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Journal articles on the topic 'Poison pills'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Gleason, Katherine I., and Mark S. Klock. "Is there power behind the dead hand? An empirical investigation of dead hand poison pills." Corporate Ownership and Control 7, no. 1 (2009): 370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv7i1c3p4.

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Dead hand poison pills prevent potential hostile acquirers from circumventing a poison pill with a proxy contest whereby newly elected directors could redeem the pill. Dead hand provisions only permit continuing directors to redeem. Shareholder rights advocates and legal scholars have criticized dead hand poison pills as an assault on shareholder governance, but economic theory suggests potential shareholder benefits. We provide the first empirical study of dead hand poison pills. We find that adoption of dead hand poison pills leads to gains for shareholders and losses for bondholders. This supports Schwert’s (2000) conjecture that poison pills provide shareholders with better premiums rather than entrench ineffective managers.

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2

Sanford Jr, Douglas, Yong-Yeon Ji, and Won-Yong Oh. "Poison pills and CEOs: The résumé matters." Corporate Board role duties and composition 8, no. 2 (2012): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv8i2art3.

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Previous research has linked poison pill to corporate governance characteristics such as ownership structure and board composition while overlooking the attributes of top managers involved in poison pill decision. Based on upper echelons perspective, we changed the focus by investigating the effect of CEO characteristics on poison pills, as measured by age, business education, and outside directorships. Using a sample of Fortune 500 manufacturing firms, we found that CEO business education is positively associated with poison pills, while CEOs’ outside directorships are negatively associated with poison pills. Furthermore, we found that CEO duality moderates the relationship between CEO business education and poison pills. We make implications for both corporate governance research and managerial practices regarding firms’ anti-takeover provisions

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3

Nguyen, Duc Giang. "The endogeneity of poison pill adoption and unsolicited takeovers." International Journal of Managerial Finance 14, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-04-2017-0075.

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Purpose Poison pill adoption is often considered as the most effective tactic to fend off an unsolicited takeover bid. However, it is difficult to identify the deterrent effect because the adoption is naturally endogenous. The purpose of this paper is to use plausibly exogenous instruments to mitigate the endogeneity problem. Design/methodology/approach The author employs two econometric models: the linear probability model and the bivariate probit model to examine the effect of poison pills on the outcome of a takeover. Findings Using a sample of 655 unsolicited takeovers, the author finds that poison pills substantially reduce the likelihood that a takeover bid, once undesirably placed, is completed. This negative impact strongly supports the manager entrenchment hypothesis in that managers adopt poison pills to ensure the continuation of their private benefits. However, the author finds no strong evidence consistent with the shareholder interest hypothesis that poison pills enhance the management’s ability to negotiate higher premiums or reject inadequate offers. Research limitations/implications The demise of the market for unsolicited takeovers with the disappearance of poison pills can be explained by the fact that poison pills, if adopted, will have an absolute deterrent effect on the takeover likelihood of success, and targets always have the power to adopt them instantly. Practical implications There should be policies to limit the power of managers to adopt poison pills because it causes the entrenchment problem which will negatively affect the firm value. Originality/value The author tackles the problem of the endogeneity of poison pill adoptions. The author shows that poison pills have a strong negative effect on the takeover outcome and the result can explain the decreasing number of unsolicited takeovers.

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4

Solomon, Daniel H. "Poison pills." Journal of Clinical Investigation 119, no. 3 (March 2, 2009): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci38430.

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5

Schepker, Donald J., Won-Yong Oh, and Pankaj C. Patel. "Interpreting Equivocal Signals: Market Reaction to Specific-Purpose Poison Pill Adoption." Journal of Management 44, no. 5 (March 18, 2016): 1953–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206316635250.

