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Saoraya, Jutamas, and Pholaphat Charles Inboriboon. "Acute Poisoning Surveillance in Thailand: The Current State of Affairs and a Vision for the Future." ISRN Emergency Medicine 2013 (December 24, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/812836.
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Acute poisoning is a major public health threat worldwide, including Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia with over 67 million inhabitants. The incidence and characteristics of poisoning in Thailand vary greatly depending on the reporting body. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive description of the state of poisoning in Thailand. It identifies common trends and differences in poisoning by reporting centers and regional studies. Almost half of the cases and three-fourths of the deaths involved pesticide poisonings associated with agricultural occupations. However, increasing urbanization has led to an increase in drug and household chemical poisoning. Though the majority of reported poisonings remain intentional, a trend towards unintentional poisonings in pediatric and geriatric populations should not be dismissed. Unique poisonings such as mushroom, botulism, and tetrodotoxin poisonings are also closely related to the Thai lifestyle. Following this extensive review of the Thai poisoning literature, it is apparent that further support of the poison control center in Thailand is needed to improve poisoning surveillance, research, prevention, and intervention.
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Inboriboon, P. C., and P. Narongchai. "(P1-76) Descriptive Study of Poisoning Victims Patients at a Tertiary Medical Center in Northern Thailand." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004080.
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BackgroundPoisoning is a public health problem that effects all ages, genders, and ethnicities, but certain populations are at increased risk. Unintentional poisoning disproportionately affects lower- and middle-income countries. The epidemiological pattern of poisoning can differ significantly within countries. In Thailand, national poisoning data is collected by voluntary reporting to a poison control center in the capital, Bangkok. Limited poisonings are reported from Chiang Mai, a province in Northern Thailand, though it has the highest suicide rate in the country.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe poisoning epidemiology, examine differences between intentional and unintentional poisonings and, to develop a multivariate predictive model of intentional poisonings in Northern Thailand.MethodsA total of 550 poisoning admissions were identified at Chiang Mai's University Hospital from 01 January 2005 to 31 December 2005. Demographic data were collected retrospectively by manual chart review. Chi-square and t-tests were used to examine differences in poisoning by intent. A step-wise logistic regression analysis was performed to develop a predictive model of intentional poisonings. Factors significantly associated with intentional poisoning were used in a logistic progression model to identify predictors of intentional poisoning.ResultsYounger age was significantly associated with intentional poisoning. There was no demonstrated difference in gender and poisoning intent. Predictors of intentional poisonings were use of chemical agents, high-risk medications (analgesics and psychiatric), unemployment, and younger age.ConclusionsInterventions should focus on factors that put young adults and the unemployed at greater risk for intentional poisonings. Further interventions are also needed to limit access to potentially lethal doses of chemical agents and high risk medications.
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Zarafiants, G. N., V. D. Isakov, and T. V. Gorbacheva. "QUESTIONS OF DYNAMICS, FORENSIC MEDICAL AND FORENSIC CHEMICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF METHADONE POISONING IN SAINT PETERSBURG IN 2009-2018." Toxicological Review, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-1-2-7.
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Acute poisonings occupy one of the leading places in the structure of mortality due to external causes in the Russian Federation. In Saint Petersburg, there are consistently high rates of drug poisonings (especially methadone poisoning). Reports, statistical maps and other information of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise for the period 2009 – 2018 were used for this study. The research methods were a selective copy of the data, including the results of a forensic chemical study, the calculation of statistical coefficients, descriptive. The analysis showed a decrease in mortality due to external causes in Saint Petersburg in 2009-2018, indicators (per 100 thousand of the population of Saint Petersburg) decreased gradually from 99,3 to 69,8. Acute poisoning of chemical etiology was in the 2nd place (24,9%) after mechanical injury. In the structure of acute poisoning of chemical etiology, the 1st place was occupied by fatal drug poisoning (45,1%). Their share was 28,7% in 2009-2011. It increased sharply up to 52,2% in the period 2012-2018 and began to change both qualitative and quantitative. In Saint Petersburg there were 19 fatal cases of methadone poisoning (0,04 per 100 thousand people) in 2009 and 599 cases (11,19 per 100 thousand people) in 2018. The number of forensic studies on the identification of methadone sharply increased (9 times). In almost half of the poisoning’s cases ethanol, other narcotic drugs (amphetamine derivatives, morphine, cocaine, etc.), as well as drugs and psychotropic substances (derivatives of barbituric acid, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine, etc.) were revealed along with methadone.Forensic medical diagnostics of methadone poisoning are based on the results of chromatography-mass spectrometry, morphological features (macro- and microscopic), analysis of the clinical picture (from medical documents), and consideration of the circumstances of the poisoning. The combined reception of methadone, ethanol and other narcotic and / or psychotropic drugs has a potentiating deprimative effect, aggravates the clinical and morphological picture of poisoning, which must be taken into account when diagnosing them.
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Hume, Beth, Barbara Gabella, Jeanne Hathaway, Scott Proescholdbell, Cristy Sneddon, Elizabeth Brutsch, Riley Hedin, and Christopher J. Drucker. "Assessment of Selected Overdose Poisoning Indicators in Health Care Administrative Data in 4 States, 2012." Public Health Reports 132, no. 4 (June 20, 2017): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917718061.
