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1
Liu, Min. "Distribution System State Estimation with Phasor Measurement Units." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.687.
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With phasor measurement units (PMU) become available in the distribution system; the estimation accuracy of the distribution system state estimation (DSSE) is expected to be improved. Based on the weighted least square (WLS) approach, this paper proposed a new state estimator which takes into account the PMU measurements including voltage magnitude and phasor angle, and load current magnitude and phasor angle. Simulation results indicate that the estimation accuracy is obvious improve by adding PMU measurements to the DSSE. Furthermore, the estimation accuracy changes with the installation site of PMU, and can be maximized by choosing the installation site appropriately.
2
Reis, Amanda Wohlfahrt, and Fernando Guilherme Kaehler Guarda. "Simulação de uma Unidade de Medição Fasorial em Tempo Real utilizando Typhoon Virtual HIL." Ciência e Natura 42 (February 7, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40589.
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This paper aims to present a project to implement a phasor measurement unit (PMU), which is the main component in the synchronized phasor measurement system. This measurement technology aims to bring significant gains to the operation of electrical systems, since it allows to simultaneously measure magnitudes and phase angles of voltage and current at geographically distant points from the electrical system. So, the paper reports the use of filters in obtaining PMU measurements. In this way, it is intended to implement the PMU in the Typhoon Virtual HIL software.
3
Ponnala, Ravi, Muktevi Chakravarthy, and Suraparaju Venkata Naga Lakshmi Lalitha. "Effective monitoring of power system with phasor measurement unit and effective data storage system." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 5 (2022): 2471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i5.4085.
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In the recent years the monitoring and operation of the power system became complex, due to the more demand from the different linear and non-linear loads and generation from the different sources. For the effective monitoring and operation of the power system, existing power system monitoring methods need to improve or new technologies are required. For the effective monitoring and operation of the power system phasor measurement unit (PMU) based monitoring is suitable, because it provide the dynamic state monitoring system. In this paper PMU based monitoring is proposed with effective data storage system and protection. With this method phasor values of voltage and current signals are calculated at the location of PMU and with the help of software based program effective data storage also possible. With this proposed model the phasor values in the power system at different locations monitoring also possible and required phasor data only stored and total data is only monitored. The phasor values of signals are calculated with direct phasor measurement technique in LabVIEW and by adding time stamping to the each phasor value accurate measurement of power flow is possible.
4
Pandey, Rachana, Dr H. K. Verma, Dr Arun Parakh, and Dr Cheshta Jain Khare. "Artificial Intelligence Based Optimal Placement of PMU." International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijese.i2541.10101122.
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The investigation of power system disturbances is critical for ensuring the supply’s dependability and security. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is an important device of our power network, installed on system to enable the power system monitoring and control. By giving synchronised measurements at high sample rates, Phasor Measurement Units have the potential to record quick transients with high precision. PMUs are gradually being integrated into power systems because they give important phasor information for power system protection and control in both normal and abnormal situations. Placement of PMU on every bus of the network is not easy to implement, either because of expense or because communication facilities in some portions of the system are limited. Different ways for placing PMUs have been researched to improve the robustness of state estimate. The paper proposes unique phasor measurement unit optimal placement methodologies. With full network observability, the suggested methods will assure optimal PMU placement. The proposed algorithm will be thoroughly tested using IEEE 7, 9, 14, and 24 standard test systems, with the results compared to existing approaches.
5
Rachana, Pandey, H.K. Verma Dr., Arun Parakh Dr., and Cheshta Jain Khare Dr. "Artificial Intelligence Based Optimal Placement of PMU." International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE) 10, no. 11 (2022): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijese.I2541.10101122.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> The investigation of power system disturbances is critical for ensuring the supply’s dependability and security. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is an important device of our power network, installed on system to enable the power system monitoring and control. By givingsynchronised measurements at high sample rates, Phasor Measurement Units have the potential to record quick transients with high precision. PMUs are gradually being integrated into power systems because they give important phasor information for power system protection and control in both normal and abnormal situations. Placement of PMU on every bus of the network is not easy to implement, either because of expense or because communication facilities in some portions of the system are limited. Different ways for placing PMUs have been researched to improve the robustness of state estimate. The paper proposes unique phasor measurement unit optimal placement methodologies. With full network observability, the suggested methods will assure optimal PMU placement. The proposed algorithm will be thoroughly tested using IEEE 7, 9, 14, and 24 standard test systems, with the results compared to existing approaches.
6
Pandey, Rachana, Dr H. K. Verma, Dr Arun Parakh, and Dr Cheshta Jain Khare. "Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Placement: A Review." International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijese.e2518.117421.
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In today’s world, a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a crucial component of our power network for managing, controlling, and monitoring. PMU can provide synchronized voltage current, and frequency measurements in real time. We can't put a PMU in every bus in the electrical grid because it's not viable from a productivity and economic standpoint, and it's also not practical for handling huge data. As a result, it's critical to reduce the amount of PMU in the power network while also increasing the power network's observability. The optimal PMU placement problem is solved using a variety of methodologies. The paper's main goal is to provide a brief overview of synchrophasor technology, phasor measurement units (PMU), and optimal PMU placement in order to reduce the number of PMUs in the system while maintaining complete observability and application in today's power systems.
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Rachana, Pandey, Verma H.K., Parakh Arun, and Jain Khare Cheshta. "Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Placement: A Review." International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE) 7, no. 4 (2021): 9–13. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijese.E2518.117421.
Full textAbstract:
In today’s world, a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a crucial component of our power network for managing, controlling, and monitoring. PMU can provide synchronized voltage current, and frequency measurements in real time. We can't put a PMU in every bus in the electrical grid because it's not viable from a productivity and economic standpoint, and it's also not practical for handling huge data. As a result, it's critical to reduce the amount of PMU in the power network while also increasing the power network's observability. The optimal PMU placement problem is solved using a variety of methodologies. The paper's main goal is to provide a brief overview of synchrophasor technology, phasor measurement units (PMU), and optimal PMU placement in order to reduce the number of PMUs in the system while maintaining complete observability and application in today's power systems.
8
Zakri, Azriyenni Azhari, Rangga Eka Saputra, Makmur Saini, and Hidayat Hidayat. "Distributed Generation installed by the Phasor Measurement Unit to improve voltage." SINERGI 26, no. 1 (2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2022.1.006.
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This study is intended to design a system connected to the Distributed Generation (DG) sourced from solar cells, using Matlab/Simulink. A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is installed in the DG system to monitor the phasor voltage and current. Furthermore, the system comprises four buses with two 20 kV load voltages, two amplifying transformers, and four transmission lines. The DG's role is to keep the power supply to the load stable and improve power efficiency by reducing power losses on the network. However, in this network, the DG increases the current on each bus. Thus, affecting voltage increase on each bus, consequently increasing the stress experienced by both loads. The DG-connected system simulation on PMU-3 & PMU-4 has a minute error value of 0.02% and is slightly higher than the unconnected simulation. This comparison also shows the positive sequence values of the phasor currents as well as phasor voltages before and after the DG connection. The DG system connected to the PMU has monitored voltage and current for PLN and DG systems based on the simulation results. Therefore, installing the DG can increase the line voltage, especially on the load.