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Signaling theory suggests that firms send signals to stakeholders to reduce information asymmetry. Research, however, has rarely examined how investors interpret signals that are equivocal. We suggest that sensemaking serves as an important process by which investors interpret firm signals, and salient contextual cues influence the sensemaking process. We examine an equivocal signal, the adoption of a poison pill, as a means of examining investor interpretation of the signal and the role of contextual cues in influencing interpretation. Using a sample of 578 poison pill adoptions and controlling for self-selection, we find that investors react negatively to poison pills adopted to protect net operating losses (NOL poison pills) but positively to poison pills adopted when the firm is in receipt of a takeover offer (in-play poison pills). Assessing the role of contextual cues, our results suggest that CEO duality, the proportion of inside directors on the firm’s board, the firm’s R&D investments, and industry concentration also condition investor response to specific-purpose poison pill adoption. Our study contributes to research on signaling theory, sensemaking, and corporate governance by examining how investors interpret a firm’s equivocal governance decisions.

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6

Turk, Thomas A., Jeremy Goh, and Candace E. Ybarra. "The effect of takeover defenses on long term and short term analysts’ earnings forecasts: The case of poison pills." Corporate Ownership and Control 4, no. 4 (2007): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv4i4p11.

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This study examined the effect of poison pill adoption on long term and short earnings forecasts by security analysts. Our results provide no evidence of significant revisions in one-year or five-year earnings forecasts following the adoption of poison pills. We do find evidence, however, that firms adopt poison pills following a period of significant negative revisions in earnings forecasts. Our results suggest that poison pill adoptions may be a response to downward revisions in earnings forecasts

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7

Johnson, Dana J., and Nancy L. Meade. "Shareholder Wealth Effects Of Poison Pills In The Presence Of Anti-Takeover Amendments." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 12, no. 4 (September 8, 2011): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v12i4.5780.

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<span>In the 1980s managers were innovating in implementing arsenals of devices to prevent possible takeovers of their firms. These anti-takeover devices were usually amendments to the corporate charter or poison pills. Prior studies have examined market reactions to either amendment devices or poison pills. This study provides an extension to those studies by examining marketing reactions to poison pills as the first anti-takeover devices compared with pill adoptions as an addition to an already existing arsenal of charger amendment devices. Results indicate that market reactions differ between these two types of events. Stockholder wealth effects differ also according to the type of charter amendment in place at the time of pill adoption.</span>

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8

Turk, Thomas A., Jeremy Goh, and Candace E. Ybarra. "Do poison pills increase firm risk?" Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 3 (2008): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i3p5.

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Management scholars have argued that an active takeover market discourages risk-taking by managers and that takeover defenses serve to counter the risk-reducing pressures of an active takeover market. This study employs the Black and Scholes Option Pricing Model to determine whether or not adoption of poison pill securities increases investor perceptions of firm risk. The results provide evidence that the Option-Implied Standard Deviations of common stock returns increase significantly on the poison pill adoption date, on average. Furthermore, the implied standard deviations remained significantly above pre-adoption levels for several days after the poison pill adoption, suggesting that the perceived increase in firm risk is permanent. These results suggest the poison pills may serve a more constructive role in the governance of publicly traded firms than is generally assumed.

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9

Azevedo, Yuri Gomes Paiva, and Sílvio Hiroshi Nakao. "THE INFLUENCE OF POISON PILLS ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION." Advances in Scientific and Applied Accounting 12, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 039–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14392/asaa.2019120303.

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10

Tian, Xiaoli (Shaolee). "Does Real-Time Reporting Deter Strategic Disclosures by Management? The Impact of Real-Time Reporting and Event Controllability on Disclosure Bunching." Accounting Review 90, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 2107–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51095.

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ABSTRACT The SEC is moving toward requiring real-time reporting. Proponents have predicted that disclosing a news event immediately after it arises could reduce information aggregation and disclosure bunching. But evidence from the theoretical literature suggests that the effect depends on whether managers can time the underlying required reporting event. Managers, for example, can time regular poison pill adoptions, but have limited ability to time in-play pill adoptions. Thus, I test whether real-time reporting deters disclosure bunching around the disclosures of regular and in-play poison pill adoptions to examine whether managers' ability to time events affects whether real-time reporting deters strategic disclosure. I find that real-time reporting does not deter disclosure bunching for regular poison pills, but does deter it for in-play pills. These results suggest that real-time reporting will reduce disclosure bunching only if managers cannot time the underlying event. JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M48

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11

Davidson III, Wallace N., Ted Pilger, and Andrew Szakmary. "The importance of board composition and committee structure: The case of poison pills." Corporate Ownership and Control 1, no. 3 (2004): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv1i3p8.

