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1
Luhahi, Jacqueline Nembe Songu. "Leadership of University Women for Development in the Democratic Republic of Congo." African and Asian Studies 14, no. 3 (August 5, 2015): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341340.
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As perceived protectors of the Congolese cultures figuratively and realistically and agents of positive economic and social changes, the role and the place of the Congolese women in general in the development schemes cannot be denied. However, intellectual debates about what the Congolese society at large expects the Congolese university women to contribute to the discourses about development and its various models have not been systematically studied. While, for instance, the discourse about the parity between women and men in the workplace is being promoted by the government, the studies on gender in higher education is still in its infancy. This study investigates women’s role within the context of the evolution of educational systems and their values since the Belgian administration. It examines educational policies in relationship to the models of development that both colonial and post-colonial administrations formulated and implemented. Although the study is essentially a reflection, putting an emphasis on conceptualization and theories, it is also supported by historical and cultural arguments and propositions. It is argued that the Congolese university women have ‘citizenry responsibility’ and ‘university education and engagement’ to propose new leadership role in development. Using historical-structuralist perspectives as developed in social sciences at large, I analyze further the issue of the nature of the relationship between the place and the role of university and that of leadership and development. I raise the issue of whether or not the Congolese university women’s leadership matters in the search for developmental models in the Congo.
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Buzard, David A. "Ethnocentric nationality in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: An analysis under international human rights law." African Human Rights Law Journal 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1996-2096/2021/v21n2a39.
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In order to dismantle institutionalised tribalism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which has fostered recurring war and armed conflict, its lynchpin of ethnocentric citizenship must be removed. Due to the Congolese law of nationality by birth being grounded in ethnicity, Congolese nationality has been and remains subject to political manipulation, particularly concerning the Banyamulenge people. In the latter half of the twentieth century the Congolese state has alternatively granted, withdrawn and reinstated their Congolese citizenship. Fundamentally, the basic Congolese nationality law - anchored in the Congolese Constitution - perpetuates a legal framework for racial division which does nothing to hinder but only enables malicious sympathies that tend toward exclusion, persecution, expulsion and genocide. To address this existential flaw, this article describes how the primacy of ethnicity in the Congolese law of nationality by birth violates three international human rights treaties that the DRC has accepted, thus laying a foundation for legal action to change the Constitution and nationality law of the DRC.
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Rich, Jeremy. "Zaire for Jesus: Ford Philpot’s Evangelical Crusades in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1966-1978." Journal of Religion in Africa 43, no. 1 (2013): 4–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12341242.
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Abstract This essay explores how Congolese Protestants developed a partnership with Kentucky-born Methodist evangelist Ford Philpot from 1966 to 1978. Philpot’s revival tours allowed Congolese clergy to negotiate as equals with U.S. Protestants, marking a major change from the dominant role of missionaries prior to independence in 1960. During and after Philpot’s crusades Congolese Protestants wrote Philpot about their spiritual views and their troubles in Mobutu’s Zaire. Instead of being merely passive followers of Philpot’s evangelical and charismatic preaching, Congolese sought to use him as a source of financial patronage as well as spiritual support. This essay questions common assumptions regarding U.S.-Congolese ties under Mobutu, and investigates how the rise of evangelical Christianity in postcolonial Africa was clearly shaped by cold war concerns as well as anxieties over national identity and the rise of African dictatorships.
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Sidorova, G. M. "Who is Responsible for Instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo?" MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-29-36.
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The research focuses on the problem of military-political instability in the Democratic Republic of the Congo experiencing continued armed conflict for a long time. Dozens of illegal armed groups both Congolese and foreign origin continue to destabilize situation in the eastern part of the country causing humanitarian disasters. Due to governmental weakness, economic backwardness, chronical lack of finance resources, interethnic conflicts, all-round and widely spread corruption of the authorities, the Congolese government at the moment is not able to overcome scores of problems including the problem of security. Assistanceprovided to the DRC by itspartnerssuch as, first of all, the former metropolitan country Belgium, as well as the USA, Great Britain, the Europe Union and China works only in favourof these country-donors. They are attracted by rich Congolese natural resources which the DRC remaining one of the poorest countries in the world cannot turn to advantage to the full extent because of its economic backwardness. In exchange for so-calleddevelopment programmes, expensive strategic raw material (such as coltan, wolfram, casseterit, cooper, gold, niobium, and other) is being extracted and exported from the country, in addition, often on the inequivalent basis. This is taking place for the reason that numerous mines and open-cast mines are being controlled by different illegal armed groups and not by the central government. Therefore, it turns out that in the context of a military-political crisis, for so-called partners it is more beneficial to pursue their own interests. Furthermore, western ideologists arouse "separatism-oriented" theories similar to "balkanization", in other words, a breakdown of this giant country into several independent states. The Congolese are tremulous to this issue, they try to counter such approachs and defend the territorial integrity of the DRC. However, it is not an easy task. The impediment is unsettled relations with neighbouring countries - Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi which for tens of years exploit illegally natural resources of the DRC and try to lay hold of frontier Congolese territories.
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Kanowa, Obed Kongolo. "Access to the Civil Service in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Pancasila and Law Review 4, no. 2 (September 7, 2023): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/plr.v4i2.3023.
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Access to the public service is a guaranteed right for all Congolese in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This right of access to the public service is framed by legal texts which determine the conditions of recruitment to the public service, the methods of recruitment … in Congolese law, there are several legal texts relating to the statutes of the public service. As a result, this study is particularly structured around law n°16/013 of July 15, 2016 on the status of career agents in the State's public services. Thus, within the framework of this study, removed the prolegomena, we deciphered the question of the access to the public service in Congolese Positive Law, by making a taxonomy of the related conditions and by elaborating on the recruitment as a modality of access to the civil service in accordance with the legal texts in this case. In order to carry out this study, we have recourse from time to time to Comparative Law. These are the main features of this study.
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Maiden, Emily K. "Transformative Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Journal of International Peacekeeping 18, no. 1-2 (June 9, 2014): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1802005.
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This article critiques the potential success of the Peace, Security, and Cooperation Framework for the drc and the Region—signed on February 24, 2013—against the backdrop of the 1999 Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, which failed to end the Second Congo War. The 1999 Agreement failed because its overall design, coupled with the socio-political climate in the region at the time, resulted in a ‘no war, no peace’ scenario. These failures were furthered by the overall inability of the international peacebuilding community to design and implement a peace strategy in the drc that aligned with the needs of the Congolese people. If the 2013 Framework is to succeed, what is required is a transformation of the peace process, which will incorporate the Congolese civil society, avoid restrictive timelines, and focus on securing realistic commitments. By critically analyzing both the 1999 Agreement and the broader conflict-resolution and peacebuilding processes, international peace practitioners can learn from the situation in the drc and use the revised peace model this article outlines to promote true and lasting peace in regional conflicts across the developing world.
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KAHOMBO, Balingene. "The promises and realization of the right to development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 7, no. 3 (2020): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2020-3-391.