9
Ravi, Ponnala, Chakravarthy Muktevi, and Venkata Naga Lakshmi Lalitha Suraparaju. "Performance and comparison of different phasor calculation techniques for the power system monitoring." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 3 (2022): 1246~1253. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3833.
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Day to day to electrical power demand increases very rapidly with linear and non-linear load demands. Especially the nonlinear loads are creating the harmonics in the current and voltage signals. The current and voltage signal values are measured with the phasor measurement unit (PMU) for the proper magnitude and phase angle calculation even in the presence of harmonic components in the signals. The performance of the PMU is depending upon the phasor calculation technique. Different technique/methods are available for the phasor calculation, from the method to method there is difference in the accuracy, phasor computation time and complexity. In this paper various techniques for phasor calculation are presented. For better performance of PMU, more accurate and less computation time for phasor calculation technique is required. But in real time, accuracy and speed both may not satisfied with single technique. Need to find a satisfactory technique, which satisfies the speed of phasor computation and accuracy. In this paper it is proposed that direct phasor estimation technique, which gives the better results in terms of accuracy and time and this method, satisfies the requirements for the dynamic monitoring of power system according to the IEEE std. C37.118.1-2011.
10
Bartolomey, Petr, and Sergey Semenenko. "Phasor Measurements Application in Power Systems for Accelerated Power Flow Calculations in Emergency Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 792 (September 2015): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.792.286.
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Power system’s voltage phasor (phase and amplitude) measurements provided by phasor measurement unit (PMU) gives opportunity to build the algorithm of PMU assessment generating triangular admittance matrix. It allows reducing of the power system power flow calculation to the sequential solving of single equations with one variable at a time, instead of conventional linear equations system solving. The effect of super accelerated calculation is important for on-line operative calculations and for emergency control systems with pre-selected settings. This paper considers the general features of the algorithm. The paper presents test results obtained from the IEEE power system models and big power systems for more than 3000 buses. The PMU and SCADA concurrent use was concerned.
11
Ponnala, Ravi, Muktevi Chakravarthy, and Suraparaju Venkata Naga Lakshmi Lalitha. "Performance and comparison of different phasor calculation techniques for the power system monitoring." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 3 (2022): 1246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3833.
Full textAbstract:
Day to day to electrical power demand increases very rapidly with linear and non-linear load demands. Especially the nonlinear loads are creating the harmonics in the current and voltage signals. The current and voltage signal values are measured with the phasor measurement unit (PMU) for the proper magnitude and phase angle calculation even in the presence of harmonic components in the signals. The performance of the PMU is depending upon the phasor calculation technique. Different technique/methods are available for the phasor calculation, from the method to method there is difference in the accuracy, phasor computation time and complexity. In this paper various techniques for phasor calculation are presented. For better performance of PMU, more accurate and less computation time for phasor calculation technique is required. But in real time, accuracy and speed both may not satisfied with single technique. Need to find a satisfactory technique, which satisfies the speed of phasor computation and accuracy. In this paper it is proposed that direct phasor estimation technique, which gives the better results in terms of accuracy and time and this method, satisfies the requirements for the dynamic monitoring of power system according to the IEEE std. C37.118.1-2011.
12
Matsukawa, Watanabe, Wahab, and Othman. "Voltage Stability Index Calculation by Hybrid State Estimation based on Multi Objective Optimal Phasor Measurement Unit Placement." Energies 12, no. 14 (2019): 2688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142688.
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Operation of a power system close to the voltage stability limit due to increasing of load demand and limited power sources may result in disastrous economic loss with voltage collapse of the entire power system. A system operator has to understand how far the system is from the critical boundary of the voltage collapse. This paper investigated the influence of State Estimation (SE) in the calculation of the Critical Boundary Index (CBI) as a voltage stability index. For SE, Hybrid State Estimation (HSE), including the measurement set of both Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), is employed. Concurrently, the CBI is estimated using voltage phasor estimated by HSE based on optimal PMU location, which is selected from a Pareto optimal front obtained by the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). As a result of CBI estimation, HSE using PMU is relatively accurate in voltage stability index estimation compared to SCADA SE, which uses the RTU alone. However, when a mixed measurement condition in some lines affects the CBI estimation, it is suggested that it may be necessary to discard PMU measurements in some cases.
13
Baba, Maveeya, Nursyarizal B. M. Nor, Taib B. Ibrahim, and M. Aman Sheikh. "A comprehensive review for optimal placement of phasor measurement unit for network observability." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 1 (2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp301-308.
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Real time synchronized phasor measurement in power network is obtained by the improvement in monitoring, control and, protection of the power system. In recent time, the installation ratio of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is constantly increasing for the real time measurement throughout worldwide. The increment in the number of PMU installation is to only focus on the improvement of system state estimation (SE) performance. However, the expensive nature of the metering device requires huge amount of installation cost with the other communication facilities, therefore an optimal placement of PMU is necessary. Different techniques have been designed and used to overcome this matter. The paper presents numerous optimization algorithms such as, Mathematical programming, Heuristic, and Meta-Heuristic techniques which are specially used for the optimization of PMU placement with complete network observability. Furthermore, each PMU technique is explained, and performances are compared for the most appropriate and optimal placement of PMU methods, which can be recommended for a future work to get complete network observability.
14
Maveeya, Baba, B. M. Nor Nursyarizal, B. Ibrahim Taib, and Aman Sheikh M. "A comprehensive review for optimal placement of phasor measurement unit for network observability." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS) 19, no. 1 (2020): 301–8. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp301-308.
Full textAbstract:
Real time synchronized phasor measurement in power network is obtained by the improvement in monitoring, control and, protection of the power system. In recent time, the installation ratio of phasor measurement units (PMUs) is constantly increasing for the real time measurement throughout worldwide. The increment in the number of PMU installation is to only focus on the improvement of system state estimation (SE) performance. However, the expensive nature of the metering device requires huge amount of installation cost with the other communication facilities; therefore, an optimal placement of PMU is necessary. Different techniques have been designed and used to overcome this matter. The paper presents numerous optimization algorithms such as, Mathematical programming, Heuristic, and Meta-Heuristic techniques which are specially used for the optimization of PMU placement with complete network observability. Furthermore, each PMU technique is explained, and performances are compared for the most appropriate and optimal placement of PMU methods, which can be recommended for a future work to get complete network observability.
15
Kolosok, I. N., E. S. Korkina, and A. M. Glazunova. "PMU Placement Based on Heuristic Methods, when Solving the Problem of EPS State Estimation." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 3, no. 1 (2014): 28–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2014010103.