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Objectives: In 2012, a consensus document was developed on drug overdose poisoning definitions. We took the opportunity to apply these new definitions to health care administrative data in 4 states. Our objective was to calculate and compare drug (particularly opioid) poisoning rates in these 4 states for 4 selected Injury Surveillance Workgroup 7 (ISW7) drug poisoning indicators, using 2 ISW7 surveillance definitions, Option A and Option B. We also identified factors related to the health care administrative data used by each state that might contribute to poisoning rate variations. Methods: We used state-level hospital and emergency department (ED) discharge data to calculate age-adjusted rates for 4 drug poisoning indicators (acute drug poisonings, acute opioid poisonings, acute opioid analgesic poisonings, and acute or chronic opioid poisonings) using just the principal diagnosis or first-listed external cause-of-injury fields (Option A) or using all diagnosis or external cause-of-injury fields (Option B). We also calculated the high-to-low poisoning rate ratios to measure rate variations. Results: The average poisoning rates per 100 000 population for the 4 ISW7 poisoning indicators ranged from 11.2 to 216.4 (ED) and from 14.2 to 212.8 (hospital). For each indicator, ED rates were usually higher than were hospital rates. High-to-low rate ratios between states were lowest for the acute drug poisoning indicator (range, 1.5-1.6). Factors potentially contributing to rate variations included administrative data structure, accessibility, and submission regulations. Conclusions: The ISW7 Option B surveillance definition is needed to fully capture the state burden of opioid poisonings. Efforts to control for factors related to administrative data, standardize data sources on a national level, and improve data source accessibility for state health departments would improve the accuracy of drug poisoning surveillance.
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Kutsenko, Valeriy P., Darya D. Kovaleva, Nana R. Mironova, and Tatyana O. Rumyantseva. "Dynamics of acute poisoning with narcotic and psychotropic drugs in children." Russian Pediatric Journal 24, no. 5 (November 15, 2021): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46563/1560-9561-2021-24-5-328-334.
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Introduction. Acute poisoning of chemical aetiology in children and adolescents is a significant medical and social problem. The average overall assessment of the state of the drug situation in St. Petersburg by all criteria is: in 2018 - 3.6 (pre-crisis condition), in 2019 - 3.5 (pre-crisis), in 2020 - 3.3 (severe). The aim of this work is to analyze the structure of acute poisoning with narcotic and psychodysleptic drugs in children of St. Petersburg. Materials and methods. An analysis was carried out of 4256 cases of acute chemical poisoning in children (form No. 64) admitted to the acute poisoning department of N.F. Filatov St. Petersburg State Children Hospital from 2016 to 2018. Results. The total number of chemical aetiology poisonings was 1441 cases in 2016, 1,527 in 2017 and 1,288 in 2018. Poisoning with narcotic and psychodysleptic drugs was (of the total number of poisonings) in 2016 - 3.1%, in 2017 - 5.8% and 2018 - 4.9%. The top place among poisonings with toxic substances of this group are opiates, methadone, LSD, hashish. The maximum poisoning with psychotropic drugs is psychostimulants such as methamphetamine - 2.6%, amphetamine - 1.4%, ecstasy - 1.2%. There was a significant increase in acute poisoning with unspecified psychotropic drugs from 0.7% (2016) to 4.6% (2018). Conclusions. The obtained results of the study revealed a decrease in the total number of acute chemical poisoning by 18.9%. On the background of a reduction in the total number of poisonings, there is an increase in the frequency of poisoning with neurodestructive substances (methadone, hashish, LSD, benzodiazepine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and ecstasy). The most frequent cause of acute chemical intoxication in children is poisoning with psychotropic drugs.
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Mutlu, M., A. Cansu, T. Karakas, M. Kalyoncu, and E. Erduran. "Pattern of pediatric poisoning in the east Karadeniz region between 2002 and 2006: increased suicide poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 29, no. 2 (December 17, 2009): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109357141.
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In the present study, 386 patients with the diagnosis of poisoning admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Unit of Farabi Hospital of Medical Faculty of Karadeniz Technical University between January 2002 and December 2006 were retrospectively evaluated with respect to gender, age, cause of poisoning, type of substance used, route of exposure, reason for the intake, signs and symptoms, time of referral to the hospital, hospitalization period, and prognosis. The age group of most poisoning cases was <5 years of age and constituted 51% (n = 197) of all cases. The main toxic agent was drugs (70.2%), followed by foods (8.8%), rodenticides (7%), insecticides/pesticides (4.9%), and carbon monoxide (4.7%). In childhood poisonings, accidental drug poisoning was frequent in toddlers, whereas suicidal poisoning was frequent in adolescents. The suicidal poisoning rate was 23.8% among all poisoning patients, and 98.9% of these patients were adolescents. The suicidal poisoning rates for males and females were 30% and 70%, respectively. An increase in suicidal and inhalation poisonings was observed when compared with previous studies that have been conducted in the same region. The results of the present study suggest that poisonings still represents an important health problem that could be prevented by safe drug storage at home, as well as parental education on adolescence issues, particularly those regarding females.
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Grabska, Kinga, and Izabela Pilarska. "Acute poisoning among children and adolescents: a narrative review." Medical Science Pulse 16, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9656.
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Background: Acute poisoning is a frequent emergency and a significant health concern in the pediatric population. The pattern of acute intoxication differs between countries and within each country. Poisoning depends on many factors. It can be divided into two categories (accidental and intentional), and each one has its own characteristics. Aim of the study: This study aimed to analyze and discuss the overall patterns of accidental and intentional poisoning among children and adolescents. Material and methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, Elsevier, and the PubMed database. The following keywords were used: “acute poisoning”, “pediatric poisoning”, “intentional poisonings”, “unintentional poisonings”, and “suicide attempts”. Results: A total of 38 articles were included in the review. Half had been published in the last five years. The analysis focused on the characteristics of the materials and methods, results, and conclusions sections of each study. Conclusions: Unintentional poisonings dominate among younger children, with a slight male predominance. They usually occur at home and occasionally lead to severe harm or even death. The most common causes of intoxication in this population are medications and household products. The majority of poisonings among adolescents are intentional suicide attempts. Among older children, over-the-counter analgesics are the most common cause of acute poisoning. Accidental poisoning can be avoided by providing preventive educational programs to guardians and replacing potentially toxic household products with safer ones. The prevention of intentional poisoning should be based on a community support system and behavioral programs. Healthcare professionals should be familiar with poisoning and be aware of the different patterns of intoxication according to age and gender.
