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Academic literature on the topic 'Poisoning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Poisoning"

Saoraya, Jutamas, and Pholaphat Charles Inboriboon. "Acute Poisoning Surveillance in Thailand: The Current State of Affairs and a Vision for the Future." ISRN Emergency Medicine 2013 (December 24, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/812836.

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Acute poisoning is a major public health threat worldwide, including Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia with over 67 million inhabitants. The incidence and characteristics of poisoning in Thailand vary greatly depending on the reporting body. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive description of the state of poisoning in Thailand. It identifies common trends and differences in poisoning by reporting centers and regional studies. Almost half of the cases and three-fourths of the deaths involved pesticide poisonings associated with agricultural occupations. However, increasing urbanization has led to an increase in drug and household chemical poisoning. Though the majority of reported poisonings remain intentional, a trend towards unintentional poisonings in pediatric and geriatric populations should not be dismissed. Unique poisonings such as mushroom, botulism, and tetrodotoxin poisonings are also closely related to the Thai lifestyle. Following this extensive review of the Thai poisoning literature, it is apparent that further support of the poison control center in Thailand is needed to improve poisoning surveillance, research, prevention, and intervention.

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Inboriboon, P. C., and P. Narongchai. "(P1-76) Descriptive Study of Poisoning Victims Patients at a Tertiary Medical Center in Northern Thailand." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004080.

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BackgroundPoisoning is a public health problem that effects all ages, genders, and ethnicities, but certain populations are at increased risk. Unintentional poisoning disproportionately affects lower- and middle-income countries. The epidemiological pattern of poisoning can differ significantly within countries. In Thailand, national poisoning data is collected by voluntary reporting to a poison control center in the capital, Bangkok. Limited poisonings are reported from Chiang Mai, a province in Northern Thailand, though it has the highest suicide rate in the country.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe poisoning epidemiology, examine differences between intentional and unintentional poisonings and, to develop a multivariate predictive model of intentional poisonings in Northern Thailand.MethodsA total of 550 poisoning admissions were identified at Chiang Mai's University Hospital from 01 January 2005 to 31 December 2005. Demographic data were collected retrospectively by manual chart review. Chi-square and t-tests were used to examine differences in poisoning by intent. A step-wise logistic regression analysis was performed to develop a predictive model of intentional poisonings. Factors significantly associated with intentional poisoning were used in a logistic progression model to identify predictors of intentional poisoning.ResultsYounger age was significantly associated with intentional poisoning. There was no demonstrated difference in gender and poisoning intent. Predictors of intentional poisonings were use of chemical agents, high-risk medications (analgesics and psychiatric), unemployment, and younger age.ConclusionsInterventions should focus on factors that put young adults and the unemployed at greater risk for intentional poisonings. Further interventions are also needed to limit access to potentially lethal doses of chemical agents and high risk medications.

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Zarafiants, G. N., V. D. Isakov, and T. V. Gorbacheva. "QUESTIONS OF DYNAMICS, FORENSIC MEDICAL AND FORENSIC CHEMICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF METHADONE POISONING IN SAINT PETERSBURG IN 2009-2018." Toxicological Review, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-1-2-7.

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Acute poisonings occupy one of the leading places in the structure of mortality due to external causes in the Russian Federation. In Saint Petersburg, there are consistently high rates of drug poisonings (especially methadone poisoning). Reports, statistical maps and other information of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise for the period 2009 – 2018 were used for this study. The research methods were a selective copy of the data, including the results of a forensic chemical study, the calculation of statistical coefficients, descriptive. The analysis showed a decrease in mortality due to external causes in Saint Petersburg in 2009-2018, indicators (per 100 thousand of the population of Saint Petersburg) decreased gradually from 99,3 to 69,8. Acute poisoning of chemical etiology was in the 2nd place (24,9%) after mechanical injury. In the structure of acute poisoning of chemical etiology, the 1st place was occupied by fatal drug poisoning (45,1%). Their share was 28,7% in 2009-2011. It increased sharply up to 52,2% in the period 2012-2018 and began to change both qualitative and quantitative. In Saint Petersburg there were 19 fatal cases of methadone poisoning (0,04 per 100 thousand people) in 2009 and 599 cases (11,19 per 100 thousand people) in 2018. The number of forensic studies on the identification of methadone sharply increased (9 times). In almost half of the poisoning’s cases ethanol, other narcotic drugs (amphetamine derivatives, morphine, cocaine, etc.), as well as drugs and psychotropic substances (derivatives of barbituric acid, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine, etc.) were revealed along with methadone.Forensic medical diagnostics of methadone poisoning are based on the results of chromatography-mass spectrometry, morphological features (macro- and microscopic), analysis of the clinical picture (from medical documents), and consideration of the circumstances of the poisoning. The combined reception of methadone, ethanol and other narcotic and / or psychotropic drugs has a potentiating deprimative effect, aggravates the clinical and morphological picture of poisoning, which must be taken into account when diagnosing them.

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Hume, Beth, Barbara Gabella, Jeanne Hathaway, Scott Proescholdbell, Cristy Sneddon, Elizabeth Brutsch, Riley Hedin, and Christopher J. Drucker. "Assessment of Selected Overdose Poisoning Indicators in Health Care Administrative Data in 4 States, 2012." Public Health Reports 132, no. 4 (June 20, 2017): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917718061.

