Relevant bibliographies by topics / PMU

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'PMU'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PMU"

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Zhang, Yazhao, Xianxin Wu, Wanlin Wang, Yiwei Xu, Huiyan Sun, Yuanyin Cao, Tianya Li, and Mansoor Karimi-Jashni. "Virulence characteristics of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and its genetic diversity by EST-SSR analyses." PeerJ 10 (October 14, 2022): e14118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14118.

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Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (an obligate biotrophic pathogen) is a worldwide threat to wheat production that occurs over a wide geographic area in China. For monitoring genetic variation and virulence structure of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in Liaoning, Heilongjiang, and Sichuan in 2015, 31 wheat lines with known Powdery mildew resistance genes and 2 EST-SSR markers were used to characterize the virulence and genetic diversity. Results indicated that 90% of all isolates were virulent on Pm3c, Pm3e, Pm3f, Pm4a, Pm5, Pm6 (Timgalen), Pm7, Pm16, Pm19, and Pm1 + 2 + 9 and 62.6% to 89.9% of isolates were virulent on Pm3a, Pm3b, Pm3d, Pm4b, Pm6 (Coker747), Pm8, Pm17, Pm20, Pm23, Pm30, Pm4 + 8, Pm5 + 6, Pm4b + mli, Pm2 + mld, Pm4 + 2X, Pm2 + 6. The Pm13 and PmXBD genes were effective against most collected isolates from Liaoning and Heilongjiang Provinces. Only Pm21 exhibited an immune infection response to all isolates. Furthermore, closely related isolates within each region were distinguished by cluster analyses using EST-SSR representing some gene exchanges and genetic relationships between the flora in Northeast China (Liaoning, Heilongjiang) and Sichuan. Only 45% of the isolates tested show a clear correlation between EST-SSR genetic polymorphisms and the frequency of virulence gene data. However, the EST-SSR polymorphism of isolated genes did not correspond to the virulence diversity of isolates in the single-gene lineage identification of hosts.
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Jamaluddin, Paesal, Syuryawati, Muzdalifah, and Abdul Fattah. "Evaluation of anthocyanin corn under various agro-environment in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 911, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012020.

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Abstract In the last decade, purple corn gain more attention mainly due to its high nutritional value and attractive color appearance. Purple corn contain anthocyanin 350% higher than normal corn. Based on its excellence, the research was conducted to find out of high yield purple opv corn with good resistance to downy mildew. The experiment was conducted by using randomized block design with three replication. The variable observed including agronomic character like vegetative, generative and scored disease of downy meldows. The result showed that two opve candidate were PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 and PMU(S1).Synth.D.C1 have the highest yield6,80-6,85 t/ha, higher 50% than PLU. C0 (check). PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 showed moderate resistence to downy meldows (20%-35%) and PMU(S1).Synth.D.C1 susceptible (>60%).
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Vida, G., L. Szunics, M. Gál, O. Veisz, and Z. Bedő. "Comparison of two wheat powdery mildew differential sets in seedling tests." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10510-pps.

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Two wheat powdery mildew differential sets were tested in the seedling stage in the 2001/2002 season using 192 monoisolates. The data of genotypes carrying the same Pm gene in different genetic backgrounds were compared. Both varieties with gene Pm8 (Salzmünde14/44 and Disponent) were infected by all the isolates. Less than 10% of the isolates gave different responses on varieties with genes Pm2 and Pm3c (6 and 16, respectively). It is doubtful whether the degree of infection of genotypes carrying genes Pm1, Pm4b, Pm5, Pm6 or Pm7 can be compared, while it is completely impossible to compare the data for varieties from the old and new sets carrying genes Pm3a, Pm3b and Pm4a.
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McCamish, Benjamin, Janhavi Kulkarni, Ziwei Ke, Scott Harpool, Chen Huo, Ted Brekken, Eduardo Cotilla-Sanchez, Julia Zhang, Annette von Jouanne, and Alex Yokochi. "A rapid PMU-based load composition and PMU estimation method." Electric Power Systems Research 143 (February 2017): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.10.028.

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Kolosok, I. N., E. S. Korkina, and A. M. Glazunova. "PMU Placement Based on Heuristic Methods, when Solving the Problem of EPS State Estimation." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 2014): 28–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2014010103.

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Creation of satellite communication systems gave rise to a new generation of measurement equipment – Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). Integrated into the measurement system WAMS, the PMU sensors provide a real picture of state of energy power system (EPS). The issues of PMU placement when solving the problem of EPS state estimation (SE) are discussed in many papers. PMU placement is a complex combinatorial problem, and there is not any analytical function to optimize its variables. Therefore, this problem is often solved by the heuristic optimization methods. Depending on the chosen set of sensors (SCADA&PMU; only PMU; PMU placement based on the concept of depth of unobservability), one can obtain no less than 3 different variants of placing PMUs for one and the same system. The paper describes the PMU placement criteria suggested by the authors to solve the SE problem. Among them: improvement of bad data detection, maximum accuracy of estimates, transformation of the system graph into a tree, maximum number of measurements to be added, PMU placement during the decomposition of the power system SE problem. It is shown that the correct selection of PMU placement criteria can improve the solutions to these problems.
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Burtscher, Michael J., and Jeannette Oostlander. "Perceived Mutual Understanding (PMU)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35, no. 1 (January 2019): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000360.