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This paper examines, from a legal and socio-economic perspective, how the right to development materializes its promises and realization in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In this regards, it analyzes its incorporation in the Congolese legal order, defines its constituent elements, and the measures which have been adopted to implement the constitutional framework. It also identifies challenges to the right to development in the DRC and permissive conditions for its effective enjoyment. The main conclusion is that the right to development enshrined in the Congolese law remains more a matter of claims and aspirations than a tangible reality reflecting an increase in the quality of life of the Congolese people. Obstacles to the realization and enjoyment of the right to development include the adverse effects of capitalist liberalism, the extraversion of Congolese development policies, and the culture of predation which dates back to the colonial period. The Congolese leadership has a historic responsibility to trigger or impose the much needed change. This will require not only the integration of the DRC’s international commitments in its domestic development policies based on an internal dynamic putting Congolese at the center of every socio-economic initiative, but also a state which has effective authority over its territory to defend the rule of law, is more interventionist so as to stop the current intentional destruction of the country, and promotes ethical behaviours in public services.
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Sulu, Stanislas Maseb'a Mwang, Olivier Mukuku, Arnold Maseb Sul Sulu, François Musul Mukeng, Bienvenu Lebwaze Massamba, Désiré Kulimba Mashinda, Stanislas Okitotsho Wembonyama, Vicky Lokomba, and Antoine Tshimpi Wola. "Women’s breast cancer risk factors in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Current Cancer Reports 4, no. 1 (2022): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/ccr.2022.01.003.
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Purpose: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Risk factors for this disease are numerous and their prevalence varies according to racial and ethnic groups and geographical regions. Therefore, we sought to identify BC risk factors in the Congolese population. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the Nganda Hospital Center in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. One hundred and sixty patients with breast cancer (cases) were compared to 320 women who did not have BC (controls). STATA version 16 was used to analyze data with statistical significance considered at p < 0.05. Results: There is a strong association between BC in Congolese women and early menarche age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2-4.3), family history of BC (aOR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2-5.5), overweight (aOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-2.7), and obesity (aOR = 7.3; 95% CI: 4.0-13.4). Conclusion: Our results indicate the presence of certain conventional risk factors. Thus, these results will be of great value in establishing adequate evidence-based awareness and preventive measures among the Congolese population.
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Zagabe Katambwe, Christophe. "Democratic Rotation, an Alternative to Power Sharing in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 68, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 157–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2023.1.05.
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"In this article, we outline the history and evolution of the Congolese people from their origins to independance with the State preceding the Nation. Concerning democracy accession to legislative power after independance, there is in DRC a curious rotation of political transition beyond various regime changes and arrangements of Power sharing occurred between community groups. However, there were noises, quarrels and or violences between linguistic socio-anthropological actors on the legitimacy of power, access to the presidential chair, which gave rise to inter group conflicts till the country is divided into three community groups : the Luba community of Félix Tshisekedi from CACH-USNA at the center of power, the Swahili community of Joseph Kabila from AMP-FCC who genially handed over power but also on its periphery, and the Kongo-Ngala community of Martin Fayulu from LAMUKA to the outskirts. The concept « Majority » has cleverly been exploited by those in power in order to subjugate and or exclude their protagonists. In the context of this article, we finally propose the model of Rotary Democratic called « Inculturated Democracy » by Isidore Ndaywel in « Congolese historiography, an essay of achievement ». An alternative model to « Power sharing method » generally presented as democracy model in which the group element constitutes an important criterium of participation in term of access to political power, mainly the legislative power and its executive. Keywords : DRC - Mesoconflict - Political shift - Liberal democracy - Power sharing – Democratic rotation "
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Clevenger, Casey. "Constructing Spiritual Motherhood in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Gender & Society 34, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243219872464.
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Drawing on an ethnographic study of Roman Catholic sisters in the Democratic Republic of Congo, I show how women in the Global South draw on religious imagery to redefine cultural ideals of womanhood and family responsibility. By taking the religious vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, the Congolese sisters I interviewed seemingly betray local expectations regarding women’s responsibility to reproduce and repair the clan. Although sisters’ vows subject them to social ridicule for violating cultural expectations to bear children and support kin, they devise new strategies to negotiate the connection between womanhood and the maternal role of caregiver and nurturer outside of marriage and fertility. In social ministries that affirm their communal, moral, and spiritual ties to others, the sisters realize these cultural ideals through a “spiritual motherhood” that transforms their traditional heteronormative obligations. Framing their decision to live outside accepted kinship structures in religious terms mutes the radicalness of this lifestyle and provides religious legitimation for what would otherwise be considered a selfish choice for a woman acting independent of family well-being. In this context, I demonstrate how doing religion is inseparable from doing gender as Catholic sisters embody alternative ways of being a woman in post-colonial Congolese society through their religious practices.
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MIEMA BONGO, Alphonse. "L’université congolaise, à l’heure de la réingénierie culturelle." Revue congolaise des sciences humaines et sociales 3 (April 7, 2024): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59189/crsh102254.
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With the evolution of society and technologies, the world of the 21st century is a world in perpetual change. This change is seen in the areas; political, social, economic, cultural, etc. The field of education, being a priority area due to its training of the bearers of these changes, is not spared from this rapid change. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has embarked on a process of democratization for several years. This openness to democracy has enabled this country to implement several reforms affecting multiple areas. In the field of education, considered the torchbearer of the country’s development, large-scale reforms have been made to try to make the Congolese education system efficient. Despite this desire and these multiple reforms, the Congolese university system is described by several researchers as being in crisis. The problems that prevent it from performing well are as numerous as they are varied. For several decades, organizations, experts and researchers both in the Democratic Republic of Congo and elsewhere have sought to understand this educational crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Several solutions but the system is the same until now.
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Makina, Dr Jean Kahuisa. "SOCIO-CULTURAL BARRIERS TO YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AFRICA. A STUDY OF YOUNG CONGOLESE GRADUATES." International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research 4, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v4i2.300.
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This study was undertaken to investigate socio-cultural barriers to entrepreneurship among young graduates in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It is based on a field survey carried out in Kinshasa among 588 young Congolese graduates of higher and university education, aged 15 to 35 years. The results reveal that the lack of valuation of entrepreneurship in the community, the absence of entrepreneurial culture and negative societal attitude to youth entrepreneurship, witchcraft and magico-religious practices and the lack of family support and friends are important socio-cultural barriers in the DRC. Entrepreneurship is not valued in the DRC. It is considered a secondary activity to a main job. Society finds it less important to start one's own business or be self-employed, and so discourages young people from doing so. The fight against these socio-cultural obstacles can help encourage the realization of entrepreneurial projects through the creation of businesses by young Congolese graduates. The originality of this study is based on the field analyzed, namely the developing countries, specifically the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a country less studied on the entrepreneurial level, and on its operational aim the development of entrepreneurship and the realization of entrepreneurial projects of young Congolese entrepreneurs.
Keywords: Youth entrepreneurship, Socio-Cultural Barriers to Entrepreneurship, Young Congolese Graduates, Business Creation, DRC.
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MUNZELE, Jean-Macaire, and Abel NSOLO. "Construire un Etat démocratique RDC : du concept d’Etat à la conception du pouvoir." Revue congolaise des sciences humaines et sociales 3 (April 7, 2024): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.59189/crsh102261.