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We examine board composition, characteristics, and structure for firms whose boards adopt poison pills. We find that board composition is unrelated to the stock market’s perception of poison pill adoption. However, the percentage of shares held by blockholders, the tenure of independent outsiders on the board, and the proportion of outsiders on the executive committee do seem to influence whether a poison pill adoption is perceived as management entrenching or not. We also find that when boards have absolute control of the sample firms, this control is related to board shareholdings, board tenure of outsiders, and the proportion of outsiders on the board committees. It is not related to the market reaction for poison pill adoption.

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12

Yablon, Charles M. "Poison Pills and Litigation Uncertainty." Duke Law Journal 1989, no. 1 (February 1989): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372587.

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13

Danielson, Morris G., and Jonathan M. Karpoff. "Do pills poison operating performance?" Journal of Corporate Finance 12, no. 3 (June 2006): 536–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2005.10.001.

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14

Collins, Paul. "Fake food and poison pills." New Scientist 196, no. 2626 (October 2007): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(07)62668-2.

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15

Dowen, Richard J., James M. Johnson, and Gerald R. Jensen. "Poison pills and corporate governance." Applied Financial Economics 4, no. 4 (August 1994): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758530897.

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16

Campbell IIa, Terry L., and Raj Varma. "The effect of Delaware law on firm value: Evidence from poison pill adoptions." Corporate Board role duties and composition 6, no. 2 (2010): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv6i2art4.

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As the leading location for firm incorporations and corporate law, Delaware occupies a unique place in corporate governance and control. In this paper, we provide fresh evidence on whether Delaware’s dominance arises from its takeover laws being in the best interest of shareholders versus managers by investigating the role of the state in which a firm is incorporated on the firm’s adoption of a poison pill. Our results indicate that announcements of adoptions of poison pills by Delaware firms are associated with returns not significantly different from those for non-Delaware firms. Moreover, Delaware firms that adopt poison pills are no more likely to receive a takeover bid, be successfully acquired, or receive better merger terms than non-Delaware firms. Overall, it appears that Delaware law, with regards to takeovers, promotes an environment consistent with a “race to the middle” philosophy, neutral to management and shareholders.

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17

Azevedo, Yuri Gomes Paiva, Adilson De Lima Tavares, Anderson Luíz Rezende Mól, and Raimundo Marciano de Freitas Neto. "Proteção Anti-takeover e Gerenciamento de Resultados: O Efeito das Poison Pills com Cláusulas Pétreas." Contabilidade Gestão e Governança 23, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.51341/1984-3925_2020v23n3a4.

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Objective:This study aims to investigate whether eternity poison pills influence the earnings management level of Brazilian public companies.Method: We collect data from the bylaws obtained on the website of the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission, aiming to identify the use of poison pills and “eternity” clauses by 235 non-financial companies. The information needed to estimate discretionary accruals using the Jones Modified model, and the control variables included in the econometric model, were obtained through the Bloomberg® database. For the data analysis, we use quantile regression, considering the outliers present in the sample.Originality/Relevance: This study fills a gap in the literature regarding the effect of eternity poison pills on discretionary accruals, given that this relationship has not been explored in the Brazilian context. Thus, it is relevant for investors and regulators because it provides evidence on the effects of implementing this anti-takeover mechanism.Results: The main results provide novel evidence on the relationship between poison pills and earnings management in the Brazilian context, demonstrating that this anti-takeover device, when associated with an “eternity” bylaw clause, is positively related to discretionary accruals.Theoretical contributions: It contributes theoretically by showing that the managerial entrenchment caused by the adoption of poison pills with “eternity” clauses may reduce the accounting information quality, shedding light for investors and regulators about this effect of implementing this anti-takeover mechanism.

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Vieira, Jorge, Eliseu Martins, and Luiz Paulo Lopes Fávero. "Poison pills no Brasil: um estudo exploratório." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 20, no. 50 (August 2009): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-70772009000200002.

