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Journal articles on the topic 'Pneumatic conveying mechanisms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Cenna, A. A., N. W. Page, K. C. Williams, and M. G. Jones. "Wear mechanisms in dense phase pneumatic conveying of alumina." Wear 264, no. 11-12 (May 2008): 905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.06.012.

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2

Aichayawanich, S., M. Nopharatana, A. Nopharatana, and W. Songkasiri. "Agglomeration mechanisms of cassava starch during pneumatic conveying drying." Carbohydrate Polymers 84, no. 1 (February 2011): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.036.

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3

FRYE, L., and W. PEUKERT. "Attrition of Bulk Solids in Pneumatic Conveying: Mechanisms and Material Properties." Particulate Science and Technology 20, no. 4 (October 2002): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726350216187.

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4

Zhou, Haijun, and Yuanquan Xiong. "Conveying mechanisms of dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized lignite in horizontal pipe under high pressure." Powder Technology 363 (March 2020): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.010.

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5

Lecreps, I., O. Orozovic, T. Erden, M. G. Jones, and K. Sommer. "Physical mechanisms involved in slug transport and pipe blockage during horizontal pneumatic conveying." Powder Technology 262 (August 2014): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.058.

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6

Frye, Lars, and Wolfgang Peukert. "Identification of material specific attrition mechanisms for polymers in dilute phase pneumatic conveying." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 44, no. 2 (February 2005): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2004.03.012.

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7

Kotzur, Benjamin A., Robert J. Berry, Stefan Zigan, Pablo García-Triñanes, and Michael S. A. Bradley. "Particle attrition mechanisms, their characterisation, and application to horizontal lean phase pneumatic conveying systems: A review." Powder Technology 334 (July 2018): 76–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.04.047.

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8

Li, Zhengquan, Kaiwei Chu, Renhu Pan, Aibing Yu, and Jiaqi Yang. "Computational Study of Gas-Solid Flow in a Horizontal Stepped Pipeline." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (September 15, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2545347.

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In this paper, the mechanism governing the particle-fluid flow characters in the stepped pipeline is studied by the combined discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (CFD-DEM) and the two fluid model (TFM). The mechanisms governing the gas-solid flow in the horizontal stepped pipeline are investigated in terms of solid and gas velocity distributions, pressure drop, process performance, the gas-solid interaction forces, solid-solid interaction forces, and the solid-wall interaction forces. The two models successfully capture the key flow features in the stepped pipeline, such as the decrease of gas velocity, solid velocity, and pressure drop, during and after the passage of gas-solid flow through the stepped section. What is more important, the reason of the appearance of large size solid dune and pressure surge phenomena suffered in the stepped pipeline is investigated macroscopically and microscopically. The section in which the blockage problem most likely occurs in the stepped pipeline is confirmed. The pipe wall wearing problem, which is one of the most common and critical problems in pneumatic conveying system, is analysed and investigated in terms of interaction forces. It is shown that the most serious pipe wall wearing problem happened in the section which is just behind the stepped part.

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9

Weinstein, Michael, Christian Nowroth, Jens Twiefel, and Jörg Wallaschek. "Identification of the Effect of Ultrasonic Friction Reduction in Metal-Elastomer Contacts Using a Two-Control-Loop Tribometer." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 6289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146289.

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Pneumatic cylinders are widely used in highly dynamic processes, such as handling and conveying tasks. They must work both reliably and accurately. The positioning accuracy suffers from the stick-slip effect due to strong adhesive forces during the seal contact and the associated high breakaway forces. To achieve smooth motion of the piston rod and increased position accuracy despite highly variable position dynamics, sliding friction and breakaway force must be reduced. This contribution presents a specially designed linear tribometer that has two types of control. Velocity control allows the investigation of sliding friction mechanisms. Friction force control allows investigation of the breakaway force. Due to its bearing type, the nearly disturbance-free detection of stick-slip transients and the dynamic contact behavior of the sliding friction force was possible. The reduction of the friction force was achieved by a superposition of the piston rod’s movement by longitudinal ultrasonic vibrations. This led to significant reductions in friction forces at the rubber/metal interface. In addition, the effects of ultrasonic frequency and vibration amplitude on the friction reduction were investigated. With regard to the breakaway force, significant success was achieved by the excitation. The force control made it possible to identify the characteristic movement of the sealing ring during a breakaway process.

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10

Eskin, D., Y. Leonenko, and O. Vinogradov. "Engineering Model of Dilute Pneumatic Conveying." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 130, no. 7 (July 2004): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2004)130:7(794).