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Objectives: In 2012, a consensus document was developed on drug overdose poisoning definitions. We took the opportunity to apply these new definitions to health care administrative data in 4 states. Our objective was to calculate and compare drug (particularly opioid) poisoning rates in these 4 states for 4 selected Injury Surveillance Workgroup 7 (ISW7) drug poisoning indicators, using 2 ISW7 surveillance definitions, Option A and Option B. We also identified factors related to the health care administrative data used by each state that might contribute to poisoning rate variations. Methods: We used state-level hospital and emergency department (ED) discharge data to calculate age-adjusted rates for 4 drug poisoning indicators (acute drug poisonings, acute opioid poisonings, acute opioid analgesic poisonings, and acute or chronic opioid poisonings) using just the principal diagnosis or first-listed external cause-of-injury fields (Option A) or using all diagnosis or external cause-of-injury fields (Option B). We also calculated the high-to-low poisoning rate ratios to measure rate variations. Results: The average poisoning rates per 100 000 population for the 4 ISW7 poisoning indicators ranged from 11.2 to 216.4 (ED) and from 14.2 to 212.8 (hospital). For each indicator, ED rates were usually higher than were hospital rates. High-to-low rate ratios between states were lowest for the acute drug poisoning indicator (range, 1.5-1.6). Factors potentially contributing to rate variations included administrative data structure, accessibility, and submission regulations. Conclusions: The ISW7 Option B surveillance definition is needed to fully capture the state burden of opioid poisonings. Efforts to control for factors related to administrative data, standardize data sources on a national level, and improve data source accessibility for state health departments would improve the accuracy of drug poisoning surveillance.

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Kutsenko, Valeriy P., Darya D. Kovaleva, Nana R. Mironova, and Tatyana O. Rumyantseva. "Dynamics of acute poisoning with narcotic and psychotropic drugs in children." Russian Pediatric Journal 24, no. 5 (November 15, 2021): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46563/1560-9561-2021-24-5-328-334.

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Introduction. Acute poisoning of chemical aetiology in children and adolescents is a significant medical and social problem. The average overall assessment of the state of the drug situation in St. Petersburg by all criteria is: in 2018 - 3.6 (pre-crisis condition), in 2019 - 3.5 (pre-crisis), in 2020 - 3.3 (severe). The aim of this work is to analyze the structure of acute poisoning with narcotic and psychodysleptic drugs in children of St. Petersburg. Materials and methods. An analysis was carried out of 4256 cases of acute chemical poisoning in children (form No. 64) admitted to the acute poisoning department of N.F. Filatov St. Petersburg State Children Hospital from 2016 to 2018. Results. The total number of chemical aetiology poisonings was 1441 cases in 2016, 1,527 in 2017 and 1,288 in 2018. Poisoning with narcotic and psychodysleptic drugs was (of the total number of poisonings) in 2016 - 3.1%, in 2017 - 5.8% and 2018 - 4.9%. The top place among poisonings with toxic substances of this group are opiates, methadone, LSD, hashish. The maximum poisoning with psychotropic drugs is psychostimulants such as methamphetamine - 2.6%, amphetamine - 1.4%, ecstasy - 1.2%. There was a significant increase in acute poisoning with unspecified psychotropic drugs from 0.7% (2016) to 4.6% (2018). Conclusions. The obtained results of the study revealed a decrease in the total number of acute chemical poisoning by 18.9%. On the background of a reduction in the total number of poisonings, there is an increase in the frequency of poisoning with neurodestructive substances (methadone, hashish, LSD, benzodiazepine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and ecstasy). The most frequent cause of acute chemical intoxication in children is poisoning with psychotropic drugs.

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Mutlu, M., A. Cansu, T. Karakas, M. Kalyoncu, and E. Erduran. "Pattern of pediatric poisoning in the east Karadeniz region between 2002 and 2006: increased suicide poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 29, no. 2 (December 17, 2009): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109357141.

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In the present study, 386 patients with the diagnosis of poisoning admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Unit of Farabi Hospital of Medical Faculty of Karadeniz Technical University between January 2002 and December 2006 were retrospectively evaluated with respect to gender, age, cause of poisoning, type of substance used, route of exposure, reason for the intake, signs and symptoms, time of referral to the hospital, hospitalization period, and prognosis. The age group of most poisoning cases was <5 years of age and constituted 51% (n = 197) of all cases. The main toxic agent was drugs (70.2%), followed by foods (8.8%), rodenticides (7%), insecticides/pesticides (4.9%), and carbon monoxide (4.7%). In childhood poisonings, accidental drug poisoning was frequent in toddlers, whereas suicidal poisoning was frequent in adolescents. The suicidal poisoning rate was 23.8% among all poisoning patients, and 98.9% of these patients were adolescents. The suicidal poisoning rates for males and females were 30% and 70%, respectively. An increase in suicidal and inhalation poisonings was observed when compared with previous studies that have been conducted in the same region. The results of the present study suggest that poisonings still represents an important health problem that could be prevented by safe drug storage at home, as well as parental education on adolescence issues, particularly those regarding females.

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Grabska, Kinga, and Izabela Pilarska. "Acute poisoning among children and adolescents: a narrative review." Medical Science Pulse 16, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9656.