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The article addresses the challenges facing the Democratic Republic of Congo, highlighting the exploitation of resources by foreign actors. It advocates for a historical analysis to understand the foundations of the state and democracy, emphasizing the gap between Western political practices and African values. Proposing a democratic state rooted in Congolese society, the text explores the failures of successive regimes, notably the period of Mobutu, marked by economic and political decay. Discussing rebellions and conflicts, it argues for a restructuring of the state based on African reality, the promotion of collective identities, and the necessity of an engaged elite. The conclusion underscores the need for a change in mentality, questioning negative values, and a thoughtful approach to build a democratic state that meets the needs of Congolese society.
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Iragi Ntwali, Valéry. "Opposition politique et lutte pour la conquête du pouvoir d’état en République Démocratique du Congo. Diagnostic d’un tigre en papier de la démocratie congolaise." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 67, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 41–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2022.1.03.
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"The political opposition in Democratic Republic of Congo reamins less studied in studies on the dynamics of democratic transition in this country for two reasons. It is about the omission of this component in the constitutionalist process after independance and the long duration of military government come to power by coup or armed insurrection. Consequently, this article proposes to operate three variables to study congolese political opposition. Institutional determinants (related to the party system, methods of voting systems), the legal expression of the opposition and finaly, the nature and charisma of congolese opposition leaders. Anyway, the congolese political opposition has its origins in an intra-party struggle to evolve into an inter-party oppositon in its fight for the conquest of state power. It remains true that on the three democratic experiences relating to the presidential elections, the congolese political, by forming electoral coalitions, managed to beat the ruling party once in the presidential elections. Nevertheless, the strategies of this opposition remain limited in terms of effectiveness because of the nature of the parties that compose it, political transhumance, the ego between its leaders in a political system combining victory in the presidential and legislative elections to govern without alchemy of cohabition. Keywords: opposition, struggle, conquest, power, DR Congo "
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Kibatshi, Marcel Kamba. "The International Financial Crisis of 2008-2009 Facing the Congolese Economy." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 4, no. 8 (August 31, 2018): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v4i8.25.
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This article describes the international financial crisis of 2008-2009 facing the Congolese economy. The international financial crisis has created serious dangers for the Congolese economy in terms of job losses and declining quality of life. This article describes the global economic crisis and its direct impact in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The economic and financial crisis is global and it also affects the most vulnerable countries such as African countries. This is true since it is generally accepted that the economic situation has an influence on the social situation. Indeed, although the crisis was triggered by events in the US real estate market, it has spread to all regions of the world, with disastrous consequences for trade, growth and economic growth. global investments. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the rapidly advancing global financial crisis is taking over businesses, mines, jobs, income and livelihoods. Time is running out and decisive action can not wait.
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Büscher, Karen, Sigurd D'hondt, and Michael Meeuwis. "Recruiting a nonlocal language for performing local identity: Indexical appropriations of Lingala in the Congolese border town Goma." Language in Society 42, no. 5 (October 11, 2013): 527–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404513000651.
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AbstractThis article describes discursive processes by which inhabitants of the Congolese border town Goma attribute new indexical values to Lingala, a language exogenous to the area of which most Goma inhabitants only possess limited knowledge. This creative reconfiguration of indexicalities results in the emergence of three “indexicalities of the second order”: the indexing of (i) being a true Congolese, (ii) toughness (based on Lingala's association with the military), and (iii) urban sophistication (based on its association with the capital Kinshasa). While the last two second-order reinterpretations are also widespread in other parts of the Congolese territory, the first one, resulting in the emergence of a Lingala as an “indexical icon” of a corresponding “language community,” deeply reflects local circumstances and concerns, in particular the sociopolitical volatility of the Rwandan-Congolese borderland that renders publicly affirming one's status as an “autochthonous” Congolese pivotal for assuring a livelihood and at times even personal security. (Lingala, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Goma, orders of indexicality, language community, autochthony, Kiswahili)*
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Ayikaba, Jules Masuku, and Crispin Agadusameso Enagogo. "La libre détention et utilisation des monnaies étrangères en République Démocratique du Congo : dissection du fondement légal et de la pertinence sur le plan économique." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 55, no. 3 (2022): 354–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2022-3-354.
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Using an interdisciplinary approach essentially based on legal and economic sciences, this study examines the relevance of the consecration in Congolese law of the free holding and use of foreign currency in the Democratic Republic of Congo. On the one hand, it highlights the mosaic of texts that govern this issue and, on the other hand, dissects the economic impact of such a consecration regarding the evolution of the Congolese economy in recent decades. Given the almost always vulnerable nature of the Congolese economy, it advocates the free holding and use of foreign exchange, adequately framed by capital account regulations and a floating exchange rate "managed" through interventions by the monetary authorities, in addition to credit control instruments. Such a framework could thus contribute to reducing the negative collateral effects observed in the Congolese foreign exchange market with respect to the free holding and use of currency in the Congo.
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Nugent, Gabriella. "From Camera to Canvas." Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art 2020, no. 47 (November 1, 2020): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10757163-8719668.
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This article explores the entanglement of Congolese popular painting with photography through the case of Patrice Lumumba, the first democratically elected prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo, who was assassinated in 1961. Lumumba’s final public appearance was immortalized in a series of photographs and newsreel footage that was disseminated around the world. The author contends that the events thereafter are frequently envisioned by Congolese popular painting, as it takes over from the operations of the camera in an era largely defined by the photographic. The article suggests that photography and Congolese popular painting are enmeshed in the creation of a visual archive around the figure of Lumumba. Furthermore, it examines the indebtedness of popular painting to photographic culture as well as other sources in the “colonial contact zone.”
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Bodansky, Daniel, and James Thuo Gathii. "ICJ—prohibition against the use of force—self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter—duty of vigilance—IHR and IHL under belligerent occupation." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 1 (January 2007): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000029596.
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Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda). At <http://www.icj-cij.org>.International Court of Justice, December 19, 2005.In its December 19, 2005, judgment in Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo v. Uganda (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found Uganda to have engaged in grave violations of the prohibition on the use of force and of its international humanitarian and human rights obligations during its occupation of Congelese territory. The Court also found that the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) had violated the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations for its treatment of Ugandan diplomats and also for the destruction of their diplomatic premises and the associated archives and records.The train of events leading to this case originated in May 1997 with President Laurent-Desire Kabila's deposition of Zairean dictator Mobutu-Ssese Seko. Having come to power with Ugandan and Rwandese military assistance, Kabila was unsuccessful in his effort to remove Ugandan and Rwandese troops from the DRC (paras. 48–50). The DRC alleged that in August 1998, Ugandan armed forces invaded (para. 29) and then captured and occupied Congolese towns and territory in defiance of Kabila's decision that Ugandan and Rwandese forces should leave the DRC (para. 29–31). Further, the DRC contended that Uganda recruited, funded, trained, equipped, and supplied armed Congolese groups opposed to the Kabila government (para. 32).
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Kalumendo, Rodrigue. "Barriers to SME Computerization in Developing Countries: Evidence from SMEs in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo." Texila International Journal of Management 8, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijmg.2015.08.02.art013.
