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Academic literature on the topic 'Pocket encyclopedia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pocket encyclopedia"
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Park, David. "Book Review: A Pocket Encyclopedia of Time, Time in History." Journal for the History of Astronomy 21, no. 3 (1990): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182869002100305.
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Naz, Sadia, Tony Ngo, Umar Farooq, and Ruben Abagyan. "Analysis of drug binding pockets and repurposing opportunities for twelve essential enzymes of ESKAPE pathogens." PeerJ 5 (September 19, 2017): e3765. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3765.
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BackgroundThe rapid increase in antibiotic resistance by various bacterial pathogens underlies the significance of developing new therapies and exploring different drug targets. A fraction of bacterial pathogens abbreviated as ESKAPE by the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control have been considered a major threat due to the rise in nosocomial infections. Here, we compared putative drug binding pockets of twelve essential and mostly conserved metabolic enzymes in numerous bacterial pathogens including those of the ESKAPE group andMycobacterium tuberculosis. The comparative analysis will provide guidelines for the likelihood of transferability of the inhibitors from one species to another.MethodsNine bacterial species including six ESKAPE pathogens,Mycobacterium tuberculosisalong withMycobacterium smegmatisandEschershia coli, two non-pathogenic bacteria, have been selected for drug binding pocket analysis of twelve essential enzymes. The amino acid sequences were obtained from Uniprot, aligned using ICM v3.8-4a and matched against the Pocketome encyclopedia. We used known co-crystal structures of selected target enzyme orthologs to evaluate the location of their active sites and binding pockets and to calculate a matrix of pairwise sequence identities across each target enzyme across the different species. This was used to generate sequence maps.ResultsHigh sequence identity of enzyme binding pockets, derived from experimentally determined co-crystallized structures, was observed among various species. Comparison at both full sequence level and for drug binding pockets of key metabolic enzymes showed that binding pockets are highly conserved (sequence similarity up to 100%) among various ESKAPE pathogens as well asMycobacterium tuberculosis. Enzymes orthologs having conserved binding sites may have potential to interact with inhibitors in similar way and might be helpful for design of similar class of inhibitors for a particular species. The derived pocket alignments and distance-based maps provide guidelines for drug discovery and repurposing. In addition they also provide recommendations for the relevant model bacteria that may be used for initial drug testing.DiscussionComparing ligand binding sites through sequence identity calculation could be an effective approach to identify conserved orthologs as drug binding pockets have shown higher level of conservation among various species. By using this approach we could avoid the problems associated with full sequence comparison. We identified essential metabolic enzymes among ESKAPE pathogens that share high sequence identity in their putative drug binding pockets (up to 100%), of which known inhibitors can potentially antagonize these identical pockets in the various species in a similar manner.
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Hadadi, Noushin, Homa MohammadiPeyhani, Ljubisa Miskovic, Marianne Seijo, and Vassily Hatzimanikatis. "Enzyme annotation for orphan and novel reactions using knowledge of substrate reactive sites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 15 (2019): 7298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818877116.
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Thousands of biochemical reactions with characterized activities are “orphan,” meaning they cannot be assigned to a specific enzyme, leaving gaps in metabolic pathways. Novel reactions predicted by pathway-generation tools also lack associated sequences, limiting protein engineering applications. Associating orphan and novel reactions with known biochemistry and suggesting enzymes to catalyze them is a daunting problem. We propose the method BridgIT to identify candidate genes and catalyzing proteins for these reactions. This method introduces information about the enzyme binding pocket into reaction-similarity comparisons. BridgIT assesses the similarity of two reactions, one orphan and one well-characterized nonorphan reaction, using their substrate reactive sites, their surrounding structures, and the structures of the generated products to suggest enzymes that catalyze the most-similar nonorphan reactions as candidates for also catalyzing the orphan ones. We performed two large-scale validation studies to test BridgIT predictions against experimental biochemical evidence. For the 234 orphan reactions from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) 2011 (a comprehensive enzymatic-reaction database) that became nonorphan in KEGG 2018, BridgIT predicted the exact or a highly related enzyme for 211 of them. Moreover, for 334 of 379 novel reactions in 2014 that were later cataloged in KEGG 2018, BridgIT predicted the exact or highly similar enzymes. BridgIT requires knowledge about only four connecting bonds around the atoms of the reactive sites to correctly annotate proteins for 93% of analyzed enzymatic reactions. Increasing to seven connecting bonds allowed for the accurate identification of a sequence for nearly all known enzymatic reactions.