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Background: Acute poisoning is a frequent emergency and a significant health concern in the pediatric population. The pattern of acute intoxication differs between countries and within each country. Poisoning depends on many factors. It can be divided into two categories (accidental and intentional), and each one has its own characteristics. Aim of the study: This study aimed to analyze and discuss the overall patterns of accidental and intentional poisoning among children and adolescents. Material and methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, Elsevier, and the PubMed database. The following keywords were used: “acute poisoning”, “pediatric poisoning”, “intentional poisonings”, “unintentional poisonings”, and “suicide attempts”. Results: A total of 38 articles were included in the review. Half had been published in the last five years. The analysis focused on the characteristics of the materials and methods, results, and conclusions sections of each study. Conclusions: Unintentional poisonings dominate among younger children, with a slight male predominance. They usually occur at home and occasionally lead to severe harm or even death. The most common causes of intoxication in this population are medications and household products. The majority of poisonings among adolescents are intentional suicide attempts. Among older children, over-the-counter analgesics are the most common cause of acute poisoning. Accidental poisoning can be avoided by providing preventive educational programs to guardians and replacing potentially toxic household products with safer ones. The prevention of intentional poisoning should be based on a community support system and behavioral programs. Healthcare professionals should be familiar with poisoning and be aware of the different patterns of intoxication according to age and gender.

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Sil, Archan, Tarak Nath Ghosh, Sudipta Bhattacharya, Mithun Chandra Konar, Baisakhi Soren, and Kaustav Nayek. "A Study on Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Poisoning in Children in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v36i2.15040.

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Introduction: Poisoning is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in paediatric age group. Objective of this study was to determine the pattern of poisoning in paediatric age group in respect to epidemiological characteristics, aetiology, clinical features and mortality in a major part of South Bengal.Material and Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study conducted in the paediatric medicine ward and paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Burdwan Medical College from January, 2015 to December, 2015.All children in the age group of less than or equal to 12 years who visited the paediatric emergency with history of exposure to toxic substances were included in the study. Poisoning due to insect or animal bite was excluded from the study. Data was obtained from hospital records and the admission register of paediatric emergency, entered in the Microsoft excel sheet and analysed by using statistical software SPSS version 17.Results: During the study period, 393 patients with poisoning were reported, which was 1.9% of all pediatric admissions. Majority were in the 1-3 year age group (59.6%). Volatile hydrocarbons accounted for the highest proportion of poisonings (153 cases, 38.9%).. GI system involvement (36.5 %) was most common. The total mortality of poisoning patients was 8.Conclusion: Number of children, presenting with poisoning was higher in our study in comparison to other studies. Volatile hydrocarbons were common source of poisoning in our study. More epidemiological studies are required to identify socio-demographic risk factors of poisoning.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2016;36(2):105-109.

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Dayasiri, Kavinda, V. Thadchanamoorthy, Michael Jansz, Senuri Dassanayake, and Geetha Anand. "Epidemiology of acute poisoning among children in urban Sri Lanka: the experience of two tertiary care hospitals in Colombo district." Jaffna Medical Journal 35, no. 1 (August 11, 2023): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jmj.v35i1.177.

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Acute poisoning in children is an important public health problem and one of the leading causes of emergency department admissions following childhood injuries. Although most paediatric ingestions are accidental, children are at a higher risk for serious complications following ingestion of a similar toxic dose compared to adults. The current study evaluated the recent patterns and trends in acute poisoning among children in two tertiary care centers in urban Sri Lanka: Lady Ridge Hospital for Children, Colombo and North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama. Out of 200 cases, the majority were between 1-5 years and male children outnumbered female children. The most common poisons included kerosene oil, paracetamol and “Good Luck” plants. Complication rate was low, and no mortalities were reported. Deliberate poisoning accounted for 1% of total poisonings. The current trends in poisoning among children living in urban Sri Lanka showed decreasing incidence of pesticide poisonings and increasing incidence of pharmaceutical poisonings and poisoning with ornamental plants.

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Woyessa, Ashenafi Habte, and Thanasekaran Palanichamy. "Patterns, Associated Factors, and Clinical Outcomes of Poisoning among Poisoning Cases Presented to Selected Hospitals in Western Ethiopia: Hospital-Based Study." Emergency Medicine International 2020 (May 6, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5741692.

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Back Ground. Epidemiological data related to poisoning is very limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the patterns, associated factors, and clinical outcomes of poisoning among poisoned cases brought to selected hospitals in western Ethiopia. Methodology. Hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study design was employed. Five administrative zones in west Ethiopia were selected as geographical clusters. Area sampling technique was utilized to select the hospitals. Finally, consecutive sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. Since the objective of this study was to determine the pattern and outcome of poisoning during the specified study period, no specific sampling size determination was employed. As such, all of the 211 poisoned cases presented to the selected hospitals during the specific study period were consecutively included. Data were collected using a comprehensively organized and pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results. The broad types of poisoning were identified in about 193 (91.47%) cases of poisoning in this study. Pesticides exposure and food poisoning have, respectively, contributed for 32.70% and 20.91% of the poisoning incidence. On the other hand, chemical from industry has contributed the least percentage (2.81%). Out of a total of 24 agents identified, 26.80% of the agents were organophosphates followed by raw meat (18.40%). Difference in the incidence of poisoning was also observed as seasons in a year change. Among the victims who have taken household materials as a poisoning agent, about 47.87% of them have taken the agents during daytime. The remaining cases of poisoning developed by household chemicals occurred at night. More than half (54.98%) of the poisoned patients have encountered the incidents inside their home. Regarding the final poisoning outcome, about 7.10% poisoning cases in this study died of the poisonings. Factors such as place, time, intention, and source of poisoning were observed to determine poisoning outcomes. Although poisoning attempt was lesser among urban residents as compared to rural community, rural dwellers were four times more likely to die of poisoning they had attempted (AOR: 4.072 (1.197–13.85)). Conclusion. This study has clearly showed that the incidence of poisoning was varied with seasonal variations. The encountered poisonings ended up with mixed clinical outcomes, which were also affected by patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics. Fertilizers, unclean food items, household materials, and drugs have caused majority of the poisonings. Creating community awareness and designing sound prevention strategies are recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality related to poisoning.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poisoning"

Kröger, V. (Virpi). "Poisoning of automotive exhaust gas catalyst components:the role of phosphorus in the poisoning phenomena." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514286087.