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Sil, Archan, Tarak Nath Ghosh, Sudipta Bhattacharya, Mithun Chandra Konar, Baisakhi Soren, and Kaustav Nayek. "A Study on Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Poisoning in Children in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v36i2.15040.
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Introduction: Poisoning is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in paediatric age group. Objective of this study was to determine the pattern of poisoning in paediatric age group in respect to epidemiological characteristics, aetiology, clinical features and mortality in a major part of South Bengal.Material and Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study conducted in the paediatric medicine ward and paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Burdwan Medical College from January, 2015 to December, 2015.All children in the age group of less than or equal to 12 years who visited the paediatric emergency with history of exposure to toxic substances were included in the study. Poisoning due to insect or animal bite was excluded from the study. Data was obtained from hospital records and the admission register of paediatric emergency, entered in the Microsoft excel sheet and analysed by using statistical software SPSS version 17.Results: During the study period, 393 patients with poisoning were reported, which was 1.9% of all pediatric admissions. Majority were in the 1-3 year age group (59.6%). Volatile hydrocarbons accounted for the highest proportion of poisonings (153 cases, 38.9%).. GI system involvement (36.5 %) was most common. The total mortality of poisoning patients was 8.Conclusion: Number of children, presenting with poisoning was higher in our study in comparison to other studies. Volatile hydrocarbons were common source of poisoning in our study. More epidemiological studies are required to identify socio-demographic risk factors of poisoning.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2016;36(2):105-109.
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Dayasiri, Kavinda, V. Thadchanamoorthy, Michael Jansz, Senuri Dassanayake, and Geetha Anand. "Epidemiology of acute poisoning among children in urban Sri Lanka: the experience of two tertiary care hospitals in Colombo district." Jaffna Medical Journal 35, no. 1 (August 11, 2023): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jmj.v35i1.177.
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Acute poisoning in children is an important public health problem and one of the leading causes of emergency department admissions following childhood injuries. Although most paediatric ingestions are accidental, children are at a higher risk for serious complications following ingestion of a similar toxic dose compared to adults. The current study evaluated the recent patterns and trends in acute poisoning among children in two tertiary care centers in urban Sri Lanka: Lady Ridge Hospital for Children, Colombo and North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama. Out of 200 cases, the majority were between 1-5 years and male children outnumbered female children. The most common poisons included kerosene oil, paracetamol and “Good Luck” plants. Complication rate was low, and no mortalities were reported. Deliberate poisoning accounted for 1% of total poisonings. The current trends in poisoning among children living in urban Sri Lanka showed decreasing incidence of pesticide poisonings and increasing incidence of pharmaceutical poisonings and poisoning with ornamental plants.
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Woyessa, Ashenafi Habte, and Thanasekaran Palanichamy. "Patterns, Associated Factors, and Clinical Outcomes of Poisoning among Poisoning Cases Presented to Selected Hospitals in Western Ethiopia: Hospital-Based Study." Emergency Medicine International 2020 (May 6, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5741692.
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Back Ground. Epidemiological data related to poisoning is very limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the patterns, associated factors, and clinical outcomes of poisoning among poisoned cases brought to selected hospitals in western Ethiopia. Methodology. Hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study design was employed. Five administrative zones in west Ethiopia were selected as geographical clusters. Area sampling technique was utilized to select the hospitals. Finally, consecutive sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. Since the objective of this study was to determine the pattern and outcome of poisoning during the specified study period, no specific sampling size determination was employed. As such, all of the 211 poisoned cases presented to the selected hospitals during the specific study period were consecutively included. Data were collected using a comprehensively organized and pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results. The broad types of poisoning were identified in about 193 (91.47%) cases of poisoning in this study. Pesticides exposure and food poisoning have, respectively, contributed for 32.70% and 20.91% of the poisoning incidence. On the other hand, chemical from industry has contributed the least percentage (2.81%). Out of a total of 24 agents identified, 26.80% of the agents were organophosphates followed by raw meat (18.40%). Difference in the incidence of poisoning was also observed as seasons in a year change. Among the victims who have taken household materials as a poisoning agent, about 47.87% of them have taken the agents during daytime. The remaining cases of poisoning developed by household chemicals occurred at night. More than half (54.98%) of the poisoned patients have encountered the incidents inside their home. Regarding the final poisoning outcome, about 7.10% poisoning cases in this study died of the poisonings. Factors such as place, time, intention, and source of poisoning were observed to determine poisoning outcomes. Although poisoning attempt was lesser among urban residents as compared to rural community, rural dwellers were four times more likely to die of poisoning they had attempted (AOR: 4.072 (1.197–13.85)). Conclusion. This study has clearly showed that the incidence of poisoning was varied with seasonal variations. The encountered poisonings ended up with mixed clinical outcomes, which were also affected by patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics. Fertilizers, unclean food items, household materials, and drugs have caused majority of the poisonings. Creating community awareness and designing sound prevention strategies are recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality related to poisoning.
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Parashar, Abhimanyu, and Madhan Ramesh. "Assessment of the Sociodemographic Profile, Pattern, and Outcomes of Intentional Poisoning Cases in an Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital." Crisis 41, no. 6 (November 2020): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000661.
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Abstract. Background: Intentional self-poisoning has become a major health problem in low- and middle-income countries. Aims: We aimed to assess the sociodemographic profile, pattern, and outcomes of intentional poisoning cases in the emergency department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Method: A prospective observational study was conducted at the department of emergency medicine of a South Indian tertiary care hospital for 1 year to study the sociodemographic profile, pattern, and outcomes of intentional poisoning cases. Results: The majority of poisonings were observed in the male population (64.5%) and among the age group of 19–40 years (65.2%). Poisoning was prevalent in rural/semi-urban populations (77.5%) and in people engaged in agriculture (28.4%) for their livelihood. Pesticides were the most common agents implicated (65.9%) in poisonings. Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Poison Severity Scale (PSS), the majority of people with poisoning presented with mild (53.9%) and minor symptoms (36.3%). In 78.5% of the cases, patients recovered while mortality was observed in 5.4% of cases. Conclusion: There was a strong association between outcomes of poisoning and age. Organophosphate pesticides were the most commonly implicated substances in poisonings. Regulation policies should be made by the government to regulate the transport, distribution, and use of insecticides and pesticides.