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SMEs are widely recognized as the development enablers in developing countries. They contribute to job creation and, in so doing, to poverty reduction. To remain competitive, SMEs use several tools, including computerized information systems. However, given their characteristics, several constraints hinder their computerization; these constraints are even more accentuated in developing countries. This study attempted to identify the barriers to computerization as outlined in the literature and to ascertain them in the DRC context. In order to achieve this, we examined the relevant literature and carried out a survey of 53 respondents, principally local ICT stakeholders. Using descriptive statistics, we established that Congolese SMEs face the same computerization challenges identified in the literature. These constraints include the local SME characteristics - poor financial resources, low internal and external expertise, and low management involvement -, high infrastructure costs - expensive software and hardware - and the availability of the technological infrastructure - poor internet access -. The Congolese digital ecosystem stakeholders can, each at their own level, use these results to assist the digitalization of Congolese SMEs and thus make them more agile in the achievement of their goals. Keywords: ICT, Barriers, Computerization, DRC, SME.
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Godin, Marie. "Theatre and Photography as New Contentious Repertoires of Congolese Women in the Diaspora." African Diaspora 9, no. 1-2 (2016): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-00901002.
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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and in particular the eastern part of the country, is characterized by a protracted conflict situation and is home to some of the world’s most horrific documented cases of sexual violence against women. For many years now Congolese women in the diaspora have been engaged in initiatives to raise awareness of the sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) of Congolese women back home, addressing the root causes of the conflict and promoting specific peace and conflict resolutions. This article examines ways of protesting using art as a political tool in addressing SGBV in the DRC. In doing so, it highlights two politico-artistic projects by Congolese women activists living in Belgium: Hearth of a mother, a theatre piece and Stand up my mother, a photographic exhibition. This article aims to analyse these particular projects in terms of Tilly’s ‘repertoires of contention’ (2006) as used by activists of the Congolese diaspora in order to make their voices heard.
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Radowicz, Joanna. "Congo from Leopold II to Félix Tshisekedi." Historia i Polityka, no. 40 (47) (August 14, 2022): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2022.013.
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country that has a significant number of natural resources that have not brought its inhabitants prosperity, but have become a cause of their exploitation and poverty instead. Congolese people have experienced many injustices for over a century mainly because of the political governance in the country. They suffer from hunger, numerous diseases and poverty; they also experience numerous violations of the human rights, including mass murders, rapes and mutilations, as well as the recruitments of child soldiers by the Congolese army and various armed groups from the Congo and neighbouring countries. The modern Democratic Republic of the Congo is an unstable state, particularly vulnerable to the actions of numerous rebel organizations. The causes of the contemporary socio-political situation in this country can be found primarly in its history, starting from the cruel times of Leopold II during the Belgian colonization, then through the Mobutu dictatorship and all subsequent presidents. The aim of the article is to present the undemocratic governments in the Congo, which led to the exploitation of its inhabitants and contributed to the current unstable situation of the country.
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Kabongo Kamitalu, Ramsès, and Michel Ntetani Aloni. "High School Students Are a Target Group for Fight against Self-Medication with Antimalarial Drugs: A Pilot Study in University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6438639.
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Aim. To assess the self-medication against malaria infection in population of Congolese students in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Medical records of all students with malaria admitted to Centre de Santé Universitaire of University of Kinshasa from January 1, 2008, to April 30, 2008, were reviewed retrospectively.Results. The median age of the patients was 25.4 years (range: from 18 to 36 years). The majority of them were male (67.9%). Artemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs) was the most used self-prescribed antimalarial drugs. However, self-medication was associated with the ingestion of quinine in 19.9% of cases. No case of ingestion of artesunate/artemether in monotherapy was found. All the medicines taken were registered in DRC. In this series, self-prescribed antimalarial was very irrational in terms of dose and duration of treatment.Conclusion. This paper highlights self-medication by a group who should be aware of malaria treatment protocols. The level of self-prescribing quinine is relatively high among students and is disturbing for a molecule reserved for severe disease in Congolese health care policy in management of malaria.
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Umubyeyi, Beatrice, and Oliver Mtapuri. "Approaches to Marital Conflict Resolution: A Perspective of Democratic Republic of Congo Migrants Living in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 8 (March 6, 2019): 1065–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19833092.
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The aim of this article is to expound on existing approaches to marital conflicts resolution among Congolese migrant families, their functioning, and their effectiveness. The theoretical framework within which this study is constructed is conflict transformation theory. This is a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 16 migrants comprising 8 men and 8 women from Democratic Republic of Congo living in Durban as well as two church leaders and two church counselors from where the participants were selected. Participants were identified in two selected Congolese migrant churches. The study found out that there are several approaches to marital conflict resolution. Negotiation and mediation were considered the most significant approaches used in resolving marital conflict among Congolese migrant families living in Durban. Culture matters in marital conflict resolution. Because of patriarchy, negotiation becomes a less effective approach to marital conflict resolution because the men believe they have the upper hand in marriage. Power is embedded in relationships, and negotiation has connotations of power relations and how power is distributed and dispensed in a given society. In circumstances in which women are emancipated, equality between men and women can be eventuated.
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Sumata, Claude, and Jeffrey H. Cohen. "The Congolese diaspora and the politics of remittances." Remittances Review 3, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v3i2.567.
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Economic turmoil and war constitute the main engines fuelling migration in the Democratic Republic of Congo since 1980. The development of migration is accompanied by remittance transfers that impact on the country. The most common use of remittances are to satisfy basic needs and fund specific family events that can include buying land, house construction and opening businesses along with consumption (education, health…). The direct transfer of material goods, such as cars and medical & IT materials, also plays a major role. While most remittances are not used to cover investments; funding education and family wellbeing can support growth and development.
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Makungu, Ursil Lelo Di, Blaise Iyamba Valentin, Augustin Bedidjo Ular, Daddy Bogole Bolimia, Juvénal Madigo Ntekenge, Richard Mandandi Akemane, Martin Amisa Zogi, Nadyne-Clémence Chalachala, Didier Okoto Lofongola, and Ibrahim Tshimpanga. "Hydrocarbon Governance and Environmental Protection in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Recht in Afrika 23, no. 1 (2020): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6270-2020-1-103.
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The Congolese hydrocarbons sector is one of the key areas of the national economy and constitutes one of the main resources for financing the state budget. However, the uncontrolled exploitation of hydrocarbons can have consequences on the environment as a whole, which is a natural resource essential to human life and to terrestrial and marine biodiversity. To this end, the first principle of the Stockholm Declaration adopted by the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment states that “Man has a fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being. He has a solemn duty to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations”. From the above, the protection of the environment is part of the international commitments of States to promote, in particular, sustainable development. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), on the other hand, the lack of an adequate policy on hydrocarbon exploitation and environmental protection has enormous repercussions and unfortunate consequences on the entire Congolese population despite the absolute poverty that the latter is already experiencing. This paper awaits the implementation of adequate proposals to enable policy makers to know where to start in order to ensure sound hydrocarbon governance and sustainable environmental protection in the DRC. It is also a question of demonstrating that sound governance of hydrocarbons and environmental protection requires, in particular, the participation and efforts of everyone: first of all a political will, then a strong involvement of the public authorities, of the companies which invest in the hydrocarbons sector, and a change in the mentalities of the citizens for the integral and sustainable development of the DRC in line with its hydrocarbon potential.
