Journal articles on the topic 'Poets, Venezuelan'

El artículo es un viaje en la memoria para exaltar el aporte de los poetas venezolanos fundacionales y contemporáneos para evitar el olvido y el desconocimiento de las raíces que explican a Venezuela como nación. Palabras claves: poesía; poetas venezolanos; literatura; Venezuela.

The town of Barcelona in Venezuela, with a present population of nearly half a million inhabitants, is – by far – the most important New World settlement bearing the name of Catalonia’s capital. It owes its name to its founder, Joan Orpí i del Pou, also known as Juan de Orpín or Urpín (Piera, 1593 – Barcelona, Venezuela, 1645), who managed to distinguish himself as one of the last conquistadors within the territory of present-day Venezuela. This was no easy task since a Catalan was, technically, not allowed to reside or even to travel to lands under the exclusive control of the Crown of Castille and León. However, since its foundation in 1638, Nueva Barcelona del Cerro Santo was soon to become a sort of Catalan enclave in eastern Venezuela, particularly due to the influence of the Catalan Capuchin missionaries who, since the end of the 17th century on, used it as a base for inland penetration. Similarly, Venezuela’s Barcelona was one of the important trading posts for the Compañía de Comercio de Barcelona, following the latter’s foundation in 1755. A sizeable community of Catalan merchants ensured the town’s growth and prosperity at the turn of the 19th century. This community also fuelled a strong resistance against the independence movement from 1810 onwards, as Barcelona was to become a savagely disputed prey between royalist and patriot armies: the episode of the Casa Fuerte massacre in 1817 is still today remembered as a landmark of royalist cruelty, even though the revenge later exerted by the patriot troops in no way fell behind in terms of mercilessness. The Catalans were particularly singled out and, with few exceptions, were all either killed or forced to leave.

Correlation of different segments of society is a major function of mass media and works by broadening individual’s perspectives and creating common ground between these different segments Little is known about how consensus building works in the networked, digital environment or how it works in Latin America. This study explores the premise on a social media page from a digital-native news organization in Colombia, La Silla Vacía, on the salient issue of Venezuela. It found that the news organization did provide a common ground within its comments, bringing men and women closer together in consensus (rs = 0.76, n = 10, p < 0.05) of the priorities of topics relating to Venezuela (substantive attributes). The study did not find a significant correlation between the topics prioritized by the posts and the topics prioritized by the comments. Audiences focus on Venezuela in relation to the local Colombian presidential election while the news organization focused on the country in relation to refugees and the political transition happening in Venezuela.

We examined 308 specimens of the Indo-Pacific blenniid Omobranchus punctatus deposited in four museum collections, and analyzed data on their collection locations to assess its invasion on the Atlantic coast of Central and South America. This species occurs in shoreline estuarine and marine habitats in the Indo-West Pacific. Previous sampling and recent records in the Tropical West Atlantic from 1930 to 2004 produced 20 records for: Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Brazil. In this work, we provide data on 17 new records for the Gulfs of Venezuela and Paria in Venezuela, as well as four records for Maranhão and Pará states in NE Brazil. The temporal pattern of collections (1930 - 2009) and the proximity of most localities to ports and zones of ship traffic indicate that O. punctatus was initially introduced to the Atlantic by ships travelling from India to Trinidad. Within Brazil the introduction is linked to shipping connected to petroleum platforms. In Maranhão and Pará the introduction may have occurred as a result of fish sheltering in fouling on hulls of ships moving between ports around the mouth of the Amazon River. Alternatively, the spread of this species along of the American coast may reflect the expansion of the range of O. puntactus through larval dispersal in northward flowing currents. We recommend monitoring of this introduced species, and studies of its ecology in West Atlantic areas.

Leer literatura para vislumbrar la ciudad permite estudiar aspectos sobre la cultura (lengua y sociedad) y el territorio (estado fronterizo: San Antonio del Táchira – Venezuela) que conllevan a la unificación de saberes desde la mirada del poeta y del lector. Considerando aspectos literarios, geográficos e históricos que facilitan la interpretación de los datos a través de la investigación documental, en un nivel exploratorio, cualitativo. Además de anticipar desenlaces y relacionar hechos con el contexto social e histórico que envuelve al lector.

Neste artigo, apresentamos a tradução comentada de três poemas de Lydda Franco Farías, poeta venezuelana cuja voz lírica destaca pelo tom questionador, intimista, irónico e burlesco dos seus versos, desafiantes da sociedade patriarcal. Os três poemas foram publicados originalmente nos livros Poemas circunstanciales (1965) e Una (1985), bem como incluídos na Antologia poética (2005) posteriormente editada da sua obra. Respaldadas nas propostas de Haroldo de Campos sobre tradução, labor que demanda uma constante tensão, desconstrução, invenção, reinvenção e reposição de signos do texto original, nos propusemos preservar os recursos literários de cada poema, não deixando de adaptar alguns elementos para dar sentido em português ao eu lírico da poeta.

