Academic literature on the topic 'Pohon 4x4'

<p>Penggunaan insektisida sintetik yang terus menerus untuk mengendalikan penggerek buah kakao (PBK) dapat merusak keseimbangan ekosistem di perkebunan kakao. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan cara pengendalian yang relatif aman bagi manusia dan lingkungan, yaitu menggunakan insektisida nabati. Tujuan penelitian adalah menguji keefektifan formula insektisida nabati berbahan dasar ekstrak daun bandotan-metanol, bawang putih-etanol, dan kemiri sunan untuk melindungi buah kakao dari infestasi PBK. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Januari-Desember 2013. Bahan uji yang digunakan adalah bandotan-metanol+serai wangi (BMS), bandotan-metanol+minyak cengkeh (BMC), bandotan-metanol+bawang putih-etanol (BMP), bawang putih-etanol+serai wangi (PES), bawang putih-etanol+minyak cengkeh (PEC), kemiri sunan+bawang putih-etanol (KSP), kemiri sunan+bandotan-metanol (KSB), α-eleostearic acid (kontrol negatif), dan air (kontrol positif). Formula dibuat di Laboratorium Proteksi Tanaman, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar (Balittri) Sukabumi, dan pengujiannya dilakukan di perkebunan kakao PT. Bumiloka Swakarya, Sukabumi. Perlakuan disusun dalam unit-unit percobaan yang masing-masing terdiri dari 16 pohon (4 x 4 pohon) dan diulang tiga kali. Pada setiap plot dipilih 30 buah kakao sehat berukuran 6-10 cm. Konsentrasi formula 5% dan 10% dengan volume larutan 250 ml/pohon disemprotkan ke seluruh permukaan buah dan cabang-cabang horizontal, dengan interval 2 minggu sekali sebanyak 6 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap tingkat serangan PBK dan kerusakan buah yang dipanen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula KSB (kemiri sunan 25% + bandotan 5%) pada konsentrasi 10 ml/l menghasilkan nilai persentase serangan PBK terendah, sedangkan formula BMP (bandotan 5% + bawang putih 5%) pada konsentrasi 10 ml/l menyebabkan intensitas serangan PBK dan kehilangan hasil terendah.</p><p>Kata kunci: Insektisida nabati, penggerek buah kakao, formula</p><p>The use of synthetic insecticide continuously to control the cocoa pod borer (CPB) can cause serious damage to the ecosystem balance in the cocoa plantations. Therefore, a control measures that are relatively safe for humans and the environment, such as the use of botanical insecticide are needed. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of plant-based insecticide from leaves goat weed-methanol and garlic-ethanol extract, and phillipine tung oil formula to protect cocoa pods from CPB infestation. The study was conducted from January to December 2013. The test materials used were goat weed-methanol+citronella (BMS), goat weed-methanol+clove oil (BMC), goat weed-methanol+garlic-ethanol (BMP), garlic-ethanol+citronella (PES), garlic-ethanol+clove oil (PEC), phillipine tung oil+garlic-ethanol (KSP), phillipine tung oil+goat weed-methanol (KSB), α-eleostearic acid (negative control), and water (positive control). All of the formulas were made in the Plant Protection Laboratory, Indonesian Industrial and Beverages Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI) Sukabumi, whereas the field testing was conducted in cocoa plantations of PT Bumiloka Swakarya, Sukabumi. Each experimental plot consisted of a 4x4 trees, repeated 3 times. In each plot selected 30 healthy cocoa pods measuring 6-10 cm in length. Distance between plots was 2 arrays of trees. Formulas concentration were 5% and 10%, which then sprayed onto the entire surface of the pods and horizontal branches using a knapsack sprayer, 6 times at intervals of 2 weeks. Solution volume was 250 ml / tree. Observations were made on the level of CPB infestation and pod damage harvested. The results showed that the lowest percentage of CPB infestation was on KSB 10 (philippine tung oil 25% + goat weed 5%), whereas the lowest percentage of intensity and yields loss were on BMP 10 (goat weed 5% + garlic 5%).</p>

