Relevant bibliographies by topics / Poets, Venezuelan

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Poets, Venezuelan'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Poets, Venezuelan"

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Illas, Wilfredo. "Venezuela en su poesía… siete caminos para fijar un rostro en la memoria." Realidad y Reflexión 49, no. 49 (June 30, 2019): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ryr.v49i49.8065.

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El artículo es un viaje en la memoria para exaltar el aporte de los poetas venezolanos fundacionales y contemporáneos para evitar el olvido y el desconocimiento de las raíces que explican a Venezuela como nación. Palabras claves: poesía; poetas venezolanos; literatura; Venezuela.
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Harwich, Nikita. "Barcelona beyond the Seas. A Catalan Enclave in Colonial Venezuela." European Review 25, no. 1 (October 5, 2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798716000326.

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The town of Barcelona in Venezuela, with a present population of nearly half a million inhabitants, is – by far – the most important New World settlement bearing the name of Catalonia’s capital. It owes its name to its founder, Joan Orpí i del Pou, also known as Juan de Orpín or Urpín (Piera, 1593 – Barcelona, Venezuela, 1645), who managed to distinguish himself as one of the last conquistadors within the territory of present-day Venezuela. This was no easy task since a Catalan was, technically, not allowed to reside or even to travel to lands under the exclusive control of the Crown of Castille and León. However, since its foundation in 1638, Nueva Barcelona del Cerro Santo was soon to become a sort of Catalan enclave in eastern Venezuela, particularly due to the influence of the Catalan Capuchin missionaries who, since the end of the 17th century on, used it as a base for inland penetration. Similarly, Venezuela’s Barcelona was one of the important trading posts for the Compañía de Comercio de Barcelona, following the latter’s foundation in 1755. A sizeable community of Catalan merchants ensured the town’s growth and prosperity at the turn of the 19th century. This community also fuelled a strong resistance against the independence movement from 1810 onwards, as Barcelona was to become a savagely disputed prey between royalist and patriot armies: the episode of the Casa Fuerte massacre in 1817 is still today remembered as a landmark of royalist cruelty, even though the revenge later exerted by the patriot troops in no way fell behind in terms of mercilessness. The Catalans were particularly singled out and, with few exceptions, were all either killed or forced to leave.
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Higgins Joyce, Vanessa de Macedo. "News Organizations in Colombia Building Consensus through Social Media: A Case of Digital-Native La Silla Vacía." Journalism and Media 2, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2010005.

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Correlation of different segments of society is a major function of mass media and works by broadening individual’s perspectives and creating common ground between these different segments Little is known about how consensus building works in the networked, digital environment or how it works in Latin America. This study explores the premise on a social media page from a digital-native news organization in Colombia, La Silla Vacía, on the salient issue of Venezuela. It found that the news organization did provide a common ground within its comments, bringing men and women closer together in consensus (rs = 0.76, n = 10, p < 0.05) of the priorities of topics relating to Venezuela (substantive attributes). The study did not find a significant correlation between the topics prioritized by the posts and the topics prioritized by the comments. Audiences focus on Venezuela in relation to the local Colombian presidential election while the news organization focused on the country in relation to refugees and the political transition happening in Venezuela.
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Lasso-Alcalá, Oscar, Jorge L. S. Nunes, Carlos Lasso, Juan Posada, Ross Robertson, Nivaldo M. Piorski, James Van Tassell, Tommaso Giarrizzo, and Guilherme Gondolo. "Invasion of the Indo-Pacific blenny Omobranchus punctatus (Perciformes: Blenniidae) on the Atlantic Coast of Central and South America." Neotropical Ichthyology 9, no. 3 (2011): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000300010.