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Abstract The aim of this thesis project was to gain new knowledge on the effect of phosphorus on the catalytic activity and characteristics of automotive exhaust gas catalyst components. The simultaneous roles of phosphorus and calcium were also studied. The first test series of powdery catalyst samples contained Rh and oxide (Test series 1) and the second, Pt and oxide or ZSM-5 (Test series 2). The catalysts were analyzed when fresh and after two ageing and phosphorus poisoning procedures developed in this work. The procedures consisted of adding poison via impregnation in an aqueous solution (for Test series 1) and in the gaseous phase under hydrothermal conditions (for Test series 2). The poison compounds formed and the changes in the washcoat were studied by using physisorption analyses, SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR-ATR. The poison content of the samples was determined by ICP-OES and XRF. Laboratory-scale activity measurements were done to investigate the catalytic activity. Thermodynamic calculations were used to obtain information about ageing conditions and phosphorus compounds formed during ageing. Phosphorus decreased the catalytic activity and the characteristic surface areas of the catalysts. Addition of calcium to a phosphorus-poisoned catalyst was found to have even a regenerating effect on the catalysts' activity. The poisoning methods developed in this study resulted in the same phosphorus compounds as can be found in vehicle-aged catalysts. Phosphorus was identified as cerium, zirconium, aluminium, and titanium phosphates. Phosphorus was detected in zeolites, but phosphorus-containing compounds were not observed. Phosphorus poisoning takes place in the gas phase at high operating temperatures and with high oxygen and water contents. It was also shown that the role of phosphorus poisoning was more pronounced than the role of hydrothermal ageing alone. Phosphorus poisoning mainly affects the oxide components used in this study, not the noble metals. The results can be utilized in the development of catalytic materials and catalyst compositions that can better tolerate phosphorus poisoning under hydrothermal conditions. The results can also be applied in evaluating the effects of phosphorus on different catalyst compositions and in estimating the age of commercial catalysts.

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Liu, Faye Fang. "Biomarkers for chronic arsenic poisoning /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18519.pdf.

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Диченко, Тетяна Василівна, Татьяна Васильевна Дыченко, Tetiana Vasylivna Dychenko, C. S. Mbah, and S. E. Adagba. "Zamfara lead poisoning in Nigeria." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/25926.

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Ye, Hui. "Arsenic poisoning of nickel catalysts." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1992. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/19.

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Chiew, Angela. "Changing paradigms of paracetamol poisoning." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23382.

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The overall objective of this thesis was to identify and examine areas for improvement in the management of paracetamol poisoning. Paracetamol is one of the commonest drugs taken in overdose in Australia and a common cause of acute liver injury in Western countries. Management of paracetamol poisoning includes assessment for the need of antidote (acetylcysteine) administration and decontamination in patients at risk of toxicity. Management in most follows standard guidelines and in those receiving early acetylcysteine are at very low risk of developing acute liver injury. However, circumstances were arising when some patients were developing acute liver injury despite early acetylcysteine. In this thesis we firstly review the evidence for the current assessment and treatment of paracetamol poisoning and identified risk factors associated with treatment failure. This allowed us to identify and examine those patient groups that were at higher risk of acute liver injury with standard treatment protocols such as massive and modified-release paracetamol overdose. However, these cases were uncommon so a means to recruit these patients from many centres was required. The Australian Toxicology Monitoring study (ATOM) is a prospective observational study that recruits patients from calls to two poisons information centres and five clinical toxicology units. An arm of ATOM the Australian Paracetamol Project (APP) recruited an enriched dataset of problematic paracetamol poisoning. From APP three studies form a part of this thesis. ATOM-2 investigated massive immediate-release paracetamol ingestion and found increased acetylcysteine dose and early decontamination decreases the risk of liver injury. ATOM-3 investigated modified-release paracetamol ingestion and found many required prolonged treatment and some developed liver injury despite early acetylcysteine treatment. The results of these studies subsequently resulted in change to the national guidelines for the management of these patients. ATOM-5 examined a new biomarker paracetamol-protein adducts and showed that it can be used to stratify patients at low and high risk of acute liver injury. This thesis shows that recruitment of patients from many centres can be performed to examine uncommon and problematic overdoses.

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鍾寶蔭 and Po-yam Chung. "Novel antidotes for acute acetonitrile poisoning." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31969604.

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Baker, D. J. "The clinical neurophysiology of organophosphate poisoning." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259652.

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Leek, Michael David. "Pathological changes induced by ricin poisoning." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252661.

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French, M. C. "Lead poisoning in swans Cynus olor." Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278280.

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Hulse, Elspeth Joy. "Respiratory complications of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25881.