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Sumilang-Engracia, Erika Ann. "Repackaging Japanese Culture: The Digitalization of Folktales in the Pokémon Franchise." Mutual Images Journal, no. 5 (December 20, 2018): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32926/2018.5.sum.repac.
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Pokémon is arguably one of the most enduring brands in Japanese pop culture. As of March 2014 the Pokémon video game franchise alone has sold more than 260 million units worldwide (Lien, 2014). The Pokémon series has been the most well known game that the Nintendo Game Boy series has ever produced and marketed internationally. This study looks at Pokémon as a cultural product. Information contained in the Pokédex, an electronic encyclopedia of Pokémon found in the game points to the use of Japanese folklore as inspiration for some of the Pokémon released. There is an intricate give and take in the process of telling and retelling of folktales that is argued to be present even in its currently newer forms. This study explores the digitalization of folklore by looking at the incorporation of Japanese folktales into the Pokémon video game. Looking at how folkloric motifs were integrated in the creation of these pocket monsters inhabiting the world of Pokémon points to the importance of the Japanese folklore in the character designs. These folklore motifs infused in the game characters, and the world itself gives the franchise a Japanese cultural flavor which, as pointed out by other authors like Allison, make the experience more enjoyable (2003, p. 384). As such, this study looks at how the Pokémon franchise fuses socio-cultural elements in the creation Pokémon’s individual and unique pocket monsters. In effect, these new game creatures called Pokémon become new conduits by which old Japanese folktales are revisited, revised, and ultimately renewed. More importantly, it becomes one important avenue in the creation and proliferation of a Japanese cultural identity that is marketed abroad. It is argued that Pokémon is indeed a new medium where Japanese folklore has been appropriated and digitalized. According to Iwabuchi, influence of products of different cultures on everyday life cannot be culturally neutral. Instead, they inevitably carry cultural imprints called “cultural odor.” In terms of cultural odor, this makes Pokémon Japanese in fragrance. The creation of these newly formed folklore is a dynamic interaction between Japanese culture, the technology they are coursed through and gameplay as a form of performance by the consumers. The whole franchise now serves as a digital archive for folkloric beings that influenced directly or indirectly their creation. This resulted in enabling participative interaction between folklore and the individual. For international consumers, they also potentially serve as entryway into picking up an interest and learning more about Japanese culture. More than the ukiyo-e paintings and monster catalogs that proliferated during the Edo Period, Pokémon has fleshed out these folklore motifs and has put them at the front and center through their games, allowing for players to interact with and bond with them in an ever expanding virtual space called the Pokémon world.
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Zhang, Shuqiao, Zhuomao Mo, Shijun Zhang, and Xinyu Li. "A Network Pharmacology Approach to Reveal the Underlying Mechanisms of Artemisia annua on the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (February 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8947304.
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Objective. To investigate the potential active ingredients and underlying mechanisms of Artemisia annua (AA) on the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on network pharmacology. Methods. In the present study, we used a network pharmacological method to predict its underlying complex mechanism of treating HCC. First, we obtained relative compounds of AA based on the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database and collected potential targets of these compounds by target fishing. Then, we built HCC-related targets target by the oncogenomic database of hepatocellular carcinoma (OncoDB.HCC) and biopharmacological network (PharmDB-K) database. Based on the matching results between AA potential targets and HCC targets, we built a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to analyze the interactions among these targets and screen the hub targets by topology. Furthermore, the function annotation and signaling pathways of key targets were performed by Gene Oncology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis using DAVID tools. Finally, the binding capacity between active ingredients and key targets was validated by molecular docking. Results. A total of 19 main active ingredients of AA were screened as target prediction; then, 25 HCC-related common targets were seeked out via multiple HCC databases. The areas of nodes and corresponding degree values of EGFR, ESR1, CCND1, MYC, EGF, and PTGS2 were larger and could be easily found in the PPI network. Furthermore, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these key targets were significantly involved in multiple biological processes and pathways which participated in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis to accomplish the anti-HCC activity. The molecular docking analysis showed that quercetin could stably bind to the active pocket of EGFR protein 4RJ5 via LibDock. Conclusion. The anticancer effects of AA on HCC were predicted to be associated with regulating tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis via various pathways such as the EGFR signaling pathway, ESR1 signaling pathway, and CCND1 signaling pathway. It is suggested that AA might be developed as a broad-spectrum antitumor drug based on its characteristics of multicomponent, multipath, and multitarget.