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O objetivo precípuo deste trabalho foi fazer uma incursão sobre as poison pills. Quais são os aspectos conceituais, assim como as disposições legais e regulamentares aplicáveis às poison pills. Um levantamento das companhias abertas que se valem do referido instrumento defensivo, com corte até junho de 2006, foi procedido, de modo a saber que peculiaridades podem ser observadas em nosso ambiente. Ainda quanto ao objetivo do trabalho, foram apreciadas teorias que procuram explicar o comportamento de administradores de companhias com poison pills em termos de alinhamento de interesses pessoais com os da firma. Com este estudo exploratório, espera-se que uma nova área de pesquisa empírica possa ser desenvolvida no Brasil. Teorias aqui apresentadas podem e devem ser objeto de investigações futuras, de modo a secontribuir com a literatura sobre o tema no Brasil. É de todo prudente considerar nos trabalhos empíricos aspectos idiossincráticos do mercado de capitais brasileiro e a própria prematuridade dessas companhias, antes de qualquer conclusão friamente calcada nos números.

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19

Catan, Emiliano M. "The Insignificance of Clear-Day Poison Pills." Journal of Legal Studies 48, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/700856.

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20

Brickley, James A., Jeffrey L. Coles, and Rory L. Terry. "Outside directors and the adoption of poison pills." Journal of Financial Economics 35, no. 3 (June 1994): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-405x(94)90038-8.

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21

Anand, Anita. "The Future of Poison Pills in Canada: Are Takeover Bid Reforms Needed?" McGill Law Journal 61, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035384ar.

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The rules regarding shareholder rights plans, also known as “poison pills”, ensure that boards of directors facing a hostile takeover bid can retain a poison pill for a period of time in order to search for other potential offers. Over the years, the period of time has grown in length from twenty to thirty-five days and the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) have recently proposed a 120-day period during which takeover bids would remain open. In light of the historical rationale of takeover bid law to protect the interests of target shareholders, this article argues that the legal regime should not allow an extensive bid period of 120 days. While other aspects of the CSA proposal are sound, a lengthy bid period disadvantages both target shareholders and bidders and will ultimately deter bids from occurring.

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22

Azevedo, Yuri Gomes Paiva, Hellen Bomfim Gomes, and Sílvio Hiroshi Nakao. "Poison pills e governança corporativa: um estudo no mercado acionário brasileiro." Revista de Contabilidade e Organizações 15 (February 10, 2021): e169831. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982-6486.rco.2021.169831.

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Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar se existe associação entre a adoção de poison pills e os níveis diferenciados de governança corporativa no mercado acionário brasileiro. A amostra é composta por 217 companhias abertas não-financeiras listadas na Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3), com dados disponíveis ao longo do período 2010-2017. A análise de dados realizada por meio de regressões logit e probit evidencia que a adoção de poison pills está positivamente associada à listagem nos segmentos Novo Mercado e Nível 2 de governança corporativa. Assim, a adoção deste dispositivo anti-takeover por companhias que estão listadas nos níveis mais elevados de governança corporativa pode ser útil para atuais e potenciais investidores, ao passo que dado o aumento de companhias abertas com o capital predominantemente disperso no mercado acionário brasileiro, as tentativas de tomada de controle de forma hostil podem ser cada vez mais recorrentes. Além disso, os resultados contribuem teoricamente no sentido de uma possível convergência entre a Teoria da Sinalização e a adoção de poison pills, evidenciando que a adoção desse dispositivo anti-takeover como mecanismo complementar de governança corporativa pode representar um sinal de proteção emitido pelas empresas ao mercado visando a atração de novos investidores.

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23

Cole, Mike. "Poison in party pills is too much to swallow." Nature 474, no. 7351 (June 2011): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/474253a.

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Portulhak, Henrique, Viviane Theiss, Marcos Kühl, and Romualdo Colauto. "POISON PILLS AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT: AN INVESTIGATION IN BM&FBOVESPA’S “NOVO MERCADO” COMPANIES." Revista Universo Contábil 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4270/ruc.2017207.

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Khan, Alina Nawaz, Rabia Khan, Naheed Siddiqui, Salman Pervaiz Rana, Faqirullah -, and Riffat Masood. "Wheat Pill Poisoning: Management and outcome in cases reported in DG Khan District." Professional Medical Journal 28, no. 08 (August 1, 2021): 1096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.08.4791.