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We examined 308 specimens of the Indo-Pacific blenniid Omobranchus punctatus deposited in four museum collections, and analyzed data on their collection locations to assess its invasion on the Atlantic coast of Central and South America. This species occurs in shoreline estuarine and marine habitats in the Indo-West Pacific. Previous sampling and recent records in the Tropical West Atlantic from 1930 to 2004 produced 20 records for: Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Brazil. In this work, we provide data on 17 new records for the Gulfs of Venezuela and Paria in Venezuela, as well as four records for Maranhão and Pará states in NE Brazil. The temporal pattern of collections (1930 - 2009) and the proximity of most localities to ports and zones of ship traffic indicate that O. punctatus was initially introduced to the Atlantic by ships travelling from India to Trinidad. Within Brazil the introduction is linked to shipping connected to petroleum platforms. In Maranhão and Pará the introduction may have occurred as a result of fish sheltering in fouling on hulls of ships moving between ports around the mouth of the Amazon River. Alternatively, the spread of this species along of the American coast may reflect the expansion of the range of O. puntactus through larval dispersal in northward flowing currents. We recommend monitoring of this introduced species, and studies of its ecology in West Atlantic areas.
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Noguera Cárdenas, Johana Consuelo. "La ciudad de un poeta fronterizo: Marco Ramírez Murzi. Unificación de saberes desde la mirada del poeta y del lector." Revista EDUCARE - UPEL-IPB - Segunda Nueva Etapa 2.0 25, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 376–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46498/reduipb.v25i1.1292.

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Leer literatura para vislumbrar la ciudad permite estudiar aspectos sobre la cultura (lengua y sociedad) y el territorio (estado fronterizo: San Antonio del Táchira – Venezuela) que conllevan a la unificación de saberes desde la mirada del poeta y del lector. Considerando aspectos literarios, geográficos e históricos que facilitan la interpretación de los datos a través de la investigación documental, en un nivel exploratorio, cualitativo. Además de anticipar desenlaces y relacionar hechos con el contexto social e histórico que envuelve al lector.
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Martínez, Valentina Figuera, and Diana Junkes. "Uma poética transgressora: tradução de três poemas de Lydda Franco Farías." Cadernos de Literatura em Tradução, no. 21 (August 4, 2019): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2359-5388.v0i21p121-130.

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Neste artigo, apresentamos a tradução comentada de três poemas de Lydda Franco Farías, poeta venezuelana cuja voz lírica destaca pelo tom questionador, intimista, irónico e burlesco dos seus versos, desafiantes da sociedade patriarcal. Os três poemas foram publicados originalmente nos livros Poemas circunstanciales (1965) e Una (1985), bem como incluídos na Antologia poética (2005) posteriormente editada da sua obra. Respaldadas nas propostas de Haroldo de Campos sobre tradução, labor que demanda uma constante tensão, desconstrução, invenção, reinvenção e reposição de signos do texto original, nos propusemos preservar os recursos literários de cada poema, não deixando de adaptar alguns elementos para dar sentido em português ao eu lírico da poeta.
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Borucki, Alex. "Trans-imperial History in the Making of the Slave Trade to Venezuela, 1526-1811." Itinerario 36, no. 2 (August 2012): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115312000563.

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The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented expansion of knowledge about the transatlantic slave trade, both through research on specific sections of this traffic and through the consolidation of datasets into a single online resource: Voyages: The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database (hereafter Voyages Database). This collective project has elucidated in great detail the slave trading routes across the Atlantic and the broad African origins of captives, at least from their ports of embarkation. However, this multi-source database tells us little about the slave trading routes within the Americas, as slaves were shipped through various ports of disembarkation, sometimes by crossing imperial borders in the New World. This gap complicates our understanding of the slave trade to Spanish America, which depended on foreign slavers to acquire captives through a rigid system of contracts (asientos and licencias) overseen by the Crown up to 1789. These foreign merchants often shipped captives from their own American territories such as Jamaica, Curaçao, and Brazil. Thus, the slave trade connected the Spanish colonies with interlopers from England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal (within the Spanish domain from 1580 to 1640), and eventually the United States. The importance of the intra-American slave trade is particularly evident in Venezuela: while the Voyages Database shows only 11,500 enslaved Africans arriving in Venezuela directly from Africa, I estimate that 101,000 captives were disembarked there, mostly from other colonies. This article illuminates the volume of this traffic, the slave trading routes, and the origins of slaves arriving in Venezuela by exploring the connections of this Spanish colony with the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French Atlantics. Imperial conflicts and commercial networks shaped the number and sources of slaves arriving in Venezuela. As supplies of captives passed from Portuguese to Dutch, and then to English hands, the colony absorbed captives from different African regions of embarkation.
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Sepúlveda, Betsimar. "Percepción de la imagen en la poética indígena." Mundo Amazonico 5 (September 30, 2014): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ma.v5.45746.

