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Journal articles on the topic 'PMU'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

Zhang, Yazhao, Xianxin Wu, Wanlin Wang, Yiwei Xu, Huiyan Sun, Yuanyin Cao, Tianya Li, and Mansoor Karimi-Jashni. "Virulence characteristics of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and its genetic diversity by EST-SSR analyses." PeerJ 10 (October 14, 2022): e14118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14118.

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Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (an obligate biotrophic pathogen) is a worldwide threat to wheat production that occurs over a wide geographic area in China. For monitoring genetic variation and virulence structure of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in Liaoning, Heilongjiang, and Sichuan in 2015, 31 wheat lines with known Powdery mildew resistance genes and 2 EST-SSR markers were used to characterize the virulence and genetic diversity. Results indicated that 90% of all isolates were virulent on Pm3c, Pm3e, Pm3f, Pm4a, Pm5, Pm6 (Timgalen), Pm7, Pm16, Pm19, and Pm1 + 2 + 9 and 62.6% to 89.9% of isolates were virulent on Pm3a, Pm3b, Pm3d, Pm4b, Pm6 (Coker747), Pm8, Pm17, Pm20, Pm23, Pm30, Pm4 + 8, Pm5 + 6, Pm4b + mli, Pm2 + mld, Pm4 + 2X, Pm2 + 6. The Pm13 and PmXBD genes were effective against most collected isolates from Liaoning and Heilongjiang Provinces. Only Pm21 exhibited an immune infection response to all isolates. Furthermore, closely related isolates within each region were distinguished by cluster analyses using EST-SSR representing some gene exchanges and genetic relationships between the flora in Northeast China (Liaoning, Heilongjiang) and Sichuan. Only 45% of the isolates tested show a clear correlation between EST-SSR genetic polymorphisms and the frequency of virulence gene data. However, the EST-SSR polymorphism of isolated genes did not correspond to the virulence diversity of isolates in the single-gene lineage identification of hosts.
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2

Jamaluddin, Paesal, Syuryawati, Muzdalifah, and Abdul Fattah. "Evaluation of anthocyanin corn under various agro-environment in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 911, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012020.

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Abstract In the last decade, purple corn gain more attention mainly due to its high nutritional value and attractive color appearance. Purple corn contain anthocyanin 350% higher than normal corn. Based on its excellence, the research was conducted to find out of high yield purple opv corn with good resistance to downy mildew. The experiment was conducted by using randomized block design with three replication. The variable observed including agronomic character like vegetative, generative and scored disease of downy meldows. The result showed that two opve candidate were PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 and PMU(S1).Synth.D.C1 have the highest yield6,80-6,85 t/ha, higher 50% than PLU. C0 (check). PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 showed moderate resistence to downy meldows (20%-35%) and PMU(S1).Synth.D.C1 susceptible (>60%).
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Vida, G., L. Szunics, M. Gál, O. Veisz, and Z. Bedő. "Comparison of two wheat powdery mildew differential sets in seedling tests." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10510-pps.

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Two wheat powdery mildew differential sets were tested in the seedling stage in the 2001/2002 season using 192 monoisolates. The data of genotypes carrying the same Pm gene in different genetic backgrounds were compared. Both varieties with gene Pm8 (Salzmünde14/44 and Disponent) were infected by all the isolates. Less than 10% of the isolates gave different responses on varieties with genes Pm2 and Pm3c (6 and 16, respectively). It is doubtful whether the degree of infection of genotypes carrying genes Pm1, Pm4b, Pm5, Pm6 or Pm7 can be compared, while it is completely impossible to compare the data for varieties from the old and new sets carrying genes Pm3a, Pm3b and Pm4a.
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McCamish, Benjamin, Janhavi Kulkarni, Ziwei Ke, Scott Harpool, Chen Huo, Ted Brekken, Eduardo Cotilla-Sanchez, Julia Zhang, Annette von Jouanne, and Alex Yokochi. "A rapid PMU-based load composition and PMU estimation method." Electric Power Systems Research 143 (February 2017): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.10.028.

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5

Kolosok, I. N., E. S. Korkina, and A. M. Glazunova. "PMU Placement Based on Heuristic Methods, when Solving the Problem of EPS State Estimation." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 2014): 28–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2014010103.

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Creation of satellite communication systems gave rise to a new generation of measurement equipment – Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). Integrated into the measurement system WAMS, the PMU sensors provide a real picture of state of energy power system (EPS). The issues of PMU placement when solving the problem of EPS state estimation (SE) are discussed in many papers. PMU placement is a complex combinatorial problem, and there is not any analytical function to optimize its variables. Therefore, this problem is often solved by the heuristic optimization methods. Depending on the chosen set of sensors (SCADA&PMU; only PMU; PMU placement based on the concept of depth of unobservability), one can obtain no less than 3 different variants of placing PMUs for one and the same system. The paper describes the PMU placement criteria suggested by the authors to solve the SE problem. Among them: improvement of bad data detection, maximum accuracy of estimates, transformation of the system graph into a tree, maximum number of measurements to be added, PMU placement during the decomposition of the power system SE problem. It is shown that the correct selection of PMU placement criteria can improve the solutions to these problems.
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6

Burtscher, Michael J., and Jeannette Oostlander. "Perceived Mutual Understanding (PMU)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35, no. 1 (January 2019): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000360.

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Abstract. Team cognition plays an important role in predicting team processes and outcomes. Thus far, research has focused on structured cognition while paying little attention to perceptual cognition. The lack of research on perceptual team cognition can be attributed to the absence of an appropriate measure. To address this gap, we introduce the construct of perceived mutual understanding (PMU) as a type of perceptual team cognition and describe the development of a respective measure – the PMU-scale. Based on three samples from different team settings ( NTotal = 566), our findings show that the scale has good psychometric properties – both at the individual as well as at the team-level. Item parameters were improved during a multistage process. Exploratory as well as confirmatory factor analyses indicate that PMU is a one-dimensional construct. The scale demonstrates sufficient internal reliability. Correlational analyses provide initial proof of construct validity. Finally, common indicators for inter-rater reliability and inter-rater agreement suggest that treating PMU as a team-level construct is justified. The PMU-scale represents a convenient and versatile measure that will potentially foster empirical research on perceptual team cognition and thereby contribute to the advancement of team cognition research in general.
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Brueni, Dennis J., and Lenwood S. Heath. "The PMU Placement Problem." SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 19, no. 3 (January 2005): 744–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s0895480103432556.