The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented expansion of knowledge about the transatlantic slave trade, both through research on specific sections of this traffic and through the consolidation of datasets into a single online resource: Voyages: The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database (hereafter Voyages Database). This collective project has elucidated in great detail the slave trading routes across the Atlantic and the broad African origins of captives, at least from their ports of embarkation. However, this multi-source database tells us little about the slave trading routes within the Americas, as slaves were shipped through various ports of disembarkation, sometimes by crossing imperial borders in the New World. This gap complicates our understanding of the slave trade to Spanish America, which depended on foreign slavers to acquire captives through a rigid system of contracts (asientos and licencias) overseen by the Crown up to 1789. These foreign merchants often shipped captives from their own American territories such as Jamaica, Curaçao, and Brazil. Thus, the slave trade connected the Spanish colonies with interlopers from England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal (within the Spanish domain from 1580 to 1640), and eventually the United States. The importance of the intra-American slave trade is particularly evident in Venezuela: while the Voyages Database shows only 11,500 enslaved Africans arriving in Venezuela directly from Africa, I estimate that 101,000 captives were disembarked there, mostly from other colonies. This article illuminates the volume of this traffic, the slave trading routes, and the origins of slaves arriving in Venezuela by exploring the connections of this Spanish colony with the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French Atlantics. Imperial conflicts and commercial networks shaped the number and sources of slaves arriving in Venezuela. As supplies of captives passed from Portuguese to Dutch, and then to English hands, the colony absorbed captives from different African regions of embarkation.

<p>Palabras de Betsimar Sepúlveda en conferencia en la Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, 2012) sobre la imagen poética a partir de los textos de Anastasia Candre y sobre los escritores y escritoras indígenas que levantan su voz propia de la memoria y la tierra. Incluye un poema de Betsimar dedicado a Anastasia Candre y dos poemas de Juan Rivas y Vicente Arreaza, poetas pemones de Venezuela.</p>

Abstract Stratum, the de-facto mining communication protocol used by blockchain based cryptocurrency systems, enables miners to reliably and efficiently fetch jobs from mining pool servers. In this paper we exploit Stratum’s lack of encryption to develop passive and active attacks on Bitcoin’s mining protocol, with important implications on the privacy, security and even safety of mining equipment owners. We introduce StraTap and ISP Log attacks, that infer miner earnings if given access to miner communications, or even their logs. We develop BiteCoin, an active attack that hijacks shares submitted by miners, and their associated payouts. We build BiteCoin on WireGhost, a tool we developed to hijack and surreptitiously maintain Stratum connections. Our attacks reveal that securing Stratum through pervasive encryption is not only undesirable (due to large overheads), but also ineffective: an adversary can predict miner earnings even when given access to only packet timestamps. Instead, we devise Bedrock, a minimalistic Stratum extension that protects the privacy and security of mining participants. We introduce and leverage the mining cookie concept, a secret that each miner shares with the pool and includes in its puzzle computations, and that prevents attackers from reconstructing or hijacking the puzzles. We have implemented our attacks and collected 138MB of Stratum protocol traffic from mining equipment in the US and Venezuela. We show that Bedrock is resilient to active attacks even when an adversary breaks the crypto constructs it uses. Bedrock imposes a daily overhead of 12.03s on a single pool server that handles mining traffic from 16,000 miners.

Dionne Brand, poeta, novelista, documentarista e professora universitária, nasceu em Trinidad, uma ilha caribenha perto da Venezuela, e migrou para o Canadá na adolescência. Ganhadora de prêmios internacionais, como o “Governor General’s Award for Poetry” e o “Toronto Book Award”, é considerada ora caribenha ora canadense, apesar de reivindicar ser apátrida, e geralmente aborda temas como mulher, negritude, sexualidade, imigração, colonialismo, diáspora e justiça social. Alguns de seus trabalhos mais bem conhecidos e aclamados são o romance “What we all claim for”, o livro de poemas “thirsty”, o ensaio “Bread out of stone” e “A map to the door of no return”, uma meditação sobre negritude na diáspora.

Social network sites, such as Facebook, allow access to a series of resources or discursive forms that constitute a multimodal and dialogical system that transcends barriers of time and space, favouring transnational communication, something particularly important to migrants. In addition, the comments and dialogues that take place in such socialisation spaces allow us to develop a greater knowledge of the identity and positioning of the user with respect to others. With this work we analyse, from a qualitative point of view, 150 posts each containing at least five comments, published between 2017 and 2019, in each of five Facebook groups of Latin American migrants living in Italy: Uruguayans, Argentinians, Colombians, Peruvians and Venezuelans. We determine their role in the migratory process and how the digital environment affects the relationships between migrants. In addition, we investigate how the identities of migrants are negotiated and (re)defined in discursive practice. Results shows that social network sites are “transnational social spaces”, in which a community is based on bonds of solidarity that derive from a shared conception of collective identity, and they forge deterritorialised “community of feeling”.