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Tumba, T. D., and D. C. Ukwandu. "Exploring Ways of HIV Transmission in Correctional Facilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." African Journal of Development Studies (formerly AFFRIKA Journal of Politics, Economics and Society) 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3649/2023/v13n2a3.
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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of the few African countries where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is still a silent issue. In the context of the DRC, the purpose of this paper was to investigate how HIV is transmitted among inmates within Congolese correctional facilities. It focuses on the ways certain Congolese correctional services‘ cultures facilitate the spread of HIV. The paper argues that incarceration settings allow for the importation of pre-incarceration lifestyles and risky behaviours into prisons; hence increasing the risk of HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) transmission among convicts. Methodologically, the paper followed a qualitative approach based mainly on secondary data. A content analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings of the study indicated that prisoners‘ pre-incarceration lifestyle supplemented by prison culture and settings engendered HIV high-risk behaviour among inmates in Congo‘s prisons. In addition, the paper appealed for the government to pay attention to prison cultures generated by the interaction between prison environments and a quest for a sense of psychological wellbeing inside correctional facilities.
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BURKE-WHITE, WILLIAM W. "Complementarity in Practice: The International Criminal Court as Part of a System of Multi-level Global Governance in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Leiden Journal of International Law 18, no. 3 (October 2005): 557–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156505002876.
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This article asserts the emergence of multi-level global governance through an analysis of the relationship between the International Criminal Court and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The article suggests a far deeper set of influences than previously anticipated, presenting research on how the ICC is directly influencing Congolese domestic politics and how some actors within the Congo are seeking to manipulate the Court for their own political benefit. Further, the article considers the self-referral by the Congolese government, the early impact of complementarity, and efforts at judicial reform in the Congo. In the process the article develops a set of criteria to evaluate the ‘total or substantial collapse’ provisions of the complementarity regime.
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Sheeran, Scott P. "A Constitutional Moment?: United Nations Peacekeeping in the Democratic Republic of Congo." International Organizations Law Review 8, no. 1 (2011): 55–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157237411x584066.
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AbstractThe United Nations (UN) is the world's most prominent international organization, and a key issue is its responsibility under international law. The contemporary growth in UN powers and activities has not been matched by parallel developments in accountability and checks and balances within the UN legal order. This was recently brought to the fore in the instance of UN peacekeepers providing support to Congolese army forces responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian and human rights law. It became a significant public issue and the Secretary-General eventually withdrew UN support from a unit of the Congolese army. This article demonstrates that this withdrawal of support by the Secretary-General represents a constitutional moment for the United Nations. It confirmed a key premise that the Secretary-General is normatively constrained under the Charter, including by the Organization's obligations, when implementing the decisions of the Security Council. This is a legal development which engages a number of emerging and uncertain areas of international law relating to the United Nations, including the UN's constitutional law, the responsibility of international organizations, the substantive obligations of the Organization, and the role of international law in peace and security. Recognizing this important development not only confirms the Secretary-General's legal responsibility under the Charter, it reinforces the view of the Charter as a living instrument and provides an effective and important means for incorporating the law of responsibility into the UN constitutional order and a check upon the expansive application of the Security Council's implied powers doctrine.
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Brewer, John T., and Edward Mackinnon. "East Is East. Six Poets from the German Democratic Republic." Modern Language Journal 70, no. 3 (1986): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/326971.
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Bitamba, Bauma Frigeant, and Sung-Hoon An. "Construction Project Change Management in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Status, Causes, and Impacts." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229766.
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Changes in construction projects are very frequent and are expected to occur at any stage of the project. These changes modify the original scope of work and affect the project in various aspects. To minimize these effects, there is a need to implement a systematic change management system during the construction process. This study aimed to investigate the current situation of change management implementation, identify the main causes of change management, and assess their impacts in the Congolese construction industry. A comprehensive literature review was conducted for a thorough understanding of change management, and a structured survey was conducted. The collected survey data were analyzed using the relative importance index (RII), and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) methods. The results conclude that the change management implementation situation in the Congolese construction industry is significantly high, and the project cost and the project type play a major role in the implementation of change management in the construction projects. The study further revealed that the main causes of changes were the project, contractor, materials, equipment, and other causes. These changes impact the project significantly in terms of organization, owner and contractor, project, materials, and equipment.
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Quaretta, Edoardo. "Children accused of witchcraft in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Between structural and symbolic violence." Anuac 8, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7340/anuac2239-625x-3675.
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In this paper I consider the phenomenon of the “child-witches” in Lubumbashi (Katanga, DRC) as the result of the intertwine of two dynamics: the accusation of children within the sphere of the family and the large number of street children in Congolese cities. On the one hand, witchcraft accusations within the family tend to work in two ways: as a mode of childrenʼs subjugation, exerted especially by pastors in neopentecostal churches; and as a “pragmatic of uncertainty” that allow Congolese families to deal with uncertainties of life, such as sickness, suffering, marital problems, failure, and death. On the other hand, children in the streets of Lubumbashi suggest a witchcraft discourse linked to the symbolic violence that should be read in terms of boundaries, margins, and liminality: street children are associated with witches because they have transgressed basic social norms and they live out of the ordinary social networks (kinship, family, school). In this vein, I propose an ethnographic approach which takes into account the multiform feature of the “child-witches” highlighting the importance of the everyday practices and ordinary objects in family ties definition and witchcraft accusations.
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Kirkland, Chelsey, Na’Tasha Evans, Kamesha Spates, and Cedric Mubikayi Kabasele. "Perceptions of Resettled Refugee Congolese Women: Maintaining Cultural Traditions during Resettlement." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 16714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416714.
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Conflict-displaced refugees have increased significantly globally. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the leading country with refugees in the United States, where many resettle in Ohio. Women refugees are highly vulnerable, yet little literature has focused on them. Furthermore, maintaining cultural traditions can provide comfort during the tumultuous resettlement process. Therefore, this study used mixed methods to understand the perceptions of Congolese refugee women on maintaining cultural traditions during resettlement in Ohio. Translator-assisted, orally administered demographic survey and face-to-face interviews were conducted among resettled Congolese refugee women (n = 20) 18 and older, who arrived in the United States from 2011 to 2018, and were currently receiving Ohio resettlement agency assistance. Researchers applied descriptive coding and thematic analysis to identify themes and subthemes. Three themes were identified among the resettled Congolese refugee women regarding maintaining cultural traditions in the United States. The three themes comprised (1) clothing and dressing, (2) food, and (3) parenting style. Our work examined resettled refugee Congolese women’s perceptions of maintaining their culture after resettling in Ohio. These study findings could assist community engagers with insights and practical recommendations on supportive services for resettled Congolese women and a deeper understanding of complex acculturative situations facing them during resettlement.
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Urs, Andreea Bianca. "La ville de Kinshasa dans les romans de In Koli Jean Bofane." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 67, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2022.3.31.
