test was built consisting of 36 stimuli – training items, target stimuli (words and nonwords) and distracters – that was applied to 130 Portuguese children between [3, 00-7; 01] years. The results revealed that young children (3 and 4 year olds) tend to use a grammatical strategy (adding [ʃ] to the singular form); they use the format [ɐʃ] to build the plural in words (for all paradigms) and nonwords. The [õʃ] shape, which is the most frequent paradigm in EP, appears later, at 5 years old, although, [ɐʃ] is still used as unmarked in problematic contexts up to that age. We can conclude then that the frequency effect is not relevant for the youngest children. The [ɐʃ] paradigm is the most problematic: it isn´t stabilized at six years. As a general conclusion, we assume that although the nasal diphthong [ɐw] ending in nouns seems to emerge early, it is stabilized lately – assumedly after 6 - due to the morphologic and phonologic complexity associated with it. The results presented in this investigation are useful for speech and language pathologists, education professionals and linguists, who can use them as reference values for the study and stimulation of linguistic development associated with this structure.

This research analyses the alternation between tonic posterior medium vowels, both opened [] and closed [o], in nominal forms of plural, in Brazilian Portuguese from Belo Horizonte: caroços ~ carços. There are three cases to be considered (Cf. MIRANDA, 2002). The first case includes names that present tonic posterior medium vowels opened in both forms singular and plural, such as cpo, cpos. The second one, on the contrary, includes names with tonic posterior medium vowels close in both forms singular and plural, such as sogro, sogros. However, the third case includes names that present tonics posterior medium vowels closed in the singular and opened in the plural, such as coro, cros. Alves (1999), who studies the behavior of medium vowels [] and [o] in tonic position, points out that plural form is a strong conditioner to variation among such vowels. Based on this research, sound variation was analyzed in this experiment (opened or closed) of tonic posterior medium vowels in the plural number inflexion: miolos ~ milos. In order to analyze this alternation, we adopted, as theoretical base, multi-representative models: the Phonology of Use (BYBEE, 2001) and the Exemplar Theory (PIERREHUMBERT, 2001). Data was collected from 24 participants from Belo Horizonte as statistical analyses was performed with Minitab for Windows program, version 13. Non-structural factors such as age, gender, education and the individual were evaluated. Structural factors considered were token frequency and the lexical item. In this research token frequency factor was verified to be relevant in the case of alternation between the vowels [] and [o]. Also, the results corroborate the Phonology of Use proposal that less frequent words change first, in the case of sound change without phonetic conditioning (Cf. BYBEE, 2001; PHILIPS, 1984).
Esta pesquisa analisa a alternância entre as vogais médias posteriores tônicas, aberta [] e fechada [o], em formas nominais de plural masculino, no português de Belo Horizonte: caroços ~ carços. Em relação à pronúncia padrão das vogais médias posteriores tônicas no português, há três casos a serem observados (Cf. MIRANDA, 2002). O primeiro caso abrange nomes que apresentam vogais médias posteriores tônicas abertas em ambas as formas de singular e plural, como, cpo, cpos. O segundo caso, ao inverso, inclui nomes que têm vogais médias posteriores fechadas em ambas as formas de singular e plural, como, sogro, sogros. Já o terceiro caso abarca nomes que apresentam vogais médias posteriores fechadas no singular e abertas no plural, como, coro, cros. Alves (1999), que estuda a realização efetiva das vogais [] e [o], aponta que o plural é um forte condicionador para a variação entre tais vogais. Por essa razão, optamos por analisar a variação de timbre (aberto ou fechado) das vogais médias posteriores tônicas na flexão de número plural: milos ~ milos. A fim de analisarmos essa alternância, adotamos, como base teórica, modelos multi-representacionais: a Fonologia de Uso (BYBEE, 2001) e a Teoria de Exemplares (PIERREHUMBERT, 2001). Utilizamos dados de 24 participantes de Belo Horizonte e fizemos uma análise estatística desses dados com o programa Minitab for Windows, versão 13. Nessa análise, avaliamos, como fatores não-estruturais, a idade, o gênero, a escolaridade, e o indivíduo. Como fatores estruturais, consideramos a freqüência de ocorrência e o item lexical. Constatamos, nesta pesquisa, que o fator freqüência de ocorrência da palavra foi relevante nesse caso de alternância entre as vogais [] e [o], o que confirma a sugestão do trabalho de Alves (1999). Também, os resultados corroboram a proposta da Fonologia de Uso de que as palavras menos freqüentes mudam primeiro, em casos de mudança sonora sem condicionamento fonético (Cf. BYBEE, 2001; PHILLIPS, 1984).