<p>Los jóvenes venezolanos han formado parte de la disputa política generada a partir de 1999 con el ascenso de Hugo Chávez al poder. Las narrativas sobre la política venezolana impregnan todos los espacios: la calle, el hogar, la escuela, la universidad, lo laboral y especialmente las redes sociales que se han convertido en las favoritas de los jóvenes para articular sus discursos y acciones políticas. En este estudio de corte cualitativo e interpretativo se pretende conocer los discursos que circulan a partir de la mirada de los jóvenes sobre la política venezolana. En lo metodológico, a través del uso de la etnografía virtual de Hine y el método de procesamiento cognitivo del discurso desde la perspectiva de Van Dijk, examinamos unidades de discurso en torno a la política venezolana tomadas de entrevistas en profundidad no estructuradas y unidades discursivas en redes (posts de Facebook y tuits de Twitter) de jóvenes estudiantes universitarios de Caracas entre 18 y 30 años. Como resultado preliminar se presenta que, aunque existe cuestionamiento mutuo entre las tendencias políticas en pugna en Venezuela, también existen narrativas comunes en torno a la política y sus prácticas. Adicionalmente los jóvenes resignifican la política y la sitúan como una disciplina que debe estar abocada al cambio general del país.</p>

Depuis les années 1980, la qualité croissante d'images satellites destinées à l'observation de la terre ouvre de nouvelles possibilités en photo-interprétation dans l'analyse des risques naturels, à la fois pour la prévision, la surveillance et l'analyse d'endommagement (Kerle et Oppenheimer, 2002 ; Domenikiotis et al., 2003). Suite à une crue torrentielle de février 2013 qui a affecté 93 bâtiments le long du chenal Avenida Venezuela dans la ville d'Arequipa, Pérou et endommagé 23 des 53 ponts, une étude a été menée en utilisant l'imagerie Pléiades. Des relevés de terrain ont servi de contrôle pour la cartographie du bâti et des infrastructures critiques sur deux images Pléiades respectivement d'avant-crue en 2012 et d'après-crue en 2013. Les objectifs de cette étude sont : (1) améliorer la cartographie de l'occupation du sol en milieu urbain sur des images Pléiades à résolution submétrique ; (2) tester l'apport de la classification supervisée semi-automatique à l'aide du logiciel Monteverdi (©CNES, Toulouse, France) ; (3) comparer la qualité des résultats et évaluer le potentiel de l'utilisation de la classification supervisée à partir des images Pléiades et (4) identifier l'impact de la crue torrentielle sur le chenal lui-même. Les résultats confirment une nette amélioration de la précision de la cartographie de vulnérabilité grâce aux images HRS à échelle locale. La délimitation d'objet est bien meilleure et la combinaison de la classification semi-automatique avec une digitalisation manuelle sous SIG donne des résultats très prometteurs.

Martín García Mérou (1862-1905) tuvo una destacada participación en la vida intelectual y diplomática de su época a escala transnacional. Se desempeñó en distintos cargos del servicio exterior argentino y fue poeta, periodista, crítico, ensayista, historiador, cronista, biógrafo y novelista. Nacido en Argentina, García Mérou estuvo la mayor parte de su vida instalado en otras geografías. Residió en naciones latinoamericanas, como Venezuela, Colombia, Perú, Paraguay y Brasil, en Estados Unidos, además de España y Alemania. Combinó esas residencias con sus labores intelectuales, y sus obras sobre la vida cultural y la historia de estos escenarios, lejos de ser los clásicos relatos de viaje o impresiones de la época, son estudios sólidamente informados sobre configuraciones sociales y dinámicas culturales que dan cuenta de los procesos modernizadores del cambio de siglo XIX al XX. Este ensayo centra la atención en una parte de la trayectoria cultural ydiplomática, la de sus estancias en Estados Unidos. Se presta atención a sus observaciones sobre la guerra de 1898, las Conferencias Panamericanas, el panamericanismo y el clima de ideas que suele caracterizarse como el del “primer antiimperialismo latinoamericano”. A su vez, se realiza un análisis crítico de sus escritos para conocer las representaciones sobre tópicos de su época, a saber: la consolidación de las estructuras estatales en América Latina, las visiones sobre los Estados Unidos y su proyección internacional, sus consideraciones sobre el servicio exterior argentino, entre otros aspectos. Para ello, se revisan fuentes provenientes del Archivo Histórico de Cancillería Argentina, del Fondo García Mérou del Instituto Bibliográfico Zinny, artículos de prensa y publicaciones periódicas y obras editadas.

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae is the causal agent of Anthurium blight, a severe systemic disease of Anthurium. Bacterial blight has been reported in most of the areas where Anthurium is cultivated, especially in Hawaii, California, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Jamaica, and Venezuela. This pathogen is also described on many genera of the Araceae family, e.g., Dieffenbachia, Syngonium, Philodendron, Caladium, Aglaonema, and Colocasia. In Reunion Island, Anthurium blight was first observed in 1997 during routine inspections in two nurseries on Anthurium andreanum plants imported from the Netherlands. Lesions consisted of water-soaked spots at the leaf margins surrounded by chlorotic or necrotic zones. Several necrotic lesions had coalesced to form large, dark patches that covered a large portion of the leaf. Some plants showed symptoms of systemic decay. The disease rapidly spread to other Anthurium plants in the nurseries, causing severe damage. Bacteria, which were consistently isolated from infected plants, were gram negative, yellow-pigmented, and mucoid. Carbon source utilization patterns (Biolog, Hayward, CA) were consistent with Xanthomonas sp. and the bacteria responded positively to monoclonal antibodies raised against X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae (Agdia) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Between 1997 and 1999, 114 isolates were collected from three main locations: the two primary infected nurseries and another one found contaminated later. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 8-month-old plants of A. andreanum cv. Carré by infiltrating the leaves with a suspension of bacteria (105 CFU/ml) using a syringe. Each strain was inoculated onto three young leaves (four inoculation points per leaf) on two plants. Control plants received sterile Tris solution. Plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 28°C (±1°C) with 95% (±5%) relative humidity and a photoperiod of 12 h. All 114 strains caused typical symptoms on Anthurium with the development of water-soaked spots near the inoculation point after 9 days, evolving into chlorotic and then necrotic areas after 20 to 24 days. No symptoms developed on control plants. Koch's postulates were completed by reisolating, from all the inoculated plants, bacteria that were again serologically identified as X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae. Since 1997, control measures were adopted, consisting of the destruction of the infected plants and quarantining the contaminated nurseries, as well as surveillance intensification at the ports of entry to prevent new introductions.