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<p>Palabras de Betsimar Sepúlveda en conferencia en la Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, 2012) sobre la imagen poética a partir de los textos de Anastasia Candre y sobre los escritores y escritoras indígenas que levantan su voz propia de la memoria y la tierra. Incluye un poema de Betsimar dedicado a Anastasia Candre y dos poemas de Juan Rivas y Vicente Arreaza, poetas pemones de Venezuela.</p>
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Recabarren, Ruben, and Bogdan Carbunar. "Hardening Stratum, the Bitcoin Pool Mining Protocol." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2017, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popets-2017-0028.

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Abstract Stratum, the de-facto mining communication protocol used by blockchain based cryptocurrency systems, enables miners to reliably and efficiently fetch jobs from mining pool servers. In this paper we exploit Stratum’s lack of encryption to develop passive and active attacks on Bitcoin’s mining protocol, with important implications on the privacy, security and even safety of mining equipment owners. We introduce StraTap and ISP Log attacks, that infer miner earnings if given access to miner communications, or even their logs. We develop BiteCoin, an active attack that hijacks shares submitted by miners, and their associated payouts. We build BiteCoin on WireGhost, a tool we developed to hijack and surreptitiously maintain Stratum connections. Our attacks reveal that securing Stratum through pervasive encryption is not only undesirable (due to large overheads), but also ineffective: an adversary can predict miner earnings even when given access to only packet timestamps. Instead, we devise Bedrock, a minimalistic Stratum extension that protects the privacy and security of mining participants. We introduce and leverage the mining cookie concept, a secret that each miner shares with the pool and includes in its puzzle computations, and that prevents attackers from reconstructing or hijacking the puzzles. We have implemented our attacks and collected 138MB of Stratum protocol traffic from mining equipment in the US and Venezuela. We show that Bedrock is resilient to active attacks even when an adversary breaks the crypto constructs it uses. Bedrock imposes a daily overhead of 12.03s on a single pool server that handles mining traffic from 16,000 miners.
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Santos, Tatiana Nascimento dos, and Priscila Francisco Pascoal. "“Hard against the soul”, de Dionne Brand." Cadernos de Literatura em Tradução, no. 16 (May 10, 2016): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2359-5388.i16p181-200.

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Dionne Brand, poeta, novelista, documentarista e professora universitária, nasceu em Trinidad, uma ilha caribenha perto da Venezuela, e migrou para o Canadá na adolescência. Ganhadora de prêmios internacionais, como o “Governor General’s Award for Poetry” e o “Toronto Book Award”, é considerada ora caribenha ora canadense, apesar de reivindicar ser apátrida, e geralmente aborda temas como mulher, negritude, sexualidade, imigração, colonialismo, diáspora e justiça social. Alguns de seus trabalhos mais bem conhecidos e aclamados são o romance “What we all claim for”, o livro de poemas “thirsty”, o ensaio “Bread out of stone” e “A map to the door of no return”, uma meditação sobre negritude na diáspora.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poets, Venezuelan"

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Herrera, Ana Lucía de Bastos. "A tradição pessoana : influência de Fernando Pessoa sobre dois poetas, Mário Cesariny e Ruy Belo, e dois poetas venezuelanos, Rafael Cadenas e Eugenio Montejo." Dissertação, Porto : [Edição do Autor], 2010. http://aleph.letras.up.pt/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&request=000206207.