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Creation of satellite communication systems gave rise to a new generation of measurement equipment – Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). Integrated into the measurement system WAMS, the PMU sensors provide a real picture of state of energy power system (EPS). The issues of PMU placement when solving the problem of EPS state estimation (SE) are discussed in many papers. PMU placement is a complex combinatorial problem, and there is not any analytical function to optimize its variables. Therefore, this problem is often solved by the heuristic optimization methods. Depending on the chosen set of sensors (SCADA&PMU; only PMU; PMU placement based on the concept of depth of unobservability), one can obtain no less than 3 different variants of placing PMUs for one and the same system. The paper describes the PMU placement criteria suggested by the authors to solve the SE problem. Among them: improvement of bad data detection, maximum accuracy of estimates, transformation of the system graph into a tree, maximum number of measurements to be added, PMU placement during the decomposition of the power system SE problem. It is shown that the correct selection of PMU placement criteria can improve the solutions to these problems.
16
Husham, Idan Hussein, Najim Abdullah Ali, and Sahib Jafar Al-Ghanimi Assama. "A novel online monitoring system of frequency oscillationsbased intelligence phasor measurement units." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems 14, no. 3 (2023): 1589~1596. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i3.pp 1589-1596.
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In this paper, frequency oscillation has been present as it is an important issue in power systems, especially when it is joined to the new trend to use alternative energies as an energy source, as well as to be a big risk for the inter-connection of the modern electric power networks. Wind farm acts as alternative energy and connected to two buses on the Iraqi power system. Because the low-frequency oscillation monitoring needs be accurate and fast, the main objective is to propose a novel online monitoring system consisting of phasor measurement unit's (PMU) with artificial intelligence neural network (PMU-NN). The location of the phasor measurement units has been optimized using (graph-theoretic procedure algorithm) and the function for the artificial intelligence (NN) is radial basis function (RBFNN). The data information from phasor measurement units is the inputs to the artificial intelligence system then predictions are made Information on low-frequency oscillation (target). The MATLAB toolboxes (PSAT & NN) used to obtain results. Finally, from the results, the validity of the proposed (PMU-NN) system has been proven and tested on the Iraqi power grid (24 bus) in several cases and several places on the network and the comparison was made with the analysis model.
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Hussein, Husham I., Ali Najim Abdullah, and Assama Sahib Jafar Jafar. "A novel online monitoring system of frequency oscillations based intelligence phasor measurement units." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, no. 3 (2023): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i3.pp1589-1596.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, frequency oscillation has been present as it is an important issue in power systems, especially when it is joined to the new trend to use alternative energies as an energy source, as well as to be a big risk for the inter-connection of the modern electric power networks. Wind farm acts as alternative energy and connected to two buses on the Iraqi power system. Because the low-frequency oscillation monitoring needs be accurate and fast, the main objective is to propose a novel online monitoring system consisting of phasor measurement unit's (PMU) with artificial intelligence neural network (PMU-NN). The location of the phasor measurement units has been optimized using (graph-theoretic procedure algorithm) and the function for the artificial intelligence (NN) is radial basis function (RBFNN). The data information from phasor measurement units is the inputs to the artificial intelligence system then predictions are made Information on low-frequency oscillation (target). The MATLAB toolboxes (PSAT &amp; NN) used to obtain results. Finally, from the results, the validity of the proposed (PMU-NN) system has been proven and tested on the Iraqi power grid (24 bus) in several cases and several places on the network and the comparison was made with the analysis model.
18
Shiralkar, Ashpana, Suchita Ingle, Haripriya Kulkarni, Poonam Mane, and Shashikant Bakre. "Phasor measurement unit optimization in smart grids using artificial neural network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 39, no. 1 (2025): 625. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v39.i1.pp625-633.
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The wide area measurements systems (WAMS) play a vital role in the operation of smart grids. The phasor measurement units (PMU) or synchrophasors are one of the principle components under WAMS. PMU in a smart grid converts power system signals into phasor from voltage and current which enhances the observability of the power system. A variety of operations is performed by the PMUs such as adaptive relaying, instability prediction, state estimation, improved control, fault and disturbance recording, transmission and generation modeling verification, wide area protection and detection of fault location. The PMUs can improve the performance of grid operations and monitoring. Thus, PMU optimization is very necessary to achieve the desired power system observability. The performance of the PMUs can be optimized using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The novice method of monitoring maximum power transfer using PMUs equipped with artificial neural networks has been discussed in this paper. In this paper, a two-bus system model is developed that can be generalized to multiple bus systems. The proposed method is novel, simple, feasible, and cost effective for smart grids.
19
Tepikin, Y. E., V. R. Rafikov, and F. N. Gaydamakin. "Development of Methods for Calculation the Load Angle of a Synchronous Generator Based on PMU Data." E3S Web of Conferences 384 (2023): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401010.
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The development of the Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) in the Unified Electric Power System (UES) of Russia and using phasor measurement technology (or PMU technology) open up new prospects in the electric power system (EPS) operational dispatch and automatic control. PMU devices installation on synchronous generators (SG) allows to obtain information not only about currents and stator voltages phasors, but also information about the excitation current and excitation voltage. This set of high-precision measurements of the network state parameters, in the presence of generators mathematical models, provides the possibility of calculating such parameters, the direct measurements of which are very difficult. One of these parameters, which can be determined using PMU, is the load angle of the SG (the angle between the generalized voltage phasor and the generator EMF phasor in the dq axis system) in the steady states and transients. The value of the load angle can be used to analyze the static and dynamic stability, as well as to quantify the damping properties of the SG at low-frequency oscillations (LFO) of the power systems electrical parameters. This study analyzes the possibilities for calculating the load angle based on a typical set of generator PMU signals: stator current and voltage vectors, excitation current and voltage. Two methods for calculating the load angle in steady states and transients have been developed and implemented. The first method is based on solving a system of nonlinear algebraic equations, and the basis of the second method is the mathematical model of the SG. The presented methods were tested using the SimInTech software package. Further, using the developed methods, the load angles of two turbogenerators installed at the plants of the Russian UES were calculated according to the PMU data of the parameters of the electromechanical transient process.
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Kundu, Shubhrajyoti, Mehebub Alam, Biman K. Saha Roy, and Siddhartha Sankar Thakur. "Allocation of Optimal PMUs for Power System Observability Using PROMETHEE Approach." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (March 26, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1625853.