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Abstract. Team cognition plays an important role in predicting team processes and outcomes. Thus far, research has focused on structured cognition while paying little attention to perceptual cognition. The lack of research on perceptual team cognition can be attributed to the absence of an appropriate measure. To address this gap, we introduce the construct of perceived mutual understanding (PMU) as a type of perceptual team cognition and describe the development of a respective measure – the PMU-scale. Based on three samples from different team settings ( NTotal = 566), our findings show that the scale has good psychometric properties – both at the individual as well as at the team-level. Item parameters were improved during a multistage process. Exploratory as well as confirmatory factor analyses indicate that PMU is a one-dimensional construct. The scale demonstrates sufficient internal reliability. Correlational analyses provide initial proof of construct validity. Finally, common indicators for inter-rater reliability and inter-rater agreement suggest that treating PMU as a team-level construct is justified. The PMU-scale represents a convenient and versatile measure that will potentially foster empirical research on perceptual team cognition and thereby contribute to the advancement of team cognition research in general.
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Brueni, Dennis J., and Lenwood S. Heath. "The PMU Placement Problem." SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 19, no. 3 (January 2005): 744–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s0895480103432556.

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Grahl, Matheus V. C., Augusto F. Uberti, Valquiria Broll, Paula Bacaicoa-Caruso, Evelin F. Meirelles, and Celia R. Carlini. "Proteus mirabilis Urease: Unsuspected Non-Enzymatic Properties Relevant to Pathogenicity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (July 4, 2021): 7205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137205.

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Infection by Proteus mirabilis causes urinary stones and catheter incrustation due to ammonia formed by urease (PMU), one of its virulence factors. Non-enzymatic properties, such as pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activities, were previously reported for distinct ureases, including that of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Here, PMU was assayed on isolated cells to evaluate its non-enzymatic properties. Purified PMU (nanomolar range) was tested in human (platelets, HEK293 and SH-SY5Y) cells, and in murine microglia (BV-2). PMU promoted platelet aggregation. It did not affect cellular viability and no ammonia was detected in the cultures’ supernatants. PMU-treated HEK293 cells acquired a pro-inflammatory phenotype, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. SH-SY5Y cells stimulated with PMU showed high levels of intracellular Ca2+ and ROS production, but unlike BV-2 cells, SH-SY5Y did not synthesize TNF-α and IL-1β. Texas Red-labeled PMU was found in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of all cell types. Bioinformatic analysis revealed two bipartite nuclear localization sequences in PMU. We have shown that PMU, besides urinary stone formation, can potentially contribute in other ways to pathogenesis. Our data suggest that PMU triggers pro-inflammatory effects and may affect cells beyond the renal system, indicating a possible role in extra-urinary diseases.
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Pandey, Rachana, Dr H. K. Verma, Dr Arun Parakh, and Dr Cheshta Jain Khare. "Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Placement: A Review." International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijese.e2518.117421.

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In today’s world, a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a crucial component of our power network for managing, controlling, and monitoring. PMU can provide synchronized voltage current, and frequency measurements in real time. We can't put a PMU in every bus in the electrical grid because it's not viable from a productivity and economic standpoint, and it's also not practical for handling huge data. As a result, it's critical to reduce the amount of PMU in the power network while also increasing the power network's observability. The optimal PMU placement problem is solved using a variety of methodologies. The paper's main goal is to provide a brief overview of synchrophasor technology, phasor measurement units (PMU), and optimal PMU placement in order to reduce the number of PMUs in the system while maintaining complete observability and application in today's power systems.
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Zamzami, Didik Siswanto, and Lasri Nijal. "A the Training Penggunaan Aplikasi Daily Report PMU (Pesantren Mahasiswa Unilak)." J-COSCIS : Journal of Computer Science Community Service 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jcoscis.v2i2.8286.

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Program Pesantren Mahasiswa Unilak (PMU) yang di gagas oleh rektor Universitas Lancang Kuning Dr.Junaidi.SS.M.Hum telah berjalan selama tiga bulan sejak dimulai bulan Oktober 2020. PMU merupakan program yang digagas Rektor Unilak yang bekerjsama dengan Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (Baznas) Provinsi Riau.Sebanyak 25 mahasiswa Unilak pada gelombang 1 dan sekarang sudah masuk ke gelombang 2 setiap peserta mendapatkan beasiswa selama 4 tahun, peserta mengikuti program pelatihan pendididkan Agama Islam. Untuk mengetahui perkembangan program ini, Baznas Riau melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi PMU. PMU ini merupakan Kerjasama Unilak dengan Baznas (badan zakat Nasional) kegiatan anak santri PMU antara lain yaitu :berbagai kemajuan pendidikan agama, diantaranya, kemampuan tausiah, Tahfiz Al-quran, dan lain lain. program PMU berjalan telah banyak kemajuan yang diperoleh oleh mahasiswa diantaranya telah mampu hapal 1 juz, tahsin, tausiah dan lain lain. Lebih dari 75 persen mahaiswa PMU belum pernah belajar di pondok pesantren. Kemajuan program PMU pembinaan berjalan dengan baik. "Pertama kita bersyukur dengan pembinaan yang baru tiga bulan tapi mahasiswa antusias luar biasa.".pembinaan Unilak sangat terasa kemajuan yang luar biasa, karena mereka dari latar belakang berbeda dan bukan pesantren, maka dengan semangat mereka mampu menjalininya. " Baznas bangga, bangga yang luar biasa melihat PMU baru tiga bulan, seumur jagung, prestasi ini kedepan kita tampilkan pada acara acara. Bagus dan mentalitas mereka bagus. Dari penjelasan di atas inilah dirasa sangat perlu di tinggat PMU memiliki aplikasi pendukung didalam daily report segala kegiatan para santri, agar kedepannya semua aktifitas dan kemajuan santri dapan dilaporkan secara berkala dan ini juga menjadi proses didalam kemajuan PMU kedepannya, aplikasi ini juga dapat di akses oleh pembina sehingga pembina santri dapat menjadikan aplikasi ini sebagai salah satu rujukan dari laporan akhir pada nilai santri tersebut. Kata Kunci : daily report, PMU, Aplikasi
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PMU"