-Gesa Mackenthun, Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The wonder of the New World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. ix + 202 pp.-Peter Redfield, Peter Hulme ,Wild majesty: Encounters with Caribs from Columbus to the present day. An Anthology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. x + 369 pp., Neil L. Whitehead (eds)-Michel R. Doortmont, Philip D. Curtin, The rise and fall of the plantation complex: Essays in Atlantic history. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xi + 222 pp.-Roderick A. McDonald, Hilary McD.Beckles, A history of Barbados: From Amerindian settlement to nation-state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xv + 224 pp.-Gertrude J. Fraser, Hilary McD.Beckles, Natural rebels; A social history of enslaved black women in Barbados. New Brunswick NJ and London: Rutgers University Press and Zed Books, 1990 and 1989. ix + 197 pp.-Bridget Brereton, Thomas C. Holt, The problem of freedom: Race, labor, and politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1991. xxxi + 517 pp.-Peter C. Emmer, A. Meredith John, The plantation slaves of Trinidad, 1783-1816: A mathematical and demographic inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. xvi + 259 pp.-Richard Price, Robert Cohen, Jews in another environment: Surinam in the second half of the eighteenth century. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. xv + 350 pp.-Russell R. Menard, Nigel Tattersfield, The forgotten trade: comprising the log of the Daniel and Henry of 1700 and accounts of the slave trade from the minor ports of England, 1698-1725. London: Jonathan Cape, 1991. ixx + 460 pp.-John D. Garrigus, James E. McClellan III, Colonialism and science: Saint Domingue in the old regime. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992. xviii + 393 pp.-Lowell Gudmundson, Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt's Caribbean: The Panama canal, the Monroe doctrine, and the Latin American context. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990. xviii + 598 pp.-Andrés Serbin, Ivelaw L. Griffith, Strategy and security in the Caribbean. New York : Praeger, 1991. xv + 208 pp.-W.E. Renkema, M.J. van den Blink, Olie op de golven: de betrekkingen tussen Nederland/Curacao en Venezuela gedurende de eerste helft van de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1989. 119 pp.-Horatio Williams, Obika Gray, Radicalism and social change in Jamaica, 1960-1972. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. xiv + 289 pp.-Daniel A. Segal, Brackette F. Williams, Stains on my name, war in my veins: Guyana and the politics of cultural struggle. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. xix + 322 pp.-A. Lynn Bolles, Olive Senior, Working miracles: Women's lives in the English-speaking Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press (and Bridgetown, Barbados: ISER),1991. xiii + 210 pp.-Teresita Martínez Vergne, Margarita Ostolaza Bey, Política sexual en Puerto Rico. Río Piedras PR: Ediciones Huracán, 1989. 203 pp.-David J. Dodd, Dora Nevares ,Delinquency in Puerto Rico: The 1970 birth cohort study. With the collaboration of Steven Aurand. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990. x + 232 pp., Marvin E. Wolfgang, Paul E. Tracy (eds)-Karen E. Richman, Paul Farmer, AIDS and accusation: Haiti and the geography of blame. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. xiv + 338 pp.-Alex Stepick, Robert Lawless, Haiti: A research handbook. (With contributions by Ilona Maria Lawless, Paul F. Monaghan, Florence Etienne Sergile & Charles A. Woods). New York: Garland, 1990. ix + 354 pp.-Lucien Taylor, Richard Price ,Equatoria. With sketches by Sally Price. New York & London: Routledge, 1992. 295 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Edward L. Cox, Kai Schoenhals, Grenada. World bibliographical series volume 119. Oxford: Clio Press, 1990. xxxviii + 181 pp.-Henry Wells, Kai Schoenhals, Dominican Republic. World bibliographical series volume 111. Oxford: Clio Press, 1990. xxx + 211 pp.-Stuart H. Surlin, John A. Lent, Mass communications in the Caribbean. Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1990. xviii + 398 pp.-Ellen M. Schnepel, Max Sulty ,La migration de l'Hindouisme vers les Antilles au XIXe siècle, après l'abolition de l'esclavage. Paris: Librairie de l'Inde, 1989. 255 pp., Jocelyn Nagapin (eds)-Viranjini Munasinghe, Steven Vertovec, Hindu Trinidad: Religion, ethnicity and socio-economic change.-Alvina Ruprecht, Selwyn R. Cudjoe, Caribbean women writers: Essays from the first international conference. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990. xv + 382 pp.-J. van Donselaar, Michiel van Kempen et al, Nieuwe Surinaamse verhalen. Paramaribo: De Volksboekwinkel, 1986. 202 pp.''Suriname. De Gids 153:791-954. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1990.-J. van Donselaar, Literatuur in Suriname: nieuwe, nog niet eerder gepubliceerde verhalen en gedichten van Surinaamse auteurs. Preludium 5(3): 1-80. Michiel van Kempen (compiler). Breda: Stichting Preludium, 1988.''Verhalen van Surinaamse schrijvers. Michiel van Kempen (compiler). Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers. 1989. 248 pp.''Hoor die tori! Surinaamse vertellingen. Michiel van Kempen (compiler). Amsterdam: In de Knipscheer, 1990. 267 pp.-Beth Craig, Francis Byrne ,Development and structures of creole languages: Essays in honor of Derek Bickerton. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1991. x + 222 pp., Thom Huebner (eds)-William W. Megenney, John M. Lipski, The speech of the negros congos of Panama. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1989. vii + 159 pp.-Hein D. Vruggink, Clare Wolfowitz, Language, style and social space: Stylistic choice in Suriname Javanese. Champaign; University of Illinois Press, 1992. viii + 265 pp.-Keith A.P. Sandiford, Brian Douglas Tennyson, Canadian-Caribbean relations: Aspects of a relationship. Sydney, Nova Scotia: Centre for international studies, 1990. vii + 379 pp.-Gloria Cumper, Philip Sherlock ,The University of the West Indies: A Caribbean response to the challenge of change. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1990. viii + 315 pp., Rex Nettleford (eds)