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"The City of Kinshasa in the Novels of In Koli Jean Bofane. Through his novels, Congo Inc. and Mathématiques congolaises, In Koli Jean Bofane becomes the author of the city of Kinshasa. With its vast and diverse geography, the Congolese capital offers itself to being read like an open book. In her study, using the theoretical lens of Bertrand Westphal’s geocriticism, Urs explores Bofane’s fictional representation of the Congolese capital, in which she identifies three spaces of refuge. Acquiring both critical and political overtones, these spaces serve as a mise en abyme that can illustrate the functioning of literature. Refuge spaces are also living elements in the city, so necessary for the suffering characters. Keywords: Africa, DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kinshasa, space literature, african city, gecriticism"
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Tshimanga, Lukusa Pitchou. "Impact de la redynamisation de la coopération Belgo-Congolaise sur le développement économique de la République Démocratique du Congo." Revue Congolaise des Sciences & Technologies 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.59228/rcst.024.v3.i2.90.
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The Democratic Republic of Congo knew tumultuous reports/ratios of co-operation with Belgium. These reports/ratios suffered from the tensions and normality during the decades. The advent of the third legislature of the Third Republic revitalized the relations that had been strained in previous years. The recent visit of King Philippe of Belgium was sealed by the bilateral agreements of economic co-operation attesting a new era of the good agreement between the two countries. On what the economic co-operation between Belgium and the Democratic Republic of Congo is based? The population congolaise does it benefit of this bilateral co-operation? To reach the explanation of our study, we chose to use the conventionnism like method. It was supplemented by the documentary technique. Ultimately, the population congolaise does not benefit repercussions of the redynamisation of the economic co-operation between Belgium and the Democratic Republic of Congo.The bilateral co-operation in the sectors of mines, of small and medium-sized undertakings, in transport and hotel trade does not support with a very high threshold, the economic growth because of the lack of capacity of management of Congolese.
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Denisova, Tatyana S., and Sergey V. Kostelyanets. "The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Political Instability and the Rwandan Factor." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-1-37-47.
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been in a state of constant political instability since June 30, 1960, i.e., throughout the entire period of its independent development. The country has experienced a series of civil wars and local conflicts, the causes of which, as in other African countries, have been inter-ethnic and inter-confessional tensions, struggle for power and access to natural resources, inability of governments to control the situation in the periphery, etc. The peculiarity of the Congolese conflicts and DRC politics in general is the interference of external actors, primarily neighboring countries. Rwanda has played the greatest role in maintaining permanent instability in the DRC. This has been argued in numerous books and articles by Russian and foreign researchers, but Africanists have not yet carried out a comprehensive analysis of the historical background and contemporary factors of Rwanda’s influence on the situation in the DRC, and the present paper aims at filling this gap. The purpose of the study is to identify the political and economic motives for the presence of the Rwandan army on the Congolese territory, to examine the role of national leaders of the two states - P. Kagame, L.-D. Kabila, J. Kabila, and F. Tshisekedi - in the political development of the DRC, as well as the reasons for the conflict that broke out in 2022 between the DRC and Rwanda. The paper applies a comprehensive approach to the processes and phenomena under consideration, using the principles of comparative data analysis and critical assessment of information. The relevance of the topic of research is due to both the increase in political instability in Africa and in the world as a whole, and the noticeable increase in the influence of African countries on international political and economic processes.
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Gabriel, Ajabu Mastaki, and Nzohabonayo Anaclet. "The Right to a Healthy Environment in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Right of Ambiguous Effectiveness." Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 9, no. 10 (November 2, 2023): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2023.v09i10.001.
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Today, living in a healthy environment remains an ongoing quest, despite the affirmation of the right to a healthy environment by various national and international legal instruments. The Stockholm and Rio conferences were the starting point for raising awareness of the dangers posed by human activities. To this end, the States undertook to confer on every individual the right to live in a healthy environment. It was only after a struggle by the Human Rights Committee that the right to a healthy environment was recognized as a human right. It is now a subjective right recognized for every human being. The Congolese legislature enshrined this right in article 53 of its constitution. The constitutionalisation of this right gives it the status of a justiciable right. For 17 years now, this right has remained more theoretical than practical in the Democratic Republic of Congo, even though it is a constitutional right. There are several reasons for this theorizing, such as the low number of cases referred to the courts, or the fact that it is impossible to do so, and the absence of environmental litigation. Yet there are many solutions that can make the right to a healthy environment effective in this country. In light of these issues, the study answers the following question: Can violations of the right to a healthy environment be justiciable before Congolese courts? The constitutionalisation of the right to a healthy environment as a human right implies a constitutional obligation on Congolese courts and tribunals to apply not only the Constitution, but also international treaties and agreements enshrining this right and forming an integral part of the Constitution.
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Cojocaru, Alexandra. "Ongoing Humanitarian Crisis and Peace Process in The Democratic Republic of the Congo." Euro-Atlantic Studies, no. 5 (2022): 57–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/eas.2022.5.3.
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has experienced a cycle of violence over time, which has taken the form of interethnic competition, and civil wars and has become one of the worst humanitarian crises. Faced with an extremely violent peace process, especially in the eastern part of the country, sustainability and peacebuilding have been key points in the intervention plans proposed by international organizations. The peace process has made positive progress in halting regional hostilities, but the humanitarian crisis is far from being over, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimates that 27 million people will need humanitarian aid in 2022. DRC continues to face overlapping crises, extreme poverty, famine, poor governance, corruption, violence in the eastern part of the country, sexual abuse, and blatant human rights violations.In addition to the strategies proposed by international actors (for example, South Africa, the Southern African Development Community - SADC, the African Union, the United Nations, and the European Union), mainly having a regional approach, actions must start at a micro-level, a local intervention aimed at ending ethnic rivalries. Despite the efforts of international actors, the local approach has not yet been effectively implemented. Starting from the demographic and socio-economic context of the DRC, we propose an analysis of the evolution of the Congolese state, focusing on the conflict situation in the late 1990s, the unfolding of conflicts, and how African states and the international community have tried to restore peace. How effective the proposed strategies have been, what are the current issues and why are there no significant results in stabilizing the internal situation of the Congolese state?
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Misako, Fraternel Amuri. "Milices Maï-Maï, Dénonciation De L’impérialisme Et Politisation Des Masses Rurales Au Maniema (RDC)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 17 (June 30, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n17p65.
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Based on a documentary inquiry aimed at reconstructing the processes of denunciation of imperialism associated with the Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD)’s war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), by the maï-maï militia of Maniema, the article examines under the lens of historical criticism (heuristic and hermeneutic) the politicoideological contents of the essential documents whose impact on the rural masses remains crucial: their over-politicization of the latter. The study shows how a political mobilization that initially targeted awareness-raising for the recruitment of new combatants among rural Congolese youths has reactivated the protesting reflex of the rural populations both towards the rebels and their Rwandan allies, and maï-maï combatants. The repeated abuses of the maï-maï militias have thus brought down the nationalist mask which their ideological propaganda maintained until then. The pervasive activism of youths and especially the emergence of radicalized groups confirm the thesis of political violence as an indicator of democratic deficiencies of a weakened state through processes of globalization badly assumed in the African Great Lakes area.