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Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are becoming a vital measurement device in wide-area monitoring, operation, and control. The allocation of PMU at each bus will make that bus directly observable. However, considering the high installation costs, it is not feasible to place PMU at each bus. Thus, placing the PMUs at optimal locations is extremely important. In this study, the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment of Evaluation (PROMETHEE)-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique has been applied for the optimal allocation of phasor measurement units (PMUs) with the aim of achieving full system observability. Along with the entire network observability, the proposed approach provides maximum measurement redundancy (MR) too. Unlike some previous popular MCDM techniques, the proposed approach obtains optimal PMU placement (OPP) solution without performing pruning operations. Different criterion has been formulated to construct a decision matrix (DM). This DM helps in calculating the net outranking flow (NOF) of all the buses during the PROMETHEE approach. Based on the maximum NOF value, the PMUs are placed at those buses. The proposed approach also considers the inclusion of zero injection buses (ZIBs). Further, cases such as single PMU outage and existence of conventional measurements have been considered while determining optimal locations of PMUs. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated on IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus systems, one Indian practical utility, i.e., Northern Regional Power Grid (NRPG) 246-bus system, and larger Polish 2383-bus system. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, it has been compared with some of the popular existing techniques.
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Baba, Maveeya, Nursyarizal B. M. Nor, Muhammad Aman Sheikh, et al. "Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit Placement Using Several Proposed Case Factors for Power Network Monitoring." Energies 14, no. 18 (2021): 5596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185596.
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Recent developments in electrical power systems are concerned not only with static power flow control but also with their control during dynamic processes. Smart Grids came into being when it was noticed that the traditional electrical power system structure was lacking in reliability, power flow control, and consistency in the monitoring of phasor quantities. The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is one of the main critical factors for Smart Grid (SG) operation. It has the ability to provide real-time synchronized measurement of phasor quantities with the help of a Global Positioning System (GPS). However, when considering the installation costs of a PMU device, it is far too expensive to equip on every busbar in all grid stations. Therefore, this paper proposes a new approach for the Optimum Placement of the PMU problem (OPP problem) to minimize the installed number of PMUs and maximize the measurement redundancy of the network. Exclusion of the unwanted nodes technique is used in the proposed approach, in which only the most desirable buses consisting of generator bus and load bus are selected, without considering Pure Transit Nodes (PTNs) in the optimum PMU placement sets. The focal point of the proposed work considers, most importantly, the case factor of the exclusion technique of PTNs from the optimum PMU locations, as prior approaches concerning almost every algorithm have taken PTNs as their optimal PMU placement sets. Furthermore, other case factors of the proposed approach, namely, PMU channel limits, radial bus, and single PMU outage, are also considered for the OPP problem. The proposed work is tested on standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE)-case studies from MATPOWER on the MATLAB software. To show the success of the proposed work, the outputs are compared with the existing techniques.
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Negi, Wilis, and Ritula Thakur. "A Review of Various Optimization Strategies for Handling Optimal PMU Placement Problems." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (2023): 4414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54436.
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Abstract: The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is the most fundamental power system technology that is utilized to protect, monitor, and control power networks. It not only allows real-time, synchronized voltage measurements on the buses but also the current phasor of lines connected to the buses where these PMUs are placed. The positioning of PMUs at each bus node is unnecessary and is restricted by the installation's high cost and complexity. As a result, the fundamental goal of Optimal PMU placement (OPP) is reducing the total no. of PMUs along with maximum observability, while simultaneously considering measurement redundancy. There are several methods for fixing this problem, and they fall into two categories: Metaheuristic methods and mathematical approaches. This study examines a variety of optimization strategies for handling OPP problems
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Shklyarskiy, Ya E., and N. E. Shaykhlislamov. "Improving the Efficiency and Continuity of the Power Distribution System Based on Phasor Measurement Units." LETI Transactions on Electrical Engineering & Computer Science 17, no. 3 (2024): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2071-8985-2024-17-3-83-98.
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The paper reviewed the current level of study of micro-phasor measurement units (micro-PMU) technology, and identified the most significant and promising areas within this topic. The paper demonstrates the advantage of these devices in many issues of monitoring, control and protection of distribution systems. In addition, considered the issue of expensive communication infrastructure for communication PMU, as well as determining the best method to find the minimum number and the optimal location of micro-PMU in the network. A methodology based on mixed integer linear programming is proposed to find the optimal location of micro-PMU.
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Kiruthika, Krishnan, and Iyengar Srivani. "International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems 13, no. 4 (2022): 2109~2119. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2109-2119.
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Fault identification in a power system is crucial. In recent days, there have been multiple microgrids connected to the power system. And if many buses are connected, then there is a need for an increase in the phasor measurement unit. By using an optimization technique, the number of phasor measurement unit PMUs can be reduced by placing them optimally. In this paper, the fault detection algorithm is implemented using a reduced number of PMUs with the help of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The optimal locations of PMUs are identified using the PSO algorithm. Here, the reduction in the count of PMUs and the PMUs are designed in MATLAB as a model. This is done using the Simulink and dashboard block sets. The IEEE 9 and IEEE 30 test systems are used here for the analysis and tests. The IEEE 9 bus system is constructed in simulation and then the PMU is constructed using the data taken from the phasor measurement blocks. This data is used in the dashboard block set to represent the PMU-based fault detection system.
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Yaqub, Raziq, Mohamed Ali, and Hassan Ali. "DC Microgrid Utilizing Artificial Intelligence and Phasor Measurement Unit Assisted Inverter." Energies 14, no. 19 (2021): 6086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196086.
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Community microgrids are set to change the landscape of future energy markets. The technology is being deployed in many cities around the globe. However, a wide-scale deployment faces three major issues: initial synchronization of microgrids with the utility grids, slip management during its operation, and mitigation of distortions produced by the inverter. This paper proposes a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Assisted Inverter (PAI) that addresses these three issues in a single solution. The proposed PAI continually receives real-time data from a Phasor Measurement Unit installed in the distribution system of a utility company and keeps constructing a real-time reference signal for the inverter. To validate the concept, a unique intelligent DC microgrid architecture that employs the proposed Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Assisted Inverter (PAI) is also presented, alongside the cloud-based Artificial Intelligence (AI), which harnesses energy from community shared resources, such as batteries and the community’s rooftop solar resources. The results show that the proposed system produces quality output and is 98.5% efficient.
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Gajare, Swaroop, J. Ganeswara Rao, O. D. Naidu, and Ashok Kumar Pradhan. "Wide-area measurement system-based supervision of protection schemes with minimum number of phasor measurement units." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2100 (2017): 20160295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0295.
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Cascade tripping of power lines triggered by maloperation of zone-3 relays during stressed system conditions, such as load encroachment, power swing and voltage instability, has led to many catastrophic power failures worldwide, including Indian blackouts in 2012. With the introduction of wide-area measurement systems (WAMS) into the grids, real-time monitoring of transmission network condition is possible. A phasor measurement unit (PMU) sends time-synchronized data to a phasor data concentrator, which can provide a control signal to substation devices. The latency associated with the communication system makes WAMS suitable for a slower form of protection. In this work, a method to identify the faulted line using synchronized data from strategic PMU locations is proposed. Subsequently, a supervisory signal is generated for specific relays in the system for any disturbance or stressed condition. For a given system, an approach to decide the strategic locations for PMU placement is developed, which can be used for determining the minimum number of PMUs required for application of the method. The accuracy of the scheme is tested for faults during normal and stressed conditions in a New England 39-bus system simulated using EMTDC/PSCAD software. With such a strategy, maloperation of relays can be averted in many situations and thereby blackouts/large-scale disturbances can be prevented. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Energy management: flexibility, risk and optimization’.