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Objective: To determine the clinical manifestations and prognosis of victims presenting with wheat pill poisoning. Study Design: Prospective Cohort Study. Setting: Emergency Department in District Headquarter Hospital DG Khan. Period: February 2019 to January 2020. Material & Methods: Patients admitted with history of accidental or suicidal wheat pills poisoning were followed over a period of 3 to 6 months. Symptomatic treatment was initially given for 2-3 hours. The patients were retained in CCU for 24 hours before shifting to ward. Research tool (proforma) was designed for collection and interpretation of data. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score 2 (APACHE-2) score was used for prognosis and recovery. Result: Out of 96 victims of aluminum phosphide ingestion male/female ratio was 2:1, 64% (n= 64) were females and 36% (n=32) were males. Higher incidence was found in age group (16–25 years (n= 27 victims). Overall mortality was 63 (65.6%). Conclusion: Wheat pill was a poison of choice among teens and adults in Pakistan as it is freely available and cheap. Arrhythmia and metabolic acidosis are the major causes of death after wheat pills ingestion. Coconut oil was found effective in delaying the absorption.

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Bednar, Michael K., E. Geoffrey Love, and Matthew Kraatz. "THE REPUTATIONAL IMPACT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: THE CASE OF POISON PILLS." Academy of Management Proceedings 2011, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2011.65870638.

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27

Sheel, Atul. "Corporate Restructuring, Takeovers, and Poison Pills — Where Does the Road End?" Journal of Hospitality Financial Management 5, no. 1 (September 1997): V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10913211.1997.10653688.

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Arikawa, Yasuhiro, and Yosuke Mitsusada. "The adoption of poison pills and managerial entrenchment: Evidence from Japan." Japan and the World Economy 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2010.11.003.

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Heron, Randall A., and Erik Lie. "On the Use of Poison Pills and Defensive Payouts by Takeover Targets*." Journal of Business 79, no. 4 (July 2006): 1783–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503648.

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30

Strang, David, and Sarah A. Soule. "Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements: From Hybrid Corn to Poison Pills." Annual Review of Sociology 24, no. 1 (August 1998): 265–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.265.

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31

Gine, Mireia, Rabih Moussawi, and John Sedunov. "Governance mechanisms and effective activism: Evidence from shareholder proposals on poison pills." Journal of Empirical Finance 43 (September 2017): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2017.07.002.

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32

Chan, YC, HT Fung, CK Lee, SH Tsui, HK Ngan, MY Sy, ML Tse, et al. "A Prospective Epidemiological Study of Acute Poisoning in Hong Kong." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 12, no. 3 (July 2005): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790501200305.

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Objective To update our epidemiological knowledge of acute poisoning in Hong Kong. Methods A multi-centred prospective study was conducted for six months in six major accident and emergency departments in Hong Kong. A specially designed form was used to collect demographic data, type of poison involved, cause of poisoning, management, disposal as well as final outcome of the poisoned patients. Results A total of 1,467 patients (male: 588, female: 879) were included in the study. Most of them were young adults (32% were between 20 and 40 years old). Suicidal attempt (64%) was the most common cause of poisoning. Notably, 379 (26%) patients took more than one poison. Among the 2,007 counts of poison taken, sleeping pills (24%) and analgesics (18%) were the most commonly used drugs and paracetamol was the commonest single ingredient involved in poisoning. Most patients were treated with supportive measures, and about 40% and 15% of the patients were given gastrointestinal decontamination and specific antidotes respectively in their management, in which activated charcoal and N-acetylcysteine were the most common. Concerning disposal from the emergency department, 91% of the poisoned cases required in-patient management. Most patients had an uneventful recovery but 5 (0.3%) had significant disability and 21 (1.4%) died. Suicidal carbon monoxide poisoning was the leading cause of mortality in our study. Conclusions Most acute poisonings in Hong Kong were suicidal in nature and paracetamol was the commonest agent. Activated charcoal was the most commonly used decontamination method and most patients had an uneventful recovery.

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Mallette, Paul, and Karen L. Fowler. "Effects of Board Composition and Stock Ownership on the Adoption of “Poison Pills”." Academy of Management Journal 35, no. 5 (December 1992): 1010–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/256538.