This work presents a full and unified investigation of the phenomenon of non-concatenative nominal morphology in Libyan Arabic (LA), with special reference to the formation of the broken plural (BP). The analysis provides a morphophonological account of morphologically derived words in LA. It is based on two main ideas: the first is specifying the input for the derivational morphological process which represents the underlying structure of the derived word; the second is to account for the phonological constraints which interact with each other on the underlying structure in order to determine the optimal output for the derived word. In contrast to previous studies which fail to recognize derivational morphological processes and consequently cannot identify the nature of the input of the derived word, this thesis identifies the input as the starting point to justify the resulting derived output. This thesis argues that the nature of the input in non-concatenative morphology must be accounted for first. The morphological process starts when elements of the input which are carried over to the output are identified, and the specified derivational morphemes are supplied. These together form the underlying structure of any derived word. The underlying structure of the derived word in this thesis is considered to be the string of root consonants and any morphological component associated with the input, plus the derivational morphemes of the intended morphological process. As a consequence of identifying the nature of the input, the template which has been associated with Arabic language, is revealed in this thesis that it is not a primitive but rather it is an artefact of the phonology operating on morphological products. Thus, phonology has no role in the underlying structure, but comes into play to repair any ill-formed surfaced structure. The types of constraints which operate on the outputs are phonological constraints concerning markedness and faithfulness constraints. The function of markedness constraints is to maintain the well-formedness of the output, while the function of faithfulness constraints is to preserve the morphological identity of the components of the underlying structure.

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A sílaba átona em final de palavra é a posição mais sujeita à perda de segmentos consonantais no Português do Brasil, afetando tanto palavras monomorfêmicas quanto bimorfêmicas. No caso das últimas, essa perda ocasiona a não-concordância entre todos os elementos do sintagma nominal, contrariando, assim, as normas prescritas pela gramática. Ainda que fatores fonéticos de natureza articulatória contribuam para a perda de marcas explícitas de pluralidade, a queda dessas marcas está certamente sujeita a outros fatores internos ao sistema e também externos (fatores sociais e situacionais). A esse respeito, já foi documentado (SCHERRE, 1988; SCHERRE e NARO, 1993, 1998), principalmente em relação à oralidade, que a marcação de pluralidade no sintagma nominal representa uma regra variável em diversos dialetos do território nacional. A partir disso, o presente estudo submete dados de marcação variável de plural no sintagma nominal a um tratamento variacionista, de base quantitativa. Os dados de análise foram obtidos a partir de subamostras de dois córpus, um representativo de língua escrita e um representativo de língua falada, compostos por informantes de idades e níveis de escolaridade equivalentes, coletados na região de São José do Rio Preto. O trabalho procura examinar se as modalidades escrita e falada apontam para comportamentos diversos em relação à marcação de pluralidade e se os fatores linguísticos e sociais que a condicionam são distintos para cada uma delas. A análise geral dos resultados mostra que os fatores extralinguísticos “modalidade”, “gênero” e “idade” são selecionados para as duas perspectivas – atomística e não-atomística e para ambas as modalidades – fala e escrita. Já o fator linguístico “posição linear e classe gramatical” é relevante, na perspectiva atomística, para ambas as modalidades...
Weak syllable at the end of word is the most susceptible position to consonantal segment loss in Brazilian Portuguese. This loss affects monomorphemic and bimorphemic words. In the case of the last ones, this loss causes the non-agreement among the noun phrase constituents, opposing normative grammar rule. Although phonetic factors of articulatory nature contribute to the loss of explicit marks, this loss is certainly subject to other linguistic and extralinguistic factors (social and situational factors). About this, it was documented (SCHERRE, 1888; SCHERRE e NARO 1993, 1998), mainly to the orality, that plurality marking in noun phrase represents a variable rule in different dialects of the national territory. Start from this variability, this research employs a variationist and quantitative method to analyse noun phrase data taken from two corpora collected in the area of São José do Rio Preto. The sample of these corpora employed comprehends informants with the same age and education level. This work aims to investigate if the writing and oral modalities point to different behaviors in relation to plurality marking, and if linguistic and social factors that regulate the variation are diverse for each one of the modalities. The general analysis shows that extra-linguistic factors “modality”, “gender” and “age” are selected to both atomic and nonatomic perspectives and to both modalities. The linguistic factor “linear position and grammatical class” is relevant in atomic perspective for the two modalities. The writting also selected “education level” and “noun and adjective formality”, and the talk selected “syllable number of singular lexical item” and “analysed constituent precedent marks”. In nonatomic perspective, “plurality context” was selected to the two modalities; “syntagmatic cohesion” and “education level” were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho
Banca: Gisele Cássia de Sousa
Banca: Angela Cecília de Souza Rodrigues