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Feng, Yuan, Li Xia, Li Ming Wang, Xiao Ling Yan, and Liang Fen Xiao. "Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units Based on Information Entropy Property Evaluation." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.774.
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The optimal placement of PMU exerts very important influences on the application of Synchronized Phasor Measurement Technique in power system. In the paper, the optimal placement of PMU is firstly transformed into importance evaluation for the node. Then, PMU optimization algorithm of power system is proposed based on property evaluation of information entropy in connection with node importance evaluation. In the main idea of the algorithm, PMU is configured respectively according to importance order of each node in power system. As the experimental results show, attribute of se becomes the most important one in the property evaluation of information entropy. Contrasting original score Table 1 with the evaluation results Table 7, we conclude that final importance order for the node brings into correspondence with the score of attribute se, which proves the correctness of the algorithm eventually. Two methods of optimal placement of PMU raised in the end provide very strong instructive significance to the practices in reality.
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Nuthalapati, Sarma, Jian Chen, Prakash Shrestha, et al. "Use of Synchronized Phasor Measurements for Model Validation in ERCOT." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 1 (2013): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0029.
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Abstract This paper discusses experiences in the use of synchronized phasor measurement technology in Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) interconnection, USA. Implementation of synchronized phasor measurement technology in the region is a collaborative effort involving ERCOT, ONCOR, AEP, SHARYLAND, EPG, CCET, and UT-Arlington. As several phasor measurement units (PMU) have been installed in ERCOT grid in recent years, phasor data with the resolution of 30 samples per second is being used to monitor power system status and record system events. Post-event analyses using recorded phasor data have successfully verified ERCOT dynamic stability simulation studies. Real time monitoring software “RTDMS”® enables ERCOT to analyze small signal stability conditions by monitoring the phase angles and oscillations. The recorded phasor data enables ERCOT to validate the existing dynamic models of conventional and/or wind generator.
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Tshenyego, Onkemetse, Ravi Samikannu, Bokani Mtengi, Modisa Mosalaosi, and Tshiamo Sigwele. "A Graph-Theoretic Approach for Optimal Phasor Measurement Units Placement Using Binary Firefly Algorithm." Energies 16, no. 18 (2023): 6550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186550.
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The pursuit of achieving total power network observability in smart grids using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) carries a significant promise of real-time Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC). PMU applications eliminate periodical measurements, thereby increasing accuracy through a high sampling rate of the measured power systems quantities. The high costs of installation of PMUs for total power system observability presents a challenge in the implementation of PMUs. This is due to the expensive costs of PMU devices. This has led to a prominent optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem that researchers tirelessly aim to solve by ensuring a complete power network observability while using the least installed PMU devices possible. In this paper, a novel Binary Firefly Algorithm (BFA) based on the node degree centrality scores of each bus is proposed to minimize PMU installations. The BFA solves the OPP problem in consideration of the effect of Zero Injection Buses (ZIBs) under normal operation and single PMU outage (SPO). The robustness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE-approved test systems and visualized with a force-directed technique on an undirected power network graph. The proposed BFA yields the same but better optimal PMU numbers, obtained by existing meta-heuristic optimization techniques found in the literature for each of the IEEE test cases, as well as highlighting the cost–benefit of having a robust system against single PMU loss while considering the ZIB effect for an improved system measurement availability.
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Arefin, Ahmed Amirul, Maveeya Baba, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, et al. "Review of the Techniques of the Data Analytics and Islanding Detection of Distribution Systems Using Phasor Measurement Unit Data." Electronics 11, no. 18 (2022): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182967.
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The application of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) in the power system is expanding day by day since it provides a higher reliability through fast symmetrically monitoring and protection and assists in controlling power systems. For power systems, islanding is a significant event due to its hazardous consequences. To detect islanding events, several schemes have been previously proposed but inappropriate threshold setting, higher computational time, and false tripping are the main limitations. In addition, differentiating between real island events and transient faults is another limitation. However, appropriate threshold setting plays a considerable part in detecting the island event, which is also important to differentiate between real and non-island events. Phasor Measurement Unit can assist in islanding detection, but it can generate 30 samples/s, so there is always the possibility of making particular period data disappear. The principal contribution of this review article is its detailed discussion of real-time symmetrical PMU data and it further presents different PMU data analytic techniques and the proposed schemes for the islanding detection system. An appropriate methodology tried to understand how to incorporate missing PMU data techniques along with the islanding detection system to ensure the higher reliability of the network.
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Krishnan, Kiruthika, and Srivani Iyengar. "Fault detection in an interconnected power system using optimal number of phasor measurement unit." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 4 (2022): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2109-2119.
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<p>Fault identification in a power system is crucial. In recent days, there have been multiple microgrids connected to the power system. And if many buses are connected, then there is a need for an increase in the phasor measurement unit. By using an optimization technique, the number of phasor measurement unit PMUs can be reduced by placing them optimally. In this paper, the fault detection algorithm is implemented using a reduced number of PMUs with the help of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The optimal locations of PMUs are identified using the PSO algorithm. Here, the reduction in the count of PMUs and the PMUs are designed in MATLAB as a model. This is done using the Simulink and dashboard block sets. The IEEE 9 and IEEE 30 test systems are used here for the analysis and tests. The IEEE 9 bus system is constructed in simulation and then the PMU is constructed using the data taken from the phasor measurement blocks. This data is used in the dashboard block set to represent the PMU-based fault detection system.</p>
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Abou El-Ela, A., A. Kinawy, R. El-Sehiemy, and M. Mouwafi. "Ant colony optimizer for phasor measurement units placement." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 5, no. 2 (2014): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.5.2014.2.4.
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This paper proposes an approach for optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) for complete observability at normal and emergency conditions such as any single line outage or any single PMU loss using ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. The objective function is to find the optimal locations of PMUs and the minimum number of PMU channels by optimizing the logic decision of control variables, under the observability constraint. The ACO algorithm is applied to the standard IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and New England 39-bus systems. In addition, an application of the proposed algorithm to a real power system of the west Delta network (WDN) as a part of the Unified Egyptian Network (UEN) is presented. The results obtained are compared with those obtained using other techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed ACO algorithm is more accurate and efficient for obtaining the optimal placement of PMUs with minimum number of PMU channels, especially with increasing the system size.
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Saha Roy, Biman Kumar, Avinash Kumar Sinha, and Ashok Kumar Pradhan. "Synchrophasor-Assisted Prediction of Stability/Instability of a Power System." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 1 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0028.