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11

Jones, Mark Glynne, Bin Chen, Kenneth Charles Williams, Ahmed Abu Cenna, and Ying Wang. "High Speed Visualization of Pneumatic Conveying of Materials in Bypass System." Advanced Materials Research 508 (April 2012): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.508.6.

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Dense phase pneumatic conveying is preferable over dilute phase conveying in many industries as lower transport velocities are beneficial due to reduced attrition of the particles and reduced wear. However, dense phase conveying is critically dependent on the physical properties of the materials to be conveyed. For many materials which are either erosive or fragile, they do not exhibit the physical properties required to be conveyed reliably in a low velocity, dense phase flow regime. This can be serious problem in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. One satisfactory approach which has been widely applied is the use of bypass systems. Bypass pneumatic conveying systems provide the capacity of transporting some materials that are not naturally suitable for dense phase flow. Bypass pneumatic conveying systems also provide a passive capability to reduce minimum particulate transport velocities. In this study, pneumatic conveying experiments were carried out in a 79 mm diameter main pipe with a 27 mm inner diameter bypass pipe with orifice plate flute arrangement. Alumina, fly ash and sand were conveyed in the tests. High speed camera visualization was employed to study the flow regimes of bypass pneumatic transport systems and investigate the mechanism of material blockage inhibition provided by these systems. For alumina and fly ash, it was found that particulate material blockages were inhibited in bypass systems due to the air penetration into the particulate volume as a result of orifice plate airflow resistance. For the bypass pneumatic conveying of sand, the splitting of a long plug into two smaller plugs was observed. One of the primary concerns of bypass system is the wear of the bypass line. Material such as alumina is inherently abrasive by nature. For internal bypass systems, there is limited ability to monitor the state of the inner bypass tube while in operation. The particle velocity in the pipeline has been measured from the high speed video of the flow. The experimental result also showed that the conveying velocity of bypass system is much lower when compared conventional single bore pipelines. Based on the models developed for the assessment of service life of pneumatic conveying pipelines, the thickness loss of the bypass pipe has been estimated. It has been estimated that for a 3mm bypass tube wall thickness, a wear hole is created in approximately 2.5 years for a particle velocity of 3 m/s and 4 months for a particle velocity of 10 m/s.

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12

CROWTHER, J. M., A. COOK, A. S. EADIE, E. A. KNIGHT, D. REILLY, PA WALLACE, and D. J. MASON. "PNEUMATIC CONVEYING SYSTEMS IN DENSE PHASE." Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 14, no. 3 (February 1998): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10589759808953047.

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13

Watano, Satoru. "Mechanism and control of electrification in pneumatic conveying of powders." Chemical Engineering Science 61, no. 7 (April 2006): 2271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.05.008.

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14

Molerus, O., and W. Siebenhaar. "Vibration induced pneumatic conveying of friable materials." Advanced Powder Technology 2, no. 2 (1991): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8831(08)60713-x.

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15

Chapelle, Pierre, Nicholas Christakis, Hadi Abou-Chakra, Ian Bridle, M. S. A. Bradley, Mayur Patel, and Mark Cross. "Computational model for prediction of particle degradation during dilute-phase pneumatic conveying: modeling of dilute-phase pneumatic conveying." Advanced Powder Technology 15, no. 1 (2004): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685520460740052.

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16

Chen, Bin, Kenneth Charles Williams, Mark Glynne Jones, and Ying Wang. "Experimental Investigation of Pressure Drop in Bypass Pneumatic Conveying of Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 508 (April 2012): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.508.11.

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Bypass pneumatic conveying systems provide a passive capability to reduce conveying velocity and therefore reduce attrition and abrasion in the process of conveying many fragile and erosive particulate solids. Because of these capabilities, bypass pneumatic conveying systems have been used in coal-fired power stations for removing fly ash for the last couple of decades. In bypass systems, the differential pressure between bypass pipe and main pipe as well as the pipeline pressure drop are two of most significant parameters as differential pressure represents the aeration mechanism within the pipeline while pressure drop is an essential parameter for bypass pneumatic conveying system design. In bypass systems, these two parameters are determined not only by the turbulent mode of the gas solids two-phase flow but also by the bypass configurations. The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate the differential pressure between bypass pipe and main pipe as well as the pressure drop during the bypass pneumatic conveying of fly ash. Pneumatic conveying tests in bypass systems and a conventional pipeline were carried out in this study. The bypass pipeline was a 79 mm diameter main pipe with a 27 mm inner diameter bypass pipe with orifice plate flute arrangement. Fly ash was discharged to the system from the bottom of a positive pressure blow tank. The receiving bin was mounted on load cells for measuring the mass accumulation. In order to monitor real time behavior of the system, pressure transmitters were used to measure the gauge pressure. Differential pressure transmitters were employed in the system for measuring the pressure difference between the bypass pipe and main pipe. Differential pressure results between bypass pipe and main pipe in the process of conveying fly ash showed that the pressure before the orifice plate in the bypass pipe was higher than that in main pipe as a result of orifice plate airflow resistance. Therefore, air came into main pipe and aerated the material continuously. The differential pressure also illustrated that the particulate may go into the bypass pipe as pressure in the bypass pipe after orifice plate is lower than that in main pipe. The pipeline pressure drop results also showed that pressure drop was higher than in the conventional system when using the same operating parameters due to the increase of friction. The influences of bypass configurations on pressure drop of bypass system were also discussed.