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Mallette, P., and K. L. Fowler. "EFFECTS OF BOARD COMPOSITION AND STOCK OWNERSHIP ON THE ADOPTION OF "POISON PILLS"." Academy of Management Journal 35, no. 5 (December 1, 1992): 1010–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256538.

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Schaper, Andreas, Alessandro Ceschi, Michael Deters, and Guido Kaiser. "Of pills, plants, and paraquat: The relevance of poison centers in emergency medicine." European Journal of Internal Medicine 24, no. 2 (March 2013): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2012.11.013.

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Yousaf, Muhammad, Rizwan Zafar Ansari, Aftab Alam Tanoli, Inayat Ur Rehman, and Riaz Gul. "Assessment of Poisoning Incidences due to Use of Household Substances in Peshawar." Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science 4, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37762/jgmds.4-2.23.

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OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study is to determine the trend of poisoning due to household substances in Peshawar.METHODOLOGY:This was a retrospective observational study. All the information related to poisoning including mode of transmission, duration of poisoning, demographic information, duration of hospital stay, name of poison, amount of poison ingested, inhaled and intension of poisoning was from the medical record room of Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) casualty department. The cases reported with a history of household poisoning were recorded for a period of one year from February 2016 to January 2017.RESULTS:Among the total 217 patients, males female ratio was 1.3:1 where male 114 (51%) whereas 104 (49%) females, whereas intensity to commit suicide is more in females. Tablet overdose cases were 73 (34%) and poisoning due to common household poisons such as mosquito repellant, rat killer poison, kerosene oil, detol and detergents were 87 (36%). Victims inhaled and ingested Organophosphorous accidently and intentionally were 62 (28%). Suicidal tendency was determined to be a hallmark among females. The age group between 18 to 31 year were found highly motivated to harm themselves. It was showed 196 (91%) patients consume with intention of suicide and only 20 (9%)were found accidental victims of poisoning.CONCLUSION:It was concluded that easy accesses to anti psychotic drugs without registered doctor’s prescription, self medication, over dosage and rat killing pills were found the most prevalent cause of poisoning among victims belonging to low socioeconomic status. It was also indicated in the study that most of the accidental incidents happed at home when victim was either alone or left unattended.

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Astaraki, Peyman, Maryam Ahadi, Foroutan Salehinejad, and Vahideh Honardoost. "Fatalities Due to Poisoning with Aluminum Phosphide (Rice Pill) and Methadone." Drug Research 72, no. 02 (October 4, 2021): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1647-2222.

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ABSTRACTAcute poisoning is commonly seen with pharmaceutical substance or pesticides. Understanding pattern of acute poisoning due to different agents can enable better emergency management. The aim of this study is to present and evaluate the fatality-related data of acute poisoning due to aluminum phosphide (rice pills) and methadone. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on patients Shahid Rahimi Hospital due to poisoning with rice tablets (aluminum phosphide) and methadone from 2015–2020. The data collection tool was a questionnaire using with demographic data, type and dose of poison and clinical presentation, duration of hospitalization was obtained and statistically analyzed. Out of 19 238 patients with poisoning referred to this center, 412 people referred to the hospital due to rice pill poisoning, of which 56 (13.59%) died and among 2157 patients due to methadone poisoning, 22 of them (1.09%) died. In both the groups, rice pill and methadone, there were more male patients 53.57 and 81.81%, respectively. In aluminum phosphide poisoning, the greatest population was in the age group (15–35). However, no specific age group was seen in methadone poisoning. The duration of hospitalization and the time of referral to the emergency department to the death of the patient was significantly correlated with mortality in both the groups. The prevalence of intentional rice kill poising was greatest, effecting young population, we recommend that health care awareness program and training should be provided in this regard. Furthermore, psychiatric care should be made easily available in the region.

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Sikes, Stephanie A., Xiaoli (Shaolee) Tian, and Ryan Wilson. "Investors׳ reaction to the use of poison pills as a tax loss preservation tool." Journal of Accounting and Economics 57, no. 2-3 (April 2014): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2014.02.002.

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Bizjak, John M., and Christopher J. Marquette. "Are Shareholder Proposals All Bark and No Bite? Evidence from Shareholder Resolutions to Rescind Poison Pills." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 33, no. 4 (December 1998): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2331129.