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Baker, Robert. "Book Review The Encyclopedia of Alternative Health Care By Kristin Gottschalk Olsen. 325 pp. New York, Pocket Books, 1990. $8.95. Health Schemes, Scams and Frauds By Stephen Barrett and the Editors ofConsumer Reports.245 pp. Mount Vernon, N.Y., Consumer Reports Books, 1990. $13.95." New England Journal of Medicine 324, no. 26 (1991): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199106273242625.
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Chattopadhyay, Shrikanta, Alison L. Stewart, Siddhartha Mukherjee, et al. "Niche-Based Screening Identifies Novel Small Molecules That Overcome Stromal Effects in Multiple Myeloma." Blood 120, no. 21 (2012): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.571.571.
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Abstract Abstract 571 Despite advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), this disease remains incurable and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Ideal strategies would overcome resistance factors from the bone-marrow microenvironment (niche) since a variety of inhibitors are rendered less effective by bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) of the MM niche (McMillin et al., Nat Med. 2010 Apr;16(4):483–9). Drug discovery often entails a target-based approach but identifying targets in MM is challenging because of its complex genome and multiple niche interactions. We used a chemical biology approach in which small-molecule inhibitors of MM cells, grown within their niche, are first identified and then used to discover targets within MM or its niche. These compounds also serve as leads for future drug discovery. To model myeloma/niche interactions, we chose an MM cell line MOLP5 that has an obligate dependence on BMSCs to maintain viability. Small-molecule inhibitors were identified by screening ∼25,000 structurally diverse small molecules on GFP-labeled MOLP5 cells co-cultured with primary BMSCs derived from hip replacement samples. MOLP5 growth inhibition was measured by quantifying GFP(+) cells with automated high-throughput microscopy. About 800 hits were counter-screened on BMSCs alone to exclude non-specifically toxic compounds. The remaining 182 MOLP5-selective inhibitors were then tested on 2 other GFP-labeled MM cell-lines, MM1S and INA6, in the presence or absence of BMSCs to exclude compounds that are less effective in the presence of BMSCs. The 64 compounds that overcome BMSC resistance were tested on CD34+ human hematopoietic progenitors to prioritize compounds with selectivity between MM and normal blood cells. The 8 compounds that met these criteria fell into 3 categories: 1) compounds with equal activity in the presence or absence of BMSCs (overcome stromal resistance); 2) compounds with selectivity for BMSC-dependent MOLP5 cells (block stromal viability factors); and 3) compounds with increased activity in the presence of BMSCs (enhance stromal inhibitory factors). Because most efficacious clinical compounds like bortezomib act like compounds in category 1, compound BRD9876 was chosen from this category for mechanistic studies. Gene-expression profiling of BRD9876-treated MM1S cells suggested possible links to mitotic arrest and cell cycle analyses revealed a rapid accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase. Treated cells were stained for the mitotic spindle protein α-tubulin and found to exhibit an aberrant mono-astral mitotic phenotype, reminiscent of the kinesin-5 (Eg5; KIF11) inhibitor monastrol. This was encouraging because a kinesin-5 inhibitor ARRY-520 has shown promising durable responses in multiple myeloma (Shah et al, ASH Annual Meeting 2011; Abstract 1860). To determine if BRD9876 was a kinesin-5 inhibitor, a BRD9876-resistant sub-line of MM1S was developed and the kinesin-5 gene sequenced. BRD9876-resistant cells have a novel kinesin-5 mutation (Y104C) at a site that is distant from the monastrol-binding pocket. Most kinesin-5 inhibitors in clinical development bind the monastrol pocket, and the BRD9876-resistant cells were not cross-resistant to one such inhibitor, ispinesib, suggesting a distinct mode of kinesin-5 inhibition by BRD9876. To identify biomarkers of sensitivity to BRD9876, quantitative dose/response measurements in 98 genetically characterized cell lines (Schreiber & co-workers, submitted) comprising a subset of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) were analyzed. Unbiased analyses correlating genetic features with sensitivity revealed that mutations in the mitotic regulator WEE1 were associated with sensitivity to BRD9876. Validation studies comparing WEE1 mutant to wild-type cell lines confirmed enhanced sensitivity of mutant cells to both BRD9876 and ispinesib suggesting that WEE1 mutations could be a useful biomarker for different kinesin-5 inhibitors. In contrast, co-treatment of WEE1 WT cells with sub-toxic concentrations of the WEE1 inhibitor MK1775 led to marked enhancement of BRD9876 activity but had little effect on ispinesib activity, suggesting a unique synergistic relationship between WEE1 inhibitors and BRD9876. In summary, niche-based screening in multiple myeloma has revealed a novel therapeutic candidate and can complement other drug-discovery approaches against this disease. Disclosures: Ebert: Celgene: Consultancy; Genoptix: Consultancy. Raje:Onyx: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Millennium: Consultancy; Acetylon: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; Eli-Lilly: Research Funding.
