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Journal articles on the topic 'Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Gladstone, R. A., J. M. Jefferies, S. N. Faust, and S. C. Clarke. "Continued control of pneumococcal disease in the UK – the impact of vaccination." Journal of Medical Microbiology 60, no. 1 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.020016-0.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the pneumococcus, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing world. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were first introduced for routine use in the USA in 2000, although the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was not introduced into the UK's routine childhood immunization programme until September 2006. After its introduction, a marked decrease in the incidence of pneumococcal disease was observed, both in the vaccinated and unvaccinated UK populations. However, pneumococci are highly diverse and serotype prevalence is dynamic. Conversely, PCV7 targets only a limited number of capsular types, which appears to confer a limited lifespan to the observed beneficial effects. Shifts in serotype distribution have been detected for both non-invasive and invasive disease reported since PCV7 introduction, both in the UK and elsewhere. The pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV, Synflorix; GlaxoSmithKline) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevenar 13; Pfizer) have been newly licensed. The potential coverage of the 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccines has also altered alongside serotype shifts. Nonetheless, the mechanism of how PCV7 has influenced serotype shift is not clear-cut as the epidemiology of serotype prevalence is complex. Other factors also influence prevalence and incidence of pneumococcal carriage and disease, such as pneumococcal diversity, levels of antibiotic use and the presence of risk groups. Continued surveillance and identification of factors influencing serotype distribution are essential to allow rational vaccine design, implementation and continued effective control of pneumococcal disease.

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2

Tatochenko, V. K., and L. S. Namazova-Baranova. "13-VALENT PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE." Current pediatrics 11, no. 2 (2012): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v11i2.209.

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3

Ceyhan, Mehmet. "Recent Advances in Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines: A 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine." Journal of Pediatric Infection 5, no. 2 (2011): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/ced.2011.25.

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4

Ludwig, Endre, and Zsófia Mészner. "Prevention ofStreptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcal) infections in adults." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 50 (2014): 1996–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.30070.

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Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are still meaning a serious health problem, about 40% of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is due to pneumococcal bacteria in adults requiring hospitalization. The incidence and mortality rate of pneumococcal infections is increasing in the population above 50 years of age. Certain congenital and acquired immunocompromised conditions make the individual susceptible for pneumococcal infection and other chronic comorbidities should be considered as a risk factor as well, such as liver and renal diseases, COPD, diabetes mellitus. Lethality of severe pneumococcal infections with bacteraemia still remains about 12% despite adequate antimicrobial therapy in the past 60 years. Underestimation of pneumococcal infections is mainly due to the low sensitivity of diagnostic tools and underuse of bacteriological laboratory confirmation methods. 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) became available recently beyond the 23-valent polysacharide vaccine (PPV-23) which has been using for a long time.The indication and proper administration of the two vaccines are based on international recommendations and vaccination guideline published by National Centre for Epidemiology (NCE):Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for: Every person above 50 years of age. Patients of all ages with chronic diseases who are susceptible for severe pneumococcal infections: respiratory (COPD), heart, renal, liver disease, diabetes, or patients under immunsuppressive treatment. Smokers regardless of age and comorbidities. Cochlear implants, cranial-injured patients. Patients with asplenia.Recommendation for administration of the two different vaccines:Adults who have not been immunized previously against pneumococcal disease must be vaccinated with a dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine first. This protection could be extended with administration of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine at least two month later. Adults who have been immunized previously, but above 65 years of age, with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine are recommended to get one dose of conjugate vaccine at least one year later. Adults who have been immunized previously, but under 65 years of age, with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine are recommended to get one dose of conjugate vaccine at least one year later. After a minimal interval of two months one dose of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended if at least 5 years have elapsed since their previous PPSV23 dose. Vaccination of immuncompromised patients (malignancy, transplantation, etc.) and patients with asplenia should be defined by vaccinology specialists. Pneumococcal vaccines may be administered concommitantly or any interval with other vaccines. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(50), 1996–2004.

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5

Korona-Glowniak, Izabela, and Anna Malm. "Characteristics ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeStrains Colonizing Upper Respiratory Tract of Healthy Preschool Children in Poland." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/732901.