Penelitian terdahulu pada sumber air panas Gedong Songo, telah diisolasi 5 isolat Alicyclobacillus sp. yaitu: ATSae10, ANBae10, AYTae7, AYTae31 dan AYTae33 dengan kondisi pertumbuhan 55°C dan pH 4. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan pohon filogeni dan mendapatkan informasi mengenai potensi enzim ekstraseluler ketiga isolat Alicyclobacillus sp. yang meliputi amilase, β-galaktosidase, protease dan katalase. Konstruksi pohon filogeni dilakukan menggunakan program Phylip 3.68 ed dengan metode parsimony. Uji potensi enzim ekstraseluler isolat Alicyclobacillus sp. dilakukan secara kualitatif. Uji aktifitas amilase menggunakan amilum sebagai substrat, uji aktifitas β-galaktosidase menggunakan ONPG sebagai substrat dan pada uji protease menggunakan gelatin sebagai substrat. Uji katalase dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan melihat adanya gelembung O2 yang dihasilkan oleh aktifitas katalase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga isolat Alicyclobacillus sp. (AYTae7, AYTae31 dan AYTae33) berada dalam satu kelompok kekerabatan dan mempunyai tingkat kekerabatan terdekat dengan Alicyclobacillus sp. KI, Alicyclobacillus sp. T127, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius strain DSM 454 dan Uncultured bacterium clone351. Ketiga isolat Alicyclobacillus sp. memiliki enzim termostabil ekstraseluler amilase dan β-galaktosidase.

Berkurangnya Hutan Kota di Kota Bangkinang dikhawatirkan mengakibatkan penurunan biodiversitas burung dan ketidakseimbangan ekologis. Oleh karena ituperlu dilakukan kajian tentang keanekaragaman jenis burung pada Hutan Kota di Kota Bangkinang dalam rangka upaya pelestarian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung keanekaragaman jenis burung yang ada di Hutan Kota, Kota Bangkinang dan mengidentifikasi potensi habitat burung tersebut. Analisis vegetasi dengan membuat petak ukur menggunakan kombinasi metode jalur dan garis berpetak. Petak ukur semai (2mx2m), pancang (5mx5m), tiang (10mx10m) dan pohon (20mx20m). Data burung diambil dengan menggunakan metode titik hitung (point count) berdiameter ±40 m. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 20 menit di setiap titik pada pukul 06.00-08.00 WIB, 12.00-14.00 WIB dan 16.00-18.00WIB. Pada Hutan Kota, Kota Bangkinang didapatkan vegetasi tingkat pohon terdiri dari 17 suku, 21 jenis dan 133 individu. Untuk burung didapatkan 16 suku, 24 jenis dan 434 individu dengan jenis yang terbanyak adalah Cucak Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster) sebanyak 53 individu. Suku Columbidae dan Pycnonotidae memiliki jumlah jenis paling banyak (3 jenis). Analisis keanekaragaman jenis burung dikategorikan keanekaragaman sedang (2,91). Indeks kemerataan jenis burung di kedua habitat yang diamati cukup tinggi (0,92).Strata IV merupakan strata yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan oleh burung. Jenis burung yang memanfaatkan paling banyak strata vegetasi adalah Cucak Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster), Merbah Cerukcuk (Pycnonotus goiavier) dan Cinenen Kelabu (Orthotomus ruficeps). Kata kunci : burung, hutan kota, vegetasi