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Fernandez, Javier Oscar. "The Virginia Tech Calibration System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32669.

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Phasor measurement unit (PMU) applications on power grid monitoring systems have been implemented since the early ninetyâ s. Large monitoring system network performance relies on the consistent measurements of PMUs across the system. This has become a major challenge for designers since large networks use PMUs from various manufacturers who likely implement different synchrophasor technologies to perform the phasor estimations. The current synchrophasor standard, the IEEE C37.118-2005 Synchrophasor Standard, covers adequately the steady-state characterization of PMUs but does not specify transient condition requirements. The North American Synchrophasor Initiative (NASPI) has developed a guide outlining the several tests required for dynamic characterization of PMUs. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed two PMU testing stands for steady-state conformance with the current standard and for dynamic performance testing. Since May 2010, Virginia Tech has been working closely with the NIST in developing a PMU testing system similar to the NIST designs for commercial testing of PMUs and research purposes, the Virginia Tech Calibration System. This thesis focuses on assessing the system accuracy differences between the designs, and the software interface modifications to adapt the new hardware.
Master of Science
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Aleixo, Renato Ribeiro. "Proposta e implementação de uma Micro-PMU." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6641.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposta de uma Unidade de Medição Fasorial (do inglês, Phasor Measurement Unit)(PMU), de baixo custo, voltada para o monito-ramento da distribuição de energia elétrica. O medidor proposto pode ser conectado à rede de baixa tensão, possibilitando assim o monitoramento dos sistemas de dis-tribuição e transmissão de energia. O algoritmo de estimação fasorial que compõe o software embarcado do equipamento faz uso do filtro Savitzky-Golay como aproxima-ção da derivada, necessária no processo de estimação da frequência do componente fundamental do sinal. O hardware utilizado é composto pelo microprocessador ARM TM4C1294NCPDT da Texas Instruments, um módulo GPS NEO-6M da uBlox, um módulo Wi-Fi ESP8266, além de um circuito de condicionamento do sinal analógico. O sincronismo das medições realizadas é garantido graças ao sinal composto por um pulso por segundo fornecido pelo GPS. Para o envio dos dados gerados pelo medidor pro-posto, o protocolo definido na norma vigente para PMUs foi utilizado. As estimações podem ser armazenadas e vizualizadas em tempo real através de um software monitor de dados de sincrofasores. Os resultados contemplam os testes exigidos pela norma, avaliando-se o erro total da estimação do fasor, o erro de frequência e o erro de taxa de variação da frequência. Por último, a fim de se reafirmar o sincronismo existente entre as medições realizadas por mais de um equipamento, estimou-se os fasores e a frequência em pontos distintos do sistema 4 Barras do IEEE, simulado em tempo real no RTDS, onde pode-se observar a estimação correta da defasagem entre duas barras desse sistema.
The present work proposes of a low cost Phasor Measurement Unity (PMU), for monitoring the power distribution system. The proposed meter can be connected at the low voltage level, making possible the monitoring of the distribution system and the transmission system. The algorithm used to compute the phasor estimation that composes the embedded software in the equipment uses the Savitzky-Golay filter to approximate the differentiation process, necessary in the frequency estimation of the fundamental component of the signal. The hardware of the equipment is composed by a microprocessor AMR TM4C1294NCPDT of Texas Instruments, a uBlox GPS NEO-6M module, a Wi-Fi ESP8266 module and an analog conditioning circuit. The synchronism of the measurements is guaranteed due to a pulse per second signal from the GPS module. For the transmission of the data generated by the PMU, the protocol suggested by the standard is used. The estimated parameters can be visualized in real time through the Synchrophasor Data Monitor Software. The results contemplate the tests required by the IEEE standard C37.118.1 and the analyses of the total vector error, frequency error and rate of change of frequency error. Finally, to attest the synchronism between different PMUs, a test in a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) was made, where the 4 bus IEEE system was simulated. The difference of the angles estimated for different buses was computed and the obtained values were according to the expected.
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Culliss, Jerel Alan. "A Method for PMU-Based Reconfigurable Monitoring." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35646.