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Of the 800,000 suicides recorded globally every year, over a third are due to pesticide ingestion, the majority of which occur in rural Asia with organophosphorus (OP) compounds. These anticholinesterase pesticides cause an acute cholinergic syndrome characterised by decreased consciousness, excessive airway secretions and respiratory failure. A combination of these clinical features is the most common cause of death. Up to 30% of OP pesticide poisoned patients are admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for tracheal intubation and lung ventilation, but up to half die. It is not understood why the case fatality for intubated poisoned patients is so high, but one hypothesis is that the patients, when unconscious, aspirate their stomach contents (including the OP and the solvent present in its agricultural formulation) causing a toxic lung injury which contributes to the observed high mortality. In this PhD, I aimed to characterise the lung injury caused by OP pesticide self-poisoning through both indirect (ingestion) and direct (aspiration) means. To achieve this, I analysed data from previous toxicological minipig work and designed and conducted a specific minipig pulmonary aspiration study which was complemented by an experimental OP poisoning ex vivo lung perfusion model and human data from pesticide poisoned patients in Sri Lanka. I first investigated the pulmonary pathophysiology resulting from orogastric administration of OP pesticide without aspiration. Analysis of my group’s Gottingen minipig in vivo work demonstrated that orogastric placement of agricultural OP (dimethoate EC40) produced lung injury via exposure to blood-borne pesticide. Pathological lung changes consisted of alveolar and interstitial oedema, pulmonary haemorrhage and modest neutrophilia with increased concentrations of protein, IL-6 and IL-8 when compared with controls, but with low concentrations of TNF-α and IL-10 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In a second study, OP poisoned minipigs had increased concentrations of BALF protein, neutrophils, IL-8 and CRP six hours after orogastric poisoning when compared with their baseline values. Electron microscopy images of both studies demonstrated damage to the alveolar capillary membrane secondary to systemic OP poisoning. Prior to conducting the main pulmonary aspiration study in minipigs, there was considerable refinement of the processes involved through use of: (i) pilot aspiration and dose ranging studies; (ii) the development of a specific pulmonary histopathological scoring system; and (iii) employment of modern human anaesthetic equipment and intensive care patient management protocols. After this period of model development, an in vivo 48 hour study using Gottingen minipigs (n=26) was conducted to investigate the pulmonary pathophysiology in animals given either sham bronchoscopy (sham control) or 0.5 mL/kg of: saline (saline control), porcine gastric juice [GJ], OP (dimethoate EC40) + GJ [OP+GJ], or solvent (cyclohexanone) + GJ [Solv+GJ] into the right lung under bronchoscopic guidance. The results showed that in a minipig model OP and GJ placed into one lung created a direct (right) and indirect (left) lung injury significantly different to controls, and in some respects worse than GJ alone 48 hours after poisoning. The direct lung injury caused by OP+GJ was characterised by significantly worse pathology (p=0.0003) in terms of: pulmonary neutrophilia, alveolar haemorrhage, necrosis, oedema and fibrin deposition, when compared with sham controls at 48 hours. Lungs injured directly with OP+GJ also had significantly higher concentrations of BALF neutrophils (p≤0.01), protein (p≤0.05), IL-6 (p≤0.01), IL-8 (p≤0.01) and CRP (p≤0.05) at 24 hours, and BALF protein (p≤ 0.01), and CRP (p≤ 0.05) when compared with sham controls at 48 hours. The BALF from OP+GJ minipigs at 48 hours also had higher numbers of aerobic bacteria than other groups, suggesting the development of pneumonia could be a source of additional lung injury. Lung damage might also have resulted from a reduction in the surfactant component responsible for the lowering of alveolar surface tension. Direct lung injury with OP+GJ caused a proportional reduction of beneficial pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) species 16:0/16:0 [29(±4) % vs. 38(±4) %] when compared with sham controls at 48 hours. Unlike the other groups, OP+GJ (direct and indirectly-injured) lungs had type 2 alveolar cell ultrastructural morphological differences in the lamellar bodies that stored the surfactant. The lamellar bodies were more numerous and more dense in the OP+GJ lungs compared with other groups and could signify a failure of surfactant release or some other pathology pertinent to OP aspiration lung injury. Computed tomography analysis showed that direct lung injury with OP+GJ caused significantly more lung tissue to be poorly or non-aerated [77 (±13) % ; p≤0.0001 when compared with sham] as opposed to 62 (±27) % in GJ, 53(±13)% in sham and 47(±0.2)% in saline control animals by 47.5 hours and was mainly due to pulmonary haemorrhage and oedema fluid. The key differences between aspiration of OP+GJ versus GJ alone was that the majority of inflammatory markers (e.g. BALF protein, IL-6 and CRP) appeared to increase from 24-48 hours in OP+GJ treated animals, but decreased in GJ pigs, possibly signifying resolution. Treatment with GJ alone produced less severe histopathological damage, bacterial BALF numbers and percentage of poorly and non-aerated lung tissue. Importantly, there was less evidence of indirect lung injury within the GJ pigs when compared with animals treated with OP+GJ. Solvent placed into the lung seemed to offer some form of protection from the effects of GJ aspiration. This was dramatically demonstrated by the histopathology scores, proportional percentage of beneficial phosphatidylcholine (PC) species 16:0/16:0 and the percentage of poorly and non-aerated lung tissue all approaching control animal levels by 48 hours in minipigs that had Solv+GJ placed in the directly-injured (right) lung. Further evidence of benefit was provided by statistically significant reductions (p≤ 0.05) in BALF concentrations of IL-8, IL-6 and CRP in minipigs which had aspirated Solv+GJ when compared with OP+GJ and/or GJ minipig groups at 24 hours. The pathophysiology of aspirated OP+GJ was also investigated in a pilot ovine ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) model (n=4). Lungs directly-injured with OP+GJ had higher concentrations of total protein (4300 mg/L vs. 350 mg/L) with a proportional reduction of beneficial pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylcholine species 16:0/16:0 (27% vs.34%) when compared with control lungs. Analysis of toll-like receptor (TLR) lung tissue expression in the OP+GJ directly and indirectly-injured lungs indicated that inflammatory mechanisms might also involve upregulation of TLR 3 and 5, unlike other lung injuries e.g. those induced with lipopolysaccharide, which typically upregulates TLR 2 and 4. To compare OP-induced lung injury in humans and the minipigs, a small feasibility study was conducted in the ICUs of the University of Peradeniya hospital, Sri Lanka. Unfortunately, ethics review and recruitment proved more difficult than expected and we failed to recruit to target. We did however find raised BALF concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and CRP and low concentrations of TNF, IL-1β, IL-10 in intubated OP poisoned patients at 24 hours when compared with controls. We also found that two plasma micro-RNA biomarkers thought to be involved in inflammation and lung injury, MiR-21 and MiR-146a, had significantly reduced expression in OP-poisoned patients with aspiration compared to non-intubated control patients from the UK (p=0.008 and p=0.0083 respectively). The work from this thesis has allowed the characterisation of both indirect and direct lung injuries caused by OP pesticide ingestion and aspiration. The minipig model showed that at 48 hours the lung injury created by aspiration of OP+GJ appeared more severe than GJ alone, but the addition of the solvent cyclohexanone seemed protective and even beneficial in the context of GJ aspiration. The cytokine expression profiles from both the human and minipig work, combined with the preliminary TLR lung tissue analysis from the EVLP model, suggest that OP+GJ aspiration is unlike normal GJ aspiration and classic ARDS.
Increased concentrations of aerobic bacteria in the minipig OP+GJ lungs at 48 hours and evidence of suppression of plasma miR-21 and miR-146a in OP poisoned patients could be linked, and may involve cholinergic immune system modulation. These molecular mechanisms need to be investigated further in both in vitro and in vivo models. These discoveries indicate the complex nature of the pulmonary injury that occurs after OP pesticide poisoning, and suggests that damage is not caused by gastric contents alone. Preliminary findings indicate that aspiration of OP+GJ could create favourable conditions for the development of aspiration or ventilator-associated pneumonia but this would need confirmation in larger clinical studies. The potential roles of micro RNA as a biomarker of OP poisoning and lung injury, and solvent as a therapy for aspiration should be explored in further pre-clinical studies.