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) mengetahui profil iklim mikro pada naungan plastik dengan warna plastik berbeda dan (2) mengetahui warna plastik untuk naungan yang sesuai terhadap peningkatan kualitas kentang varietas granola G0. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap masing-masing terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, yaitu perlakuan tanpa naungan, perlakuan naungan plastik warna bening, perlakuan naungan plastik warna biru dan perlakuan naungan plastik warna merah. Untuk pengukuran iklim mikro digunakan alat temperature and humidity meter dan light meter. Pengukuran iklim mikro dilakukan seminggu sekali yaitu setiap pukul 12.00 WITA. Analisis data intensitas cahaya matahari dilakukan membuat gambar dalam naungan menggunakan metose garis kontur, sedangkan data hasil pengukuran suhu udara, suhu tanah, kelembaban dan variabel kualitas yang diperoleh diolah dengan menggunakan program komputer Microsoft Excel untuk memperoleh grafik, lalu dianalisis dengan metode deskiptif, dan dilanjutkan analisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian intensitas cahaya matahari menunjukkan kontur profil saat tanaman berusia 2 minggu profil sebaran naungan warna bening 975-1025 lux, naungan warna merah 675-725 lux, naungan warna biru 575-595 lux, sedangkan pada tanaman berusia 8 minggu naungan warna bening 100-800 lux, naungan warna merah 100-700 lux, dan naungan warna biru 100-400 lux. Rata-rata suhu udara tanpa naungan 26,20C, naungan bening 26,80C, naungan merah 26,60C, naungan biru 26,20C. Rata-rata kelembaban tanpa naungan 76%, naungan bening 77%, naungan merah 78%, naungan biru 79%. Perlakuan naungan bening menunjukkan kualitas terbaik yaitu rata-rata 4,4 umbi per pohon, rata-rata berat 257,6 gram per pohon dan rata-rata 1 umbi per pohon. Kata kunci: naungan plastik, kentang varietas granola G0, iklim mikro. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the microclimate profile of plastic shade with different plastic colors and (2) find out the color of plastic for the appropriate shade to increase the quality of granola G0 potato varieties. This study used a completely randomized design, each consisting of four treatments and three replications, namely treatment without shade, transparent plastic shade treatment, blue plastic shade treatment and red plastic shade treatment. For microclimate measurement, the temperature and humidity meter and light meter are used. Microclimate measurement is done once a week, which is at 12.00 p.m. Analysis of sunlight intensity data was carried out to make profile image in the shade using metose contour lines, while the results of measurements of air temperature, soil temperature, humidity and quality variables obtained were processed using a Microsoft Excel computer program to obtain graphics, then analyzed using the deskiptive method and continued the analysis using variance analysis (ANOVA). The result of the intensity of sunlight is made profile countur, and the result of measurement of air temperature, soild temperature, moisture and variable quality is made graph. The results of the study of solar light intensity show the contour of the profile when the plant is two weeks old, the clear shade distribution profile is 975-1025 lux, the shade is read 675-725 lux, the shade is blue 575-595 lux, while in the eight week old plant, the clear shade is 100-800 lux, the shade is red 100-700 lux, and the shade is blue 100-400 lux. Average air temperature without shade 26,20C, clear shade 26,80C, red shade 26,60C, blue shade 26,20C, average moisture without shade 76%, clear shade 77%, red shade 78%, and blue shade 79%. The treatment of clear shade shows the best quality, that is an average of 4,4 tubers every single tree, average 257,6 grams every single tree and average of 1 tuber every single tree. Keyword : plastic sharps, potatoes varietas granola G0, microclimate