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8

Grahl, Matheus V. C., Augusto F. Uberti, Valquiria Broll, Paula Bacaicoa-Caruso, Evelin F. Meirelles, and Celia R. Carlini. "Proteus mirabilis Urease: Unsuspected Non-Enzymatic Properties Relevant to Pathogenicity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (July 4, 2021): 7205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137205.

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Infection by Proteus mirabilis causes urinary stones and catheter incrustation due to ammonia formed by urease (PMU), one of its virulence factors. Non-enzymatic properties, such as pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activities, were previously reported for distinct ureases, including that of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Here, PMU was assayed on isolated cells to evaluate its non-enzymatic properties. Purified PMU (nanomolar range) was tested in human (platelets, HEK293 and SH-SY5Y) cells, and in murine microglia (BV-2). PMU promoted platelet aggregation. It did not affect cellular viability and no ammonia was detected in the cultures’ supernatants. PMU-treated HEK293 cells acquired a pro-inflammatory phenotype, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. SH-SY5Y cells stimulated with PMU showed high levels of intracellular Ca2+ and ROS production, but unlike BV-2 cells, SH-SY5Y did not synthesize TNF-α and IL-1β. Texas Red-labeled PMU was found in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of all cell types. Bioinformatic analysis revealed two bipartite nuclear localization sequences in PMU. We have shown that PMU, besides urinary stone formation, can potentially contribute in other ways to pathogenesis. Our data suggest that PMU triggers pro-inflammatory effects and may affect cells beyond the renal system, indicating a possible role in extra-urinary diseases.
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Pandey, Rachana, Dr H. K. Verma, Dr Arun Parakh, and Dr Cheshta Jain Khare. "Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Placement: A Review." International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijese.e2518.117421.

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In today’s world, a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a crucial component of our power network for managing, controlling, and monitoring. PMU can provide synchronized voltage current, and frequency measurements in real time. We can't put a PMU in every bus in the electrical grid because it's not viable from a productivity and economic standpoint, and it's also not practical for handling huge data. As a result, it's critical to reduce the amount of PMU in the power network while also increasing the power network's observability. The optimal PMU placement problem is solved using a variety of methodologies. The paper's main goal is to provide a brief overview of synchrophasor technology, phasor measurement units (PMU), and optimal PMU placement in order to reduce the number of PMUs in the system while maintaining complete observability and application in today's power systems.
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10

Zamzami, Didik Siswanto, and Lasri Nijal. "A the Training Penggunaan Aplikasi Daily Report PMU (Pesantren Mahasiswa Unilak)." J-COSCIS : Journal of Computer Science Community Service 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jcoscis.v2i2.8286.

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Program Pesantren Mahasiswa Unilak (PMU) yang di gagas oleh rektor Universitas Lancang Kuning Dr.Junaidi.SS.M.Hum telah berjalan selama tiga bulan sejak dimulai bulan Oktober 2020. PMU merupakan program yang digagas Rektor Unilak yang bekerjsama dengan Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (Baznas) Provinsi Riau.Sebanyak 25 mahasiswa Unilak pada gelombang 1 dan sekarang sudah masuk ke gelombang 2 setiap peserta mendapatkan beasiswa selama 4 tahun, peserta mengikuti program pelatihan pendididkan Agama Islam. Untuk mengetahui perkembangan program ini, Baznas Riau melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi PMU. PMU ini merupakan Kerjasama Unilak dengan Baznas (badan zakat Nasional) kegiatan anak santri PMU antara lain yaitu :berbagai kemajuan pendidikan agama, diantaranya, kemampuan tausiah, Tahfiz Al-quran, dan lain lain. program PMU berjalan telah banyak kemajuan yang diperoleh oleh mahasiswa diantaranya telah mampu hapal 1 juz, tahsin, tausiah dan lain lain. Lebih dari 75 persen mahaiswa PMU belum pernah belajar di pondok pesantren. Kemajuan program PMU pembinaan berjalan dengan baik. "Pertama kita bersyukur dengan pembinaan yang baru tiga bulan tapi mahasiswa antusias luar biasa.".pembinaan Unilak sangat terasa kemajuan yang luar biasa, karena mereka dari latar belakang berbeda dan bukan pesantren, maka dengan semangat mereka mampu menjalininya. " Baznas bangga, bangga yang luar biasa melihat PMU baru tiga bulan, seumur jagung, prestasi ini kedepan kita tampilkan pada acara acara. Bagus dan mentalitas mereka bagus. Dari penjelasan di atas inilah dirasa sangat perlu di tinggat PMU memiliki aplikasi pendukung didalam daily report segala kegiatan para santri, agar kedepannya semua aktifitas dan kemajuan santri dapan dilaporkan secara berkala dan ini juga menjadi proses didalam kemajuan PMU kedepannya, aplikasi ini juga dapat di akses oleh pembina sehingga pembina santri dapat menjadikan aplikasi ini sebagai salah satu rujukan dari laporan akhir pada nilai santri tersebut. Kata Kunci : daily report, PMU, Aplikasi
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11

Dusabimana, Emile, and Sung-Guk Yoon. "A Survey on the Micro-Phasor Measurement Unit in Distribution Networks." Electronics 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020305.

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The Micro-Phasor Measurement Unit ( μ PMU) or distribution-level PMU (D-PMU) is a measurement device that measures the synchronized voltage and current values of electric power distribution networks. The synchronized data obtained by μ PMUs can be used for monitoring, diagnostic, and control distribution network applications, so that operators can understand the dynamic states of the distribution network in real-time. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art μ PMU research which includes a list of μ PMU applications, monitoring and diagnostic functions, control applications, and optimal placement of the μ PMU. In addition, we analyze the benefits of μ PMUs in distribution networks; in particular, their reliability and resiliency, cost savings, and environmental and policy benefits.
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Juneja, Poonam, Rachana Garg, and Parmod Kumar. "Uncertain data processing of PMU modules using fuzzy Petri net." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 41, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 1855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-210602.