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Given an increasing tendency towards distributed generation and alternative energy sources, the power grid must be more carefully monitored in order to ensure stability. Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) provide very good observation of a small area of a network, but their relatively high cost prevents them from being deployed at every point. Therefore, to monitor an entire network, State Estimation is still required. By combining these two techniques, the accuracy and speed of power network monitoring can be improved. This thesis presents a method for achieving this goal from both hardware and computational perspectives. Practical considerations for PMU placement are discussed, such as instrument transformer calibration, and an algorithm is developed to apply this technique to any power system. The resulting method is termed reconfigurable monitoring - computationally isolated areas which may be grouped as necessary to allow for flexibility in power system monitoring.
Master of Science
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Du, Xiaochen. "PMU applications in system integrity protection scheme." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/pmu-applications-in-system-integrity-protection-scheme(82592e7a-c56d-47f0-8b64-c9a7b9d15ea9).html.

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This thesis has proposed two types of real time System Integrity Protection Schemes(SIPS) using Emergency Single Machine Equivalent (E-SIME) and Model PredictiveControl (MPC) approaches respectively. They are aiming to resolve the transientstability problems in power systems. Synchronous measurements, fast communicationnetwork and FACTS are deployed in the two SIPSs. The Thyristor Controlled SeriesCompensation (TCSC) is applied as the control action in both SIPSs.In the E-SIME based SIPS, the SIME approach is used to evaluate the transient stabilityof the system and then a decision is made about the control actions needed to stabilizethe system. During emergency conditions, a fast response time is very important andthis requires a security guideline to be used in the decision making process. Theguideline is developed by analyzing offline multiple fault scenarios using an automaticlearning approach. This ensures appropriate control actions can be performed withoutcompromising the response time required on a real system.The MPC based SIPS optimizes the control action at every discrete time instant byselecting the control action that leads to the minimized cost function value. Automaticlearning (AL) is utilized to predict power system dynamics by assuming each controlaction has been taken. Furthermore, a feature selection technique, that chooses themost relevant variables, is used to improve the performance of the AL prediction. Themodel predictive control (MPC) technique is performed every discrete time interval, sothe optimal control action is always selected.Two types of SIPS are tested and verified in the benchmark systems. Simulation resultsshow they can effectively protect the system from loss of synchronism in the aftermathof a large disturbance. This thesis also compares the two SIPSs and concludes thebenefits and shortcomings of each approach.
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Frazao, Rodrigo José Albuquerque. "PMU based situation awareness for smart distribution grids." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT061/document.