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40

Lese, Shawn C. "Preventing Control from the Grave: A Proposal for Judicial Treatment of Dead Hand Provisions in Poison Pills." Columbia Law Review 96, no. 8 (December 1996): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123419.

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Peltzer, Karl, Varghese I. Cherian, and Lily Cherian. "Attitudes toward Suicide among South African Secondary School Pupils." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1998): 1259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1259.

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This study investigated attitudes towards suicide among 622 Standard 9 (U.S. Grade 11) secondary school pupils chosen at random from schools throughout the Northern Province in South Africa. The pupils were 254 (41%) boys and 368 (59%) girls in the age range of 17 to 24 years, with a mean age of 19.3 yr. A questionnaire was administered to obtain data on attitudes and other measures. There were 31 (17%) parasuicidal boys and 34 (13%) girls. Major intentions or reasons to commit suicide mentioned were “failing to solve problems” and “mental illness.” Most frequent possible suicide methods were firearms, pills, or poison. Significant associations were found with having a friend or relative who committed suicide, parasuicide (oneself), depression, stress events, ethnicity, and attitudes towards suicide.

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Jovanovic-Zattila, Milena. "Poison pills: A defensive measure against a hostile takeover or a demonstration of power of the target company." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Nis, no. 68 (2014): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfni1468697j.

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Ferraz, Duarte Pitta, Ilídio Tomás Lopes, and Simon Hitzelberger. "The use of poison pills by US firms over the period 1997-2015: what has been their impact on shareholder value." International Journal of Business Excellence 18, no. 1 (2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbex.2019.099450.

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Hitzelberger, Simon, Duarte Pitta Ferraz, and Ilídio Tomás Lopes. "The use of poison pills by US firms over the period 1997-2015: what has been their impact on shareholder value." International Journal of Business Excellence 18, no. 1 (2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbex.2019.10020906.

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Iyer, K. Karthik, and AK Biswas. "Incidence and Outcome of Acute Poisoning Cases in a Medical College Hospital in Jharkhand." Journal of Medical Research 6, no. 5 (October 28, 2020): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2020.6504.

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Background: Poison is one of the most common reason for admission to an emergency department with half a million death each year attributed to it. Hazaribagh owing to its open fields, and agriculture being the primary source of employment, has its local population exposed to a variety of poisonous agents, both chemical and environmental. Aims and Objective: The purpose of our study is to determine the epidemiology and outcome of the poisoning cases being admitted to our hospital. Study Design: This is a retrospective/prospective observational study over a period of 1 year from July, 2019 to June 2020. Setting: Department of General Medicine, Hazaribagh Medical College and Hospital, Jharkhand. Material and Method: A total of 1318 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were studied. Data was collected by direct interview and the reviewing of case records and entered in a proforma which was later analysed. Result: Our cohort comprised of 37.2% males and 62.7% females with female: male ratio of 1.7:1.The majority were females between the ages of 21-30 years. Upon questioning,63.5% had consumed poison intentionally versus only a 36.5% who were accidentally exposed. Among those with intentional poisoning, 69.1% were females. The incidence of accidental poison exposure on the other hand was similar for both genders 51.5% v/s 49.5%. Maximum incidence was seen in rainy season in the months of June, July and August with 32.9% and least number of cases was reported in the summer months between March and May. The incidence of accidental poisoning was maximum during the rainy reason, predominantly owing to higher incidences of snake bite during these months. Ingestion was the predominant mode of poisoning with 64.5% followed by animal bites and stings. Predominant household or agricultural poison was noted to be pesticides and that among environmental agents was found to be snake bite. Among drugs and plants ingestions, sleeping pills and wild mushroom were most commonly seen. The average duration of hospital stay for cases admitted with poisoning was 2.13±1.2 days. 62.8% patients were treated successfully and discharged, 25.5% left against medical advice, 10.2%were referred due to complications and 1.5% died. Among those who died 18 out of 20 had intentionally consumed pesticides and were all females. Conclusion: Intentional poisoning in the form of para suicide comprised the majority of our cohort closely followed by snake bites, both which were favoured by the geographical location of the study centre. A comprehensive approach targeting the problem at grass root level can lead to decreased in the incidence of such poisoning cases and also reduced the incurred burden on the health care system.