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Books on the topic "Poisoning"

Allman, Toney. Poisoning. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2008.

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Sheen, Barbara. Food poisoning. Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.

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Trestrail, John Harris. Criminal Poisoning. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-256-4.

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Trestrail, John Harris. Criminal Poisoning. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-023-0.

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1930-, Tu Anthony T., ed. Food poisoning. New York: Dekker, 1992.

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Sheen, Barbara. Food poisoning. Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.

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Housing, National Park Service, ed. Lead poisoning. [Washington, D.C.?: The Service, 1991.

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Cooper, Mary H. Lead Poisoning. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre19920619.

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Merry, Greg. Food Poisoning Prevention. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15190-5.

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Eley, Adrian R., ed. Microbial Food Poisoning. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3121-4.

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Book chapters on the topic "Poisoning"

Bannister, Bryan, Lars Larsen, and Steve Fuller. "Poisoning." In Family Medicine, 615–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04414-9_55.

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Larsen, Lars C., and Stephen H. Fuller. "Poisoning." In Family Medicine, 409–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2947-4_48.

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Wood, J. A. "Poisoning." In The Theory of Advanced First Aid, 74–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3513-1_7.

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Larsen, Lars C., and Stephen H. Fuller. "Poisoning." In Family Medicine, 352–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4005-9_46.

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Larsen, Lars C., and Stephen H. Fuller. "Poisoning." In Family Medicine, 404–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21744-4_48.

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Bannister, Bryan, Lars Larsen, and Steve Fuller. "Poisoning." In Family Medicine, 1–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_55-1.

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Laing, Gordon S. "Poisoning." In Accident and Emergency Medicine, 34–48. London: Springer London, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1608-0_2.

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Wood, J. A. "Poisoning." In The Theory of Advanced First Aid, 74–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4908-9_7.

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Murphy, Lisa A., and Rebecca Kagan. "Poisoning." In Veterinary Forensic Pathology, Volume 2, 75–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67175-8_5.

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Maloney, Michael S. "Poisoning." In Death Scene Investigation, 211–16. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315107271-28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Poisoning"

Kostic, Emilija, and Maja Vujovic. "TOKSIKOLOŠKI IZVEŠTAJ O TROVANJU PESTICIDIMA U JUGOISTOČNOM REGIONU SRBIJE TOKOM 2020. GODINE." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.313k.

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Pesticides are substances widely used in agriculture, which are the cause of acute poisoning in a significant percentage worldwide. The aim of this paper is to analyze cases of pesticide poisoning during 2020, according to the data of the Toxicology Laboratory of the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Nis. Pesticide poisoning has been proven in 18 cases (8.11% of all cases). Organophosphate pesticides were detected in nine cases, glyphosate in five, pendimethalin in two, while metolachlor and piperonyl butoxide were detected in one case each. Data on cases of poisoning indicate that education on the proper use of pesticides is necessary in order to reduce the number of acute and chronic poisonings.

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Korczyński, Maciej, Michał Król, and Michel van Eeten. "Zone Poisoning." In IMC 2016: Internet Measurement Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2987443.2987477.