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17

Fraige, F. Y., and P. A. Langston. "Horizontal pneumatic conveying: a 3d distinct element model." Granular Matter 8, no. 2 (February 7, 2006): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-005-0221-2.

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18

J.S., Shijo, and Niranjana Behera. "Modelling and analysis of flow of powders through long pipelines." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 5 (July 15, 2020): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-01-2020-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on predicting the pressure drop in fluidized dense phase pneumatic conveying of fine particles through pipelines by modelling the solids friction factor in terms of non-dimensional parameters using experimental data of definite pipeline configuration. Finally, the model is to be tested for a different pipeline configuration. Design/methodology/approach Solids friction factor has been expressed in terms of certain non-dimensional parameters such as density ratio, solids loading ratio and mean particle diameter to pipe diameter ratio, and a certain number of coefficients and exponents. Experimental data of five conveying materials (two types of fly ash, two types of alumina and one type of cement meal) for a pipeline configuration of diameter 53 mm and length 173 m and another conveying material EPS dust for two pipeline configurations (69-mm diameter, 168-m long; 105-mm diameter, 168-m long) have been used to calculate the unknown coefficients or exponents of the mathematical model for solids friction factor. Findings The developed model gives the best results in predicting the pressure drop for the pipelines that are less than 173-m long, but the model shows a large error for the pipelines more than 173-m long. Research limitations/implications Current research will be helpful for the researchers to model the process of pneumatic conveying through long distances. Practical implications The method will be helpful in conveying powder materials through long distances in cement or brick industry, alumina industry. Social implications Fly ash piles over at the nearby places of thermal power plants. Pneumatic conveying is the best method for transporting the fly ash from the location of power plants to the nearby brick industries or cement industries. Originality/value Solid friction factor has been presented in terms of four non-dimensional parameters and evaluated the accuracy in predicting the pressure drop for two different pipeline configurations.

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19

Luo, Kuo-Ming, and Dimitri Gidaspow. "Computed particle hold-up in a vertical pneumatic conveying line." Advanced Powder Technology 2, no. 4 (1991): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8831(08)60692-5.

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20

Xiang, Jiansheng, and Don McGlinchey. "Numerical simulation of particle motion in dense phase pneumatic conveying." Granular Matter 6, no. 2-3 (October 2004): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-004-0161-2.

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21

Mason, David J., Avi Levy, and Predrag Marjanovic. "The influence of bends on the performance of pneumatic conveying systems." Advanced Powder Technology 9, no. 3 (1998): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8831(08)60572-5.

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22

Morikawa, Yoshinobu, Naohiro Sugita, Mitsuo Matsuda, Shigeo Nishimori, Meiji Maruo, Mikio Yamashita, and Hiroshi Maruyama. "Dense phase horizontal pneumatic conveying of powder by a Mohno pump." Advanced Powder Technology 7, no. 1 (1996): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8831(08)60892-4.

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23

Portnikov, Dmitry, Nir Santo, and Haim Kalman. "Simplified model for particle collision related to attrition in pneumatic conveying." Advanced Powder Technology 31, no. 1 (January 2020): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.10.028.

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24

Niederreiter, Gerhard, and Karl Sommer. "Modeling and experimental validation of pressure drop for pneumatic plug conveying." Granular Matter 6, no. 2-3 (October 2004): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-004-0171-0.

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25

Xiang, Jiansheng, Don McGlinchey, and John-Paul Latham. "An investigation of segregation and mixing in dense phase pneumatic conveying." Granular Matter 12, no. 4 (March 1, 2010): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-010-0171-1.

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26

Yan, Fei, Xin Li, Rui Zhu, Chunsheng Luo, and Jing Xia. "An experimental study on a horizontal-vertical pneumatic conveying system using oscillatory flow." Advanced Powder Technology 31, no. 6 (June 2020): 2285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.03.019.