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Une infrastructure robuste de surveillance basée sur des mesures numériques classiques est souvent utilisée pour permettre une gestion efficace du réseau de distribution électrique, néanmoins les mesures de phaseurs synchronisés, également connu comme synchrophaseurs, sont particulièrement efficaces pour améliorer la capacité de gestion et la surveillance de ces réseaux. Le synchrophaseur est un phaseur numériquement calculé à partir des échantillons de données en utilisant une source temporelle absolue pour un horodatage extrêmement précis des mesures effectuées.De ce fait, les applications des synchrophaseurs sont très nombreuses dans les réseaux électriques, en particulier dans les réseaux de transport. Ils permettent notamment de mesurer la différence angulaire entre les noeuds, l'estimation d'état linéaire, détecter l'îlotage, surveiller la stabilité oscillatoire, et détecter et identifier les défauts. Ainsi, nous pourrions être amenés à croire que pour apporter les avantages bien connus des mesures synchronisées vers les réseaux de distribution électriques, il serait seulement nécessaire de placer les Unités de Mesure de Phaseur, également connu par l'abréviation anglophone PMU, d'une manière directe dans l'environnement de la distribution électrique. Malheureusement, cette tâchen'est pas aussi évidente qu'elle n'y paraît.Les réseaux de distribution électriques et les réseaux de transport ont des caractéristiques opérationnelles différentes, donc les PMUs dédiées aux réseaux de distribution doivent avoir des caractéristiques différentes de celles consacrées aux réseaux haute tension. Les réseaux de distribution intelligents possèdent des longueurs de ligne plus courtes en produisant une ouverture angulaire plus petite entre les noeuds adjacents. En outre, le contenu harmonique élevé et la déviation en fréquence imposent aussi des défis pour l'estimation des phaseurs. Les appareils synchronisés avancés dédiés pour la surveillance du réseau de distribution doivent surmonter ces défis afin de mener la précision des mesures au-delà des exigences actuelles.Cette problématique globale est traitée et évaluée dans la présente thèse. La précision de l'estimation de phaseur est directement liée à la performance de l'algorithme utilisé pour traiter les données. Une grande robustesse contre les effets pernicieux qui peuvent dégrader la qualité des estimations est fortement souhaitée. De ce fait, trois algorithmes adaptifs en fréquence sont présentés en visant l'amélioration du processus d'estimation des mesures de phaseurs dans les réseaux de distribution actifs. Plusieurs simulations en utilisant des signaux corrompus sont réalisées pour évaluer leurs performances dans des conditions statiques et/ou dynamiques.Prenant en compte l'estimation précise des phaseurs, quatre applications potentielles sont présentées pour augmenter la perception, la compréhension et la projection des actions dans les réseaux de distribution. Des contributions sont apportées concernant le circuit équivalent de Thévenin vu par le point de couplage commun (PCC) entre la production décentralisée et les réseaux de distribution. Des contributions sont également apportées pour les équivalents dynamiques externes et l'évaluation de la chute de tension dans les réseaux moyenne-tension radiaux, ainsi que l'évaluation de la problématique des harmoniques pour l'amélioration de la méthode classique nomée PH (puissance active harmonique) pour détecter à la fois la principale source de pollution harmonique et le vrai flux de puissance harmonique sous déviation en fréquence.Le sujet des mesures de phaseurs synchronisés dans le réseaux électrique de distribution est encore peu exploré et les questionnements quant à son applicabilité sont communs, néanmoins cette thèse vise à fournir des propositions pour contribuer à l'avènement de mesures de phaseurs dans l'environnement de la distribution électrique
Robust metering infrastructure based on classical digital measurements has been used to enable a comprehensive power distribution network management, however synchronized phasor measurements, also known as synchrophasors, are especially welcome to improve the overall framework capabilities. Synchrophasor is a phasor digitally computed from data samples using an absolute and accuracy time source as reference. In this way, since the absolute time source has sufficient accuracy to synchronize voltage and current measurements at geographically distant locations, it is possible to extract valuable informations of the real grid operating status without full knowledge of its characteristics.Due to this fact, applications of synchronized phasor measurements in wide-area management systems (WAMSs) have been achieved. Angular separation, linear state estimation, islanding detection, oscillatory stability, and disturbance location identification are some of the several applications that have been proposed. Thus, we could be lead to believe that to bring the well-known benefits of the synchronized measurements toward electric distribution grids it is only required to place in a straightforward manner conventional Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) into the electric distribution environment. Unfortunately, this is not as simple as it seems.Electric power distribution systems and high-voltage power systems have different operational characteristics, hence PMUs or PMU-enabled IEDs dedicated to distribution systems should have different features from those devoted to the high-voltage systems. Active distribution grids with shorter line lengths produce smaller angular aperture between their adjacent busbars. In addition, high harmonic content and frequency deviation impose more challenges for estimating phasors. Generally, frequency deviation is related to high-voltage power systems, however, due to the interconnected nature of the overall power system, frequency deviation can be propagated toward the distribution grid. The integration of multiple high-rate DERs with poor control capabilities can also impose local frequency drift. Advanced synchronized devices dedicated to smart monitoring framework must overcome these challenges in order to lead the measurement accuracy beyond the levels stipulated by current standard requirements.This overall problematic is treated and evaluated in the present thesis. Phasor estimation accuracy is directly related to the algorithm's performance used for processing the incoming data. Robustness against pernicious effects that can degrade the quality of the estimates is highly desired. Due to this fact, three frequency-adaptive algorithms are presented aiming to boost the phasor estimation process in active distribution grids. Several simulations using spurious and distorted signals are performed for evaluating their performances under static and/or dynamic conditions.Taking into account accurate phasor estimates, four potential applications are presented seeking to increase situational awareness in distribution environment. Contributions are presented concerning online Thévenin's equivalent (TE) circuit seen by the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) between DERs and the grid side, dynamic external equivalents and online three-phase voltage drop assessment in primary radial distribution grids, as well as assessment of harmonic issues for improving the classical PH method (harmonic active power) to detect both the main source of harmonic pollution and true power flow direction under frequency deviation.The issue of synchronized phasor measurements in electric power distribution systems is still underexplored and suspicions about its applicability are common, however this thesis aims to provide propositions to contribute with the advent of phasor measurements in electric distribution environment
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Bueno, James. "A direct measurement of pmu xi from muon decay." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23724.

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The asymmetry of the positron distribution in polarised muon decay provides confirmation that the weak interaction maximally violates parity conservation. Since 1957 the quantity Pmu xi has been measured with increasing precision, where Pmu is the polarisation of the muon, and xi is a parameter describing the asymmetry. Thus far the results have been consistent with the standard model using a (V-A) interaction. A new measurement of pmu xi using the TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test (TWIST) spectrometer is presented in this thesis. The result is pmu xi = 1.00084 +- 0.00035 (stat.) -0.00063,+0.00165 (syst.), which is a factor of 3.2 more precise than a previous TWIST direct measurement, and a factor of 7.0 more precise than the pre-TWIST value. New limits are set on physics beyond the standard model, including the weak decay of right-handed muons, and left-right symmetric models where a (V+A) current is introduced to conserve parity at higher energies.
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Brueni, Dennis J. "Minimal PMU placement for graph observability : a decomposition approach /." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10312009-020314/.

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Altman, James Ross. "A Practical Comprehensive Approach to PMU Placement for Full Observability." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31200.

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In recent years, the placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in electric transmission systems has gained much attention. Engineers and mathematicians have developed a variety of algorithms to determine the best locations for PMU installation. But often these placement algorithms are not practical for real systems and do not cover the whole process. This thesis presents a strategy that is practical and addresses three important topics: system preparation, placement algorithm, and installation scheduling. To be practical, a PMU strategy should strive for full observability, work well within the heterogeneous nature of power system topology, and enable system planners to adapt the strategy to meet their unique needs and system configuration. Practical considerations for the three placement topics are discussed, and a specific strategy based on these considerations is developed and demonstrated on real transmission system models.
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Zora, Leydi Tatiana. "Thesis PMU Applications Prioritization Based in Wide Area Disturbance Events." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71829.