La primera obra en prosa de Antonia Palacios (Venezuela, 1904-2001) se publicó en Buenos Aires en 1949. En 1950 la novela llegó a Venezuela, Colombia, Argentina y otros países de América Latina. En 1952 llegó a Europa: España, Portugal, Holanda y Francia. Palacios, una reconocida poeta y activista social, vivió durante la dictadura represiva de Juan Vicente Gómez (1908-1935). La novela expone hábilmente las contradicciones y complejidades del legado colonial y patriarcal de Venezuela durante su transición en una economía petrolera. La joven narradora cuestiona los estrictos roles de género y del legado dictatorial, especialmente las consecuencias para las mujeres. Palacios combina su habilidad como poeta con la capacidad de narrar las experiencias de una joven que vive en una sociedad rígidamente estructurada. Las mujeres forman parte de una economía doméstica creando dulces, cosiendo, vendiendo leche, lavando ropa, o, como en el caso de la madre de Ana Isabel, haciendo cajas de cigarrillos y cosiendo uniformes para los soldados. Las madres de la novela deben valerse por sí mismas, mientras que los padres están ausentes o son ineficaces. El padre de Ana Isabel está enfermo y es desempleado. El padre ausente de Pepe, aparece un día y espera que su hijo sea "macho" como él. El padre de su amiga Otilia simplemente desaparece. Los padres se van y las madres y los hijos deben cuidarse de sí mismos. Mientras el nuevo orden político en Venezuela está siendo redefinido por la dictadura y el nuevo orden económico se está redefiniendo por el descubrimiento del petróleo, el viejo orden patriarcal con sus convenciones rígidas y a veces opacas que Ana Isabel cuestiona, perdura. La novel muestra la diversidad de voces femeninas y examina los roles de género.

Consideration of the prevalence of regional prejudice in Brazil shows how stereotypical assumptions about culture, race, and socioeconomic class inform regional biases. A comparison of discriminatory social media posts after the 2014 and 2018 presidential elections reveals similarities in most of the racist and xenophobic language in the two election cycles but an increase in references to Venezuela and Cuba and heightened animosity toward the Partido dos Trabalhadores in 2018. Racism directed by social media users against nordestinos is part of a historical continuum of oppression fostered by regional stereotypes and failed public policies that have real-life implications for Brazil’s nordestinos. A consideração da prevalência de preconceito regional no Brasil mostra a centralidade de premissas estereotipadas sobre cultura, raça e classe socioeconômica. Uma comparação de publicações discriminatórias nas mídias sociais após as eleições presidenciais de 2014 e 2018 revela semelhanças na maior parte da linguagem racista e xenofóbica nos dois ciclos eleitorais, mas um aumento nas referências à Venezuela e Cuba e maior animosidade em relação ao Partido dos Trabalhadores em 2018. Racismo dirigido por usuários de mídia social contra os nordestinos faz parte de um continuum histórico de opressão promovida por estereótipos regionais e políticas públicas fracassadas que têm implicações na vida real para os nordestinos do Brasil.