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Yu, Xiang, Peng Zhang, Kai Tang, et al. "Network Pharmacology Integrated with Molecular Docking Explores the Mechanisms of Naringin against Osteoporotic Fracture by Regulating Oxidative Stress." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (September 20, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6421122.
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Naringin (NG), as the most abundant component of Drynariae Rhizoma (Chinese name: Gusuibu), has been proved to be an antioxidant flavonoid on promoting osteoporotic fracture (OF) healing, but relevant research is scanty on the underlying mechanisms. We adopted target prediction, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and molecular docking to establish a system pharmacology database of NG against OF. Totally 105 targets of naringin were obtained, including 26 common targets with OF. A total of 415 entries were obtained through GO Biological Process enrichment analysis ( P < 0.05 ), and 37 entries were obtained through KEGG pathway enrichment analysis with seven signaling pathways included ( P < 0.05 ), which were primarily concerned with p53, IL-17, TNF, estrogen, and PPAR signaling pathways. According to the results of molecular docking, naringin is all bound in the active pockets of the core targets with 3–9 hydrogen bonds through some connections such as hydrophobic interactions, Pi-Pi stacked interactions, and salt bridge, demonstrating that naringin binds tightly to the core targets. In general, naringin may treat OF through multiple targets and multiple pathways via regulating oxidative stress, etc. Notably, it is first reported that NG may regulate osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress through the expression of the core targets so as to treat OF.
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Curtis, Maria F. "The Infidel Within." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 3 (2004): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i3.1785.
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While written from a solid historical methodological approach, Ansari’sThe Infidel Within will surely appeal across disciplines to professors andstudents of Islam in the West, the social sciences, colonial and postcolonialstudies, and ethnic and minority studies. This work is encyclopedic withregard to its many references to well-known and obscure pockets ofMuslim communities that thrived and/or disappeared since Islam began totake root in Britain. Therefore, it will be an important tool for futureadvanced research and very helpful for the beginning student. This workcombines astute social analysis with primary and secondary sources,including early Muslim newspapers in Britain, political speeches, and firstpersonnarratives. Perhaps one of the book’s greatest contributions is itsdense quotations from first-person historical sources, which give the readeran authentic sense of what it must have been like to be a Muslim inBritain struggling with various cultural and religious issues.The underlying question of this book is, simply put, considering themany waves of Muslim immigration, intermarriage, and evidence of indigenousconversion: Can there be a single British Muslim identity? Throughoutthe work, we are introduced to the many individuals who contributed toBritish Muslim heritage: poor immigrant seamen from every corner of theBritish Empire, high-ranking South Asian Muslims who intermingled withBritish high society, the more eccentric members of Muslim countries whocame to Britain as visitors and became enduring caricatures in the popularBritish press, English converts who tried to universalize Islam alongUnitarian theological lines, as well as the many charismatic Muslim leadersfrom various ethnic groups who promulgated Islam according to their ownrejection of and/or adherence to their particular culture’s manifestation of theIslamic experience.Ansari’s central premise is that understanding a community’s developmentcannot occur without understanding the many cultural, class, ethnic,racial, and economic forces that are simultaneously at work within thatcommunity. From such a standpoint, the author traces the path of variousMuslim communities as they took root throughout Britain at different classand ethnic levels. Furthermore, Ansari refuses to settle for any easy model ...