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Antibiotic resistant and invasive pneumococci may spread temporally and locally in day care centers (DCCs). We examined 267 children attending four DCCs located in the same city and 70 children staying at home in three seasons (autumn, winter, and spring) to determine prevalence, serotype distribution, antibiotic resistance patterns, and transmission of pneumococcal strains colonizing upper respiratory tract of healthy children without antipneumococcal vaccination. By pheno- and genotyping, we determined clonality of pneumococci, including drug-resistant strains. The average carriage of pneumococci in three seasons was 38.2%. 73.4% and 80.4% of the isolates belonged to serotypes present in 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine, respectively. Among the pneumococcal strains, 33.3% were susceptible to all antimicrobial tested and 39.2% had decreased susceptibility to penicillin. Multidrug resistance was common (35.7%); 97.5% of drug-resistant isolates represented serotypes included to 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine. According to BOX-PCR, clonality definitely was observed only in case of serotype 14. Multivariate analysis determined DCC attendance as strongly related to pneumococcal colonization in all three seasons, but important seasonal differences were demonstrated. In children attending DCCs, we observed dynamic turnover of pneumococcal strains, especially penicillin nonsusceptible and multidrug resistant, which were mostly distributed among serotypes included to available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

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6

Esposito, Susanna, and Nicola Principi. "Impacts of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children." Journal of Immunology Research 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/591580.

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Applications of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in the pediatric immunization schedule have dramatically reduced the incidence of pneumococcal diseases in both vaccinated children and unvaccinated individuals of all ages. However, increased infections caused by non-PCV7 serotypes have been reported by several groups. To overcome this problem, new vaccines covering more serotypes including the emerging serotypes have been developed. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) currently covers the 7 PCV7 serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) and 6 additional serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A. After the first year of PCV13 applications in the immunization schedule in young children, global evaluation studies demonstrated that PCV13 provided a wider coverage and more effective prevention than PCV7 against invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), mucosal pneumococcal diseases, and pneumococcal carriage. We reviewed the effects of PCV13 in the control of pneumococcal diseases in children based on previous studies.

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7

Morton, Ben, Kondwani Jambo, Tarsizio Chikaonda, et al. "The influence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-13 on nasal colonisation in a controlled human infection model of pneumococcal carriage in Malawi: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial protocol." Wellcome Open Research 6 (September 20, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17172.1.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to community acquired pneumonia, bacterial meningitis and bacteraemia worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines protect against invasive disease, but are expensive to manufacture, limited in serotype coverage, associated with serotype replacement, and demonstrate reduced effectiveness against mucosal colonisation. For Malawi, nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci is common in vaccinated children despite national roll-out of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) since 2011. Our team has safely transferred an established experimental human pneumococcal carriage method from Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to the Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Malawi. This study will determine potential immunological mechanisms for the differential effects of PCV13 on nasal carriage between healthy Malawian and UK populations. We will conduct a double-blinded randomised controlled trial to vaccinate (1:1) participants with either PCV13 or control (normal saline). After a period of one month, participants will be inoculated with S. pneumoniae serotype 6B to experimentally induce nasal carriage using the EHPC method. Subsequently, participants will be invited for a second inoculation after one year to determine longer-term vaccine-induced immunological effects. Primary endpoint: detection of inoculated pneumococci by classical culture from nasal wash recovered from the participants after pneumococcal challenge. Secondary endpoints: local and systemic innate, humoral and cellular responses to PCV-13 with and without pneumococcal nasal carriage The primary objective of this controlled human infection model study is to determine if PCV-13 vaccination is protective against pneumococcal carriage in healthy adult Malawian volunteers. This study will help us to understand the observed differences in PCV-13 efficacy between populations and inform the design of future vaccines relevant to the Malawian population. Trial Registration: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (REF: PACTR202008503507113)

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Daniels, Calvin C., P. David Rogers, and Chasity M. Shelton. "A Review of Pneumococcal Vaccines: Current Polysaccharide Vaccine Recommendations and Future Protein Antigens." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21, no. 1 (2016): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.1.27.

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This review describes development of currently available pneumococcal vaccines, provides summary tables of current pneumococcal vaccine recommendations in children and adults, and describes new potential vaccine antigens in the pipeline. Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacteria responsible for pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and bacteremia, remains a cause of morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Introductions of unconjugated and conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines have each reduced the rate of pneumococcal infections caused by the organism S. pneumoniae. The first vaccine developed, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), protected adults and children older than 2 years of age against invasive disease caused by the 23 capsular serotypes contained in the vaccine. Because PPSV23 did not elicit a protective immune response in children younger than 2 years of age, the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) containing seven of the most common serotypes from PPSV23 in pediatric invasive disease was developed for use in children younger than 2 years of age. The last vaccine to be developed, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), contains the seven serotypes in PCV7, five additional serotypes from PPSV23, and a new serotype not contained in PPSV23 or PCV7. Serotype replacement with virulent strains that are not contained in the polysaccharide vaccines has been observed after vaccine implementation and stresses the need for continued research into novel vaccine antigens. We describe eight potential protein antigens that are in the pipeline for new pneumococcal vaccines.

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9

Jefferies, Johanna MC, Emily Macdonald, Saul N. Faust, and Stuart C. Clarke. "13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)." Human Vaccines 7, no. 10 (2011): 1012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.7.10.16794.