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A dissertação de mestrado A Tradição Pessoana estuda a influência que a obra e a imagem de Fernando Pessoa tiveram sobre diversos poetas do século XX. Para tal, lemos nomeadamente as obras de Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos e Ruy Belo. Analisamos a maneira como cada um deles, separadamente, acolhe a poesia e/ou a figura já mítica de Fernando Pessoa. Interrogamos também a influência de Pessoa fora de Portugal, debruçando-nos sobre dois poetas venezuelanos que têm afirmado, em entrevistas, ensaios e poemas, a sua filiação em relação ao poeta português: Rafael Cadenas e Eugenio Montejo. Visitamos assim momentos marcantes da recepção de Pessoa, tanto em Portugal como na Venezuela, concluindo que a obra pessoana é, para estes quatro poetas de linguagens profundamente diferentes, uma herança incontornável. Por outro lado, observamos uma grande diferença entre a aproximação a Pessoa por parte dos autores portugueses e venezuelanos, diferença devida principalmente à profusão de textos sobre Pessoa no universo literário português, mas inexistente na tradição venezuelana. Constatamos, finalmente, num sentido borgesiano, que estes textos transformam a relação entre os leitores e a obra e figura de Fernando Pessoa. Seja porque o questionam, como no caso de Cesariny, seja o elogiam, como em Montejo, estes quatro poetas obrigam-nos a voltar a Pessoa por uma nova perspectiva; ou, mais rigorosamente, revelam a partir das suas próprias palavras um novo Pessoa.
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Herrera, Ana Lucía de Bastos. "A tradição pessoana : influência de Fernando Pessoa sobre dois poetas, Mário Cesariny e Ruy Belo, e dois poetas venezuelanos, Rafael Cadenas e Eugenio Montejo." Master's thesis, Porto : [Edição do Autor], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55328.

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A dissertação de mestrado A Tradição Pessoana estuda a influência que a obra e a imagem de Fernando Pessoa tiveram sobre diversos poetas do século XX. Para tal, lemos nomeadamente as obras de Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos e Ruy Belo. Analisamos a maneira como cada um deles, separadamente, acolhe a poesia e/ou a figura já mítica de Fernando Pessoa. Interrogamos também a influência de Pessoa fora de Portugal, debruçando-nos sobre dois poetas venezuelanos que têm afirmado, em entrevistas, ensaios e poemas, a sua filiação em relação ao poeta português: Rafael Cadenas e Eugenio Montejo. Visitamos assim momentos marcantes da recepção de Pessoa, tanto em Portugal como na Venezuela, concluindo que a obra pessoana é, para estes quatro poetas de linguagens profundamente diferentes, uma herança incontornável. Por outro lado, observamos uma grande diferença entre a aproximação a Pessoa por parte dos autores portugueses e venezuelanos, diferença devida principalmente à profusão de textos sobre Pessoa no universo literário português, mas inexistente na tradição venezuelana. Constatamos, finalmente, num sentido borgesiano, que estes textos transformam a relação entre os leitores e a obra e figura de Fernando Pessoa. Seja porque o questionam, como no caso de Cesariny, seja o elogiam, como em Montejo, estes quatro poetas obrigam-nos a voltar a Pessoa por uma nova perspectiva; ou, mais rigorosamente, revelam a partir das suas próprias palavras um novo Pessoa.
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SEDJRO, ROUTIE AGNES. "Dynamique des espaces maritimes et amenagement portuaire au venezuela : le cas des ports de l'institut national portuaire (i.n.p.)." Paris 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA030060.

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Pour centrer l'analyse sur la problematique portuaire nationale, nous nous sommes penches sur l'etude des huits ports de commerce de l'institut national des ports (i. N. P. ), afin de tracer le role qu'ils jouent dans le contexte economique international, souligner leur incidence sur le developpement regional et exposer les grandes lignes de la reforme institutionnelle portuaire venezuelienne a l'aube des annees 90. Au vue d'une infrastructure physique archaique, d'une main-d'oeuvre peu qualifiee, plethorique, mais sous une haute protection syndicale, d'un mouvement de conteneurisation peu avance et d'un organisme gestionnaire deficient et incapable d'atteindre son autofinancement, plusieurs alternatives sont envisagees, a savoir : 1) la participation du secteur prive, 2) la suppression de l'i. N. P. 3) une gestion portuaire au niveau regional, pour une meilleure administration et exploitation portuaire. Une nouvelle politique commerciale basee sur un programme de promotion des exportations et une reforme douaniere accompagnera ces mesures
To focus the analysis on national harbor problem, we havelloked into the case of eight commercial ports belonging to the national ports institute (i. N. P. ), in order to outline the role they fulfill in the international economic context, emphasize their incidency on regional development and expose the broad outlines of venezuelan harbor institutional reform at the beginning of the years 90. At the sight of an archaic physical infrastructure, unskilled and over-crowded force labour, but under hight syndical protection a not very advanced " containerizacion " movement, a deficient administrative organism unable to reach its self financing, various options are considered, such as : 1) participation of private sector 2) suppression of national ports institute, 3) harbor administration on regional level. New commercial policy based on a program of exportation's promotion & customs reform will come withs these measures
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Salama, Benazar Rosana. "Elaboración de un modelo analítico que permita relacionar el transporte marítimo, la globalización y el desarrollo económico. Casos de estudio : Venezuela, Colombia, Perú y Brasil." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392608.