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Soltaninejad, Kambiz. "Poisons and Drugs Used in Homicidal Poisoning: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Forensic Sciences 8, no. 4 (2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000335.
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Homicidal poisoning defined as the application of toxic agents by a person to kill human beings. Historically, some conventional homicidal poisons were including arsenic, cyanide, mercury, strychnine, aconite and atropine. In general, homicidal poisonings are among the least frequently detected crimes and difficult to establish, across the world. Lack of suspicion of this type of poisoning and clinical presentations in this poisoning are often misdiagnosed as natural disease, especially if the crime is occurred in a hospital setting are the limitations for detection of homicidal poisonings. The aim of this article is to review of drugs and poisons used in recently reported homicidal poisoning cases. The results showed that the contemporary poisons and drugs used in homicidal poisonings are based in combinations of old and well-described poisons and drugs and natural or synthetic drugs and poisons from the group of organophosphorus agents, tetrodotoxin, radioactive substances and polydrug pattern of antipsychotics with antidepressants and sedativehypnotics. Forensic autopsy and postmortem histopathological and toxicological analysis have a critical role in investigation on homicidal poisoning fatal cases. The sophisticated instrumental analysis (usually using tandem mass spectrometry) can be used for toxicological analysis of trace levels of drugs and poisons in routine and alternative samples in the victims of homicidal poisoning.
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Ferrer, Isabela Lemos, Melorie Kern Capovilla Sarubo Baptistella, Flávia Neri Meira de Oliveira, Alessandra Gelande de Souza, Luiz Carlos da Cunha, and Andreia Franco Amoras Magalhães. "Poisoning in Children and adolescents assisted during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Toxicological Information and Assistance Center in Federal District, Brazil (CIATOX -DF): Descriptive, Cross-sectional, and Analytical study with 1.037 patients." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 15 (November 15, 2021): e25101521960. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i15.21960.
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Exogenous poisonings are one of the principal accidents involving children and adolescents. The social isolation promoted by the COVID-19 pandemic raises concerns about the possibility of an increase in poisoning among children since most cases of poisoning occur in home environments. Therefore, the present study evaluated exogenous poisonings in children under ten years of age and adolescents aged 11 to 20 years old through data recorded at the Toxicological Information and Assistance Center in the Federal District (CIATOX-DF) from January to September 2020. The results showed a change in the number of notifications, with 1.037 poisonings registered in patients under 20 years of age. Registrations of poisoning by venomous animals, medications, and household cleaning products in children tend to be higher in months of vacation. This study demonstrated poisoning notifications by non-venomous animals in March and April and household cleaning products as the second leading cause of exogenous poisoning, demonstrating a clear temporal association among social isolation, increased use of household cleaning products, and exposure to these products. The multivariate analysis methodology managed to show the significant characteristics of the studied sample, contributing to creating local actions that aim to reduce the number of preventable cases of poisonings.
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Tyrrell, Edward G., Denise Kendrick, Kapil Sayal, and Elizabeth Orton. "Poisoning substances taken by young people: a population-based cohort study." British Journal of General Practice 68, no. 675 (September 10, 2018): e703-e710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18x698897.
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BackgroundGlobally, poisonings account for most medically-attended self-harm. Recent data on poisoning substances are lacking, but are needed to inform self-harm prevention.AimTo assess poisoning substance patterns and trends among 10–24-year-olds across EnglandDesign and settingOpen cohort study of 1 736 527 young people, using linked Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics, and Office for National Statistics mortality data, from 1998 to 2014.MethodPoisoning substances were identified by ICD-10 or Read Codes. Incidence rates and adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) were calculated for poisoning substances by age, sex, index of multiple deprivation, and calendar year.ResultsIn total, 40 333 poisoning episodes were identified, with 57.8% specifying the substances involved. The most common substances were paracetamol (39.8%), alcohol (32.7%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (11.6%), antidepressants (10.2%), and opioids (7.6%). Poisoning rates were highest at ages 16–18 years for females and 19–24 years for males. Opioid poisonings increased fivefold from 1998–2014 (females: aIRR 5.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.08 to 6.89; males: aIRR 5.11, 95% CI = 3.37 to 7.76), antidepressant poisonings three-to fourfold (females: aIRR 3.91, 95% CI = 3.18 to 4.80, males: aIRR 2.70, 95% CI = 2.04 to 3.58), aspirin/NSAID poisonings threefold (females: aIRR 2.84, 95% CI = 2.40 to 3.36, males: aIRR 2.76, 95% CI = 2.05 to 3.72) and paracetamol poisonings threefold in females (aIRR 2.87, 95% CI = 2.58 to 3.20). Across all substances poisoning incidence was higher in more disadvantaged groups, with the strongest gradient for opioid poisonings among males (aIRR 3.46, 95% CI = 2.24 to 5.36).ConclusionIt is important that GPs raise awareness with families of the substances young people use to self-harm, especially the common use of over-the-counter medications. Quantities of medication prescribed to young people at risk of self-harm and their families should be limited, particularly analgesics and antidepressants.
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Khalitov, F. Ya, Sh A. Mukhametzyanov, and O. N. Maksimov. "Peculiarities of diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning." Kazan medical journal 69, no. 1 (February 15, 1988): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj96951.
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Acute mushroom poisonings are observed annually in the summer and autumn season and account for 7-8% in the structure of acute poisonings. Despite their relative rarity, mushroom poisonings attract the attention of clinicians by the group character of the disease and high (up to 95%) lethality in some poisonings, for example in case of poisoning by pale grebes. Materials on the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of mushroom poisoning are widely represented in the national literature.