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10

Kulohoma, Benard W., Katherine Gray, Arox Kamng'ona, et al. "Piliation of Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in the Era before Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in Malawi." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 11 (2013): 1729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00403-13.

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ABSTRACTThe pneumococcal pilus has been shown to be an important determinant of adhesion and virulence in mouse models of colonization, pneumonia, and bacteremia. A pilus is capable of inducing protective immunity, supporting its inclusion in next-generation pneumococcal protein vaccine formulations. Whether this vaccine target is common among pneumococci in sub-Saharan Africa is uncertain. To define the prevalence and genetic diversity of type I and II pili among invasive pneumococci in Malawi prior to the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into routine childhood immunization, we examined 188Streptococcus pneumoniaeisolates collected between 2002 and 2008 (17% serotype 1). In this region of high disease burden, we found a low frequency of invasive piliated pneumococci (14%) and pilus gene sequence diversity similar to that seen previously in multiple global pneumococcal lineages. All common serotypes with pilus were covered by PCV13 and so we predict that pilus prevalence will be reduced in the Malawian pneumococcal population after PCV13 introduction.

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11

Francois Watkins, Louise K., Jennifer L. Milucky, Lesley McGee,, et al. "Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae Among Young Children in Haiti Before Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction." Journal of Infectious Diseases 224, Supplement_3 (2021): S248—S257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab119.

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Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) reduce carriage in the nasopharynx, preventing disease. We conducted a pneumococcal carriage study to estimate the prevalence of pneumococcal colonization, identify risk factors for colonization, and describe antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among pneumococci colonizing young children in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, before introduction of 13-valent PCV (PCV13). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of children aged 6–24 months at an immunization clinic in Port-au-Prince between September 2015 and January 2016. Consenting parents were interviewed about factors associated with pneumococcal carriage; nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from each child and cultured for pneumococcus after broth enrichment. Pneumococcal isolates were serotyped and underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We compared frequency of demographic, clinical, and environmental factors among pneumococcus-colonized children (carriers) to those who were not colonized (noncarriers) using unadjusted bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results Pneumococcus was isolated from 308 of the 685 (45.0%) children enrolled. Overall, 157 isolates (50.8%) were PCV13 vaccine-type serotypes; most common were 6A (13.3%), 19F (12.6%), 6B (9.7%), and 23F (6.1%). Vaccine-type isolates were significantly more likely to be nonsusceptible to ≥1 antimicrobial (63.1% vs 45.4%, P = .002). On bivariate analysis, carriers were significantly more likely than noncarriers to live in a household without electricity or running water, to share a bedroom with ≥3 people, to have a mother or father who did not complete secondary education, and to have respiratory symptoms in the 24 hours before enrollment (P &lt; .05 for all comparisons). On multivariable analysis, completion of the pentavalent vaccination series (targeting diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b) remained significantly more common among noncarriers. Conclusions Nearly a quarter of healthy children surveyed in Haiti were colonized with vaccine-type pneumococcal serotypes. This baseline carriage study will enable estimation of vaccine impact following nationwide introduction of PCV13.

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12

Protasov, A. D., A. V. Zhestkov, and M. P. Kostinov. "First results of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine treatment in patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases: evaluation safety and tolerability." Russian Journal of Allergy 10, no. 4 (2013): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja496.

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The data on the safety and tolerability of vaccination with the 13valent conjugated vaccine against pneumococcal infection of patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases is cited. Background. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of 13valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disorders (COPD and asthma). Methods. The study involved 67 patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases, 33 of them had COPD (group I), and 34 had asthma (group II). Patients received 1 dose of vaccine, «Prevenar13» intramuscularly in the left shoulder. Within 7 days after vaccination all subjects filled out specially designed questionnaire, reflecting the local and general adverse events. Results. Vaccination with 13valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine of patients with COPD or asthma was well tolerated, no serious adverse events within 7 days of postvaccination period were observed.

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Sanford, Mark. "Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine (13-Valent, Adsorbed)." Drugs 72, no. 9 (2012): 1243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11209330-000000000-00000.

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14

Cohen, Robert, and Corinne Levy. "13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Africa." Lancet Global Health 5, no. 3 (2017): e244-e245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30044-x.

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&NA;. "Immunogenicity of pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1591 (2007): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200715910-00011.

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Scott, Lesley J., and Mark Sanford. "Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine (13-Valent, Adsorbed)." Drugs & Aging 29, no. 10 (2012): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40266-012-0017-0.

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Protasov, A. D., A. V. Zhestkov, M. P. Kostinov, et al. "Analysis of the effectiveness and long-term results of formation of adaptive immunity in the use of various medications and vaccination schemes against pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 89, no. 12-2 (2017): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/terarkh20178912165-174.