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Abstract This paper presents a technique for real-time prediction of stability/instability of a power system based on synchrophasor measurements obtained from phasor measurement units (PMUs) at generator buses. For stability assessment the technique makes use of system severity indices developed using bus voltage magnitude obtained from PMUs and generator electrical power. Generator power is computed using system information and PMU information like voltage and current phasors obtained from PMU. System stability/instability is predicted when the indices exceeds a threshold value. A case study is carried out on New England 10-generator, 39-bus system to validate the performance of the technique.
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Khalid, K., A. A. Ibrahim, N. A. M. Kamari, and M. H. M. Zaman. "An optimal placement of phasor measurement unit using new sensitivity indices." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 1 (2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i1.2499.
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This paper presents an alternative approach to solve an optimal phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement by introducing two new sensitivity indices. The indices are constructed from the information measured from PMUs such as voltage magnitude and angle. These two parameters are essential for power system stability assessment and control. Therefore, fault analysis is carried out to obtain the voltage magnitude and angle deviations at all buses in order to construct the indices. An exhaustive search method is used to solve the linear integer programming problem where all possible combinations of PMU placement are evaluated to obtain the optimal solution. Unfortunately, the traditional objective function to minimize the total number of PMU placement leads to multiple solutions. The indices can be used to assess multiple solutions of PMU placement from the exhaustive method. In this work, an optimal solution is selected based on the performance of PMU placement in according to the indices. The proposed method is tested on the IEEE 14 bus test system. Only four PMUs are required to monitor the whole test system. However, the number of PMUs can be reduced to three PMUs after applying zero injection bus elimination.
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K., Khalid, A. Ibrahim A., A. M. Kamari N., and H. M. Zaman M. "An optimal placement of phasor measurement unit using new sensitivity indices." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 1 (2021): 31–38. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i1.2499.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents an alternative approach to solve an optimal phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement by introducing two new sensitivity indices. The indices are constructed from the information measured from PMUs such as voltage magnitude and angle. These two parameters are essential for power system stability assessment and control. Therefore, fault analysis is carried out to obtain the voltage magnitude and angle deviations at all buses in order to construct the indices. An exhaustive search method is used to solve the linear integer programming problem where all possible combinations of PMU placement are evaluated to obtain the optimal solution. Unfortunately, the traditional objective function to minimize the total number of PMU placement leads to multiple solutions. The indices can be used to assess multiple solutions of PMU placement from the exhaustive method. In this work, an optimal solution is selected based on the performance of PMU placement in according to the indices. The proposed method is tested on the IEEE 14 bus test system. Only four PMUs are required to monitor the whole test system. However, the number of PMUs can be reduced to three PMUs after applying zero injection bus elimination.
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Kulikov, F. A., A. Yu Murzin, I. E. Ivanov, and Y. А. Umnov. "Study of accuracy of overhead transmission line fault location based on data of phasor measurement units of different configuration and manufacturers." Vestnik IGEU, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2024.1.044-052.
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The technology of synchronized phasor measurements has been widely used in the Russian power system to analyze the parameters of steady-state electrical power modes and to record electro-mechanical transient processes. Issues on fault location based on synchronized phasor measurements have mainly been discussed in foreign publications. A significant drawback of most research papers on this issue is simplified modeling of both overhead lines and current and voltage measurement channel as well as digital filters of phasor measurement units (PMUs). The goal of this research is to develop a fault location algorithm based on synchrophasor measurements and to study its accuracy by using specialized equipment including a real-time digital simulator (RTDS), PONOVO current and voltage amplifiers and production-grade PMUs. A PMU-based double-ended fault location algorithm is developed using long-line equations and well-known electromagnetic transient theory concepts. Currents and voltage oscillograms of both overhead transmission line ends are modelled in the MATLAB/Simulink software package. These oscillograms are saved as COMTRADE files and played back using the RTDS hardware and all-in-one software package RSCAD. In addition, the study uses two production-grade PMUs, the first one is TPA-02, and the second one is a merging unit ENMU acting as a PMU, thus imitating PMUs at the line terminals. To time-align all the measurements and to aggregate PMU data frames, various auxiliary software such as PMU Connection Tester, and hardware is used. A double-ended fault location (FL) method utilizing synchrophasors under a fault has been developed. The method is based on an overdetermined system of nonlinear equations that describes physical processes in an overhead power line and can be applied under various fault types. An integrated study of the efficiency of the developed FL method has been conducted. FL errors have been computed using production-grade PMUs ENMU and TPA-02, along with the RTDS and other equipment. The authors have considered the case of configuring PMUs of different classes at the overhead line terminals, and different phasor reporting rates as well. The conducted experiments make it possible to reveal that the fault location errors do not exceed the thresholds imposed by the standard STO 56947007-29.120.70.241-2017 in 88 % of all the analyzed fault scenarios. The developed FL method makes it possible to achieve the accuracy required by regulatory guide in calculating the distance to the short circuit point in most of the cases examined. Based on the results of numerical experiments for various types of fault cases, it can be concluded that the PMU class and phasor reporting rate do not have a significant impact on the FL accuracy, provided that the fault duration is enough for the PMU filter to approach a steady output.
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Ahmed, Muhammad Musadiq, Muhammad Amjad, Muhammad Ali Qureshi, Kashif Imran, Zunaib Maqsood Haider, and Muhammad Omer Khan. "A Critical Review of State-of-the-Art Optimal PMU Placement Techniques." Energies 15, no. 6 (2022): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062125.
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Phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology is a need of the power system due to its better resolution than conventional estimation devices used for wide-area monitoring. PMUs can provide synchronized phasor and magnitude of voltage and current measurements for state estimation of the power system to prevent blackouts. The drawbacks of a PMU are the high cost of the device and its installation. The main aspect of using PMUs in electrical networks is the property to observe the adjacent buses, thereby making it possible to observe the system with fewer PMUs than the number of buses through their optimal placement. In the last two decades, exhaustive research has been done on this issue. Considering the importance of this field, a comprehensive review of the progress achieved until now is carried out and the limitations of existing reviews in the literature are highlighted. This paper can be seen as a major attempt to provide an up-to-date review of the research work carried out in this all-important field of PMU placement and indicates that some perspectives of optimal PMU placement still need attention. Eventually, the work will open a new standpoint for the research community to fill the research gap.
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Chukkaluru, Sai Lakshmi, and Shaik Affijulla. "Review of Discrete Fourier Transform During Dynamic Phasor Estimation and the Design of Synchrophasor Units." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 21, no. 1 (2023): 248548. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2023211.248548.