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Kibatshi, Marcel Kamba. "Microfinance and the Fight Against Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 4, no. 8 (August 31, 2018): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v4i8.32.
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Studying both the Congolese and Cameroonian cases, this article shows that beyond some normalisation, microfinance prompts some very distinctive ways of appropriation. The authors wonder about the role of states as “ferrymen” of the word “microfinance”. They question the ability and the freedom of organisations and local authorities to put in place microfinance schemes. In a first section, the paper underlines the normative conception going with the term “microfinance”. In a second and third sections it discusses the circulation of the term and the manufacture of practices in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Cameroon. It comes to the conclusion that despite the eventual enforcement of practices and social norms, microfinance has to acclimatize itself to divergent social, political and even religious practices.
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Kiamfu, Victor Pwema, Alex Mayoni Matondo, Santos Kavumbu Mutanda, Clément Munganga Kilingwa, Nadine Bipendu Muamba, Athanase Kusonika Ndamba, and Willy Lusasi Swana. "Evaluation of the Cost of Production of Fish Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 (Siluriformes, Clariidae) with Three Types of Food Based on Local Agricultural by-products in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Agricultural Science 2, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): p205. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p205.
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Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 is a catfish with high commercial value in the Democratic Republic of Congo and in several African countries. The breeding of this species is controlled, but Congolese fish farmers are confronted with the problem of a lack of compound feed in the form of granules. The recovery of local agricultural waste would be essential to fill this gap. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of three types of food based on local agricultural by-products on the growth of C. gariepinus. The 25%, 41% and 51% crude protein feed formulas were tested in duplicate for 96 days. Fry averaging 2.20±0.43 g were distributed in 6 closed-loop plastic containers. The fish were fed twice a day by hand. Weighing and measuring took place every 14 days. The results obtained show that the highest final average weight (g) and specific growth rate (%/d) (F = 2.87; p = 0.002) are obtained with food A1: 27.5±1.9 g and 0.25±0.15% /d respectively. It took 812.6 Congolese francs to develop food A1, 942.6 congolese francs to produce the A2 ration and 836.6 congolese francs to produce food A3. The A1 ration is the one that gave a better compromise in price and quality by promoting fish growth at a lower cost (3.827 congolese francs).
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Ilunga Tshiswaka, Daudet, Kelechi D. Ibe-Lamberts, Guy-Lucien S. Whembolua, Abi Fapohunda, and Eugene S. Tull. "“Going to the Gym Is Not Congolese’s Culture”: Examining Attitudes Toward Physical Activity and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Among Congolese Immigrants." Diabetes Educator 44, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721717749578.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions and attitudes around physical activity among immigrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo and examine the influence of Congolese cultural beliefs on physical activity practice. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted and augmented by photo-elicitation among 20 Congolese immigrants, distributed equally by gender, aged 35 years or older. The PEN-3 model was used as the cultural conceptual framework. Results Using both the Relationships and Expectations dimension (Perceptions, Enablers, and Nurturers) and Cultural Empowerment dimension (Positive, Existential, and Negative) of the PEN-3 model, emergent themes were categorized around knowing the benefits of being physically active (perceptions), doctor encouragement to be more physically active (enablers), and the habit and local tradition of consuming beer after a soccer match (nurturers). Other emergent themes included Congolese loves to dance (positive), going to the gym is not Congolese culture (existential), and the challenge of increased physical activity (negative). Conclusions Congolese have their intrinsic cultural perceptions and attitudes around types of physical activity. The study disclosed a much more pronounced willingness to dance (as a potential source of increased physical activity) than to go to a gym. As such, if one wants to advocate a regimen of increased physical activity to offset the risk for type 2 diabetes, dance is an alternative to consider among some immigrants.
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Mukinayi Mbiya, Benoît, Ghislain Tumba Disashi, and Béatrice Gulbis. "Sickle Cell Disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Assessing Physicians’ Knowledge and Practices." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030127.
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Background: Sickle cell disease is a major public health issue in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), but it is still poorly understood by health professionals. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and practices of Congolese physicians treating sickle cell disease (SCD), in order to identify the areas for improvement in clinical care. Methods: This was a descriptive observational study conducted among Congolese physicians using a questionnaire. Participants were evaluated using a pre-established answer grid. Results: A total of 460 physicians participated, including 81 women (18%), with an average age of 35 years (range 25–60 years). Most physicians were general practitioners. Although self-assessment of their level of knowledge on SCD was estimated as average to good, less than half of the participants (n = 460; 46%) reported adequate management of vaso-occlusive crises, and only 1% of them had received specific training on SCD. Most physicians reported difficulties both in terms of diagnostic (65%) and management (79%) options of SCD patients. This study also showed that 85% of these physicians did not have access to the diagnostic tools for SCD. Conclusions: Insufficient knowledge on SCD and poor diagnostic and treatment options might contribute to increased morbidity and mortality of patients living in the DRC. Interventions aiming to improve physicians’ knowledge, patient follow-up, and treatment access are needed. Specific training alongside existing programs (HIV, malaria), early diagnosis of the disease, and the creation of patient advocacy groups should be implemented to improve SCD patient care.
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Lomami, Francis. "Armed Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Moral-Rational Review and Need for a Functional Explanatory Framework in Understanding of African Armed Conflicts." Journal of International Relations 4, no. 3 (June 21, 2024): 12–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jir.2686.
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Purpose: This paper grapples with the complex and multifaceted nature of the Congolese armed conflict from 1993 to 2003 through literature and theoretical debates. It poses the intriguing question of how analytical views and theoretical assumptions on this Congolese armed conflict inform one about the impact of moral and rational considerations and proceeds to highlight the moral and rational layers of the conflict. The paper reflects on immoral and irrational mechanisms, processes, behaviors, and decisions as factors that made this conflict a deeply harrowing experience, with a staggering number of non-liable civilian deaths and devastating consequences since World War II. Methodology: This paper used content analysis to unravel the trajectory of the Congolese armed conflict through a comprehensive document review of its historical and theoretical analysis. It employed a unique approach of critical moral reasoning to dissect moral and rational questions of the conflict's various causes, dimensions, actors, networks, and involved interests, thereby providing a fresh perspective on the conflict. Findings: This paper revealed moral lapses in the Congolese armed conflict's occurrence, development, and resolution from its origins in local identity-based disputes to its transformation into one of the most protracted, deadly, and destructive cycles of violence. The paper found that the conflict's moral and rational aspects were, in their right, essential aggravating features because they impacted its status determination and development from its onset to the peacebuilding process, and a framed functional moral and rational inquiry is needed for a more structured explanation of this causation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: With its critical moral reasoning, this paper extended the analytical and theoretical understanding of the Congolese armed conflict and offered practical implications for future analysis of African armed conflicts. By shedding light on the moral and rational features of the Congolese armed conflict, it advocates for a functional moral and rational inquiry framework to elucidate the functionality of relationships between moral and rational actions during the conflict and its development. The aim is to enhance the comprehension of the conflict and help define actionable tools for decision-makers during wars and peace processes in Africa, thereby making a tangible impact on the field.