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Dayasiri, Kavinda, S. F. Jayamanne, and C. Y. Jayasinghe. "Accidental and Deliberate Self-Poisoning with Medications and Medication Errors among Children in Rural Sri Lanka." Emergency Medicine International 2020 (August 3, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9872821.
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Context. Pharmaceutical products are the leading cause accidental poisoning in middle- and high-income countries. Patterns of poisoning with medicinal drugs change across different geographic regions and over decades owing to variability in prescription practice, sociocultural factors, safe storage of medicines, and free availability of over the counter medications. Methods. This multicentre descriptive study was conducted over a seven-year period (February 2007 to January 2014) to assess patterns and trends of medicinal drug-related poisoning among children less than 12 years of age in thirty-six hospitals across rural Sri Lanka. Children with both accidental and deliberate medication poisonings and medication errors were recruited to the study. Data on poisoning events and medication errors were gathered via patient/parent interviews using multistructured questionnaires that assessed demographic factors, first aid measures, location and circumstances of poisoning, clinical management, and complications. In addition, focus group discussions were performed on all children and their families who had deliberate poisoning events and medication errors. Results and Conclusions. Among 1621 children presented with acute poisoning over seven years of age, 410 children had acute poisoning with medications. Male children (225, 54.9%) outnumbered female children. Paracetomol (137, 35.6%), salbutamol (55, 14.3%), and chlorpheniramine (35, 9.1%) were the most commonly poisoned medications. Prospective data at Anuradhapura teaching hospital (n = 112) revealed that unsafe first aid measures were practiced on 22 (19.6%) children. Although the majority of children remained asymptomatic (61, 54.5%), neurological symptoms (34, 67%) were predominantly seen in symptomatic children. The majority of poisonings took place within home premises (76, 67.9%). There were 16 reports of medication errors (14.2% of acute poisoning events) either due to erroneous administration by caregivers or erroneous issue of medicines by health workers. The current study did not observe mortality following medication poisonings. This study brings to light the burden of medicinal drug-related poisoning morbidity among children in rural Sri Lanka. Potentially, interventions such as community educational initiatives, written safety warnings, increased use of child resistant containers, and enforcement of laws to bring down accidental medication poisonings need to be implemented, and their effectiveness should be evaluated.
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Nasiri, Ebrahim, Peyman Talebi, Qasem Mahmoudpour, and Jamal Rezaei Orimi. "Epidemiology Study on Poisoning in Patients Received Pre-hospital Emergency Services in Ghaemshahr, Iran." Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jgums.30.1.1.
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Background: Poisoning is an important public health issue and causes high mortality rate each year worldwide. Having epidemiological information can lead to proper planning for its prevention and intervention. Objective: This study aims to investigate the one-year prevalence and causes of poisoning in patients received pre-hospital emergency services in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. After reviewing the medical files of 12552 patients collected from the Medical Emergency and Accident Management Center in Ghaemshahr, Iran in 2016, 398 poisoned patients were found. Their data including age, gender, place of residence, agent and cause of poisoning, and received therapeutic interventions were extracted and recorded. Results: Of 398 patients, 17.3% had received treatment; 271 (68.1%) were male and 127 (31.9%) were female. The most common cause of poisoning was abuse (58.1%); 58.3% of the poisonings were caused by the use of medications and the rest were non-medication poisonings. Tramadol (29.6%) was the most common medication that had caused poisoning. Among non-medication poisonings, the most common agent were substances (22.6%) and alcohol (13.1%). The most common route of exposure to poisoning agent (toxins) was by ingestion. Conclusion: Due to the increasing abuse of substances and medications such as tramadol among young people and considering the high prevalence of intentional poisoning in young women, there are a need for psychological support, proper monitoring of medicine distribution, and creating social and recreational opportunities for the young people in Iran.
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Lee, Caroline, Mark Hanly, Natasha Larter, Karen Zwi, Susan Woolfenden, and Louisa Jorm. "Demographic and clinical characteristics of hospitalised unintentional poisoning in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal preschool children in New South Wales, Australia: a population data linkage study." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e022633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022633.
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ObjectivesTo investigate differences in demographic and clinical characteristics of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children aged 0–4 years hospitalised for unintentional poisoning in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.Design and settingRetrospective whole-of-population cohort analysis of linked hospital and mortality data for 2000–2014.ParticipantsAll children (Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal) under the age of 5 years who were born in a hospital in NSW from 2000 to 2009.OutcomesThe primary outcome was hospitalisation for unintentional poisoning. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds of poisoning hospitalisation for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Poisoning agents and clinical outcomes were compared by Aboriginality.ResultsThe cohort included 767 119 children, including 28 528 (3.7%) Aboriginal children. Aboriginal children had approximately three times higher rates of hospitalised poisoning (1.34%) compared with non-Aboriginal children (0.41%). Poisoning incidence peaked at 2–3 years of age. Male sex, socioeconomic disadvantage and geographical remoteness were associated with higher odds of poisoning hospitalisation for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children, but associations with disadvantage and remoteness were statistically significant only for non-Aboriginal children. Most (83%) poisonings were caused by pharmaceutical agents. Few Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children had repeat admissions for poisoning; most had a length of stay of 1 day or less. Only 8% of poisoning admissions involved contact with a social worker.ConclusionCommonly used medications in the general population contribute to poisonings among both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal preschool-aged children. This study highlights a need to develop culturally safe poisoning prevention strategies and policies.
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Akbaba, M., E. Nazlican, H. Demirhindi, Z. Sütoluk, and Y. Gökel. "Etiological and demographical characteristics of acute adult poisoning in Adana, Turkey." Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, no. 5 (May 2007): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107076818.