AbstractProduction and quality of latex is determined by planting distance of rubber plants. This research aimed to know the production and quality of latex in various the rubber plant planting distance range. The research was carried out in August until September 2016 . The research method design was a survey method. The different planting distance which is use was already exist in “Durian Inner Luncuk XXIV” Villages, Batanghari Regency i.e.; J1 (3 x 4 m), J2 (3 x 5 m), J3 (4 x 5 m), and J4 (4 x 6 m) as treatments. Each treatment was set 15 plant samples. The parameters observed were the latex production, the dirt levels, the ash levels , and the levels of dry rubber. The observation result showed that the highest latex production (130 gr-1 plant-1 day-1) was obtained at the planting distance treatment of 4x6 m. Levels of impurities in LaTeX, the levels of ash and the highest levels of the dried gum obtained at the treatment plant distance is 4 x 5 m i.e. 0.024 0.20%, and 18.43%. The difference in distance is not planting showed a different result against the level of dirt, the levels of ash and dried gum levels.Keywords: planting Distance, production, quality Latex, gum plant AbstrakProduksi dan kualitas lateks salah satunya ditentukan oleh jarak tanam tanaman karet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui produksi dan kualitas lateks pada berbagai jarak tanam tanaman karet. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan September 2016. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survey. Jarak tanam berbeda yang sudah ada di Desa Durian Luncuk Batin XXIV Kabupaten Batanghari, yaitu ; J1 (3 x 4 m), J2 (3 x 5 m), J3 (4 x 5 m), J4 (4 x 6 m). Setiap perlakuan ditetapkan 15 tanaman sampel. Parameter yang diamati adalah produksi lateks, kadar kotoran, abu, dan karet kering. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa produksi lateks tertinggi (130 gr/pohon/hari) didapatkan pada perlakuan jarak tanam 4x6 m. Kadar kotoran lateks, kadar abu dan kadar karet kering yang tertinggi didapat pada perlakuan jarak tanam 4 x 5 m yaitu 0,024 %, 0,20 %, dan 18,43 %. Perbedaan jarak tanam tidak memperlihatkan hasil yang berbeda terhadap kadar kotoran, kadar abu dan kadar karet kering.Kata kunci : Jarak tanam, produksi, kualitas lateks, tanaman karet

Odnosi Francuske s Hrvatima počinju za križarskih ratova, kad su hodočasnici odlazili na Levant dubrovačkim putem, a grof Simon de Monfort je osvojio Zadar 1202. za račun Mletaka. Papa ga je izopćio, a on je potro heretike na jugu Francuske da bi bio opet primljen u krilo Crkve. Ovo je pokazalo da postoji izmjena ideja između dalmatinskih i južnofrancuskih heretika koje su nadahnule obje književnosti. U srednjem vijeku i kasnije je bilo Hrvata koji su studirali na Sorbonni, i to ponajviše Dubrovčana. Dubrovnik i Versailles uspostavili su diplomatske odnose, francuski konzulat u Dubrovniku slao je obavještenja o Porti u Versailles. Bilo je uglednih Dubrovčana koji su dulje ili kraće boravili u Parizu. Ljudevit XIV. umiješao se u pobunu grofa Petra Zrinskog protiv kralja Leopolda, ali ne toliko da mu pomogne, koliko da destabilizira Carevinu. Njegova najpreča briga bila je španjolska baština. Međutim, kad je pao Budim Dubrovnik je pružao obavještajnu podršku Leopoldu u ratu protiv Osmana što je bilo na štetu Ljudevita XIV. Kad je združeno francuskošpanjolsko brodovlje pretrpjelo poraz kod Trafalgara Napoleon je uvidio da neće moći nabaviti sirovine iz prekomorja pa je stekao Dalmaciju da ih nabavi iz Turske služeći se putem dubrovačke trgovine. Hrvatski generali u c. k. vojsci pobuđivali su ustanke u Dalmaciji, ali i u Crnoj Gori i Srbiji pa su uspjeli da su uleme smijenili sultana Selima III., naprednjaka i Napoleonova prijatelja, a Napoleonov položaj u Dalmaciji i Ilirskim pokrajinama bio je težak. Napoleon se onda odlučio na vojni pohod u Rusiji, iako su ga njegovi maršali od toga odvraćali. Francuski konzulat ostao je u Dubrovniku, ali nije mogao pribavljati vijesti o Turskoj jer mu je to onemogućila c. k. Viša policija. Međutim konzul je uočio da bi se Balkan i Podunavlje mogli postati tržište francuske industrije. To se nije ostvarilo jer Austrija nije htjela graditi željezničke pruge od Jadrana prema Podunavlju da Mađarska ne bi postala pomorska sila. U 1850.-im godinama počela je ekspanzija Austrije na jugoistok na savjet Josipa Jelačića. Tu se nije mogao mimoići Carigrad. Otpočeo je pravi špijunažni rat između Rusije i Francuske s jedne strane i austrijskog internuntiusa Antona Prokescha, baruna, pa grofa von Osten. On je istisnuo Francusku i Rusiju iz Porte. Napoleon III. osvetio se sa Solferinom. Međutim, kad se Njemačka 1871. ujedinila Rački je osjetio to kao opasnost pa je počeo sklapati kulturne veze sa francuskim slavistom Louisom Legerom s kojim se dugo dopisivao. Počela je orijentacija hrvatske književnosti prema francuskoj.