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Aim. To assess the long-term clinical results of vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugated polysaccharide vaccines in the separate and sequential use, by determining the optimal vaccination schedule in adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to investigate adaptive immunity levels. Subjects and methods. The clinical effects of vaccination were evaluated in patients with COPD within 1 and 4 years after immunization against pneumococcal infection using various schemes, as well as the time course of changes in adaptive immunity indicators was examined. Results. Four years after vaccination, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)/23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) group showed a decline in the number of patients with COPD exacerbations by 50% (p

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McElligott, Martha, Imelda Vickers, Mary Meehan, Mary Cafferkey, Robert Cunney, and Hilary Humphreys. "Noninvasive Pneumococcal Clones Associated with Antimicrobial Nonsusceptibility Isolated from Children in the Era of Conjugate Vaccines." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 9 (2015): 5761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00990-15.

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ABSTRACTCarriage and noninvasive pneumococcal isolates frequently have a higher prevalence of antimicrobial nonsusceptibility than invasive isolates. From 2009 to 2014, we determined the associated clones in 169 pediatric noninvasive nonsusceptible pneumococci from a total of 506 isolates collected after 7- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine introduction (PCV7/13) to the Irish childhood immunization schedule in 2008 and 2010, respectively. We compared our results to those from 25 noninvasive pediatric pneumococcal isolates collected in 2007, the year before introduction of conjugate vaccines. In 2007, England14-9 and Spain9V-3 accounted for 12% and 32% of nonsusceptible clones, respectively, but in 2009 to 2014, their prevalence fell to 0% and 2.4%. Furthermore, there was a significant decline in Spain6B-2 and its variants from 2009 to 2014 (P= 0.0024). Fluctuations occurred in clonal complex 320 associated with serotype 19A. The prevalence of Sweden15A-25 and its variants and ST558 (a single-locus variant of Utah35B-24) associated with nonvaccine serotypes (NVT) 15A and 35B increased from 0% and 8% in 2007 to 19% and 16% in 2013 to 2014, respectively. Pilus locus 1 (PI-1) is associated with the spread of some nonsusceptible pneumococcal clones. PI-1 was more frequently associated with PCV7/13 serotypes than NVT (P= 0.0020). Our data highlight the value of surveillance of noninvasive pneumococci following conjugate vaccine introduction. Importantly, emerging clones associated with NVT may limit the effectiveness of PCV7/13 in reducing the high rate of nonsusceptibility among pediatric noninvasive pneumococci, with implications for empirical treatment strategies.

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Gupta, Ratika, Chak Shui Wong, and Luz Fonacier. "Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine administration after inferior response to pneumococcal vaccine." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 38, no. 5 (2017): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2017.38.4070.

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Sucher, Allana J., Elias B. Chahine, Michael Nelson, and Brandon J. Sucher. "Prevnar 13, the New 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 45, no. 12 (2011): 1516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1q347.

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Belocerkovskaja, Yulia G., A. G. Romanovskih, and E. A. Styrt. "Pneumococcal vaccine in adults reduces the risk of infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 94, no. 1 (2016): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2016-94-1-61-66.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of severe disease worldwide, particularly in the risk population. Two pneumococcal vaccines are currently available for specific prevention of pneumococcal infections among adults in Russia: a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). The article describes modern views on the effectiveness and safety of two pneumococcal vaccines in adults with underlying medical conditions and adults aged ≥65 years and provides current recommendations for routine use of PPSV23 and PCV13 among persons included in the risk group.

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Turner, Paul, Phana Leab, Sokeng Ly, et al. "Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Colonization and Invasive Disease in Cambodian Children." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 8 (2019): 1580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz481.

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Abstract Background Cambodia introduced the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in January 2015 using a 3 + 0 dosing schedule and no catch-up campaign. We investigated the effects of this introduction on pneumococcal colonization and invasive disease in children aged &lt;5 years. Methods There were 6 colonization surveys done between January 2014 and January 2018 in children attending the outpatient department of a nongovernmental pediatric hospital in Siem Reap. Nasopharyngeal swabs were analyzed by phenotypic and genotypic methods to detect pneumococcal serotypes and antimicrobial resistance. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) data for January 2012–December 2018 were retrieved from hospital databases. Pre-PCV IPD data and pre-/post-PCV colonization data were modelled to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE). Results Comparing 2014 with 2016–2018, and using adjusted prevalence ratios, VE estimates for colonization were 16.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.6–21.8) for all pneumococci and 39.2% (95% CI 26.7–46.1) for vaccine serotype (VT) pneumococci. There was a 26.0% (95% CI 17.7–33.0) decrease in multidrug-resistant pneumococcal colonization. The IPD incidence was estimated to have declined by 26.4% (95% CI 14.4–35.8) by 2018, with a decrease of 36.3% (95% CI 23.8–46.9) for VT IPD and an increase of 101.4% (95% CI 62.0–145.4) for non-VT IPD. Conclusions Following PCV13 introduction into the Cambodian immunization schedule, there have been declines in VT pneumococcal colonization and disease in children aged &lt;5 years. Modelling of dominant serotype colonization data produced plausible VE estimates.