Abstract Background POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, skin changes) is a rare, disabling, auto-inflammatory condition that may present to multiple specialties including rheumatology. We describe a case fulfilling all diagnostic criteria. Methods Please refer to the results section. Results A 52 year old lady of Venezuelan origin was referred to the rheumatology clinic with myalgia and arthralgia. She had a recent diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Her main concern was of skin hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis and a reticular rash. She had been diagnosed with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (CTD) in Panama and had received a good symptomatic response to IM depomedrone. Initial examination findings revealed generalised skin pigmentation, hyperaemia and limited weakness of both shoulders. There were no other features of CTD. Initial bloods revealed normal FBC, UE, LFTS, CRP 18mg/l and ESR 37mm/hr. Serum electrophoresis, immunoglobulins, CK, cortisol, calcium, TSH, ANCA and urinalysis were normal. ANA was normal but had previously been positive in Panama. MRI of spine showed multiple abnormalities consistent with bony metastases. CT of chest, abdomen and pelvis (CAP) confirmed changes consistent with widespread sclerotic bony metastases with bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and diffuse bladder wall thickening. Lymph node biopsy confirmed Castleman-like changes, but this was not pathognomonic. Thyroid biopsy showed reactive changes. A bone biopsy of a sacral lesion revealed haemangioma. A PET scan highlighted sclerotic lesions and splenomegaly only. Mammogram and cystoscopy were normal. She then presented via ophthalmology to the acute medical unit at a different hospital with visual disturbance and confirmed papilloedema. CT head was normal. Lumbar puncture confirmed high CSF pressure and high protein levels of 1.75g/l. MRI of brain with enhancement showed leptomeningeal enhancement felt to be post-lumbar puncture change. Repeat CT CAP showed mild ascites and splenomegaly. Extensive infectious disease tests were all negative including HIV and TB Quantiferon. A review of medical literature and input from radiologists raised the diagnosis of POEMS. Immunofixation was requested and this confirmed a low level IGA lamba monoclonal band. Vascular endothelial growth factor was significantly elevated at 4800. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed low level lambda restricted plasma cell infiltration consistent with POEMS. She is now being treated with Lenalidomide and dexamethasone under the care of haematology and is likely to require an autologous stem cell transplant in the future. Conclusion The challenge of diagnosing POEMS is well recognised. Few patients meet the full criteria for diagnosis. The heterogeneity of its clinical presentation means that patients may present to several specialities with multiple complaints. The combination of musculoskeletal symptoms, skin changes and inflammatory neuropathy may give rise to a rheumatology opinion and therefore it is important rheumatologists have awareness of the condition. We recommend that POEMS should be considered in patients presenting with an inflammatory neuropathy. Disclosures L. Waters None. R. Benson None. M. Mahindrakar None. R. Moots None. R. Abernethy None.

Este artículo, escrito por Daniel O’Leary, fue elegido por Alfredo Iriarte antes de morir para su publicación por el Politécnico Grancolombiano. Después de una amena y completa introducción del poeta y ensayista Juan Gustavo Cobo Borda, nos adentramos en la vida del joven Bolívar, el Libertador, que aún hoy genera fascinaciones y conflictos. El texto, nos revela a un Bolívar vulnerable que a través de sus cartas nos transporta a algunas de las dramáticas situaciones y los protagonistas que rodearon los procesos de emancipación de la corona española. Los conflictivos eventos que produjeron la caída de Francisco Miranda, con la firma del convenio de San Mateo —al cual el mismo Bolívar se opuso— y el destino final de este general olvidado y maltratado en la Carraca. El escrito revela apartes de la historia, a veces olvidada, de Venezuela y Colombia, que lejos de los fríos datos históricos de los libros, muestran a un Bolívar humano y sus duras batallas, además dentro de sí, por lograr la Independencia.

Resumen A finales de agosto de 1941, fue designado Li Dijun (李迪俊) como el primer Enviado Extraordinario y Ministro Plenipotenciario de China en Venezuela. Li, arribó a Caracas a inicios de 1943 y presentó formalmente sus Cartas Credenciales al presidente Isaías Medina Angarita (1941–1945) el 13 de abril. Asimismo, instaló la Legación de China en la capital del país caribeño, quedando formalizadas de esta manera las relaciones binacionales. Ahora bien, previo a este importante hecho histórico, existe un antecedente no menos trascendente que obedece a la creación de una efímera sede consular venezolana en la ciudad de Shanghai en 1936, para la cual fue designado como Cónsul General, el 22 de julio, el poeta y escritor José Miguel Ferrer. En tal sentido, nuestro objetivo es, a través del método histórico-documental, analizar los orígenes de la presencia diplomática venezolana en China, a través de lo que fue la referida sede consular entre 1936 y 1938.

In many regions of the world, the use of cetaceans as bait or protein source has been reported. In most cases the individuals are from bycatch but also from intentionally killed animals. Cetaceans with coastal habits are more susceptible to negative interactions with small-scale fisheries, as in the case of the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) in the Lake Maracaibo system. For decades, the use of Guiana dolphins by local communities has been reported in this region and is culturally supported by recipes for its preparation. Most of these data was outdated and some were anecdotal, so the objective of this work was to collect systematically data through surveys using the snowball method in seven artisanal fishing communities and to try to quantify the capture rate and to inquire about the potential impact of this practice on the population of Guiana dolphin. From 2017 to 2019, 95 semi-structured interviews were applied. An average bycatch of 180 individuals/year was obtained, the highest catch rate in the entire geographic distribution, an alarming situation considering that the surveys were not carried out in all the fishing ports, generating an underestimation. A total of 78% of interviewed recognized at least one bycatch event during their fishing effort. Surveys revealed a higher incidence of entanglement of offspring and juveniles (78%). 77% of the respondents deny the sale and commercialization of the species, while 5% mention some type of trade. The most frequent part exploited was the dorsal muscle, confirmed by fishermen (97%, n = 72) and the rest of the animal is discarded. During this investigation three episodes of directed capture were recorded, affecting a total of 23 individuals, two of them were pregnant females. The interviews also revealed that the majority of fishermen (93%) recognize the capture of this species as illegal. Considering the vulnerability of the Guiana dolphin in the country, the high incidence of capture and consumption and the lack of surveillance and sanctions by government entities, it is imperative to immediate actions to mitigate the negative impact on the population.