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La globalización se ha sostenido por las mejoras en la tecnología del transporte y las inversiones masivas en infraestructuras (Corbett & Winebrake, 2008), factores que han tenido repercusión en los puertos, ya que éstos han tenido que adaptarse a través de las inversiones en estructuras e infraestructuras. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la globalización del transporte marítimo y el desarrollo portuario en los puertos de América del Sur, específicamente en los puertos de Puerto Cabello y la Guaira (Venezuela), Cartagena (Colombia), El Callao (Perú) y Santos (Brasil), desde el punto de vista de ciertos indicadores según su importancia, para la generación de aportes que garanticen mejorar las operaciones portuarias en la región. La metodología utilizada fue la investigación documental con un análisis holístico y la de campo, de tipo descriptivo, analítico. El resultado fue que los principales indicadores de la globalización del transporte marítimo, según los expertos y fuentes documentales, están inmersos en el desarrollo portuario y éste a su vez, en la región de América del Sur, está ligado a los modelos de gestión portuaria que se adopten, presentando algunos de los puertos estudiados, diferencias en cuanto a la gestión portuaria y desequilibrios en cuanto a equipos, estructuras, y eficiencia portuaria, por lo que aquellos países que presenten desequilibrios en sus puertos con respecto a otros puertos de la misma región, deben ajustar sus políticas públicas con el fin de reducir o eliminar tal desequilibrio.
Globalization has been supported by improvements in transport technology and massive investments in transport infrastructures (Corbett & Winebrake, 2008), elements that have repercussions on ports, since they have had to adapt their structures and infrastructures. The objective of this paper is to analyze the maritime transport globalization and port development in South American ports, specifically in the ports of La Guaira and Puerto Cabello (Venezuela); Cartagena (Colombia); El Callao (Peru) and Santos (Brazil) based on certain indicators according to its importance, in order to generate contributions to ensure ports operation improvements in the region. The methodology used was documental with a holistic analysis and a field research, being it descriptive and analytical. The obtained result was that the main indicators of Maritime Transport Globalization, according to experts and documental information, are related to port development and, in the South American region, port development is linked to port management models assumed, presenting, some of the studied ports, differences relating to port management and disequilibrium regarding equipment, structures and ports efficiency, reasons why public policies of countries presenting such disequilibrium must be adjusted.
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Books on the topic "Poets, Venezuelan"

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Biografía de Andrés Eloy Blanco. Caracas: INCE, 1985.

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Lossi, Mario Torrealba. Sobre poetas, prosistas y otra vertiente bolivariana (nuevas escrituras). Caracas: [s.n.], 1995.

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Gabaldón, Miguel Szinetar. De la poesía: Diálogos con poetas. Mérida, Venezuela: Ediciones Actual, 2004.

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Blanco-Fombona, Rufino. Viéndome vivir : primer diario inédito. Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Centro de Investigaciones Lingüísticas y Literarias, Escuela de Letras, 1998.

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R, Utrera Miguel. Cartas espirituales. Maracay, Estado Aragua [Venezuela]: Fondo Editorial de la Secretaría Sectorial de Cultura del Estado Aragua, 2003.

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Subero, Efraín. Andrés Eloy de tierra y cielo. [Caracas]: Senado de la República, Comisión Especial para el Centenario del Nacimiento de Andrés Eloy Blanco, 1997.

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Fernández, Franklin. La imagen doble. Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Editorial El Perro y la Rana, 2006.

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Mariano Picón Salas, o, El ámbito universal de una vida y una obra. Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, 2004.