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Mészner, Zsófia. "Pneumococcal disease prevention from early infancy to the elderly." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 7 (2014): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29753.

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The real disease burden due to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are underrecognised worldwide both by the lay public and by the medical community in general. In infants and children pneumococcal otitis media is the most common reason for antimicrobial treatment, while the far less frequent, though potentially life threatening pneumococcal pleuropneumonia, sepsis and pneumococcal meningitis are high risk conditions even if the causative pneumococcus is not multiresistant. Asplenic patients, patients with chronic underlying conditions, and/or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy are at risk of serious pneumococcal disease regardless of age. Morbidity and mortality due to pneumococcal pneumonia is most common in the elderly, and has not changed during the last decades in spite of all efforts in improving therapy and care. Presently the majority of the pneumococcal infections are preventable by active immunization. In this work the author briefly outlines the results of the pneumococcal prevention programs worldwide and in Hungary using presently available 10-valent, 13-valent protein conjugate and 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines. Also, the author describes the recently approved indications of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine such as its use in all age groups, discusses future challenges of these prevention programs. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(7), 243–247.

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Lattar, Santiago M., Mariángeles Noto Llana, Philippe Denoël, et al. "Protein Antigens Increase the Protective Efficacy of a Capsule-Based Vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus in a Rat Model of Osteomyelitis." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 1 (2013): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01050-13.

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ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis an invasive bacterial pathogen, and antibiotic resistance has impeded adequate control of infections caused by this microbe. Moreover, efforts to prevent human infections with single-componentS. aureusvaccines have failed. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy in rats of vaccines containing bothS. aureuscapsular polysaccharides (CPs) and proteins. The serotypes 5 CP (CP5) and 8 CP (CP8) were conjugated to tetanus toxoid and administered to rats alone or together with domain A of clumping factor A (ClfA) or genetically detoxified alpha-toxin (dHla). The vaccines were delivered according to a preventive or a therapeutic regimen, and their protective efficacy was evaluated in a rat model of osteomyelitis. Addition of dHla (but not ClfA) to the CP5 or CP8 vaccine induced reductions in bacterial load and bone morphological changes compared with immunization with either conjugate vaccine alone. Both the prophylactic and therapeutic regimens were protective. Immunization with dHla together with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine used as a control did not reduce staphylococcal osteomyelitis. The emergence of unencapsulated or small-colony variants during infection was negligible and similar for all of the vaccine groups. In conclusion, addition of dHla to a CP5 or CP8 conjugate vaccine enhanced its efficacy againstS. aureusosteomyelitis, indicating that the inclusion of multiple antigens will likely enhance the efficacy of vaccines against both chronic and acute forms of staphylococcal disease.

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Duggan, Sean T. "Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine (13-Valent, Adsorbed) [Prevenar 13®]." Drugs 70, no. 15 (2010): 1973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11205110-000000000-00000.

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Duggan, Sean T. "Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine (13-Valent, Adsorbed) [Prevenar 13®]†." Pediatric Drugs 14, no. 1 (2012): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11207010-000000000-00000.

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Pauksens, Karlis, Anna C. Nilsson, Magalie Caubet, et al. "Randomized Controlled Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Pneumococcal Vaccine Formulations Containing PhtD and Detoxified Pneumolysin with Alum or Adjuvant System AS02Vin Elderly Adults." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 5 (2014): 651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00807-13.