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The paper presents a novel method for processing uncertain data of Phasor measurement unit (PMU) modules first time in the literature using Fuzzy Reasoning Petri net (FPN). It addresses several key issues such as exploitation of Petri net representation from operating state of PMU to its failure state whereas Fuzzy logic is used to deal with the uncertain data of PMU modules. Sprouting tree, an information flow path, of PMU failure is drawn due to various components and estimation accuracy can be enhanced by integration of more truthiness input data. Fault tree diagram, Fuzzy Petri net model (FPN), production rule sets for PMU are developed and finally degree of truthiness of proposition is computed from sprouting tree. Fuzzy logic reasoning is used for routing the sprouting tree whereas Petri net is employed for dynamics of states due to failure of modules of PMU. The fusion of two technologies is made for the dynamic response, processing and reasoning to sprouting tree information flow from operating state to unavailability of PMU. The research work is useful to pinpoint the weakness in design of modules of PMU and to assess its reliability.
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Kosen, Ian, Can Huang, Zhi Chen, Xuechen Zhang, Liang Min, Dao Zhou, Lin Zhu, and Yilu Liu. "UPS: Unified PMU-Data Storage System to Enhance T+D PMU Data Usability." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2916570.

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Susilo, Sugeng Hadi, M. Fanny Suharono, Hari Rarindo, and Hangga Wicaksono. "ANALISA CAMPURAN METANOL–PERTALITE TERHADAP KINERJA DAN SUHU KERJA MOTOR." Jurnal Energi dan Teknologi Manufaktur (JETM) 3, no. 01 (June 30, 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jetm.v3i01.53.

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The study aims to determine the effect of using a mixture of methanol add on to pertalite to the performance of gasoline engines, especially injection system with a capacity of 250 cc engine with two cylinders. This research used experimental method with variables used in this research is mixture of pure pertalite (P), mixture of pertalite - methanol 90% - 10% (PM1), mixture of pertalite - methanol 80% - 20% (PM2), mixture of pertalite - methanol 70% - 30% (PM3), mixed pertalite - methanol 60% - 40% (PM4), 50% - 50% (PM5) pertalite - methanol mixtures, pertalite - methanol 40% - 60% (PM6). Variable related in this research is power, torque and working temperature of the engine. The results of this study indicate that the addition of methanol with pertalite fuel tends to produce lower power and torque, while the temperature of the radiator and exhaust system shows that the use of methanol mixture with pertalite fuel can significantly increase the engine temperature of the vehicle.
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Clevenger, Kimberly A., Karin A. Pfeiffer, and Cheryl A. Howe. "Does Wearing a Portable Metabolic Unit Affect Youth’s Physical Activity or Enjoyment During Physically Active Games or Video Games?" Pediatric Exercise Science 30, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2018-0011.

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Portable metabolic units (PMUs) are used to assess energy expenditure, with the assumption that physical activity level and enjoyment are unaffected due to the light weight and small size. Purpose: To assess differences in physical activity level and enjoyment while wearing and not wearing a PMU. Method: Youth (8–17 y; N = 73) played children’s games or active video games while wearing and not wearing a PMU (crossover design). Participants wore an accelerometer and heart rate monitor and responded to questions about enjoyment on a facial affective scale. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine if accelerometer measures, heart rate, or enjoyment differed between conditions overall and by sex and weight status. Results: Steps per minute were lower while wearing the PMU than not wearing the PMU (40 vs 44, P = .03). There was an interaction between PMU condition and weight status for enjoyment (P = .01), with overweight participants reporting less enjoyment when wearing the PMU compared with not wearing the PMU (72 vs 75 out of 100). Heart rate, vector magnitude, and counts per minute were not different. Conclusion: There may be psychosocial effects of wearing the PMU, specifically in overweight participants. Activity level was minimally affected, but the practical significance for research is still unknown.
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Antoni, Mirza, and Hiromi Tokuda. "Identification of Obstacles and Drivers of Smallholder Rubber Farmers to Become Members of A Processing and Marketing Unit in Indonesia." Applied Economics and Finance 6, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v6i2.3938.

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The low quality of Indonesian smallholders’ rubber material has encouraged the government to make a policy to establish Processing and Marketing Units (PMUs). However, after 10 years of running the policy, the number of smallholder rubber farmers who are members of a PMU is still very small, even though by becoming a member of a PMU, farmers’ income increases as a result of rising prices. There have been no studies of the reasons why smallholders have not joined as members of a PMU. Therefore this study tries to discern these reasons and PMUs’ performance. The study population comprised 240 smallholders, half of whom represented PMU members and the other half non-members. These were interviewed to record the smallholders’ reasons to join or not join a PMU in South Sumatera Province, the largest rubber production area in Indonesia. Constraints for smallholders to join a PMU include already having a customer middleman, debt with the middleman, and the distance from the farmer’s house to the middleman’s house. Major supports for smallholders to join a PMU include the rubber material price, easily procured support from the government, and the distance of the farmer’s house. PMUs’ performance did not significantly affect the participation of farmers in becoming or not becoming members. Even though PMUs’ performance was good, the interest of smallholders in becoming PMU members did not increase.
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Wang, Zhong-Jie, Shu-Ying Yuan, Xuan Zhao, and Cheng-Chao Lu. "Differential evolution-based optimal placement of phase measurement unit considering measurement redundancy." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 06, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962315500166.

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Phase measurement unit (PMU) is the key equipment for electric power system, which has been used to monitor and control power grid. But it is too expensive to deploy on each bus. So, we need to investigate how to deploy PMU to satisfy our observation requirements with minimum PMU numbers. This problem is called the optimal PMU placement (OPP). In this paper, we employ differential evolution (DE) algorithm to solve the OPP problem. Our optimization target is to make the power grid completely observable with maximum redundancy and minimum number of PMU. The proposed method is tested on IEEE 14-bus system, IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system respectively with considering the zero injection.
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Lee, Gyul, Do-In Kim, Seon Kim, and Yong-June Shin. "Multiscale PMU Data Compression via Density-Based WAMS Clustering Analysis." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040617.