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SOUZA, Maria Cristina Almeida de, Renan Lopes FERNANDES, and Cristina Fidalgo Affonso PINHEIRO. "POISONING BY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS IN CHILDREN." In SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021 INTERNATIONAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE. DR. D. SCIENTIFIC CONSULTING, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.21scon.36_abstract_fernandes.pdf.

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Children are the main victims of intoxication, considering that, with child development, especially between one and four years of age, they learn to walk and acquire agility, reaching objects and bringing them to the mouth. The objective of this study was to review the literature on exogenous intoxications by chemical products used in households in children in Brazil. Household cleaning products are the second leading cause of poisoning in domestic environments, preceded only by the accidental ingestion of medication. From 2017 to 2021, 128,794 exogenous intoxications resulting from exposure to toxic agents were recorded in the age group from zero to 14 years in Brazil. Among this total of exogenous intoxications, 18,733 reports of poisoning by household products were registered, representing 14.54% of the total of exogenous intoxications. Intoxication records in Brazil increased by up to 23%, from January to April 2021, compared to the same period in 2019. This is because the world is facing the COVID-19 pandemic, in which hygiene products are being commercialized for cleaning and antisepsis of domestic environments, which led to an intensification of accidents caused by these chemical materials. Therefore, it is concluded that the rate of exogenous intoxication by domestic chemical products is high in children, especially in the age group of zero to five years. It is also worth mentioning that with the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a greater consumption of chemical products for domestic use and, consequently, an increase in the number of poisonings by these products in children. Therefore, it is evident the need to adopt actions to avoid these accidents to reduce the poisoning rate by these toxic agents.

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Farnan, Oliver, Alexander Darer, and Joss Wright. "Poisoning the Well." In CCS'16: 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2994620.2994636.

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Liu, Hanwen, Peilin Zhao, Tingyang Xu, Yatao Bian, Junzhou Huang, Yuesheng Zhu, and Yadong Mu. "Curriculum Graph Poisoning." In WWW '23: The ACM Web Conference 2023. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3543507.3583211.

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Mouri, Israt, Muhammad Ridowan, and Muhammad Adnan. "Towards Poisoning of Federated Support Vector Machines with Data Poisoning Attacks." In 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011825800003488.

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Pattin, Cheryl A. "Child Resistant Packaging: Regulations and Effectiveness, 1980–2002." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79179.

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Poisoning from household substances has been and continues to be a hazard to children under 5 years of age. In an effort to address this problem, the Poison Prevention Packaging Act (PPPA) of 1970 was enacted as of December 30, 1970. This act is a federally preemptive piece of legislation covering an ever expanding group of substances. The test methods used to establish compliance with the PPPA do not address the range of substances covered (e.g. liquids); the changing patterns of use of household substances such as increased use of liquid medications for children; or repeated access to and multiple reclosures of containers, as seen in the home situation. To examine the effectiveness of the PPPA in addressing actual poisonings in children under 5, national databases from 1980 through March 13, 2002 were examined. Reports mentioning the use of a CRC (child resistant container) were then analyzed. Assisted Access incidents involved an older child gaining access to the contents of a CRC and giving those contents to the younger victim. Transfer of Contents incidents involved ingestion of a substance that was originally packaged in a CRC and was transferred to a non-CRC The average age of children seen in hospitals is under 2, and fatalities due to Assisted Access and Transfer of Contents incidents were seen in children averaging under one year of age. These age ranges are below those of children used in CRC testing (3.5 to 4.25 years). More importantly, the average body weights — directly related to the susceptibility to poisoning injury — of children seen in hospitals is less than the 25 pound weight used to set toxicity thresholds by the PPPA. Training for children, the elderly, and parents would help increase awareness of Transfer of Contents and Assisted Access poisonings, which are disproportionately represented in fatal poisoning incidents of young children.

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Biggio, Battista, Konrad Rieck, Davide Ariu, Christian Wressnegger, Igino Corona, Giorgio Giacinto, and Fabio Roli. "Poisoning behavioral malware clustering." In the 2014 Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2666652.2666666.

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Mahloujifar, Saeed, Esha Ghosh, and Melissa Chase. "Property Inference from Poisoning." In 2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833623.

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Severi, Giorgio, Simona Boboila, Alina Oprea, John Holodnak, Kendra Kratkiewicz, and Jason Matterer. "Poisoning Network Flow Classifiers." In ACSAC '23: Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3627106.3627123.

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Reports on the topic "Poisoning"

Sentcоv, Valentin, Andrei Reutov, and Vyacheslav Kuzmin. Electronic training manual "Particular issues of toxicology for anesthesiologists and resuscitators". SIB-Expertise, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0779.29012024.

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This series presents the conditions most frequently encountered in the structure of acute poisoning. The relevance is justified by the high lethality of these poisonings and the frequency of spread among the working population. Competent and timely diagnosis, hospitalization in a specialized hospital and previously started treatment greatly increases the patient’s chances of life and its further quality. This electronic educational resourse consists of nine theoretical educational modules: general issues of clinical toxicology, poisoning with barbituric acid derivatives, opioid poisoning, clonidine poisoning, ethanol poisoning, methanol poisoning, ethylene glycol poisoning, vinegar essence poisoning, positional compression syndrome. The theoretical block of modules is presented by presentations, the text of lectures with illustrations. Control classes in the form of test control accompany each theoretical module. After studying all modules, the student passes the final test control. Mastering the electronic educational resourse will ensure a high level of readiness for the provision of specialized toxicological care by resident anesthesiologists-resuscitators and doctors of various specialties.