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ABSTRACTSix vaccine formulations containing AS02Vor alum (aluminum phosphate [AlPO4]) adjuvant with pneumococcal proteins, pneumococcal histidine triad D (PhtD), and/or detoxified pneumolysin (dPly), either as a polysaccharide carrier in an 8-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (8PCV) or as free (unconjugated) proteins, were evaluated in adults -65 to 85 years of age. In this phase I observer-blind study, 167 healthy subjects were randomized to receive two doses (days 0 and 60) of 10 or 30 μg PhtD-dPly plus AS02Vor alum, 8PCV plus AS02Vor alum, or one dose (day 0) of 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (23PPV) as a control (placebo on day 60). The safety, reactogenicity, and antibody-specific responses to these vaccines were evaluated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. The incidences of solicited local and specific general (fatigue and myalgia) symptoms tended to be higher in the AS02Vgroups than in other groups. Anti-PhtD and anti-Ply antibody responses were observed in all groups except the control group. One month post-dose 2, the anti-PhtD and anti-Ply antibody geometric mean concentrations tended to be higher with AS02Vthan with alum, higher with a dose of 30 μg than with 10 μg for PhtD-dPly and higher with 30-μg PhtD-dPly formulations than with conjugated PhtD and dPly (8PCV) formulations. Functional antibody responses, measured by an opsonophagocytic activity assay, tended to be higher with 8PCV than with 23PPV. In conclusion, vaccine formulations containing free or conjugated PhtD and dPly had acceptable reactogenicity and safety profiles in elderly adults. Immune responses were enhanced with an AS02V-adjuvanted formulation containing free 30-μg PhtD-dPly compared to those with alum adjuvant and conjugated proteins. (This study has been registered atClinicalTrials.govunder registration no. NCT00756067.)

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Kim, Ye Kyung, Kyuyol Rhie, Yun Young Choi, Hoan J. Lee, Ki Wook Yun, and Eun Hwa Choi. "2708. Genetic Structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated from Invasive Disease in Korea, 2014–2016." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2385.

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Abstract Background The extended-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) were implemented into Korean national immunization program in 2014. This study investigated the change in genetic structures of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Korean children after 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV10 and PCV13, respectively) use. Methods Between January 2014 and December 2016, invasive isolates were collected from 23 hospitals throughout Korea. Cases of IPD were defined by isolating pneumococci from normally sterile sites. Each pneumococcal isolate was identified using standard microbiological techniques and serotyped by Quellung reaction. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was analyzed for randomly selected isolates. Results A total of 91 pneumococcal isolates were analyzed. Common serotypes were 10A (18.7%), 12F (11.0%), 15A (9.9%), 19A (9.9%), 15B/C (7.7%), 23A (6.6%), 35B (5.5%), and 23B (4.4%). The isolates belonged to 38 sequence types (STs), including 4 newly discovered STs. Of the 4 clonal complexes (CCs), 3 clonal complexes were antibiotic-resistant international clones. CC166 (11.9%) were associated with non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs; 11A, 15B/C, 23A, and 13). Serotypes of CC320 (10.9%) comprised of serotype 19A and 19F. The main serotypes responsible for CC81 (10.9%) were serogroup 15. New serotype-ST combinations were observed, especially in serotype 13 and serogroup 15. Also, a possibility of capsular switch event was noted between serogroup 6 and serogroup 15A.). Conclusion The introduction of extended-valency PCVs has resulted in the change of the genetic structure of pneumococcal isolates in Korean children. This study demonstrates that selective pressure from PCV10/13 caused predominant serotypes to be NVTs and genetic changes such as capsular switch events. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Naucler, Pontus, Ilias Galanis, Eva Morfeldt, Jessica Darenberg, Åke Örtqvist, and Birgitta Henriques-Normark. "Comparison of the Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 10 or Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 13 on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Equivalent Populations." Clinical Infectious Diseases 65, no. 11 (2017): 1780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix685.

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Alari, Anna, Félix Cheysson, Lénaig Le Fouler, et al. "Association of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Coverage With Pneumococcal Meningitis: An Analysis of French Administrative Areas, 2001–2016." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 8 (2019): 1466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz071.

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Abstract Geographic variations of invasive pneumococcal disease incidence and serotype distributions were observed after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction at regional levels and among French administrative areas. The variations could be related to regional vaccine coverage (VC) variations that might have direct consequences for vaccination-policy impact on invasive pneumococcal disease, particularly pneumococcal meningitis (PM) incidence. We assessed vaccine impact from 2001 to 2016 in France by estimating the contribution of regional VC differences to variations of annual local PM incidence. Using a mixed-effect Poisson model, we showed that, despite some variations of VC among administrative areas, vaccine impact on vaccine-serotype PM was homogeneously confirmed among administrative areas. Compared with the prevaccine era, the cumulative VC impact on vaccine serotypes led, in 2016, to PM reductions ranging among regions from 87% (25th percentile) to 91% (75th percentile) for 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes and from 58% to 63% for the 6 additional 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes. Nonvaccine-serotype PM increases from the prevaccine era ranged among areas from 98% to 127%. By taking into account the cumulative impact of growing VC and VC differences, our analyses confirmed high vaccine impact on vaccine-serotype PM case rates and suggest that VC variations cannot explain PM administrative area differences.

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Shpagina, L. A., O. S. Kotova, I. S. Shpagin, et al. "Efficacy of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthcare workers." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 90, no. 11 (2018): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/terarkh201890114-61.