Several halogeno benzimidazoles and 2-azabenzimidazoles, previously shown to be relatively selective inhibitors of protein kinases CK-I and/or CK-II from various sources, including CK-II from yeast [Szyszka et al. (1995) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 208, 418-424] inhibit also the yeast ribosomal protein kinase PK60S. The most effective inhibitor of CK-II and PK60S was tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole ](TetraBr-2-azaBz), which was competitive with respect to ATP (and GTP in the case of CK-II) with Ki values of 0.7 microM for CK-II, and 0.1 microM for PK60S PK60S phosphorylates only three (YP1 beta', YP2 alpha) out of five polypeptides of pp13 kDa acidic proteins of 60S subunit phosphorylated by CK-II [Szyszka et al. (1995) Acta Biochim. Polon. 42, 357-362]. Accordingly, TetraBr-2-azaBz inhibits phosphorylation only of these polypeptides, catalysed by PK60S . Addition of TetraBr-2-azaBz to cultures of yeast cells, at concentrations which were without effect on cell growth, led to inhibition of intracellular phosphorylation of ribosomal acidic proteins, paralleling that observed in vitro. TetraBr-2-azaBz is shown to be a useful tool for studies on the intracellular regulation of phosphorylation of the ribosomal 60S acidic proteins, which are involved in formation of active ribosomes.

Iron-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are characterized by high fracture strengths and elastic moduli, with some exhibiting fracture strengths near 4 GPa, 2–3 times those of conventional high-strength steels. Among the Fe-based BMGs, the non-ferromagnetic ones, designated “non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloys” by two of the present authors [S.J. Poon et al.: Appl. Phys. Lett.83, 1131 (2003)], have glass-forming ability high enough to form single-phase glassy rods with diameters reaching 16 mm. Fe-based BMGs designed for structural applications must exhibit some plasticity under compression. However, the role of alloy composition on plastic and brittle failures in metallic glasses is largely unknown. In view of a recently observed correlation that exists between plasticity and Poisson’s ratio for BMGs, compositional effects on plasticity and elastic properties in amorphous steels were investigated. For the new amorphous steels, fracture strengths as high as 4.4 GPa and plastic strains reaching ∼0.8% were measured. Plastic failure instead of brittle failure was observed as the Poisson’s ratio approached 0.32 from below. Investigation of the relationship between the elastic moduli of the alloys and those of the alloying elements revealed that interatomic interactions in addition to the elastic moduli of the alloying elements must be considered in designing ductile Fe-based BMGs. The prospects for attaining high fracture toughness in Fe-based BMGs are discussed in this article.

The content of the study is an analysis of the plays by the Udmurt writer-educator I. S. Mikheev in the aspect of identifying their problems, the nature and types of conflicts depicted. Since the conflict is a key category of the dramatic work, the nature of its forming speaks both of the playwright’s skill and the pressing problems that worried him. According to the author of the article, in the works of I. S. Mikheev social, moral, national and socio-political problems are brought up to date, which are revealed through a variety of conflicts. In the plays “En Lushka” (“Do not steal”) and “Viz’tem Onton” (“Stupid Onton”), the playwright depicts the dramatic fate of heroes whose behavior, from the point of view of those around them, contradicts generally accepted morality: in the first case, attention is focused on the role of the “institute” of community, regulating the normative behavior of people in a way of lynching; in another case, on the immutability of God's punishment in relation to a person who has transgressed the permitted line. The playwright devoted his other plays to a rational, culturally enlightened person, free from obsolete habits and prejudices: “Pellyashch’kishch’” (“Fortune-teller”), “Udmurt Doktor” (“Udmurt doctor”); to people who identify themselves with the Udmurt culture and their native language with a wide scope of application: “Udmurt Dyshetyshch” (“Udmurt teacher”); to the independent and possessing equal rights Udmurt people, free from national and social oppression: “Udmurtyoslen revolyutsi poton azh’yn ulemzy” (“Life of the Udmurts before the revolution”). The study of plot conflicts made it possible to establish that the playwright develops a confrontation between the individual and the community, between the individual and the collective; depicts the battle between the old, the obsolete and the advanced, progressive; actualizes the generational gap; reveals social and interethnic contradictions and demarcations.