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Song, Yunfei, Jianbo Yang, Wenguang Jing, et al. "Systemic elucidation on the potential bioactive compounds and hypoglycemic mechanism of Polygonum multiflorum based on network pharmacology." Chinese Medicine 15, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-00401-2.
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Abstract Background Diabetes is a complex metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, plaguing the whole world. However, the action mode of multi-component and multi-target for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) could be a promising treatment of diabetes mellitus. According to the previous research, the TCM of Polygonum multiflorum (PM) showed noteworthy hypoglycemic effect. Up to now, its hypoglycemic active ingredients and mechanism of action are not yet clear. In this study, network pharmacology was employed to elucidate the potential bioactive compounds and hypoglycemic mechanism of PM. Methods First, the compounds with good pharmacokinetic properties were screened from the self-established library of PM, and the targets of these compounds were predicted and collected through database. Relevant targets of diabetes were summarized by searching database. The intersection targets of compound-targets and disease-targets were obtained soon. Secondly, the interaction net between the compounds and the filtered targets was established. These key targets were enriched and analyzed by protein–protein interactions (PPI) analysis, molecular docking verification. Thirdly, the key genes were used to find the biologic pathway and explain the therapeutic mechanism by genome ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis. Lastly, the part of potential bioactive compounds were under enzyme activity inhibition tests. Results In this study, 29 hypoglycemic components and 63 hypoglycemic targets of PM were filtrated based on online network database. Then the component-target interaction network was constructed and five key components resveratrol, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin were further obtained. Sequential studies turned out, AKT1, EGFR, ESR1, PTGS2, MMP9, MAPK14, and KDR were the common key targets. Docking studies indicated that the bioactive compounds could stably bind the pockets of target proteins. There were 38 metabolic pathways, including regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, prolactin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, linoleic acid metabolism, Rap1 signaling pathway, arachidonic acid metabolism, and osteoclast differentiation closely connected with the hypoglycemic mechanism of PM. And the enzyme activity inhibition tests showed the bioactive ingredients have great hypoglycemic activity. Conclusion In summary, the study used systems pharmacology to elucidate the main hypoglycemic components and mechanism of PM. The work provided a scientific basis for the further hypoglycemic effect research of PM and its monomer components, but also provided a reference for the secondary development of PM.
Books on the topic "Pocket encyclopedia"
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Atkinson, Nadine C. The Caribbean history pocket encyclopedia. Arawak Publications, 2003.
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McGowan, John. Prentice-Hall pocket encyclopedia, home decorating. Prentice-Hall Canada, 1991.
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Roger, DuBern, ed. Home repair: Prentice-Hall pocket encyclopedia. Prentice-Hall Canada, 1991.
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Adrian, Bailey. Prentice Hall pocket encyclopedia, cook's ingredients. Prentice Hall Canada, 1993.
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Hugh Johnson's pocket encyclopedia of wine, 1999. 2nd ed. Simon & Shuster, Inc., 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pocket encyclopedia"
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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Flagellar Pocket." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_1204.
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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Flagellar Pocket." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_1204-2.
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Moses, Marsha A. "Corneal Pocket Assay." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1537.
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Cantoni, Virginio, Alessandro Gaggia, and Luca Lombardi. "Extended Gaussian Image for Pocket-Ligand Matching." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_976.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Resin Pocket." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9948.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Pitch Pocket." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8785.
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Mierzwinski, Jozef, and Andrew J. Fishman. "Retraction Pockets, Treatment Algorithm." In Encyclopedia of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23499-6_743.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Pock Mark." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8899.
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"Pocket." In Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_13074.
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"Catalytic Pocket." In Encyclopedia of Cancer. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_883.
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