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In a large and complex interconnected power system, the measurement of synchronized bus voltage and line current plays a vital role in the monitoring and precise control of various sophisticated electrical equipment for secure and reliable operation. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are incorporated into a wide area of the power system to extract the different signals of synchronized phasors. In this paper, the capacity of the PMU phasor estimation algorithm is explored based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) under different sampling frequency rates during various dynamic scenarios in accordance with the IEEE C37.118.1a-2014 standard. Furthermore, the performance of the DFT algorithm varies according to the phase angle and dynamic parameters such as frequency, frequency ramp rates, modulation frequency, harmonic levels, step change, decaying dc, and noise levels. The simulation results reveal that accuracy of the phasor estimation algorithm based on DFT can be achieved at high sampling frequency rates. Furthermore, the results of DFT-based phasor estimation are compared with Shank’s estimation method (SEM) and the least-squares estimation method (LEM). The presented method is best suited to PMU algorithms development based on DFT for better visualization of the smart electric grid.
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Murtadha Othman, Muhammad, Ismail Musirin, Ain Munirah binti Mohd Rosli, and Mohammad Lutfi Othman. "Reliability-Based Phasor Measurement Unit with Outage of Transmission Lines." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.15 (2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.15.17522.
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This paper discussed on the Monte-Carlo simulation technique to determine the optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) in power system whilst ensuring the observability of the system. In addition, the information on Force Outage Rate (FOR) of the system can be calculated using Markov Chain technique. The FOR represents the level of risk security for the transmission line that happened because of unscheduled and unexpected failure or repair in the system. Subsequently, the reliability model of the transmission line can be developed. Using IEEE 57-bus system, the results obtained from Monte-Carlo simulation technique demonstrate the optimal PMU placement, the desired reliability of the Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS) as well as the number and location of covered contingencies of the system.
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Zhi, Jing, and Yan Xu. "Optimal Configuration of PMU in Power System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 734 (February 2015): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.734.659.
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In order to use the least number of phasor measurement unit (PMU) to guarantee the power system completely observable, an optimal PMU configuration method in power system was put forward. The pre-configuration of PMU was done considering the actual situation of power grid. The genetic algorithm (GA) was used for PMU configuration. Modify the formulae of crossover probability and mutation probability in traditional genetic algorithm to overcome the evolutionary stagnation when the maximum fitness value and the average fitness value in group were equal. The improved adaptive genetic algorithm (IAGA) was obtained. In order to eliminate the premature convergence of GA resulted from the chance and randomness of the crossover operation and mutation operation, the preventing premature operation was introduced. This method combined the IAGA and the preventing premature operation. It has good global astringency, and it can ensure the network complete observability with the minimum number of PMU.
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Aljazaeri, Ali, Petr Toman, and Obed Muhayimana. "A Comparative Study Between Synchrophasor-Measurement-Based Linear and Nonlinear State Estimation in Power Systems." Energies 18, no. 4 (2025): 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040983.
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The evolution of phasor measurement units (PMUs) marked a significant development in the field of electrical engineering. The integration of PMU-based linear state estimators or the augmentation of SCADA measurements with PMU measurements has emerged as a promising solution to address the limitations of conventional state estimation. The utilization of PMU measurements has been demonstrated to effectively address measurement errors, leading to the precise determination of the system’s state within a single iteration. This article provides a comprehensive discussion of both linear and nonlinear state estimation computational processes. A comparative analysis is conducted to assess their performance. PMU-based state estimator models are proposed based on different PMU locations and are further examined under abnormal conditions. The results are compared with the simulated results from a Simulink PSCAD model of the IEEE 14-bus system to ensure validation. The test results demonstrated that the proposed models outperformed the conventional model in terms of robustness and accuracy. The estimated and simulated states matched during both normal and abnormal conditions, demonstrating the model’s capability to track sudden changes in voltage profiles. This article promotes further investigations to develop new control and protection functions using this model.
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Castello, Paolo, Carlo Muscas, Paolo Attilio Pegoraro, and Sara Sulis. "Low-cost implementation and characterization of an active phasor data concentrator." ACTA IMEKO 8, no. 2 (2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v8i2.625.
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The main components of an advanced measurement system based on synchrophasor technology for the monitoring of power systems are the phasor measurement unit (PMU), which represents the ‘sensor’, and the phasor data concentrator (PDC), which collects the data forwarded by PMUs installed on the field. For the purpose of extending the benefit of synchrophasor technology from transmission grids to distribution networks, different projects are seeking to use low-cost platforms to design devices with PMU functionalities. In this perspective, in order to achieve a complete synchrophasor-based measurement architecture based on low-cost technologies, this work presents a PDC design based on a low-cost platform. Despite the simplicity of the considered hardware, advanced PDC functionalities and innovative control logics are implemented in the prototype. The proposed device is characterised by several experimental tests aimed at assessing its performance in terms of both time synchronisation and capability of managing several PMU data streams. The feasibility of some additional functionalities and control logics is evaluated in the context of different possible scenarios.
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Zhu, Jiaming, Wengen Gao, Yunfei Li, Xinxin Guo, Guoqing Zhang, and Wanjun Sun. "Power System State Estimation Based on Fusion of PMU and SCADA Data." Energies 17, no. 11 (2024): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112609.
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This paper introduces a novel hybrid filtering algorithm that leverages the advantages of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) to address state estimation challenges in power systems. The primary objective is to integrate the benefits of PMU measurements into the design of traditional power system dynamic estimators. It is noteworthy that PMUs and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems typically operate at different sampling rates in power system estimation, necessitating synchronization during the filtering process. To address this issue, the paper employs a predictive interpolation method for SCADA measurements within the framework of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm. This approach achieves more accurate estimates, closer to real observation data, by averaging the KL distribution. The algorithm is particularly well-suited for state estimation tasks in power systems that combine traditional and PMU measurements. Extensive simulations were conducted on the IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 test systems, and the results demonstrate that the fused estimator outperforms individual estimators in terms of estimation accuracy.
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ZITOUNI, Abdelkader, and Hamid BENTARZI. "BTLBO Based SPMUs Placement Optimization for Fault Observation in Power Grid." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 4, no. 1 (2019): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v4i1.78.
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The placement of synchro-phasor measurement units in electric transmission systems has also gained much attention for enhancing the control as well as the protection scheme. In this research work, a binary teaching learning based optimization (BTLBO) algorithm for the optimal placement of synchro-phasor measurement units (SPMUs) is proposed. The optimal PMU placement problem is formulated to minimize the number of SPMUs installation subject to full network observability of the power system buses under fault conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the simulation of IEEE 14-bus benchmark system.
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Xie, Yi Bing, Yu Jie Ge, and Ting Ting Sun. "Mixed Measurement Form System Base on State Estimation on SCADA/PMU." Applied Mechanics and Materials 742 (March 2015): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.742.172.
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The state estimation based on the synchronous phasor measuring unit (PMU) is the wide-area measurement system (WAMS) of important technical support, It is great to real-time monitoring of large area power grid control direction and provides advanced information technology platform. it provides advanced information technology platform for real-time monitoring of large area power grid and control direction, but the current wide-area measurement system less point, difficult to direct the system state estimation. This paper proposes a method based on PMU and SCADA mixed measurement state estimation. The simulation results show that this method has a higher convergence speed, And from the topology of the network structure of the restrictions.