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This paper presents a multiscale phasor measurement unit (PMU) data-compression method based on clustering analysis of wide-area power systems. PMU data collected from wide-area power systems involve local characteristics that are significant risk factors when applying dimensionality-reduction-based data compression. Therefore, density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is proposed for the preconditioning of PMU data, except for bad data and the automatic segmentation of correlated local datasets. Clustered PMU datasets of a local area are then compressed using multiscale principal component analysis (MSPCA). When applying MSPCA, each PMU signal is decomposed into frequency sub-bands using wavelet decomposition, approximation matrix, and detail matrices. The detail matrices in high-frequency sub-bands are compressed by using a PCA-based linear-dimensionality reduction process. The effectiveness of DBSCAN for data compression is verified by application of the proposed technique to the real-world PMU voltage and frequency data. In addition, comparisons are made with existing compression techniques in wide-area power systems.
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Manousakis, Nikolaos M., George N. Korres, and Pavlos S. Georgilakis. "Taxonomy of PMU Placement Methodologies." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 27, no. 2 (May 2012): 1070–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2011.2179816.

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Wang, Yang, Caisheng Wang, Wenyuan Li, Jian Li, and Feng Lin. "Reliability-Based Incremental PMU Placement." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 29, no. 6 (November 2014): 2744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2310182.

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Kumar, Surender, M. K. Soni, and D. K. Jain. "Power Quality Monitoring using PMU." International Journal of Computer Applications 135, no. 7 (February 17, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016908366.

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Li, Xinyao, and Akhilesh Tyagi. "Cross-World Covert Channel on ARM Trustzone through PMU." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 7354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197354.

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The TrustZone technology is incorporated in a majority of recent ARM Cortex A and Cortex M processors widely deployed in the IoT world. Security critical code execution inside a so-called secure world is isolated from the rest of the application execution within a normal world. It provides hardware-isolated area called a trusted execution environment (TEE) in the processor for sensitive data and code. This paper demonstrates a vulnerability in the secure world in the form of a cross-world, secure world to normal world, covert channel. Performance counters or Performance Monitoring Unit (PMU) events are used to convey the information from the secure world to the normal world. An encoding program generates appropriate PMU event footprint given a secret S. A corresponding decoding program reads the PMU footprint and infers S using machine learning (ML). The machine learning model can be trained entirely from the data collected from the PMU in user space. Lack of synchronization between PMU start and PMU read adds noise to the encoding/decoding ML models. In order to account for this noise, this study proposes three different synchronization capabilities between the client and trusted applications in the covert channel. These are synchronous, semi-synchronous, and asynchronous. Previously proposed PMU based covert channels deploy L1 and LLC cache PMU events. The latency of these events tends to be 100–1000 cycles limiting the bandwidth of these covert channels. We propose to use microarchitecture level events with latency of 10–100 cycles captured through PMU for covert channel encoding leading to a potential 100× higher bandwidth. This study conducts a series of experiments to evaluate the proposed covert channels under various synchronization models on a TrustZone supported Cortex-A processor using OP-TEE framework. As stated earlier, switch from signaling based on PMU cache events to PMU microarchitectural events leads to approximately 15× higher covert channel bandwidth. This proposed finer-grained microarchitecture event encoding covert channel can achieve throughput of the order of 11 Kbits/s as opposed to previous work’s throughput of the order of 760 bits/s.
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Fatima Raza. "US-Iran Tensions and Instability in Iraq: Role of the Popular Mobilisation Units." Strategic Studies 41, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.041.02.0053.

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Popular Mobilisation Units (PMU) is the largest umbrella organisation in Iraq encompassing more than 40 of these paramilitary forces with many of them having deep ties with Iran. Recent killing of the PMU leader Abu Mahdi al Muhandis along with his ally, the Iranian General Qassem Soleimani in a US drone strike concurred a huge loss for Iran and the PMU who had long enjoyed cooperation and influence within Iraq. The PMU, in the absence of its trusted leadership; is predicted to fall apart from within causing instability in Iraq which has been brought about by reckless war-mongering between the US and Iran. This research explores the strategic culture, structure and the role of PMU in bringing about stability in Iraq in the backdrop of continuous deteriorating Iran-US relations. This research argues that in order to make the PMU effective in cultivating peace in Iraq; it would be wise for important stakeholders like Iran and the US to understand its strategic culture and formulate their respective Iraq policies accordingly.
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Liu, Min. "Distribution System State Estimation with Phasor Measurement Units." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.687.

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With phasor measurement units (PMU) become available in the distribution system; the estimation accuracy of the distribution system state estimation (DSSE) is expected to be improved. Based on the weighted least square (WLS) approach, this paper proposed a new state estimator which takes into account the PMU measurements including voltage magnitude and phasor angle, and load current magnitude and phasor angle. Simulation results indicate that the estimation accuracy is obvious improve by adding PMU measurements to the DSSE. Furthermore, the estimation accuracy changes with the installation site of PMU, and can be maximized by choosing the installation site appropriately.
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Zhi, Jing, and Yan Xu. "Optimal Configuration of PMU in Power System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 734 (February 2015): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.734.659.

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In order to use the least number of phasor measurement unit (PMU) to guarantee the power system completely observable, an optimal PMU configuration method in power system was put forward. The pre-configuration of PMU was done considering the actual situation of power grid. The genetic algorithm (GA) was used for PMU configuration. Modify the formulae of crossover probability and mutation probability in traditional genetic algorithm to overcome the evolutionary stagnation when the maximum fitness value and the average fitness value in group were equal. The improved adaptive genetic algorithm (IAGA) was obtained. In order to eliminate the premature convergence of GA resulted from the chance and randomness of the crossover operation and mutation operation, the preventing premature operation was introduced. This method combined the IAGA and the preventing premature operation. It has good global astringency, and it can ensure the network complete observability with the minimum number of PMU.
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Jan Kikkert, Cornelis. "A Phasor Measurement Unit Algorithm Using IIR Filters for FPGA Implementation." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121523.

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Phasor measurement units (PMU) are increasingly used in electrical power transmission networks, to maintain stability and protect the network. PMUs accurately measure voltage, phase, frequency, and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF). For reliability, it is desirable to implement a PMU using an FPGA. This paper describes a novel algorithm, suited to implementation in an FPGA and based on a simple PMU block diagram. A description of its realization using low hardware complexity infinite impulse response (IIR) filters is given. The IEC/IEEE standard 60255-118-1:2018 Part 118-1: Synchrophasor measurements for power systems, describes “reference” Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters for implementing PMU hardware. At the 10 kHz sampling frequency used for our implementation, each “reference” FIR filter requires 100 multipliers, while an 8th order IIR filter only requires 12 multipliers. This paper compares the performance of different order IIR filter-based PMUs with the performance of the same PMU algorithm using the IEC/IEEE FIR reference filter. The IIR-based PMU easily satisfies all the requirements of IEC/IEEE standard and has a much better out of band signal rejection performance than a FIR-based PMU. Steady state errors for a rated voltage ± 10% and a rated frequency ± 5 Hz are < 0.000001% for total vector error (TVE) and < 1 µHz for frequency, with a latency of two mains cycles.
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BABU, N. V. Phanendra, P. Suresh BABU, and D. V. S. S. Siva SARMA. "Critical Elements Based Optimal PMU Placement Considering Substation Coverage." International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15676/ijeei.2020.12.3.2.