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27

MartÍnez, Dora, Alberto Pérez, and Abraham Velasco. "Erosion in Hard Coatings in Pneumatic Conveying of Direct Reduced Iron Pellets." Tribology Transactions 51, no. 2 (March 25, 2008): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402000801926612.

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28

Mittal, A., S. S. Mallick, and P. W. Wypych. "An investigation into the transition of flow mechanism during fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying of fine powders." Particulate Science and Technology 34, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2015.1038672.

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29

Ramakrishnan, T., K. Ramakoteswara Rao, and M. A. Parameswaran. "Experimental studies on a Turbuflow system: a pneumatic conveying system with economical power consumption." Advanced Powder Technology 4, no. 4 (1993): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8831(08)60635-4.

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30

Heng, J., T. H. New, and P. A. Wilson. "Application of an Eulerian granular numerical model to an industrial scale pneumatic conveying pipeline." Advanced Powder Technology 30, no. 2 (February 2019): 240–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.10.028.

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31

Yao, Chunyan, Wei Zhang, Kun Liu, Hejie Li, and Wei Peng. "A pneumatic conveying method for the manufacturing of ultraviolet curing diamond wire saws." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 32, no. 5 (November 10, 2016): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2016.1257130.

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32

Gundogdu, Mehmet Yasar, Ahmet Ihsan Kutlar, and Hasan Duz. "Analytical prediction of pressure loss through a sudden-expansion in two-phase pneumatic conveying lines." Advanced Powder Technology 20, no. 1 (January 2009): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2008.02.001.

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33

Li, Xin, Fei Yan, PanPan Tu, Yun Chen, Yan Zheng, and Rui Zhu. "Particle dynamics analysis in bend in a horizontal-vertical pneumatic conveying system with oscillatory flow." Advanced Powder Technology 32, no. 3 (March 2021): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.12.031.

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34

Wang, Yan, Dehua Liu, Zhiyuan Hu, Tianyu Chen, Ziyi Zhang, Hao Wang, Taili Du, et al. "A Triboelectric‐Nanogenerator‐Based Gas–Solid Two‐Phase Flow Sensor for Pneumatic Conveying System Detecting." Advanced Materials Technologies 6, no. 5 (March 31, 2021): 2001270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.202001270.

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35

Zhou, Jia-wei, Yu Liu, Song-yong Liu, Chang-long Du, and Jian-ping Li. "Effects of particle shape and swirling intensity on elbow erosion in dilute-phase pneumatic conveying." Wear 380-381 (June 2017): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2017.03.009.

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36

Jin, Yong, Haifeng Lu, Xiaolei Guo, and Xin Gong. "Characteristics and formation mechanism of plug flow in the industrial vertical pipeline of dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal." Chemical Engineering Science 205 (September 2019): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2019.05.002.

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37

Haugland, Ingrid Bokn, Jana Chladek, and Maths Halstensen. "Monitoring of scaling in dilute phase pneumatic conveying systems using non-intrusive acoustic sensors – A feasibility study." Advanced Powder Technology 30, no. 8 (August 2019): 1634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.05.012.

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38

Zhang, Fuweng, Akeem K. Olaleye, James A. O'Mahony, Song Miao, and Kevin Cronin. "Dilute phase pneumatic conveying of whey protein isolate powders: Particle breakage and its effects on bulk properties." Advanced Powder Technology 31, no. 8 (August 2020): 3342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.06.019.

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39

Sheng, Li-Tsung, Yi-Lun Xiao, Shu-San Hsiau, Chih-Peng Chen, Po-Shen Lin, and Kuo-Kuang Jen. "A study of pneumatic conveying with high-density AM-using metal powder in a pipe bend." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 181 (September 2020): 105763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105763.

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40

Tu, PanPan, Yuyao Shao, Qunyan Chen, Fei Yan, and Ping Liu. "Multi-scale analysis on particle dynamic of vertical curved 90° bend in a horizontal-vertical pneumatic conveying system." Advanced Powder Technology 32, no. 8 (August 2021): 3136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2021.07.002.

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41

ONO, Manabu, Takayuki NAITO, Futoshi TAKESHITA, Masato TAKAHASHI, and Shigeo KATO. "Improvement of In-pipe Mobile Robot Driven by Pneumatic Pressure : A Basic Study of Conveying Mechanism for Air Feeding Tubes and Cables." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2002 (2002): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2002.157.