PREFACEThe articles of this supplement resulted from the 5 th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society held in São Paulo city, Brazil, at the Convention Center of the Transamérica Hotel, from 28 th September to 2 nd of October 1997. The participants of the Round Table Discussions on “Mean Sea Level Changes Along the Brazilian Coast” were Dr. Denizar Blitzkow, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, (POLI-USP), Prof. Dr. Waldenir Veronese Furtado, Institute of Oceanography (IO-USP), Dr. Joseph Harari (IO-USP), Dr. Roberto Teixeira from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and the invited coordinator Prof. Dr. Afrânio Rubens de Mesquita (IO-USP). Soon after the first presentation of the IBGE representative, on the efforts of his Institute regarding sea level matters, it became clear that, apart from a M.Sc. Thesis of Mesquita (1968) and the contributions of Johannenssen (1967), Mesquita et al. (1986) and Mesquita et al. (1994), little was known by the participants, about the history of the primordial sea level measurements along the Brazilian coast, one of the objectives of the meeting. So, following the strong recommendations of the Table participants, a short review on the early Brazilian sea level measurements was planned for a much needed general historical account on the topic. For this purpose, several researchers such as The Commander Frederico Corner Bentes, Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation (DHN) of the Brazilian Navy, Ms. Maria Helena Severo (DHN) and Eng. Jose Antonio dos Santos, National Institute of Ports and Rivers (INPH), long involved with the national sea level measurements were asked to present their views. Promptly, they all provided useful information on the ports and present difficulties with the Brazilian Law relative to the “Terrenos de Marinha” (Sea/Land Limits). Admiral Max Justo Guedes of the General Documentation Service (SDG) of the Brazilian Navy gave an account of the first “Roteiros”– Safe ways to approach the cities (ports) of that time by the sea –, written by the Portuguese navigators in the XVI Century, on the newly found land of “Terra de Santa Cruz”, Brazil’s first given name. Admiral Dr. Alberto Dos Santos Franco (IO-USP/DHN) gave information on the first works on sea level analysis published by the National Observatory (ON) Scientists, Belford Vieira (1928) and Lemos (1928). In a visit to ON, which belongs to the National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CNPq) and after a thorough discussion on sea level matters in Brazil, Dr. Luiz Muniz Barreto showed the Library Museum, where the Tide Predictor machine, purchased from England, in the beginning of the XX century, is well kept and preserved. Afterwards, Dr. Mauro de Andrade Sousa of ON, sent a photography (Fig. 1) of the Kelvin machine (the same Kelvin of the Absolute Temperature), a tide predictor firstly used in the Country by ON to produce Tide Tables. From 1964 until now, the astronomical prediction of Tides (Tide Tables) for most of the Brazilian ports is produced using computer software and published by the DHN. Before the 5 th International Congress of Geophysics, the Global Observing Sea Level System (GLOSS), a program of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, had already offered a Training Course on sea level matters, in 1993 at IO-USP (IOC. 1999) and, six years later, a Training Workshop was also given at IO-USP in 1999 (IOC. 2000). Several participants of the Portuguese and Spanish speaking countries of the Americas and Africa (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mozambique, Uruguay, Peru, São Tome and Principe and Venezuela) were invited to take part in the Course and Workshop, under the auspices of the IOC. During the Training Course of 1993, Dr. David Pugh, Director of GLOSS, proposed to publish a Newsletter for sea level matters as a FORUM of the involved countries. The Newsletter, after the approval of the IOC Chairman at the time, Dr. Albert Tolkachev, ended up as the Afro America GLOSS News (AAGN). The newsletter had its first Edition published by IO-USP and was paper-printed up to its 4 th Edition. After that, under the registration Number ISSN: 1983-0319, from the CNPq and the new forum of GLOSS, which the Afro-American Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries already had, started to be disseminated only electronically. Currently on its 15 th Edition, the News Letter can be accessed on: www.mares.io.usp.br, Icon Afro America GLOSS News (AAGN),the electronic address of the “Laboratory of Tides and Oceanic Temporal Processes” (MAPTOLAB) of IO-USP, where other contributions on Brazilian sea level, besides the ones given in this Supplement, can also be found. The acronym GLOSS identifies the IOC program, which aims to produce an overall global long-term sea level data set from permanent measuring stations, distributed in ocean islands and all over the continental borders about 500 Km on average apart from each other, covering evenly both Earth hemispheres. The program follows the lines of the Permanent Service for the Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), a Service established in 1933 by the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO), which, however, has a much stronger and denser sea level data contribution from countries of the Northern Hemisphere. The Service receives and organizes sea level data sent by all countries with maritime borders, members of the United Nations (UN) and freely distributes the data to interested people, on the site http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl. The Permanent Station of Cananeia, Brazil, which has the GLOSS number 194 together with several other permanent stations (San Francisco, USA, Brest, France and many others), belongs to a chosen group of stations (Brazil has 9 GLOSS Stations) prepared to produce real time sea level, accompanied by gravity, GPS and meteorological high quality data measurements, aiming to contribute for a strictly reliable “in situ” data knowledge regarding the Global Earth sea level variability. Following the recommendations of the Round Table for a search of the first historical events, it was found that sea level measurements started in the Brazilian coast in 1781. The year when the Portuguese astronomer Sanches Dorta came to the Southern oceans, interested in studying the attraction between masses, applied to the oceanic tides a fundamental global law discovered by Isaak Newton in the seventeenth century. Nearly a hundred years later the