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The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is becoming the most prominent tool for power system applications like power system operation, control, and protection. In a robust and accurate wide-area measuring system, the PMU should observe not only the elements in its substation but also the critical elements and its incident busses. As the PMU cost limits their deployment, they must be installed optimally considering the substation installation and the critical lines in the power system. This paper introduces a new Optimal PMU Placement algorithm considering the optimal substations and the critical elements. This has been done based on the assumption that there must be a PMU in each constructed substation (optimal substation). This will assure the observability of all the elements in the substation. The proposed method has been tested on some standard test systems and then applied to a practical regional Indian grid.
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28

Traore, S., S. Ouedraogo-Kone, A. Samake, M. D. Traore, and K. Bengaly. "Effet de l’association entre le tourteau de coton et les gousses de Piliostigma reticulatum (dc) Hochst sur l’ingestion et la digestibilité de la paille de riz." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 3 (August 27, 2022): 1071–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i3.14.

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L’effet associatif entre les constituants d’une ration peut induire un effet positif ou negative sur les performances de production des ruminants,en function de la nature des constituants de la ration. De plus, La prediction de la valeur alimentaire de la ration sur la base de la somme des valeurs des constituants comporte beaucoup de limites. Deux essais ont été conduits pour évaluer l’effet associatif entre du tourteau de graine de coton non décortiquée (TBM) et les gousses de Piliostigma reticulatum (GP) sur l’ingestion volontaire (essai 1) et la fermentation in vitro à l’aide de la technique du gaz test (essai 2) de la paille de riz seule (PS) ou avec la mélasse et l’urée (PMU). Le TBM a été ajouté à PS ou à PMU dans la proportion: 70 / 30 (PS/TBM ou PMU / TBM). Les GP ont été ensuite substituées au TBM dans la proportion de 15%. Quatre rations ont été formulées pour l’essai 1: R1 (70% PS + 30% TBM), R2 (70% PMU + 30% TBM), R3 (70% PMU + 15% TBM + 15% GP) et R4 = R3 mais TBM et GP ont été distribués de façon séquentielle. Deux autres rations: 100% PS et 100% PMU en plus des rations précédentes, ont servi de substrats pour le gaz test. La ration R2 comparée à R1 a significativement (p < 0.05) amélioré les performances de croissance des taurillons. Par contre, l’apport de GP n’a pas eu d’effet car les GP n’ont pas été consommées tout au long de l’essai. Contrairement aux traitements PS et TBM (essai 2), les traitements PMU et TBM ont engendré une augmentation significative (p < 0.05) du taux horaire (c) de fermentation de la fraction insoluble (b), la concentration des acides gras volatiles (AGV) et la production de gaz à 12, 24, 36 et 48 h. L’interaction entre PMU, TBM et GP a été positive et significative. L’apport de la mélasse-urée en plus du tourteau et les gousses de Piliostigma a permis d’améliorer la valeur nutritive de la paille de riz. The associative effect between the constituents of a ration can positively or negatively affect ruminant animals ‘performances, depending on the nature of the constituents of the ration. Moreover, predicting the feeding value of the ration by simply adding the individual feed value of the constituents has some limitations. Two trials were conducted to assess the associative effect between unhulled cottonseed meal (TBM) and Piliostigma reticulatum pods (GP) on voluntary intake (trial 1) and in vitro fermentation using the gas production technique (trial 2) of rice straw alone (PS) or PS with molasses and urea (PMU). TBM was added to PS or PMU in the proportion: 70/30 (PS/TBM or PMU/TBM). The GPs were then substituted for the TBM in the proportion of 15%. Four rations were formulated for trial 1: R1 (70% PS + 30% TBM), R2 (70% PMU + 30% TBM), R3 (70% PMU + 15% TBM + 15% GP) and R4 = R3 but TBM and GP distributed sequentially. Two other rations: 100% PS and 100% PMU in addition to the previous rations, served as substrates for the gas test. The R2 ration compared to R1 significantly (p < 0.05) improved the growth performance of the young bulls. On the other hand, the supply of GP had no effect because the GP were not consumed throughout the trial. Unlike the PS and TBM treatments (trial 2), the PMU and TBM treatments generated a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the hourly rate (c) of fermentation of the insoluble fraction (b), the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and gas production at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. The interaction between PMU, TBM and GP was positive and significant. The supply of molasses and urea in addition to cottonseed cake and Piliostigma pods improved the nutritional value of rice straw.
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Xu, Sudi, Hao Liu, and Tianshu Bi. "Field PMU Test and Calibration Method– Part I: General Framework and Algorithms for PMU Calibrator." Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 10, no. 6 (2022): 1507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35833/mpce.2021.000526.

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30

Baba, Maveeya, Nursyarizal B. M. Nor, Muhammad Aman Sheikh, Abdul Momin Baba, Muhammad Irfan, Adam Glowacz, Jaroslaw Kozik, and Anil Kumar. "Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit Placement Using Several Proposed Case Factors for Power Network Monitoring." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185596.