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42

Yan, Fei, PanPan Tu, Xin Li, Yun Chen, Yan Zheng, and Rui Zhu. "Dynamic analysis of particles in vertical curved 90° bends of a horizontal-vertical pneumatic conveying system based on POD and wavelet transform." Advanced Powder Technology 32, no. 5 (May 2021): 1399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2021.03.005.

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43

Ghorbanpour Arani, A., M. Khani, and Z. Khoddami Maraghi. "Dynamic analysis of a rectangular porous plate resting on an elastic foundation using high-order shear deformation theory." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 16 (May 31, 2017): 3698–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546317709388.

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This research deals with the dynamic analysis of a rectangular plate made of porous materials. The porous plate is subjected to a dynamic transverse load and is resting on a Pasternak foundation. Linear poroelasticity theory is used to obtain the Biot formulation of the constitutive equations for the porous material. Also, the Young modulus and density of the porous plate vary in the transverse direction versus the porosity of the plate. Tennessee marble is the porous material that used in this paper. Reddy’s third-order shear deformation theory with five unknowns, the energy method, and Hamilton’s principle are applied to derive the equations of motion of the porous plate. These equations are solved by a differential quadrature method as a numerical method due to five coupled large equations. A detailed numerical study indicates the significant effects of aspect ratio, thickness ratio, boundary conditions, elastic medium, load intensity, and porosity on deflection of the porous plate. Results of this study can be useful to design of pneumatic conveying, handling, and control systems.

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44

Chapelle, Pierre, Hadi Abou-Chakra, Nicholas Christakis, Mayur Patel, Azlina Abu-Nahar, Ugur Tüzün, and Mark Cross. "Computational model for prediction of particle degradation during dilute-phase pneumatic conveying: the use of a laboratory-scale degradation tester for the determination of degradation propensity." Advanced Powder Technology 15, no. 1 (2004): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685520460740043.

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45

Ji, Yun, Songyong Liu, Dianrong Gao, and Jianhua Zhao. "Particle abrasion of lifting elbow in dilute pneumatic conveying." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, August 18, 2020, 135065012095129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650120951293.

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Elbows are widely used in various industrial fields and are important for industrial applications. In this study, Eulerian coupling method was used to address the fluid-particle, and particle-particle interactions in a gas-solid two-phase flow while considering the effects of lifting angle, airflow velocity, and solid mass flow rate. The Hertz-Mindlin contact model and empirical Erosion/Corrosion Research Center erosion model were used to predict erosion in a lifting elbow, and the erosion ratio was used for validation with the experimental results. Experimental results indicated that the established model herein is accurate with different airflow velocities and lifting angles. The orthogonal design method was applied to the simulation scheme design, and range and variance analyses were used for the analysis of the results. Results indicated that the solid mass flow rate most affected elbow erosion comparing with lifting angles and airflow velocities. Additionally, the effect of the elbow lifting angle on the erosion mechanism was considered, and results indicated that the maximum erosion region is independent of the airflow velocity, lifting angle, and solid mass flow rate.

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46

Feng, Shaohua, Wenguang Jia, Jinglu Yan, Chuanwei Wang, and Kerui Zhang. "A new method of flow blockage collapsing in the horizontal pipe: the pipe-rotation mechanism." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 18, no. 8 (August 24, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2020-0073.

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AbstractIn dense pneumatic conveying, flow blockage is a severe problem in the horizontal pipe, so accelerating the collapse velocity of blockage can improve the efficiency of powder transportation. In this paper, we offered a new method of the pipe-rotation mechanism and focused on the effect of this method on blockage collapse from collapse velocity, mass flow rate, and the change of the particle region. The physical model developed is horizontal pipe-rotation geometry at a uniform rotational speed of 0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 rpm, respectively. Then we used a computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM) model to investigate a single slug of particles passing through these geometries. The results show that collapse velocity and the mass flow rate increase with increasing rotational speed, which proves that the pipe-rotation mechanism can accelerate the collapse of flow blockage evidently. Moreover, the pipe-rotation mechanism changes the particle region significantly, which is polarized in the lower half of the pipe. It is trusted that the findings reported in this paper well serve as a helping source for further studies toward dense pneumatic conveying.

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47

Sung, Woo Chang, Jun Young Kim, Seok Woo Chung, and Dong Hyun Lee. "Effect of particle size distribution on hydrodynamics of pneumatic conveying system based on CPFD simulation." Advanced Powder Technology, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2021.05.010.

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48

Alkassar, Yassin, Vijay K. Agarwal, R. K. Pandey, and Niranjana Behera. "Influence of Particle Attrition on Erosive Wear of Bends in Dilute Phase Pneumatic Conveying." Wear, December 2020, 203594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203594.

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