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Seijas, Pedro Díaz. Mariano Picón Salas, o, El ámbito universal de una vida y una obra. Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, 2004.

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Ramírez, Alfonso. Andrés Eloy Blanco: 1896-1955. Caracas, Venezuela]: El Nacional, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Poets, Venezuelan"

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De Monie, Gustaaf, Frank Hendrickx, Karel Joos, Lars Couvreur, and Chris Peeters. "Past and Present Container Terminal Performance in the Caribbean and Adjacent Sub-Region (Colombia / Venezuela)." In Strategies for Global and Regional Ports, 23–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6602-8_2.

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De Monie, Gustaaf, Frank Hendrickx, Karel Joos, Lars Couvreur, and Chris Peeters. "Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses in the Major Ports of the Caribbean Region and the Colombian/Venezuelan Subregion." In Strategies for Global and Regional Ports, 49–134. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6602-8_3.

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Brown, Katie. "Making Literary Connections." In Writing and the Revolution, 105–26. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786942197.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 suggests that, by linking their own writing to that of an author they admire through quotation, allusion or reference, Méndez Guédez, Chirinos and Zupcic both counter Venezuela’s literary isolation and explore issues of particular importance to them. Through playful references to other writers, Chulapos Mambo (Méndez Guédez, 2011) draws attention to the limited access to international literary developments in Venezuela. In addition, real Latin American writers appear throughout the story, most notably Mario Vargas Llosa and Alfredo Bryce Echinique, two writers who, like Méndez Guédez, have been judged negatively for their political beliefs. In El niño malo… (Chirinos, 2004), as well as integrating fragments of Eugenio Montejo’s poems into the narrative, Chirinos makes the poet one of the main characters of his story. This allows Chirinos to both pay homage to Montejo and to contemplate his own experience of being Venezuelan abroad. In Círculo croata (2006), Zupcic honours Salvador Prasel, a Croatian emigrant who became a writer in Venezuela, while also linking Prasel to William Faulkner, allowing Zupcic to allude to Faulkner’s appreciation for Venezuelan literature.
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Cromwell, Jesse. "“Men of Good Will Who Will Harm No One”." In The Smugglers' World, 197–238. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636887.003.0008.

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This chapter examines local and provincial Spanish imperial officials as the facilitators of illicit commerce on the Venezuelan coast. Administrators’ tolerance of and personal enrichment through smuggling was unintentionally important for the Spanish Empire in maintaining control over a contented colonial population. Authorities could be active smugglers themselves, invest in the smuggling ventures of others, or earn steady income by purposefully ignoring illegal transactions in exchange for a fee. They created elaborate conglomerations of both foreign and domestic smugglers through their personal and professional connections. This chapter emphasizes that officials and colonial subjects reached a social compact regarding smuggling and corruption. Instead of absolutes of “right” and “wrong,” both royal officials and provincial inhabitants assessed personalistic government on a spectrum of reprehensibility. Venezuelan subjects tolerated administrative graft related to smuggling when, as a by-product, it opened ports and markets to mutually beneficial trade from abroad. By contrast, when officials attempted to monopolize the black market or harmed community values in defending their own interests, locals used all means at their disposal to expel these offending functionaries.
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Russotto, Márgara. "Pequeña lámpara gemela: mapa esquivo del ars poetica femenina en Venezuela." In Poetas hispanoamericanas contemporáneas, 31–48. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110736274-002.

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Rabe, Stephen G. "Diplomatic Solutions." In Kissinger and Latin America, 183–208. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0007.

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This chapter demonstrates how Henry Kissinger engaged in resolving inter-American trade, investment, and treaty disputes. When they recalled the history of inter-American relations between 1969 and 1976, State Department officials who worked in Washington and foreign service officers assigned to posts in Latin America habitually lamented that Henry Kissinger did not prioritize relations with Latin America. They further noted that he launched no grand initiatives for the region, such as the Good Neighbor Policy or the Alliance for Progress. Their assessments were accurate. Nonetheless, the energetic Kissinger devoted more of his time to Latin America than did the prominent Cold War leaders that he succeeded. When he left public service in January of 1977, Kissinger could point to solid achievements in inter-American affairs. He took the lead in resolving both old and new issues that marred relations with Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
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