Resumo: A sílaba átona em final de palavra é a posição mais sujeita à perda de segmentos consonantais no Português do Brasil, afetando tanto palavras monomorfêmicas quanto bimorfêmicas. No caso das últimas, essa perda ocasiona a não-concordância entre todos os elementos do sintagma nominal, contrariando, assim, as normas prescritas pela gramática. Ainda que fatores fonéticos de natureza articulatória contribuam para a perda de marcas explícitas de pluralidade, a queda dessas marcas está certamente sujeita a outros fatores internos ao sistema e também externos (fatores sociais e situacionais). A esse respeito, já foi documentado (SCHERRE, 1988; SCHERRE e NARO, 1993, 1998), principalmente em relação à oralidade, que a marcação de pluralidade no sintagma nominal representa uma regra variável em diversos dialetos do território nacional. A partir disso, o presente estudo submete dados de marcação variável de plural no sintagma nominal a um tratamento variacionista, de base quantitativa. Os dados de análise foram obtidos a partir de subamostras de dois córpus, um representativo de língua escrita e um representativo de língua falada, compostos por informantes de idades e níveis de escolaridade equivalentes, coletados na região de São José do Rio Preto. O trabalho procura examinar se as modalidades escrita e falada apontam para comportamentos diversos em relação à marcação de pluralidade e se os fatores linguísticos e sociais que a condicionam são distintos para cada uma delas. A análise geral dos resultados mostra que os fatores extralinguísticos "modalidade", "gênero" e "idade" são selecionados para as duas perspectivas - atomística e não-atomística e para ambas as modalidades - fala e escrita. Já o fator linguístico "posição linear e classe gramatical" é relevante, na perspectiva atomística, para ambas as modalidades... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Weak syllable at the end of word is the most susceptible position to consonantal segment loss in Brazilian Portuguese. This loss affects monomorphemic and bimorphemic words. In the case of the last ones, this loss causes the non-agreement among the noun phrase constituents, opposing normative grammar rule. Although phonetic factors of articulatory nature contribute to the loss of explicit marks, this loss is certainly subject to other linguistic and extralinguistic factors (social and situational factors). About this, it was documented (SCHERRE, 1888; SCHERRE e NARO 1993, 1998), mainly to the orality, that plurality marking in noun phrase represents a variable rule in different dialects of the national territory. Start from this variability, this research employs a variationist and quantitative method to analyse noun phrase data taken from two corpora collected in the area of São José do Rio Preto. The sample of these corpora employed comprehends informants with the same age and education level. This work aims to investigate if the writing and oral modalities point to different behaviors in relation to plurality marking, and if linguistic and social factors that regulate the variation are diverse for each one of the modalities. The general analysis shows that extra-linguistic factors "modality", "gender" and "age" are selected to both atomic and nonatomic perspectives and to both modalities. The linguistic factor "linear position and grammatical class" is relevant in atomic perspective for the two modalities. The writting also selected "education level" and "noun and adjective formality", and the talk selected "syllable number of singular lexical item" and "analysed constituent precedent marks". In nonatomic perspective, "plurality context" was selected to the two modalities; "syntagmatic cohesion" and "education level" were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Ce mémoire présente une étude de la morphologie de ce qui est généralement appelé le pluriel nominal du persan (parler de Téhéran) dans le cadre d’une théorie de la morphologie basée sur le mot : Whole Word Morphology, développée par Ford et Singh (1991). Ce modèle lexicaliste adopte une position plus forte que les modèles proposés par Aronoff (1976) et Anderson (1992) en n’admettant aucune opération morphologique sur des unités plus petites que le mot. Selon cette théorie, une description morphologique consiste en l’énumération des Stratégies de Formation de Mots (SFM), licencées chacunes par au moins deux paires de mots ayant la même covariation formelle et sémantique. Tous les SFM suit le même schéma. Nous avons répertorié 49 SFM regroupant les pluriels et les collectifs. Nous constatons qu’il est difficile de saisir le pluriel nominal du persan en tant que catégorie syntaxique et que les différentes « marques du pluriel » présentées dans la littérature ne constituent pas un ensemble homogène : elles partagent toutes un sens de pluralité qui cependant varie d’une interprétation référentielle à une interprétation collective non-référentielle. Cette étude vise la déscription de la compétence morphologique, ce qui ne dépend d’aucune considération extralinguistique. Nous argumentons notamment contre la dichotomie arabe/persan généralement admise dans la littérature. Nous avons également fourni des explications quant à la production des pluriels doubles et avons discuté de la variation supposée du fait d’un choix multiple de « marques du pluriel ».
This thesis presents a word-based study of what is generally called the nominal plural morphology of Persian (Tehrani dialect) within the framework of the Whole Word Morphology developed by Ford & Singh (1991). This lexicaliste model takes up a stronger position than that proposed by Aronoff (1976) and Anderson (1992), by not allowing any morphological operation on units smaller than the word. According to this theory a morphological description consist of the listing of the Word Formation Strategies (WFS), each licensed by at least two pairs of words having the same formal and semantic covariation. All WFS’s follow the same schema. We have listed 49 WFS’s of plurals and collectives. We note that it is difficult to understand the import of the plural nominal as a syntactic category in Persian and that different “marks of plural” presented in the literature do not make a homogeneous unity: they all share a plurality meaning but it varies from referential interpretation to collective and non-referential interpretation. This study’s aim is to describe the morphological competence, which does not depend on any extra-linguistic criteria. In particular, we argue against the generally admitted Arabic/Persian dichotomy. We also provide explanation with regards to the utterance of double plurals and to the variation assumed since more than one choice of “plural marks” are available.