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Synchrophasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are devices that can not only measure but also time stamp voltage, current, frequency, among others. PMUs take these synchronized measurements as fast as 60 times per second; compared with the traditional 2-4 second SCADA measurements, PMUs bring a much clear and real-time picture of what is happening in the power system. PMUs have been increasingly deployed across transmission power grids worldwide. In the USA this is primarily done by utilities through projects sponsored mainly by SIGS and Smart Grid grants. There are different applications that synchrophasors can provide, including off-line and real-time applications. However, due to budget constraints, technology development and characteristics specific to each system, not all applications are equally suitable and essential for all electric power systems. This thesis provides a method for PMU applications prioritization based on the analysis and results of wide area disturbance events.
Master of Science
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Landford, Jordan. "Event Detection Using Correlation within Arrays of Streaming PMU Data." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3031.

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This thesis provides a synchrophasor data analysis methodology that leverages both statistical correlation techniques and a statistical distribution in order to identify data inconsistencies, as well as power system contingencies. This research utilizes archived Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data obtained from the Bonneville Power Administration in order to show that this methodology is not only feasible, but extremely useful for power systems monitoring, decision support, and planning purposes. By analyzing positive sequence voltage angles between a pair of PMUs at two different substation locations, an historic record of correlation is established. From this record, a Rayleigh distribution of correlation coefficients is calculated. The statistical parameters of this Rayleigh distribution are used to infer occurrences of power system and data events. To monitor an entire system, a simple solution would be observing each of these parameters for every PMU combination. One issue with this approach is that correlation of some PMU pairs may be redundant or yield little value to monitoring capabilities. Additionally, this approach quickly encounters scalability issues as each additional PMU adds considerably to computation - for example, if the system contains n PMUs the amount of computations will be n(n-1)/2. System-wide monitoring of these parameters in this fashion is cumbersome and inefficient. To address these issues, an alternative scheme is proposed which involves monitoring only a subset of PMUs characterized by electrically coupled zones, or clusters, of PMUs. These clusters include both electrically-distant and electrically-near PMU sites. When monitored over an event, these yield statistical parameters sufficient for detecting event occurrences. This clustering scheme can be utilized to significantly decrease computation time and allocation of resources while maintaining optimal system observability. Results from the statistical methods are presented for a select few case studies for both data and power system event detection. In addition, determination of cluster size and content is discussed in detail. Lastly, the viability of monitoring pertinent statistical parameters over various clustering schemes is demonstrated.
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Books on the topic "PMU"

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Madeira, Ricardo, João Pedro Oliveira, and Nuno Paulino. Fully Integrated Switched-Capacitor PMU for IoT Nodes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14701-2.

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Mishra, Ashish. PMU Placement in Power System Network: A case Study. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2017.

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Agriculture, Manitoba Manitoba, ed. Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of horses in PMU operations. [Winnipeg: Manitoba Agriculture, 1996.

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Pylaev, M. E. (Mikhail Evgenʹevich), ed. Muzyka v epokhu postmodernizma: Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoĭ nauchno-prakticheskoĭ konferent︠s︡ii, (8-10 dekabri︠a︡ 2005 g., g. Permʹ, PMU). Permʹ: Permskiĭ gos. pedagogicheskiĭ universitet, 2005.

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Colette, Fourcade, ed. Gestion de la PME/PMI. Paris: Nathan, 1997.

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Côte d'Ivoire. Direction de la promotion industrielle et commerciale., ed. Facilités d'investissement en Côte d'Ivoire: Partenariat PME/PMI. Abidjan: République de Côte d'Ivoire, Direction de la promotion industrielle et commerciale, Ministère de l'industrie et du commerce, 1994.

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Ndiaye, Abdoulaye. L' entreprise africaine: Des cas de PME/PMI. [Sillery, Québec]: Fischer Presses, 1992.

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Saint-Sauveur, Annick. Le plan de formation dans les PME-PMI. Paris: Éditions d'Organisation, 1988.

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Thierry, Sibieude, ed. PME/PMI, intégrer l'environnement dans votre gestion: Un guide. Paris: Economica, 1995.

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Cellule d'appui à l'environnement des entreprises., ed. Sources de financement et structures d'assistance aux PME/PMI. [Dakar]: CAEE, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "PMU"

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Ruf, Werner. "Private Militärische Unternehmen (PMU)." In Politische Ökonomie der Gewalt, 76–90. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-11087-3_3.

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Niu, Xiangyu, Yue Tong, and Jinyuan Sun. "Vulnerability Assessment for PMU Communication Networks." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 29–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05755-8_4.

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Liu, Sanlin, and Yunzhong Song. "Partition State Estimation Based on PMU." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 64–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6226-4_8.

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Wang, Hongyu, Xingong Cheng, Ruikang Zhang, Menghua Zhang, Chengchao Zhu, Bo Shi, and Peiran Li. "Optimal PMU Placements Considering System Change." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 369–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5912-6_27.