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Sentcоv, Valentin, Andrei Reutov, and Vyacheslav Kuzmin. Electronic training manual "Acute poisoning with alcohols and alcohol-containing liquids". SIB-Expertise, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0778.29012024.

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In the structure of acute poisonings, ethanol poisoning currently accounts, according to various sources, from 10 to 20%. The mortality rate in poison control centers for ethanol poisoning is 1-2%, but the mortality rate is much higher due to those who died before medical care was provided. The widespread use of methanol and ethylene glycol in various industries and the high mortality rate with late recognition of poisoning with these alcohols determine the high relevance of a detailed study of the clinic, diagnosis and treatment of these poisonings by doctors of various specialties. In particular, toxicologists from health care institutions, anesthesiologists and resuscitators from health care institutions, doctors from specialized emergency medical services teams, and disaster medicine doctors. Competent and timely diagnosis, hospitalization in a specialized hospital and previously started treatment greatly increases the patient’s chances of life and its further quality. This electronic educational resourse consists of six theoretical educational modules: general issues of clinical toxicology, acute poisoning with veratrine, acute poisoning with ethanol, poisoning with methanol, poisoning with ethylene glycol, acute poisoning with other alcohols. The theoretical block of modules is presented by presentations, the text of lectures with illustrations. Control classes in the form of test control accompany each theoretical module. After studying all modules, the student passes the final test control. Mastering the electronic educational resourse will ensure a high level of readiness to provide specialized toxicological care by doctors of various specialties.

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Sentcоv, Valentin, Andrei Reutov, and Vyacheslav Kuzmin. Electronic training manual "Acute poisoning with gaseous toxicants". SIB-Expertise, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0775.29012024.

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The widespread use of dichloroethane, hydrogen tetrachloride, trichlorethylene in various sectors of modern industry and the high (up to 50%) mortality rate in case of poisoning with these toxicants indicate the need for increased attention to the understanding and treatment of poisonings with these toxicants. The very widespread use of chlorine and ammonia in large cities for various activities creates an increased risk to the health of the population of large and small cities and towns. This electronic educational resourse consists of six theoretical educational modules: acute poisoning with dichloroethane, acute poisoning with carbon tetrachloride, acute poisoning with trichlorethylene, acute poisoning with chlorine, acute poisoning with ammonia, acute injuries with irritants. The theoretical block of modules is presented by presentations, the text of lectures with illustrations. Control classes in the form of test control accompany each theoretical module. After studying all modules, the student passes the final test control. Mastering the electronic educational resourse will ensure a high level of readiness to provide specialized toxicological care by doctors of various specialties.

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Sentcоv, Valentin, Andrei Reutov, and Vyacheslav Kuzmin. Electronic training manual "Acute drug poisoning". SIB-Expertise, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0776.29012024.

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The widespread use in modern medicine of hypnotics, sedatives, tricyclic antidepressants, antihypertensive drugs and antipyretics, even in therapeutic dosages, sometimes leads to adverse consequences for the patient. Accidental or intentional excess of therapeutic dosages leads to severe poisoning. This fact indicates the high relevance of doctors’ knowledge of any clinical specialty and the treatment of poisoning by these groups of drugs. This electronic educational resourse consists of six theoretical educational modules: poisoning with barbituric acid derivatives, acute poisoning with tricyclic antidepressants, acute poisoning with beta-blockers, poisoning with clonidine, acute poisoning with anti-tuberculosis drugs, acute poisoning with paracetamol. The theoretical block of modules is presented by presentations, the text of lectures with illustrations. Control classes in the form of test control accompany each theoretical module. After studying all modules, the student passes the final test control. Mastering the electronic educational resourse will ensure a high level of readiness to provide specialized toxicological care by doctors of various specialties.

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Sentcоv, Valentin, Andrei Reutov, and Vyacheslav Kuzmin. Electronic training manual "Acute poisoning with psychotropic substances". SIB-Expertise, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0777.29012024.

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The significant variety of properties and wide distribution of opiates and opioids in the modern pharmaceutical industry entail not only positive, but also negative consequences in people's lives. The constant search for new drugs entails the emergence of new substances with psychotropic effects. The widespread use of vinegar essence in the food industry, nitrogen oxides in agriculture, and the frequent appearance of carbon disulfide in everyday life create an increased risk to public health. Positional compression syndrome very often accompanies poisoning with psychotropic substances, which leads to a high risk of disability for victims or even death. This electronic educational resourse consists of seven theoretical educational modules: opioid poisoning, acute psychostimulant poisoning, vinegar essence poisoning, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, acute nitrogen oxide poisoning, acute hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide poisoning, positional compression syndrome. The theoretical block of modules is presented by presentations, the text of lectures with illustrations. Control classes in the form of test control accompany each theoretical module. After studying all modules, the student passes the final test control. Mastering the electronic educational resourse will ensure a high level of readiness to provide specialized toxicological care by doctors of various specialties.

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Mroz, E. J., R. C. Dye, J. R. Duke, and J. Weinrach. Hydrogen gas getters: Susceptibility to poisoning. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/334310.

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RaLonde, Ray, ed. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: The Alaska Problem. Alaska Sea Grant, October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/psptap.

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RaLonde, R. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: The Alaska Problem. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/psptap.1996.

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Miller, Donald L. Dinoflagellate Toxins Responsible for Ciguatera Food Poisoning. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada194466.

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Kayaoglu, Barin. Turkish military hit by food poisoning scandal. Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26598/auis_ug_is_2017_06_19.

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