Identifikasi larva ikan seringkali sulit dilakukan. Belum tersedianya kunci identifikasi untuk spesies larva ikan di perairan umum daratan sehingga belum adanya pedoman untuk dapat mengidentifikasi spesies larva ikan secara morfologi maupun meristik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi spesies larva ikan melalui sekuen DNA sehingga menghasilkan data spesies yang lebih pasti dan hubungan kelimpahan larva ikan dengan parameter kualitas perairan di Danau Ranau, Sumatera Selatan. Lokasi pengambilan sampel identifikasi jenis dan kualitas perairan di enam stasiun di Perairan Danau Ranau, Sumatera Selatan. Hasil identifikasi dengan menggunakan sekuen DNA ditemukan sepuluh jenis larva ikan. Kesepuluh jenis larva ikan tersebut antara lain Rasbora argyrotaenia, Puntius tetrazona, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus, Gambusia affinis, Poecilia reticulata, Mystacoleucus marginatus, Channa striata, Trichopsis vittata, and Trichogaster trichopterus. Sekuen DNA kemudian disejajarkan dengan sekuen referen dari perpustakaan data bank gen untuk mengakar pohon dengan menggunakan program BLAST dari NCBI untuk menemukan identitas yang paling dekat keterkaitannya dengan sampel larva-larva ikan yang dianalisis. Hubungan filogeni spesies diantara takson larva-larva ikan di Danau Ranau berdekatan. Kondisi perairan di Danau Ranau tergolong baik untuk biota perairan seperti larva ikan. Kualitas air merupakan parameter yang menentukan kelimpahan larva ikan di Danau Ranau. Larva-larva ikan antar populasi memiliki jarak genetik yang dekat antar satu dengan yang lain. Kelimpahan larva ikan berkorelasi positif dengan turbiditas dan berkorelasi negatif terhadap parameter daya hantar listrik.Identification of fish larva is often difficult. The unavailability of key identification for fish larva species in inland waters so that there are no guidelines for identifying fish larvae morphologically or meristically. This study aims to identify fish larva species from the Ranau Lake waters, South Sumatra through DNA sequences to produce more definitive species data and relationship of abundance of fish larva and water quality of parameters in Ranau Lake waters, South Sumatera. The sampling location of species identification and water quality was six stations in Ranau Lake waters, South Sumatra. The results of the study found the identification of fish larva species using DNA sequence found ten types of fish larva obtained. The ten types of fish larva include Rasbora argyrotaenia, Puntius tetrazona, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus, Gambusia affinis, Poecilia reticulata, Mystacoleucus marginatus, Channa striata, Trichopsis vittata, and Trichogaster trichopterus. The DNA sequence was then aligned with the referent sequence from the gene bank data library to root the tree by using the BLAST program from NCBI to find the identity that was closest to the sample of fish larvae analyzed. The relationship of species phylogeny between the fish larva of fish larva in Ranau Lake is close together. Fish larva between populations have close genetic distance from one another. Water quality in Ranau Lake are good for aquatic biota such as fish larva. Water quality is a parameter that determines the abundance of fish larva in Ranau Lake. The abundance of fish larva was positively correlated with turbidity, whereas negatively correlated to conductivity parameters.

This thesis deals with the analysis of the car driving characteristics depending on the type of drive wheels. The first chapter defines the basic theoretical cars concept as well as procedures for determining the individual variables needed to identify the driving dynamics of vehicles. The practical part describes the plan and the progress of realized measurements on a selected pattern of vehicles, and the measured values are interpreted. The final part deals with the evaluation of the performed measurements and the data identified within these measurements.