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Ayikaba, Jules Masuku. "Le travailleur domestique en République Démocratique du Congo : un des oubliés de la législation du travail?" Recht in Afrika 26, no. 2 (2023): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6270-2023-2-217.
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The glaring lack of employment opportunities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has led to the conclusion of special employment contracts, including domestic work contracts. Today, there is a rapid development of labour contracts in Congolese society for domestic purposes. While it is true that the Congolese Constitution and various international legal instruments ratified by the DRC provide all workers, including domestic workers, with general protection, Congolese labour legislation hardly takes account of this development in the labour market. Many domestic workers in the DRC are still subject to countless abuses by their employers. As employment has become a very scarce commodity in the DRC, these workers sometimes have no alternative but to cope with all these abuses. In order to take special account of this rapid evolution of the Congolese employment market and to ensure that the workers concerned are specifically protected, this study recommends that the DRC ratify Convention No. 189 of the International Labour Organisation on domestic workers. However, such ratification would contribute effectively to the reduction of the countless abuses to which people working under a domestic labour contract continue to fall victim, only if it is accompanied by appropriate implementation measures at the domestic level and if the competent labour administration effectively ensures their respect.
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Moshonas, Stylianos. "The politics of civil service reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Modern African Studies 52, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000019.
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ABSTRACTCivil service reform is an important element of governance reforms, but has received limited attention in the literature pertaining to the Democratic Republic of Congo. This article examines Congo's aborted CSR process from 2003 to 2008. Through a detailed exploration of some of the project's components (the design phase, the census, and the workings of the structures charged with implementation), analysed through a framework attentive to the tensions between democratisation and liberalisation, the political logics that have pervaded and affected implementation outcomes are reconstituted. These logics, it is argued, are deeply embedded in the context of democratic transition/post-2006 elections, which donors have played no small part in shaping. The ambiguity of donors towards CSR, bemoaning the absence of governmental commitment but all too prone to tolerate administrative neglect, suggests that it may have been irrelevant for the disbursement of aid, and ultimately accommodating for the Congolese authorities.
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MUPENDA, Olivier Munene. "IS SLOW ECONOMIC GROWTH ORIGINATING FROM THE TOTAL EXTERNAL DEBT STOCK IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO?" Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 12, no. 1 (July 3, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v12.1(23).01.
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Unsustainable debt reduces the productivity of a country. Ten years following its “1960 independence”, the Democratic Republic of Congo adopted policies that resorted to external finances while the world was at the peak of the 1970 Petro-dollar crisis. The following decade, in the 1980’s, with the fall in price of raw materials, the Democratic Republic of Congo was trapped in an unsustainable debt burden cycle that stagnated its economy and according to the World Bank data, reduced its GDP per Capita. The rise of active armed conflicts in the 1990’s and political unrest during the 2000's added pressures to resort to further financial support from external creditors, facilitating corruption and poverty in the process.
The inability to service debts leads to economic consequences. One of these consequences is reduction in productivity. With empirical evidence, our analysis will be looking at the Congolese productivity from independence in 1960 to the historical democratic transfers of power in late 2018 to understand the effects of external debts in its economic growth.
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Koko, François Sadiki, and Fraternel Amuri Misako. "Le Terrorisme : Un Concept Abusé, Une Menace Réelle. Le Cas De La République Démocratique Du Congo." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 17 (June 30, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n17p95.
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), an important role player within the international community, has not escaped the widespread trend relating to the abuse of the terrorist concept. Whether it is about the rebels of the Movement of 23 March (M23) or the combatants of the Allied Democratic Forces / National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (ADF/NALU), the Congolese government has made use of the terrorist concept to describe these peace spoilers in eastern DRC. Furthermore, the government spokesperson qualified the civic movements known as Lucha and Filimbi as terrorist organizations. Yet, such extreme positions taken by government did not prevent the latter from entering into direct peace talks with the M23 leadership in Kampala (Uganda). Nor did it discourage the President from personally meeting with a delegation of Lucha and Filimbi in Goma. This article analyses the contradictions surrounding the phenomenon of terrorism: an abused concept describing a real contemporary societal threat. It subsequently applies this concept to the DRC's case. The central argument of the article is that the exploitation of the terrorist concept by Congolese political and media actors is likely to contribute towards impeding a full understanding of a phenomenon that, otherwise, represents a real security threat to the fragile Congolese state. In so doing, this exploitation prevents the formulation of relevant strategies designed to eradicate this phenomenon. In terms of methodology, observation and documentary investigation involving the content analysis were mobilized for this study.
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Ross, Scott. "Remoteness and Connection on a Congolese Humanitarian Radio Network." Anthropological Quarterly 96, no. 4 (September 2023): 711–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anq.2023.a915261.
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ABSTRACT: In northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, local and international non-governmental organizations have, for the last decade, built a network of two-way radios to connect rural communities in order to better protect them from armed groups active in the region. This article moves along this radio network to explore the concepts of remoteness and connection. Rural residents and humanitarians alike describe the region as “enclaved,” drawing on Congolese experiences and conceptions of isolation and vulnerability to appeal for greater connection. The connection oЛered by radios, however, is fragile and contingent, relying on alignments, negotiations, and compromises. The article describes these negotiations at the village level (among NGOs and various local actors) and between NGOs and the state, demonstrating that connection is a negotiated and ongoing process.
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Akondji Bainakofota Dieudonné, Angoyo Manvota Jacques, Menga Nongo José, and Assani Ramazani Raymond. "Medical malpractice, liability of healthcare professionals and patient protection in the democratic republic of Congo from 2015 to 2019." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 3 (June 30, 2024): 1217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.3.1300.
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Introduction: The aim of the study was to determine the reasons for medical errors committed by health professionals in hospitals in the city of Kisangani, to demonstrate the legal instruments on which Congolese law relies to protect patients in the event of medical error, to identify the modes of reparation reserved for victims of medical error in the jurisdictions of the city of Kisangani and the Province of Tshopo, and to report on the progress of the study. Methodology: The study took place in the city of Kisangani and was based on two methods. Firstly, the interrogative method, using interview techniques based on a pre-established questionnaire, which enabled us to collect information from health professionals, victims of misconduct and legal actors. Secondly, the documentary method, which enabled us to collect data from the Simama Functional Rehabilitation Centre in Kisangani on the files of victims of medical misconduct, and from the Kisangani High Court for cases that had been tried. Results: Poor concentration (accumulation, etc.), overwork and lack of knowledge of the procedure to be performed are the most frequent causes of malpractice, accounting for 35.1%, 26.3 and 13.9% of cases respectively. Book II of the Penal Code and the law on the protection of children (tied at 100%) are the main laws protecting patients from medical malpractice, the law protecting people living with HIV (65.6%) and the Congolese Civil Code, Book III (56.3%). Lastly, the Constitution of the DR Congo of 18 February 2006 and the Decree of 19 March 1952 (tied at 31.3%) complete the legal arsenal of Congolese laws protecting patients. Conclusion: In the DRC, the issue of medical errors represents a real challenge for society. The human, social and economic consequences are dramatically underestimated. In Kinshasa and elsewhere, people are dying as a result of errors made by medical staff.