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Recent developments in electrical power systems are concerned not only with static power flow control but also with their control during dynamic processes. Smart Grids came into being when it was noticed that the traditional electrical power system structure was lacking in reliability, power flow control, and consistency in the monitoring of phasor quantities. The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is one of the main critical factors for Smart Grid (SG) operation. It has the ability to provide real-time synchronized measurement of phasor quantities with the help of a Global Positioning System (GPS). However, when considering the installation costs of a PMU device, it is far too expensive to equip on every busbar in all grid stations. Therefore, this paper proposes a new approach for the Optimum Placement of the PMU problem (OPP problem) to minimize the installed number of PMUs and maximize the measurement redundancy of the network. Exclusion of the unwanted nodes technique is used in the proposed approach, in which only the most desirable buses consisting of generator bus and load bus are selected, without considering Pure Transit Nodes (PTNs) in the optimum PMU placement sets. The focal point of the proposed work considers, most importantly, the case factor of the exclusion technique of PTNs from the optimum PMU locations, as prior approaches concerning almost every algorithm have taken PTNs as their optimal PMU placement sets. Furthermore, other case factors of the proposed approach, namely, PMU channel limits, radial bus, and single PMU outage, are also considered for the OPP problem. The proposed work is tested on standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE)-case studies from MATPOWER on the MATLAB software. To show the success of the proposed work, the outputs are compared with the existing techniques.
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Feng, Yuan, Li Xia, Li Ming Wang, Xiao Ling Yan, and Liang Fen Xiao. "Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units Based on Information Entropy Property Evaluation." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.774.

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The optimal placement of PMU exerts very important influences on the application of Synchronized Phasor Measurement Technique in power system. In the paper, the optimal placement of PMU is firstly transformed into importance evaluation for the node. Then, PMU optimization algorithm of power system is proposed based on property evaluation of information entropy in connection with node importance evaluation. In the main idea of the algorithm, PMU is configured respectively according to importance order of each node in power system. As the experimental results show, attribute of se becomes the most important one in the property evaluation of information entropy. Contrasting original score Table 1 with the evaluation results Table 7, we conclude that final importance order for the node brings into correspondence with the score of attribute se, which proves the correctness of the algorithm eventually. Two methods of optimal placement of PMU raised in the end provide very strong instructive significance to the practices in reality.
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Baba, Maveeya, Nursyarizal B. M. Nor, Taib B. Ibrahim, and M. Aman Sheikh. "A comprehensive review for optimal placement of phasor measurement unit for network observability." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp301-308.

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Real time synchronized phasor measurement in power network is obtained by the improvement in monitoring, control and, protection of the power system. In recent time, the installation ratio of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is constantly increasing for the real time measurement throughout worldwide. The increment in the number of PMU installation is to only focus on the improvement of system state estimation (SE) performance. However, the expensive nature of the metering device requires huge amount of installation cost with the other communication facilities, therefore an optimal placement of PMU is necessary. Different techniques have been designed and used to overcome this matter. The paper presents numerous optimization algorithms such as, Mathematical programming, Heuristic, and Meta-Heuristic techniques which are specially used for the optimization of PMU placement with complete network observability. Furthermore, each PMU technique is explained, and performances are compared for the most appropriate and optimal placement of PMU methods, which can be recommended for a future work to get complete network observability.
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33

Keith, Jorge, and Diego Prior. "Scale and scope economies in Mexican private medical units." Salud Pública de México 56, no. 4 (July 11, 2014): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/spm.v56i4.7354.

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Objective. To evaluate technical efficiency and potential presence of scale and scope economies in Mexican private medical units (PMU) that will improve management decisions. Materials and methods. We used data envelopment analysis methods with inputs and outputs for 2 105 Mexican PMU published in 2010 by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía from the “Estadística de Unidades Médicas Privadas con Servicio de Hospitalización (PEC-6-20-A)” questionnaire. Results. The application of the models used in the paper found that there is a marginal presence of economies of scale and scope in Mexican PMU. Conclusions. PMU in Mexico must focus to deliver their services on a diversified structure to achieve technical efficiency.
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Manoharan, Hariprasath, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Irina Kirpichnikova, Ramya Kuppusamy, Srete Nikolovski, and Hamid Reza Baghaee. "Smart Grid Monitoring by Wireless Sensors Using Binary Logistic Regression." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2020): 3974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153974.

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This article focuses on addressing the data aggregation faults caused by the Phasor Measuring Unit (PMU) by installing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the grid. All data that is monitored by PMU should be sent to the base station for further action. But the data that is sent from PMU does not reach the main server properly in many situations. To avoid this situation, a sensor-based technology has been introduced in the proposed method for sensing the values that are monitored by PMU. Also, the basic parameters that are necessary for determining optimal solutions like energy consumption, distance and cost have been calculated for wireless sensors, whereas, for PMU optimal placements with cost analysis have been restrained. For analyzing and improving the accuracy of the proposed method, an effective Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) algorithm has been integrated with an objective function. The sensor will report all measured PMU values to an Online Monitoring System (OMS). To examine the effectiveness of the proposed method, the examined values are visualized in MATLAB and results prove that the proposed method using BLR is more effective than existing methods in terms of all parametric values and the much improved results have been obtained at a rate of 81.2%.
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Yadav, Atul Kumar, and Vasundhara Mahajan. "Cyber-Attack and Reliability Monitoring of The Synchrophasor Smart Grid Network." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 1149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(6)-15.

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The recent advancement of synchrophasor measurements technology in the conventional power grid can monitor and control the state variables of the network very accurately at a high sampling rate in real-time. The complete observability of system states can be achieved through the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). The inclusion of a zero injection bus (ZIB) optimized the total number of PMU requirements for complete observation of the synchrophasor network. The communication channels between measurement devices and control centers are highly vulnerable to cyber threats. Thus, an anomaly that occurs with PMU devices during a cyber-attack can affect the system’s reliability. Therefore, monitoring the reliability of the synchrophasor network has become essential for healthy power operation. Synchrophasor measurement technology can enhance wide-area surveillance and security functionality. However, the dependability of such technologies in the context of information network accessibility has yet to be investigated in a coherent model. Growing electric grid defence levels to mitigate the impact of cyber-attacks is essential. The cumulative effect of synchrophasor network observability and reliability is discussed in this paper by optimizing the number of PMUs deployed and the interruption load that occurs during an anomaly with PMU while taking ZIB into account.The backup PMU deployment modeling is also presented to secure the reliability and observability of the grid network during an anomaly occurs with PMU. The indices, Interrupted Load Probability Index (ILPI) and Expected Demand Not Supplied (EDNS), are used to evaluate the reliability of synchrophasor grid networks by integrating the state probability of PMU unavailability due to cyber intrusion.
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36

Yablokov, A. A., I. E. Ivanov, F. A. Kulikov, A. R. Tychkin, A. V. Panaschatenko, and V. A. Saveliev. "Practical issues of fault location at extra-high voltage overhead transmission lines using RTDS-based synchrophasor measurements." Vestnik IGEU, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2022.5.033-043.