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Rafikov, V. R., I. E. Ivanov, and A. A. Bratoliubov. "Physical and mathematical modeling of transients in a synchronous generator utilizing synchronized phasor measurements." Vestnik IGEU, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2021.3.022-032.
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There have been quite a few attempts to compute synchronous generator parameters based on voltage and current synchrophasors taken under power system transients. However, we have not seen any publications with thorough analysis as to how soon the phasor measurement unit reacts to disturbance conditions, which components of the transient are filtered out and which are passed through, as well as what the total vector error is. The goal of this research is to determine all of these characteristics of a phasor measurement unit when playing back transient oscillograms for a stator short circuit obtained through mathematical modeling. The transient oscillograms have been derived via both a full Park-Gorev system of flux linkage equations as well as the MATLAB/Simulink Synchronous Machine block. Physical modeling was then conducted via a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) along with a dedicated phasor measurement unit ENIP-2 (PMU), and the stator current phasors were recorded. Our analysis has shown that both RTDS and ENIP-2 (PMU) almost entirely filter out the exponentially decaying DC component of the fault current while closely following the periodical signal envelope. The total vector error has been estimated to become below 1–2 % after around 0,02–0,03 s into the fault when selecting the “P” class filters according to IEEE C37.118. We have come to a conclusion that synchrophasor measurements under power system disturbances could be utilized for estimating the synchronous, transient, and subtransient generator parameters. The selected synchronous machine model in the form of flux linkage equations is correct, as the obtained transient oscillograms are exactly the same as those produced by Simulink. “P” class phasor measurements can be recommended for representing transients in the stator circuit of a synchronous generator. The results of this investigation are meant to be employed for synchronous machine parameter estimation based on phasors sourced from RTDS and, hopefully, from phasor measurement units installed at power plants.
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Lee, Kyung-Yong, Jung-Sung Park, and Yun-Su Kim. "Optimal Placement of PMU to Enhance Supervised Learning-Based Pseudo-Measurement Modelling Accuracy in Distribution Network." Energies 14, no. 22 (2021): 7767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227767.
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This paper introduces a framework for optimal placement (OP) of phasor measurement units (PMUs) using metaheuristic algorithms in a distribution network. The voltage magnitude and phase angle obtained from PMUs were selected as the input variables for supervised learning-based pseudo-measurement modeling that outputs the voltage magnitude and phase angle of the unmeasured buses. For three, four, and five PMU installations, the metaheuristic algorithms explored 2000 combinations, corresponding to 40.32%, 5.56%, and 0.99% of all placement combinations in the 33-bus system and 3.99%, 0.25%, and 0.02% in the 69-bus system, respectively. Two metaheuristic algorithms, a genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization, were applied; the results of the techniques were compared to random search and brute-force algorithms. Subsequently, the effects of pseudo-measurements based on optimal PMU placement were verified by state estimation. The state estimation results were compared among the pseudo-measurements generated by the optimal PMU placement, worst PMU placement, and load profile (LP). State estimation results based on OP were superior to those of LP-based pseudo-measurements. However, when pseudo-measurements based on the worst placement were used as state variables, the results were inferior to those obtained using the LP.
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Biswal, Chinmayee, Binod Kumar Sahu, Manohar Mishra, and Pravat Kumar Rout. "Real-Time Grid Monitoring and Protection: A Comprehensive Survey on the Advantages of Phasor Measurement Units." Energies 16, no. 10 (2023): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104054.
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The emerging smart-grid and microgrid concept implementation into the conventional power system brings complexity due to the incorporation of various renewable energy sources and non-linear inverter-based devices. The occurrence of frequent power outages may have a significant negative impact on a nation’s economic, societal, and fiscal standing. As a result, it is essential to employ sophisticated monitoring and measuring technology. Implementing phasor measurement units (PMUs) in modern power systems brings about substantial improvement and beneficial solutions, mainly to protection issues and challenges. PMU-assisted state estimation, phase angle monitoring, power oscillation monitoring, voltage stability monitoring, fault detection, and cyberattack identification are a few prominent applications. Although substantial research has been carried out on the aspects of PMU applications to power system protection, it can be evolved from its current infancy stage and become an open domain of research to achieve further improvements and novel approaches. The three principal objectives are emphasized in this review. The first objective is to present all the methods on the synchro-phasor-based PMU application to estimate the power system states and dynamic phenomena in frequent time intervals to observe centrally, which helps to make appropriate decisions for better protection. The second is to discuss and analyze the post-disturbance scenarios adopted through better protection schemes based on accurate and synchronized measurements through GPS synchronization. Thirdly, this review summarizes current research on PMU applications for power system protection, showcasing innovative breakthroughs, addressing existing challenges, and highlighting areas for future research to enhance system resilience against catastrophic events.
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RECIOUI, Abdelmadjid, Mohamed TAZIBT, and Hakim BENHENNI. "Fault Detection in Wide Area Monitoring Systems via PMU Optimal Placement." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 2, no. 3 (2017): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v2i3.41.
Full textAbstract:
The Phasor measurement units (PMUs) have become more and more attractive in power engineering as they can provide synchronized measurements of real-time voltage and currents phasors. The objective of this work is twofold: first, the optimal placement of PMUs is done in the standardized IEEE systems. Next, fault location is determined based on the measurements collected from these PMUs. The simulations are carried out using MATLAB SIMULINK. The results show that it is possible to exploit the PMU measurement data to locate and hence cure the faults in the power system.
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Delle Femine, Antonio, Daniele Gallo, Carmine Landi, and Mario Luiso. "The Design of a Low Cost Phasor Measurement Unit." Energies 12, no. 14 (2019): 2648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142648.
Full textAbstract:
The widespread diffusion of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is a becoming a need for the development of the “smartness” of power systems. However, PMU with accuracy compliant to the standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) C37.118.1-2011 and its amendment IEEE Std C37.118.1a-2014 have typically costs that constitute a brake for their diffusion. Therefore, in this paper, the design of a low-cost implementation of a PMU is presented. The low cost approach is followed in the design of all the building blocks of the PMU. A key feature of the presented approach is that the data acquisition, data processing and data communication are integrated in a single low cost microcontroller. The synchronization is obtained using a simple external Global Positioning System receiver, which does not provide a disciplined clock. The synchronization of sampling frequency, and thus of the measurement, to the Universal Time Coordinated, is obtained by means of a suitable signal processing technique. For this implementation, the Interpolated Discrete Fourier Transform has been used as the synchrophasor estimation algorithm. A thorough metrological characterization of the realized prototype in different test conditions proposed by the standards, using a high performance PMU calibrator, is also shown.