Law was confirmed by Henry Cavendish. Another nearly hundred years passed and a few years after the transfer of the Portuguese Crown from Europe to Brazil, in 1808, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was occupied, in 1831, for the first systematic sea level measurements ever performed on the Brazilian coast. The one year recorded tidal signal, showing a clear semidiurnal tide is kept nowadays in the Library of the Directory of Hydrography and Navigation (DHN) of the Brazilian Navy. After the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889, systematic sea level measurements at several ports along the coast were organized and established by the Port Authorities precursors of INPH. Sea level analyses based on these measurements were made by Belford Vieira (op. cit.) and Lemos (op. cit.) of the aforementioned National Observatory (ON), and the Institute of the National Council of Research and Technology (CNPq), which gave the knowledge of tides and tidal analysis a valuable boost at that time. For some reason, the measurements of 1831 were included into the Brazilian Federal law No. 9760 of 1946, to serve as the National Reference (NR) for determining the sea/land limits of the “Terrenos de Marinha”, and inadvertently took it as if it were a fixed and permanent level along the years, which is known today to be untrue. Not only for this reason, but also for the fact that the datum, the reference level (RL) in the Port of Rio de Janeiro, to which the measurements of 1831 were referred to, was lost, making the 1946 Law inapplicable nowadays. The recommendations of the Round Table participants seemed to have been providential for the action which was taken, in order to solve these unexpected events. A method for recovering the 1831 limits of high waters, referred by Law 9760, was produced recently and is shown in this supplement. It is also shown the first attempt to identify, on the coast of São Paulo State, from the bathymetry of the marine charts produced by DHN, several details of the bottom of the shelf area. The Paleo Rivers and terraces covered by the most recent de-glaciation period, which started about 20,000 years ago, were computationally uncovered from the charts, showing several paleo entrances of rivers and other sediment features of the shelf around “Ilha Bela”, an island off the coast of S˜ao Sebastião. Another tidal analysis contribution, following the first studies of ON scientists, but now using computer facilities and the Fast Fourier Transform for tidal analysis, developed by Franco and Rock (1971), is also shown in this Supplement. Estimates of Constituents amplitudes as M2 and S2 seem to be decreasing along the years. In two ports of the coast this was effective, as a consequence of tidal energy being transferred from the astronomical Tide Generator Potential (PGM), created basically by the Sun and the Moon, to nonlinear components generated by tidal currents in a process of continuously modifying the beaches, estuarine borders and the shelf area. A study on the generation of nonlinear tidal components, also envisaged by Franco (2009) in his book on tides, seems to be the answer to some basic questions of this field of knowledge. Harari & Camargo (1994) worked along the same lines covering the entire South Eastern Shelf. As for Long Term Sea Level Trends, the sea level series produced by the National Institute of Research for Ports and Rivers (INPH), with the 10 years series obtained by the Geodetic Survey of USA, in various Brazilian ports, together with the sea level series of Cananeia of IO-USP, allowed the first estimation of Brazil’s long term trend, as about 30 cm/cty. A study comparing this value with the global value of sea level variation obtained from the PSMSL data series, shows that among the positively and negatively trended global tidal series, the Brazilian series are well above the mean global trend value of about 18 cm/cty. This result was communicated to IAPSO in the 1987 meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. In another attempt to decipher the long term sea level contents of these series, the correlation values, as a measure of collinearity and proximity values, as well as the distance of the yearly mean data values of sea level to the calculated regression line, are shown to be invariant with rotation of the Cartesian axes in this Supplement. Not following the recommendations of the Round Table but for the completeness of this Preface, these values, estimated from the Permanent Service for the Mean Sea Level data, with the Brazilian series included, allowed the definition of a function F, which, being also invariant with axis rotation, seems to measure the sort of characteristic state of variability of each sea level series. The plot of F values against the corresponding trend values of the 60 to 100 year-long PSMSL series is shown in Figure 2. This plot shows positive values of F reaching the 18 cm/cty, in good agreement with the recent International Panel for Climate Changes (IPCC) estimated global value. However, the negative side of the Figure also shows other values of F giving other information, which is enigmatic and is discussed in Mesquita (2004). For the comprehensiveness of this Preface and continuation of the subjects, although not exactly following the discussions of the Round Table, other related topics were developed since the 5th Symposium in 1997, for the extreme sea level events. They were estimated for the port of Cananeia, indicating average values of 2.80 m above mean sea level, which appears to be representative of the entire Brazilian coast and probable to occur within the next hundred years, as shown by Franco et al. (2007). Again for completeness, the topic on the steric and halosteric sea levels has also been talked about a lot after the 1997 reunion. Prospects of further studies on the topic rely on proposed oceanographic annual section measurements on the Southeastern coast, “The Capricorn Section,” aimed at estimating the variability and the long term steric and halosteric sea levels contributions, as expressed in Mesquita (2009). These data and the time series measurements (sea level, GPS, meteorology and gravity), already taken at Cananeia and Ubatuba research Stations, both near the Tropic of Capricorn, should allow to locally estimate the values of almost all basic components of the sea level over the Brazilian Southeastern area and perhaps also of the whole South Atlantic, allowing for quantitative studies on their composition, long term variability and their climatic influence.