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Aim. To establish the efficacy of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for healthcare workers protection from occupational acquired infection and impact of healthcare staff vaccination on the risk of transmission to patients. Materials and methods. Healthcare personnel (n=157 of whom 105 critical care department staff) and 1770 patients of that critical care department observed. Healthcare workers received PCV13. Infections caused by Str. pneumoniae, respiratory infections regardless of etiology, work absenteeism in healthcare workers during 12 month before and after vaccination assessed. In the same time monitoring of hospital-acquired infections in patients of critical care department performed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 24, relationships were assessed by rate ratio, Cox regression, logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier estimator. Results. Healthcare workers' vaccine coverage in critical care department was 97.2%. In healthcare personnel the rate of all pneumococcal infections, asymptomatic carriage of Str. pneumoniae and respiratory pneumococcal infections were decreased after vaccination by 2.1, 2.2 and 2.1 times accordingly. The rate of respiratory infections regardless of etiology was decreased by 30%, р

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Conner, Chad, Alexander Levine, Nishka Shetty, Zhongyang Liu, and John Osowski. "13-VALENT PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE-INDUCED GUILLIAN-BARRÉ SYNDROME." Chest 158, no. 4 (2020): A59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.087.

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Linley, Ezra, Abigail Bell, Jenna F. Gritzfeld, and Ray Borrow. "Should Pneumococcal Serotype 3 Be Included in Serotype-Specific Immunoassays?" Vaccines 7, no. 1 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7010004.

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Since the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, a number of studies have demonstrated the limited efficacy of the pneumococcal serotype 3 component of this vaccine. Evidence from seven countries (Denmark, France, Greece, Portugal, Sweden, UK, US) shows limited or no effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against serotype 3 invasive pneumococcal disease and carriage. The serotype 3 capsule has some unique characteristics that may serve to explain this lack of efficacy—capsular polysaccharide is abundantly expressed, leading to a greater thickness of capsule, and free capsular polysaccharide may be released during growth. The serotype 3 component of the Luminex multiplex assay demonstrates inferior inter-laboratory reproducibility than other components and results may not be reliable. This communication outlines this evidence and discusses whether it is necessary to include serotype 3 in the assay in the future.

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Ruiz-Contreras, Jesus, Juan Picazo, Juan Casado-Flores, et al. "Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in children." Vaccine 35, no. 35 (2017): 4646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.070.

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Paramonova, J. A., L. B. Postnikova, M. P. Kostinov, A. A. Tarasova, and V. A. Pogrebetzkaya. "Modern Approaches to Vaccinal Prevention of a Pneumococcal Infection in Adults Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (Literature Review)." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 17, no. 2 (2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-2-83-90.

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At present, pneumococcal infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, being one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide. Some medical conditions, like diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with an increased risk of pneumococcal infections and vaccination was calculated to be highly cost-effective among those adults with an increased risk. The article analyzes world data on pneumococcal infection morbidity rate among diabetes mellitus patients and possible ways of reducing it through immunization. In December 2011, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for prevention of pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in adults aged ≥ 50 years. However, the efficacy of PCV in individuals with specific comorbidities is yet unknown. The article presents the findings of research which investigated the efficacy of antipneumococcal vaccination among diabetes mellitus patients. It also gives data of first-hand experience of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use (Prevenar 13, Pfizer).

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Mirzaeva, A. R., T. V. Kulichenko, O. I. Lebedeva, et al. "NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE AFTER INTRODUCTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASSIA." Russian Pediatric Journal 22, no. 4 (2019): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2019-22-4-196-204.

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Introduction The dynamic study of the serotype composition and the level of antibiotic resistance of S. pneumoniae in different regions is the most important component of the control of pneumococcal infections (PI). The aim of the study was to analyze the serotype composition of S. pneumoniae isolated from the nasopharynx in children under 5 years of age, as well as to assess the sensitivity of pneumococci to antimicrobials, depending on the vaccination status and previous antibacterial therapy. Materials and methods A multicenter cohort study of nasopharyngeal carriage, serotype diversity and sensitivity to pneumococcal antibiotics were conducted in 13 centers in the Republic of Khakassia. Results 498 nasopharyngeal smears were collected, pneumococcus was isolated in 51.6% of cases. PI vaccination coverage in the cohort was 67.2%. The carriage of pneumococcus did not differ in children depending on their vaccination status (52.3% in vaccinated and 52.2% in unvaccinated). There was revealed a significant decrease in the carrier rate of pneumococcal vaccine serotypes in the cohort of vaccinated children compared with unvaccinated (17.6% vs 34.7%, p <0.05). High resistance of S. pneumoniae to penicillin (38.6%), macrolides (29.7%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (28.6%) was found. Amoxicillin resistance accounted for 20.8%, and ceftriaxone - 16.6%. Antibiotic-resistant vaccine serotypes were twofold more common. Conclusion The introduction of mass vaccination against PI in the country does not reduce the nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus, but significantly reduces the circulation of vaccine serotypes, including strains resistant to antibiotics.