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Application of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a modern technology in electric power systems with quite a few possible applications. Remote identification of fault location (FL) at extra-high voltage transmission lines is one of the possible applications of PMU. The number of research works dedicated to this issue is rather limited. Also, there is no in-depth analysis of the PMU digital filter performance in case of short circuit; some factors that affect the FL accuracy are not covered; and the number of methods to identify FL remotely is insufficient. The current research goal is to study all the above-mentioned issues. The research has been conducted using the methods of mathematical modeling of fault-initiated transients represented with a real-time digital simulator RTDS (including the RSCAD software). A total of 16 FL expressions both in Russian and foreign scientific papers have been analyzed. Monte-Carlo method has been used to assess the impact of various factors on the FL accuracy. The PMU functionality presented in the RTDS simulator has been used to obtain required synchrophasors. A typical timespan of faults at extra-high voltage transmission lines has been deduced (it turns out to be at least three cycles of the fundamental frequency component). Dynamic characteristics of both M and P class PMUs have been thoroughly examined. The authors have made a conclusion that PMU-based FL is as accurate as that provided by conventional FL units. The influence of some major factors on the FL results has been investigated as well. PMU-based FL is considered to be a promising application. At the same time, P filter class PMUs are primarily used. One is to avoid getting synchrophasor data of different class PMUs at the line terminals. The obtained results are meant to be introduced to improve the PMU-based FL accuracy, especially in the context of processing real PMU data.
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Makowiecki, Karol. "Modułowe PMU dla sieci dystrybucyjnych SN." WIADOMOŚCI ELEKTROTECHNICZNE 1, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/74.2022.4.1.

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Pogliano, Umberto, Jean-Pierre Braun, Bostjan Voljc, and Rado Lapuh. "Software Platform for PMU Algorithm Testing." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 62, no. 6 (June 2013): 1400–1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2013.2239051.

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Khan, Mohd Tauseef, and Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui. "FACTS device control strategy using PMU." Perspectives in Science 8 (September 2016): 730–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.06.072.

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Yan, Jianian, Wenguang Chen, and Weimin Zheng. "PMU guided structure data-layout optimization." Tsinghua Science and Technology 16, no. 2 (April 2011): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1007-0214(11)70022-0.

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Wang, Xiaocong, Xiaolei Xie, Shuo Zhang, Lingen Luo, Yadong Liu, Gehao Sheng, and Xiuchen Jiang. "Micro-PMU for distribution power lines." CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0137.

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42

Zhao, Yuanyuan, Peng Yuan, Qian Ai, and Tianguang Lv. "Optimal PMU placement considering topology constraints." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 73 (December 2015): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.04.022.

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43

Kong, Yuan, Wang, Xu, and Yu. "Research on Optimal D-PMU Placement Technology to Improve the Observability of Smart Distribution Networks." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224297.

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With the continuous development of smart distribution networks, their observable problems have become more serious. Research on the optimal placement of the distribution phasor measurement unit (D-PMU) is an important way to improve the measurability, observability and controllability of a smart distribution network. In this paper, the optimal D-PMU placement methods and implementation technology were studied to determine the optimal D-PMU placement scheme. Considering the bus vulnerability index and the different operating states of the system, the more practical one-time optimal placement methods to ensure complete system observability was proposed. On this basis, the system's measurement redundancy and unobservable depth were considered to realize the multistage optimal D-PMU placement. The corresponding mathematical model and solution flow were given. Then the implementation technology of the methods was studied and the optimal D-PMU placement assistant decision-making software for smart distribution network was developed. Thereby, the structure and requirements of different distribution networks can be satisfied. The application analysis, functional architecture and the overall design process were given. Finally, the methods and software were analyzed by using the IEEE 33 bus system and an actual project, the Guangzhou Nansha Yuan'an Substation. The verification results showed that the method and software mentioned in this paper can provide convenient and quick operation for optimal D-PMU placement, improve the efficiency of smart distribution network planning work, and promote the theoretical application level of smart distribution network planning results.
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Andreou, Eleni, Agapi K. Triantafyllou, Soultana Mountsaki, Efstathios Rallis, Fotini N. Lamari, Sophia Hatziantoniou, and Vasiliki Kefala. "Permanent Make-Up (PMU) Inks Decolorization Using Plant Origin Materials." Cosmetics 9, no. 3 (May 5, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9030048.

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Permanent make-up (PMU) has become a very popular application over the last few years. The ingredients of PMU inks, used over the face area, are organic and inorganic substances very close to the chemical composition of tattoo inks. As the application rates increase, the demand for PMU removal rises. The aim of this study is to assess the decolorization of PMU inks using preparations originating from different plant sources. The leaves of Pelargonium zonale (PE) were extracted with water for 48 h. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of the extract was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu technique reaching 201.34 ± 4.57 μg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/mL of extract. The antioxidant activity of the extract was 20.87 ± 0.36 μg of Trolox equivalents (TE)/mL and 3.56 ± 0.43 mg FeSO4×7H2O mL of extract when assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay respectively. The decolorization potential of PE leaf extract on five commercially available PMU inks of different hues was assessed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry in comparison to polyphenol oxidases enzyme (PPO). The results demonstrated higher absorption reduction that indicates decolorization potential for the inks that have mainly ferrous oxides as colorants.
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Chiang, Liao-Chun, Kun-Yi Chien, Hung-Yuan Su, Yen-Chia Chen, Yan-Chiao Mao, and Wen-Guey Wu. "Comparison of Protein Variation in Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Venom between Northern and Southeast Taiwan and Association with Human Envenoming Effects." Toxins 14, no. 9 (September 18, 2022): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090643.