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Swain, Kunjabihari, S. S. Mahato, S. K. Mandal, and Murthy Cherukuri. "Microgrid Situational Awareness Using Micro-PMU." In Advances in Smart Grid Automation and Industry 4.0, 573–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7675-1_57.

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Mishra, Sandeep Kumar, and Murthy Cherukuri. "Optimal Placement of PMU: A Brief Review." In Advances in Electrical Control and Signal Systems, 529–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5262-5_39.

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Recioui, Abdelmadjid, Hamid Bentarzi, and Mohamed Tsebia. "PMU Deployment in Power System Oscillation Monitoring." In Sustainable Aviation, 313–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34181-1_25.

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Kumar, Pramod, Poonam Juneja, and Rachna Garg. "Reliability of PMU Using Fuzzy Markov Dynamic Method." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 43–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1822-1_5.

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Devara, Chejarla Madhu Kishore, and Matam Sailaja Kumari. "Multiple Optimal Solutions for Optimal PMU Placement Using Graph Theory." In Sustainable Technology and Advanced Computing in Electrical Engineering, 267–76. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4364-5_21.

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Kumari, Swati, Sunidhi Luthra, Archana Sahu, Saood Ahmad, and Anurag Gupta. "Stability Evaluation of the Reference Standard PMU at CSIR-NPL." In Recent Advances in Metrology, 65–70. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2468-2_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "PMU"

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Acanski, Milos, Gert Rietveld, and Dennis Hoogenboom. "Accurate phase calibration of PMUs and PMU calibrators." In 2016 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2016). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpem.2016.7540461.

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Qiu, Pengfei, Qiang Gao, Dongsheng Wang, Yongqiang Lyu, Chunlu Wang, Chang Liu, Rihui Sun, and Gang Qu. "PMU-Leaker." In ASPDAC '23: 28th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3566097.3567917.

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Lunarti, Lucas Luiz, Victor Lunarti Valadão, Lucas Douglas Ribeiro Lucas Douglas Ribeiro, and Maury Meirelles Gouvea Junior. "PROGRAMAÇÃO LINEAR INTEIRA E ALGORITMO DE DIJKSTRA APLICADOS NA ALOCAÇÃO DE PMUS E PDCS EM SISTEMAS ELÉTRICOS DE POTÊNCIA." In XVIII CEEL – Conferência de Estudos em Engenharia Elétrica. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/2596-2221.xviiiceel.2020.522.

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O Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP) está se tornando cada vez mais complexo e interligado, isso está relacionado a diversos fatores, como inserção de fontes renováveis de energia, aumento da demanda e desenvolvimento de novas tecnologia por exemplo. Dessa forma, um monitoramento, do SEP, mais eficaz e mais preciso é necessário. A PMU é um dos principais equipamentos da atualidade capaz de tornar o monitoramento do SEP mais preciso e eficiênte. Isso se dá pela sua taxa de amostragem superior das grandezas elétricas do SEP em relação aos medidores atuais e também na realização das medidas em formas fasoriais. O problema das PMUs está relacionado ao seu alto custo e a consideração da rede de comunicação entre a PMU e o PDC, desta forma, esse trabalho apresenta uma forma de alocação de PMUs e PDCs, com o objetivo de minimizar o custo de um sistema com PMUs e garantir um sistema totalmente monitorado. Para alcançar esse objetivo foi aplicada uma Programação Linear Inteira para os sistemas do IEEE de 14 e 30 barras.
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Wakti, Muhamad Hazrirrahman, Lesnanto Multa Putranto, Sasongko Pramono Hadi, Muhammad Yasirroni, and Akmalazakia Fatan Derana Marsiano. "PMU Location Determination in a Hybrid PMU-SCADA System." In 2020 12th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitee49829.2020.9271728.

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Horinek, M., P. Bilik, and T. Wittassek. "Modular PMU tester." In 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.1183.

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Shalalfeh, Laith, Paul Bogdan, and Edmond Jonckheere. "PMU Visibility Graphs." In 2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt45199.2020.9087753.

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Madani, V., M. Parashar, J. Giri, S. Durbha, F. Rahmatian, D. Day, M. Adamiak, and G. Sheble. "PMU placement considerations — A roadmap for optimal PMU placement." In 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/psce.2011.5772601.

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Tianshu Bi, Hao Liu, Daonong Zhang, and Qixun Yang. "The PMU dynamic performance evaluation and the comparison of PMU standards." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345328.

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Jingtao Wu, Daonong Zhang, Ji Zhou, Zhaojia Wang, and ShiMing Xu. "PMU standard of China." In APCCAS 2008 - 2008 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apccas.2008.4746104.

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Mokeev, Alexey V. "Filter synthesis for PMU." In 2017 International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sibcon.2017.7998535.

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Reports on the topic "PMU"

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Goldstein, Allen, Dhananjay Anand, and Ya-Shian Li-Baboud. Investigation of PMU Response to Leap Second: 2015. National Institute of Standards and Technology, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8077.

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Allen, A., M. Singh, E. Muljadi, and S. Santoso. PMU Data Event Detection: A User Guide for Power Engineers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1160181.