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Reinert, Ralf R., Peter Paradiso, and Bernard Fritzell. "Advances in pneumococcal vaccines: the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine received market authorization in Europe." Expert Review of Vaccines 9, no. 3 (2010): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.10.6.

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Dunn, Maria G., Fernanda C. Lessa, Jacqueline Sánchez, et al. "Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Nasopharyngeal Carriage Rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Rural Community in the Dominican Republic." Journal of Infectious Diseases 224, Supplement_3 (2021): S237—S247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab172.

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Abstract Background Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) leads to thousands of pediatric deaths annually. Pneumococcal colonization precedes IPD. In 2013, the Dominican Republic introduced the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into its routine infant immunization program, with doses at ages 2, 4, and 12 months. Prevalence of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization was evaluated post–PCV13 introduction. Methods A prospective cohort study of 125 children aged 2–35 months was conducted in a rural Dominican Republic community November 2016 through July 2017. Nasopharyngeal swabs and clinical and vaccination data were collected at enrollment and 4–6 months later. Serotypes included in PCV13 were defined as vaccine-type. Colonization rates and serotype distribution were compared at baseline and follow-up, and the association between colonization and vaccination status among the entire cohort was evaluated at each time point. Results Of 125 children enrolled, 118 (94%) completed follow-up. Overall and vaccine-type pneumococcal colonization rates were 62% and 25%, respectively, at baseline and 60% and 28% at follow-up. Among children age-eligible for 3 doses, 50% and 51% were fully vaccinated at baseline and follow-up, respectively. At baseline assessment, children up-to-date for age for PCV13 were less likely to be colonized with vaccine-type pneumococci than children not up-to-date, and the same was found for fully vaccinated children (3 doses) compared to those not fully vaccinated (odds ratios [ORs], 0.38 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .18–.79], and 0.14 [95% CI, .04–.45], respectively). The same associations were not found at follow-up assessment. Conclusions Three years post -PCV13 introduction, vaccine-type colonization rates remained high. Low vaccination coverage for 3 PCV13 doses may have contributed. The protective effect of PCV13 on vaccine-type carriage suggests an increase in PCV13 coverage could lead to substantial declines in pneumococcal vaccine-type carriage.

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"Pneumococcal-13-valent-crm197-vaccine-conjugate/pneumococcal-vaccine." Reactions Weekly 1595, no. 1 (2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-016-16205-3.

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"Pneumococcal-13-valent-crm197-vaccine-conjugate/pneumococcal-vaccine." Reactions Weekly 1780, no. 1 (2019): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-019-71781-0.

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"Pneumococcal-13-valent-CRM197-vaccine-conjugate/pneumococcal-vaccine." Reactions Weekly 1700, no. 1 (2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-018-45783-5.

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"Immunosuppressants/Pneumococcal-13-valent-CRM197-vaccine-conjugate/pneumococcal-vaccines." Reactions Weekly 1788, no. 1 (2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-020-74250-4.

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"Canakinumab/pneumococcal-13-valent-CRM197-vaccine-conjugate/pneumococcal-vaccine." Reactions Weekly 1582, no. 1 (2015): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-015-12101-9.

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"Pneumococcal 13-valent CRM197 vaccine conjugate/pneumococcal 7-valent CRM197 vaccine conjugate." Reactions Weekly 1577, no. 1 (2015): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-015-10619-4.

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"Pneumococcal-13-valent-crm197-vaccine-conjugate/pneumococcal-7-valent-crm197-vaccine-conjugate." Reactions Weekly 1836, no. 1 (2021): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-88475-3.

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"Pneumococcal 13 valent CRM197 vaccine conjugate/pneumococcal 7 valent CRM197 vaccine conjugate." Reactions Weekly 1510, no. 1 (2014): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-014-2055-3.

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"Pneumococcal-13-valent-crm197-vaccine-conjugate/pneumococcal-7-valent-crm197-vaccine-conjugate/rituximab." Reactions Weekly 1734, no. 1 (2019): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-019-56538-2.

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"Pneumococcal 13-valent CRM197 vaccine conjugate." Reactions Weekly 1534, no. 1 (2015): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-015-6613-0.

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"Pneumococcal 13-valent CRM197 vaccine conjugate." Reactions Weekly 1470, no. 1 (2013): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-013-6038-6.

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"Pneumococcal-13-valent crm197-vaccine conjugate." Reactions Weekly 1655, no. 1 (2017): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-017-31279-y.

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