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The objective of this study is to define the etiological and demographical characteristics of the patients applying to the emergency department in Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University because of poisoning. This retrospective study was carried out by examining the records of 491 people who applied to the main emergency department in Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, with the complaint of poisoning between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2004. It was determined that the reason why 491 of 20 817 persons (2.4%) applied during this term was because of poisoning: 159 (32.4%) of such patients were male and 332 of them (67.6%) were female. It was found that the average age of men was 27.1 ± 10.5 years and that of women was 24.4 ± 9.5 years ( P = 0.005); 427 of poisoning cases (87.0%) happened intentionally as suicide attempts and 64 of them (13.0%) were accidental. The rate of suicide-purposed poisoning was higher in women and the rate of unintentional poisoning was higher in men ( P ± 0.001). The drugs were accountable for 71.1% of all poisoning cases and the pesticides were accountable for 18.9% of such cases. Poisonings increase during summers. The mortality rate in poisonings was found as 0.8%. The drugs and pesticides in Ckurova region constitute 90.0% of all poisoning cases. The mortality rate in poisoning will be decreased by training the physicians employed in the emergency department about poisoning by drugs and pesticides. Human & Experimental Toxicology ( 2007) 26, 401—406
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Kurdil, N. V. "The causes of hospital mortality in methadone associated poisonings: analysis of the data from the Kyiv toxicological center for 2005–2019." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 91, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2021-91-2-54-62.
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Scientific interest in poisoning by synthetic opioids, in particular Methadone, is due to a significant increase in their number in Kyiv over the past 15 years and fatal consequences. The Aim of the Research. Is to identify the causes of fatal poisoning associated with methadone and to determine measures to prevent them. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of medical data of 1340 patients with Methadone poisoning who were treated at the Toxicology Center in Kyiv in the period 2005–2019; including 38 fatalities cases. Results. The share of drug poisonings registered at the Kyiv Toxicology Center has increased from 15% to 42% over the past 30 years. The top five drugs and psychotropic substances in 2019 were Benzodiazepines, Methadone, Barbiturates, Amphetamines, and Marijuana. The number of Methadone poisonings in 2005–2014 increased 150 times. The main cause of poisoning is the use of illegal Methadone. There is a direct relationship between the growth of hospital mortality and the appearance of combined poisonings: Methadone-Ethanol (r = 0,79); Methadone-Ethanol-Amphetamines (r = 0,69); Methadone-Ethanol-Benzodiazepines (r = 0,61); Methadone-Ethanol-Cocaine (r = 0,43). According to the results of forensic medical studies of 38 patients who died as a result of Methadone poisoning, the following were identified: toxic hepato-nephropathy – 12 cases (31,57%); long-term soft tissue compression syndrome – 10 (26,31%); acute kidney damage – 4 (10,52%); aspiration of gastric contents – 7 (18,42%); apallic syndrome – 4 (10,52%). The direct effect of polymorbidity on mortality has been confirmed, which justifies the need for a personalized approach to intensive care. Conclusions. Today in Ukraine, combined illegal methadone poisoning is the most common type of drug poisoning, which has a severe course, high mortality, and requires long and complex treatment. Key Words: acute poisoning, methadone, combined poisoning, mortality.
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Moghadamnia, A. A., and M. Abdollahi. "An epidemiological study of poisoning in northern Islamic Republic of Iran." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 08, no. 01 (March 15, 2002): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2002.8.1.88.
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We examined the causes and mortality of poisoning in the province of Mazandaran. In all, 1751 poisoning cases referred to four main hospitals over a three-year period [1997-2000] were included. More poisoning cases were females [55.5%] than males [45.5%] but the proportional mortality for males was greater than for females [65% versus 35%]. The greatest proportion of poisonings occurred between the ages of 16 and 25 years. Most frequent was intentional poisoning, followed by accidental and occupational poisoning. Medicines were the most common cause, followed by chemicals such as pesticides. Poisoning by opiates, aluminium or zinc phosphide, rodenticides, petroleum and ethanol intoxication was also observed. Pesticide poisoning was most frequently fatal.
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Volosovets, A. O., N. V. Kurdil, O. V. Ivashchenko, and O. I. Biloshytska. "Structural, gender and age characteristics of work-related poisoning in the urbanized region." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 58, no. 1 (June 28, 2023): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2023-58-1-19-33.
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One of the topical directions of clinical toxicology in many countries of the world is the study of the specifics of acute poisonings that occur at the workplace. Aim. Study of the structural, gender and age characteristics of work-related poisoning among the population of Kyiv. Material and Methods. The medical records of 264 patients with workplace poisoning, aged 18-72, were studied; men – 184, women – 80. The patients were treated in the Kyiv City Clinical Emergency Hospital in 2002-2021. Statistical processing – Microsoft Excel 2019. Results. According to the results of the analysis of emergency medical aid appeals in the period 2002-2021 regarding acute poisonings at the workplace, it was established that, despite the significant decrease in the annual number of appeals regard ing industrial injuries, the share of acute poisonings at the workplace, among all cases of industrial injuries remains a stable indicator and equals 3.5 %. Among male patients, the most numerous age group was 21-30 years old, among women – 41-50 years old; inhalation poisoning was diagnosed in 42.4 % of patients; entry of a toxic substance through the mucous membranes of the eyes and skin in 23.1 % and 13.25 %, respectively; different ways – in 10.2%. Hospital mortality among women was 3.75 %, among men – 6.52 %, the total mortality among poisonings that occurred at the workplace was 5.7 % (15 cases). Most cases of poisoning (90.9 %) occur at enterprises and institutions that are not directly related to the use of chemically hazardous substances. Poisoning by highly toxic substances (carbon monoxide, organic solvents, ethylene glycol, heavy metals) prevailed among men, and poisoning by disinfectants and household chemicals (chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, acids and alkalis) among women. Conclusions. Systematic monitoring and analysis of the hospital structure of poisonings at the workplace is the key to creating a safe production environment and preserving the health of the working population. Keywords: work-related poisoning, gender, age.
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Heyerdahl, Fridtjof, Mari Asphjell Bjornaas, Rune Dahl, Knut Erik Hovda, Anne Kathrine Nore, Oivind Ekeberg, and Dag Jacobsen. "Repetition of acute poisoning in Oslo: 1-year prospective study." British Journal of Psychiatry 194, no. 1 (January 2009): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048322.