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Landford, Jordan. Event Detection Using Correlation within Arrays of Streaming PMU Data. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3026.

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Wilinski, Mateusz. Learning of the full dynamic system state matrix from partial PMU observations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1853893.

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Yermiyahu, Uri, Thomas Kinraide, and Uri Mingelgrin. Role of Binding to the Root Surface and Electrostatic Attraction in the Uptake of Heavy Metal by Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7586482.bard.

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The principal accomplishment of the research supported by BARD was progress toward a comprehensive view of cell-surface electrical effects (both in cell walls [CWs] and at plasma membrane [PM] surfaces) upon ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration. The research confirmed that electrostatic models (e.g., Gouy-Chapman-Stern [G-C-S]), with parameter values contributed by us, successfully predict ion behavior at cell surfaces. Specific research objectives 1. To characterize the sorption of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) to the root PM in the presence of other cations and organic ligands (citric and humic acids). 2. To compute the parameters of a G-C-S model for heavy-metal sorption to the root PM. 3. To characterize the accumulation of selected heavy metals in various plant parts. 4. To determine whether model-computed ion binding or ion activities at root PM surfaces predict heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 5. To determine whether measured ion binding by protoplast-free roots (i.e., root CWs) predicts heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 6. To correlate growth inhibition, and other toxic responses, with the measured and computed factors mentioned above. 7. To determine whether genotypic differences in heavy-metal accumulation and toxic responses correlate with genotypic differences in parameters of the G-C-S model. Of the original objectives, all except for objective 7 were met. Work performed to meet the other objectives, and necessitated on the basis of experimental findings, took the time that would have been required to meet objective 7. In addition, work with Pb was unsuccessful due to experimental complications and work on Cd is still in progress. On the other hand, the uptake and toxicity of the anion, selenate was characterized with respect to electrostatic effects and the influences of metal cations. In addition, the project included more theoretical work, supported by experimentation, than was originally planned. This included transmembrane ion fluxes considered in terms of PM-surface electrical potentials and the influence of CWs upon ion concentrations at PM surfaces. A important feature of the biogeochemistry of trace elements in the rhizosphere is the interaction between plant-root surfaces and the ions present in the soil solution. The ions, especially the cations, of the soil solution may be accumulated in the aqueous phases of cell surfaces external to the PMs, sometimes referred to as the "water free space" and the "Donnan free space". In addition, ions may bind to the CW components or to the PM surface with variable binding strength. Accumulation at the cell surface often leads to accumulation in other plant parts with implications for the safety and quality of foods. A G-C-S model for PMs and a Donnan-plus-binding model for CWs were used successfully to compute electrical potentials, ion binding, and ion concentration at root-cell surfaces. With these electrical potentials, corresponding values for ion activities may be computed that are at least proportional to actual values also. The computed cell-surface ion activities predict and explain ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration of intoxication much more accurately than ion activities in the bulk-phase rooting medium.
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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.

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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas
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Tulp, I., T. C. Prins, J. A. M. Craeymeersch, S. IJff, and M. T. van der Sluis. Syntheserapport PMR NCV. IJmuiden: Wageningen Marine Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/496768.

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Collington, Rosie, and William Lazonick. Pricing for Medicine Innovation: A Regulatory Approach to Support Drug Development and Patient Access. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp176.

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The United States represents the world’s largest market for pharmaceutical drugs. It is also the only advanced economy in the world that does not regulate drug prices. There is no upper threshold for the prices of medicines in the United States. List prices are instead set by manufacturers in negotiation with supply-chain intermediaries, though some federal programs have degrees of discretion in price determinations. In practice, this deregulated system means that drug prices in the United States are generally far higher than in other advanced economies, adversely affecting patient accessibility and system affordability. In this paper, we draw on the “theory of innovative enterprise” to develop a framework that provides both a critique of the existing pricing system in the United States and a foundation for developing a new model of pricing regulation to support safety and effectiveness through drug development as well as accessibility and affordability in the distribution of approved medicines to patients. We introduce a regulatory approach we term “Pricing for Medicine Innovation” (PMI), which departs dramatically from the market-equilibrium assumptions of conventional (neoclassical) economics. The PMI approach recognizes the centrality of collective investments by government agencies and business firms in the productive capabilities that underpin the drug development process. PMI specifies the conditions under which, at the firm level, drug pricing can support both sustained investment in these capabilities and improved patient access. PMI can advance both of these objectives simultaneously by regulating not just the level of corporate profit but also its allocation to reinvestment in the drug development process. PMI suggests that although price caps are likely to improve drug affordability, there remain two potential issues with this pricing approach. Firstly, in an innovation system where a company’s sales revenue is the source of its finance for further drug development, price caps may deprive a firm of the means to invest in innovation. Secondly, even with adequate profits available for investment in innovation, a firm that is run to maximize shareholder value will tend to use those profits to fund distributions to shareholders rather than for investment in drug innovation. We argue that, if implemented properly, PMI could both improve the affordability of medicines and enhance the innovative performance of pharmaceutical companies.
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Barrington, David W. Evaluation of PMB Particulate Testing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387341.

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McNeil, Nathan, and John MacArthur. https://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/36657. Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/trec.265.

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