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Reports of bite from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Pmu) are frequent in Taiwan, and its wide-spread distribution and diverse habitats drove us to investigate its envenoming effects and relevant venom variations. We used reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze 163 Pmu venom samples collected from northern and southeastern Taiwan. Twenty-two major protein fractions were separated and analyzed, and their contents were determined semi-quantitatively. The results showed that despite the trivial differences in the protein family, there is an existing variation in acidic phospholipases A2s, serine proteinases, metalloproteinases, C-type lectin-like proteins, and other less abundant components in the Pmu venoms. Moreover, clinical manifestations of 209 Pmu envenomed patients hospitalized in northern or southeastern Taiwan revealed significant differences in local symptoms, such as ecchymosis and blistering. The mechanism of these local effects and possibly relevant venom components were examined. Further analysis showed that certain venom components with inter-population variation might work alone or synergistically with others to aggravate the local effects. Therefore, our findings of the venom variation may help one to improve antivenom production and better understand and manage Pmu bites.
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Khalid, K., A. A. Ibrahim, N. A. M. Kamari, and M. H. M. Zaman. "An optimal placement of phasor measurement unit using new sensitivity indices." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i1.2499.

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This paper presents an alternative approach to solve an optimal phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement by introducing two new sensitivity indices. The indices are constructed from the information measured from PMUs such as voltage magnitude and angle. These two parameters are essential for power system stability assessment and control. Therefore, fault analysis is carried out to obtain the voltage magnitude and angle deviations at all buses in order to construct the indices. An exhaustive search method is used to solve the linear integer programming problem where all possible combinations of PMU placement are evaluated to obtain the optimal solution. Unfortunately, the traditional objective function to minimize the total number of PMU placement leads to multiple solutions. The indices can be used to assess multiple solutions of PMU placement from the exhaustive method. In this work, an optimal solution is selected based on the performance of PMU placement in according to the indices. The proposed method is tested on the IEEE 14 bus test system. Only four PMUs are required to monitor the whole test system. However, the number of PMUs can be reduced to three PMUs after applying zero injection bus elimination.
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Rantanen, Esa M., Ernest Fokoué, Kathleen Gegner, Jacob Haut, and Thomas J. Overbye. "Data Properties Underlying Human Monitoring Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601976.

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The application of phasor measurement unit (PMU) data in the power industry is currently an area of intense interest. The key driver for PMU technology is to use the precise time sources provided by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites to accurately measure the relative voltage and current phase angles at buses across an interconnect at a very high sampling rate. Presenting PMU data to power system operators in a format that is truly useful for them and that affords improved situation awareness (SA) and fast and accurate decision making is a particular challenge to display design. This paper described development of prototype displays of PMU data where the design criteria were derived from characteristics of the data as well as the situation awareness requirements of power system dispatchers. A prototype display that meets all these design criteria is described.
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Reis, Amanda Wohlfahrt, and Fernando Guilherme Kaehler Guarda. "Simulação de uma Unidade de Medição Fasorial em Tempo Real utilizando Typhoon Virtual HIL." Ciência e Natura 42 (February 7, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40589.

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This paper aims to present a project to implement a phasor measurement unit (PMU), which is the main component in the synchronized phasor measurement system. This measurement technology aims to bring significant gains to the operation of electrical systems, since it allows to simultaneously measure magnitudes and phase angles of voltage and current at geographically distant points from the electrical system. So, the paper reports the use of filters in obtaining PMU measurements. In this way, it is intended to implement the PMU in the Typhoon Virtual HIL software.
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Teng, Yun, Yong Li, and Yan Li. "The Research of Wide-Area Network Dynamic Voltage Stability Evaluation Based on PMU." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 1765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.1765.

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Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) can provide dynamic data for voltage stability analysis, and realize the online real-time voltage stability analysis and evaluation. This paper construct a simulation model of power network operation in the region based on the regional power grid. Find out the weak nodes of the grid based on sensitivity analysis, maximum power analysis, put forward the PMU Optimal allocation scheme. Use the PMU data to finish the simulation assessment in multiple nodes voltage stability, presented a theory method for dynamic voltage stability evaluation of wide region electric power network.
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Mohd Azlan Ab Aziz, Hasnah Ngah, and Irdayanti Mat Nashir. "Tinjauan Persepsi Pekerja Di Syarikat Industri Berat: Analisis Awal." Law, Policy, and Social Science 1, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.55265/lpsjournal.v1i1.4.

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Samalaju Industrial Park (SIP) is a heavy industrial complex located in Bintulu. The complex needs a large number of semi -skilled workers, the majority of whom come from educational institutions such as the Mukah Polytechnic (PMU). This study was conducted to identify the performance of former PMU students in the workplace. The performance of former PMU students was assessed through a study of perceptions on the factors of employee relationship with management, working conditions, rewards, level of teamwork among employees and work allocation. The study also looked at other factors that contribute to employee loyalty to the company. This study uses a questionnaire adapted from the writings of Chengedzai Mafini and Mejuri Mafini namely Profiling the Perceptions of Employees at Designated Tourism Establishments: A Survey Based Review. The results of this study found that the majority of respondents are satisfied with their careers and have a good perception in the eyes of management. Through this study, it can help the polytechnic and industry to identify factors that can be given attention to improve and retain employees for longer. In addition, it can be a reference to the polytechnic to further increase the marketability rate of PMU students. ABSTRAK Samalaju Industrial Park (SIP) merupakan kompleks industri berat yang terletak di Bintulu. Kompleks ini memerlukan ramai tenaga kerja separa mahir yang mana majoritinya datang dari institusi pendidikan seperti Politeknik Mukah (PMU). Kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti prestasi bekas pelajar PMU di lapangan kerja. Prestasi bekas pelajar-pelajar PMU dinilai menerusi kajian persepsi terhadap faktor hubungan pekerja dengan pengurusan, keadaan bekerja, ganjaran, tahap kerja berpasukan dikalangan pekerja dan peruntukan kerja. Kajian ini juga melihat faktor-faktor lain yang menyumbang kepada kesetiaan pekerja kepada syarikat. Kajian ini menggunakan soal selidik yang diadaptasi daripada penulisan Chengedzai Mafini dan Mejuri Mafini iaitu Profiling the Perceptions of Employees at Designated Tourism Establishments: A Survey Based Review. Hasil dari kajian ini mendapati majoriti responden berpuas hati dengan kerjaya mereka dan mempunyai persepsi yang baik di mata pihak pengurusan. Menerusi kajian ini ianya dapat membantu pihak politeknik dan industri untuk mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yang boleh diberikan perhatian bagi meningkatkan dan mengekalkan pekerja dengan lebih lama. Selain itu, ianya boleh menjadi satu rujukan kepada pihak politeknik untuk meningkatkan lagi kadar kebolehpasaran pelajar PMU.
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