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BackgroundThe repetition of acute poisoning occurs frequently. The intention may change between episodes and many poisonings are treated outside the hospital setting. Few studies have taken this into account.AimsTo quantify the repetition frequency regardless of the level of health care or the intention behind the poisoning, and to identify possible risk factors for repetition.MethodA prospective multicentre study of all acute poisonings in Oslo treated in hospital, at an out-patient clinic or by the ambulance service. Repetition was estimated using Kaplan– Meier calculations, and predictive factors were identified using Cox regression analysis.ResultsThe estimated 1-year repetition rate was 30% (95% CI 24–35). Independent predictors of repetition were middle age (30–49 years), poisoning with opiates or sedatives, unemployment or living on social welfare, a previous suicide attempt, and a history of psychiatric treatment. Intention was not a significant predictor.ConclusionsRepetition of acute poisoning is high, irrespective of the level of healthcare and the intention behind the poisoning.
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Malla, Tejesh, Kalpana K. Malla, KS Rao, Eva Gauchan, Sahisnuta Basnet, and DP Koirala. "A Scenario of Poisoning in Children in Manipal Teaching Hospital." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 31, no. 2 (May 6, 2011): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v31i2.3634.
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Objective: To see the pattern and prevalence of poisoning in children in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. The cases were also considered in relevance to the age groups with various agents, the commonly observed clinical features in various poisonings and mortality. Study design: Hospital based retrospective study. Study period: 4 years (January 2006 – January 2010). Study place: Department of Paediatric, Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. Material and Methods: A detailed study of all the case files of the children admitted with various acute poisonings, where the causative agent was known, was done. Results: A total number of 94 children (56 males & 38 females) were admitted with poisoning (1.79% of the total admissions) during that period. Maximum number of children were of the preschool age group i.e. < 5 years (64.89%). Organophosphorus Compounds (OPC) (27%) and Kerosene Oil (23%) were the two most frequent agents involved. The other agents included Snake bite (19%), Drugs/ Chemicals (16%), Dhatura (12%), and Mushroom poisoning (3%). The most common nature of poisoning noted was accidental (95%). The mortality rate observed was 6.38%. Conclusion: OPC and Kerosene Oil poisoning were the two most common poisoning observed in this study comprising almost half the cases; accidental poisoning was the most common pattern noted and there was a male predominance. Early recognition and timely treatment can decrease the mortality. Key words: Poisoning; Organophosphorus and Kerosene poisoning; Snake bite.DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i2.3634 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;31(2):83-88
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Afandiyev, I. N. "Pattern of acute poisonings in Azerbaijan." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SCIENCES 1, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/ejcs.v1i4.47.
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Background: Epidemiologic data on acute chemical poisonings in Azerbaijan Republic is very limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and analyze the rate and characteristics of acute chemical poisoning cases in Azerbaijan.
Material and methods: This investigation was performed on the data of poisoned patients admitted to the Center of Clinical Toxicology (CCT) of the Ministry of Health of Azerbaijan in Baku city from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2016.
Result: There were 6347 admissions due to acute poisoning in CCT intensive care unit (3593 females and 2754 males). Pediatric admissions (<15 age group) were 18.2%. The most frequent reason of hospitalizations was drug poisonings (T36-T50) – 40.9%. The other frequent cases of hospitalizations were inhalation of carbon monoxide (T58) - 21.6%, corrosive substances (T54) – 15.2% and alcohol intoxication (T51) - 5.9%. Hospitalizations of patients with envenomation (T63) - 5.2%, pesticides poisonings (T60) – 4.9%. poisoning by organic solvents (T52) - 4.5% and poisoning by noxious plants and mushrooms (T62) – 1.2% were less frequent. The mortality rate of the overall cohort was 2.7%. Corrosive liquids (especially – concentrated acetic acid) poisonings were the most often fatal.
Conclusion: This study provides essential information about characteristic of toxicoepidemiological situation in Azerbaijan and could help to develop national program of prevention of acute chemical poisonings.
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Afandiyev, I. N. "Pattern of acute poisonings in Azerbaijan." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SCIENCES 1, no. 5 (December 19, 2018): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/ejcs.v1i5.47.
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Background: Epidemiologic data on acute chemical poisonings in Azerbaijan Republic is very limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and analyze the rate and characteristics of acute chemical poisoning cases in Azerbaijan.
Material and methods: This investigation was performed on the data of poisoned patients admitted to the Center of Clinical Toxicology (CCT) of the Ministry of Health of Azerbaijan in Baku city from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2016.
Result: There were 6347 admissions due to acute poisoning in CCT intensive care unit (3593 females and 2754 males). Pediatric admissions (<15 age group) were 18.2%. The most frequent reason of hospitalizations was drug poisonings (T36-T50) – 40.9%. The other frequent cases of hospitalizations were inhalation of carbon monoxide (T58) - 21.6%, corrosive substances (T54) – 15.2% and alcohol intoxication (T51) - 5.9%. Hospitalizations of patients with envenomation (T63) - 5.2%, pesticides poisonings (T60) – 4.9%. poisoning by organic solvents (T52) - 4.5% and poisoning by noxious plants and mushrooms (T62) – 1.2% were less frequent. The mortality rate of the overall cohort was 2.7%. Corrosive liquids (especially – concentrated acetic acid) poisonings were the most often fatal.
Conclusion: This study provides essential information about characteristic of toxicoepidemiological situation in Azerbaijan and could help to develop national program of prevention of acute chemical poisonings.
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Celegen, Mehmet, and Kubra Celegen. "Epidemiologic and clinical evaluation of the acute intoxication in pediatric patients." Health Sciences Quarterly 1, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26900/hsq.1.2.03.