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Howton, Shawn D., Shelly W. Howton, and Victoria B. McWilliams. "The Ethical Implications of Ignoring Shareholder Directives to Remove Antitakeover Provisions." Business Ethics Quarterly 18, no. 3 (July 2008): 321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200818326.

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Managers have a unique fiduciary responsibility to shareholders of a firm that implies a set of ethical obligations. At a minimum, managers are required to protect shareholder’s interests when other stakeholders are unaffected by their decision. This ethical imperative has been established in the literature. In cases of conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders, the board of directors of the firm has an ethical obligation to shareholders. The structure of the board can affect its ability to fulfill this obligation. Two specific cases where managerial actions have been argued to be unethical are the adoption of classified boards and poison pills. In this study, we empirically analyze the role of board structure in protecting shareholder rights in the specific case of antitakeover provisions. We test this question on a sample of firms whose shareholders have voted to remove antitakeover provisions and find that independent, focused boards are more likely to accede to shareholder resolutions than are less independent boards. Board size is also important and related to other board structures. We draw implications of this finding for future research on the ethics of board governance.What’s really needed is a change in mindset—one that fosters not only a culture of compliance but also a company-wide environment that fosters ethical behavior and decision-making.—William H. Donaldson, SEC Chairman (2004)

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TODD, E. C. D. "Foodborne and Waterborne Disease in Canada - 1982 Annual Summary." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.1.56.

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Data on foodborne disease in Canada in 1982 are compared with those for 1981. A total of 988 incidents comprising 791 outbreaks and 197 single cases, caused illnesses in 7,384 persons in 1982. These figures are greater than for 1981, and, in fact, the numbers of incidents and cases are the highest on record. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus caused most of the illnesses. The main Salmonella serovars were S. typhimurium, S. muenster and S. infantis. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis was reported for the first time. Parasitic diseases were caused by Trichinella spiralis and Giardia lamblia. The same number of animal related incidents occurred in 1982 and 1981 involving paralytic shellfish poison, scombroid poison and insect infestation of food. There were also 72 incidents and 113 cases of chemical origin; extraneous matter, rancid compounds and cleaning substances were the most frequently implicated. Unusual chemical problems included ammonia from decomposition in tuna, strychnine in vitamin pills (murder), tartaric acid in gum, excess licorice in candy, calcium chloride in a popsicle, sodium acetate in potato chips and sodium hydroxide in pretzels. Some of these are discussed in more details under the narrative reports. There were 15 deaths from salmonellosis, hemorrhagic colitis (E. coli 0157:H7 infection), Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis and strychnine poisoning. About 30.7% of incidents and 40.1% of cases were associated with meat and poultry. Bakery products, marine foods and dairy foods were also important vehicles of foodborne disease. Mishandling of food took place mainly in foodservice establishments (38.1% of incidents, 75.7% of cases), homes (13.9% of incidents, 7.1% of cases) and food processing establishments (11.5% of incidents, 4.0% of cases). Chemicals, such as extraneous matter, sodium hydroxide and tin, were the agents associated with 51.8% of incidents caused by processors' mishandling. The three largest of these types of outbreaks, however, were associated with contamination by Salmonella or S. aureus (total of 102 cases). On a population basis incidents were greatest in Ontario, followed by those in British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Alberta. Reports of nine foodborne disease incidents are presented. In addition, four incidents of waterborne disease were documented in 1982, three fewer than in 1981. All were caused by ingestion of infectious agents but the nature of two of them was unknown. The largest out-break (121 cases) was a result of contamination of a town water supply by Giardia originating from beavers.

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Kincade, William A. "Ukraine's Poison Pill." Foreign Affairs 72, no. 4 (1993): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045798.

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49

Malatesta, Paul H., and Ralph A. Walkling. "Poison pill securities." Journal of Financial Economics 20 (January 1988): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-405x(88)90050-5.

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Van Hulle, Cynthia, and Koen Geens. "The poison warrant: A powerful poison pill." European Management Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-2373(93)90044-i.

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