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Acute poisoning is a critical and emergent public health problem worldwide among pediatric age group. The common epidemiological observation is required to understand the characteristics of the pediatric intoxication for each location and important for management the poisoning cases. This retrospective study researched the epidemiology of poisoning among children. This study represented the epidemiology of poisonings of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit at Afyonkarahisar Health Science University Faculty of Medicine between February 2020 and May 2021. Fifty one pediatric patients were reffered to the PICU due to acute intoxication. 58.9% of the analyzed patients were male and 41.1% were female. The mean age of all patients was 8.57±7.6. The majority of cases were due to drug-related poisonings. The average age of cases of suicidal poisoning was higher than accidental intoxication cases. Paracetamol was the most prevalent cause of drug-related intoxication and more common in children under 5 years of age and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were more frequent in adolescent group. All patients survived. Almost all of the patients were discharged from hospital within 3 days. Poisonings are still a serious reason for morbidity and mortality in developing countries among children. Early awareness of poisoning and appropriate management appeared to be effective and to decrease the mortality rate.
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Oglinda, Ana, and Veronica Sava. "Acute exogenous poisonings in children." InterConf, no. 31(147) (March 20, 2023): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.03.2023.044.
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Acute poisoning is defined as a pathological condition, being a result of the accumulation of toxic substances in the body. Intoxication can be of exogenous and endogenous origin [1]. One of the main causes of pediatric emergency admissions, at the European level, are such acute intoxications with an estimate of 10-20%. Pediatric poisoning is a common emergency worldwide. Acute intoxications represent a major problem in pediatric practice because of their severity and the high frequency of illnesses. Due to the fact that many toxins are absorbed quickly, the evolution can be lethal and followed by serious consequences [2]. Routine surveillance is necessary for public health authorities and physicians to update strategies for the prevention and management of pediatric poisonings [3]. Studies based on the epidemiology of acute poisoning in children carried out by institutions such as: "National Clearing House for Poison Control Center from the USA", specify the fact that in the urban environment, drug poisoning occurs more often, poisoning caused by the ingestion of detergents and cosmetic products. While in the rural environment, the most frequent are poisonings with pesticides, insecticides, plants [4]. In the USA, in 2021, on average, there were 6.4 acute poisonings/1000 people, and among children up to 6 years old – 37.9/1000 children. In this way, during the year, on average, one case of intoxication was reported every 15 seconds [5]. Annually, 1.2 million cases of poisoning are registered in children under the age of 5.
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Chaudhary, Nagendra, Binod Kumar Gupta, Astha Poudel, and Pradip Chhetri. "Clinicoepidemiological Pattern and Outcome of Poisoning in Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western Nepal." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 10, no. 01 (August 9, 2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v10i01.47217.
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INTRODUCTIONPoisoning in children is one of the leading public health problem in low and middle income countries and a common cause of morbidity and mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODSThis prospective observational study was conducted for one year from 1st June, 2019 to 31st May 2020 to study the clinicoepidemiological pattern and outcome of children with poisoning in a tertiary care hospital of western Nepal. RESULTSTotal 38 children with poisoning were admitted and enrolled during the study period. The frequency of poisoning in children aged 0-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-16 years were 47.4%, 18.4% and 34.2% respectively. Poisoning was predominant in females (n=21, 55.3%). Majority poisoning cases (55.3%) were noticed in between May to August. More than three-fourth of the poisoning cases were noticed in the afternoons and evenings. Pesticides (organophosphorus, fungicide, herbicide, aluminium phosphide, and household rodenticides/insecticides) constituted 55.7% of total poisoning cases. Household rodenticides/ insecticides, volatile hydrocarbons and organophosphorus poisonings were noticed in 23.7%, 15.8% and 13.2% respectively. Three-fourth of the cases were symptomatic during the presentation where vomiting (76.3%), abdominal pain (34.2%) and constricted pupils (18.4%) were three major clinical symptoms and signs due to poisoning. About 84.2% cases survived. Complications were observed in about 15.8% cases where shock and respiratory failure was seen in 10.5% each followed by pneumonia (7.9%) and hepatitis (5.3%). CONCLUSIONPoisoning was common in children less than 5 years of age and majority of them were accidental in nature. Household rodenticides/insecticides, volatile hydrocarbons and organophosphorus poisonings were common types of poisoning.
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Parmar, Bhargavi D., Kuntal S. Thacker, Vimesh R. Mistry, and Neeta J. Kanani. "A cross sectional study of various types of acute poisoning; pharmacological management and their outcome in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 12, no. 3 (April 27, 2023): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20231129.
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Background: Acute poisoning is a common and life-threatening crisis, leading to serious complications and death of patients. Poisoning may be due to self-consumption, accidental exposure of chemical compounds, medications and poisonous animal bites/stings. Aim of current study was to investigate the pattern of drug utilization, poisoning agents and outcome in patients with acute poisoning treated at a tertiary care teaching hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was done on patients of acute poisoning admitted in emergency department, SSG Hospital during August 2021-March 2022. Results: 400 patients were enrolled during the study, from which 262 (65.50%) were male and 138 (34.50%) were female. Mean age of patients was 30.30 ± 13.79 years. The commonest mode of poisoning observed was Suicidal (66.25%). The most common cause of poisoning was due to Pesticides (33.25%), followed by venomous animal exposures (30.75%). Death was recorded in 53 (13.25%) patients with highest number seen in suicidal poisoning (14.34%) compared to accidental poisonings (11.19%). Mainly, multivitamins (19.03%), Antimicrobials (16.65%), Proton Pump Inhibitors (15.85%) and Antiemetics (11.10%) were prescribed. Antidotes used were Atropine (4.81%), Pralidoxime (4.46%) and Anti-snake venom (2.80%). Median number of drugs per patient was 8; range: 2-25. Conclusions: Pattern and magnitude of poisoning are multidimensional and demand multi-sectoral approach for facing this problem. Due to high incidence of snakebites, hospital stockpiles should be regularly checked for availability of antivenom. There is a need for stringent pesticide regulation laws, counselling and training programs to reduce incidence of poisonings and deaths due to it.
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Myran, Daniel T., Peter Tanuseputro, Nathalie Auger, Lauren Konikoff, Robert Talarico, and Yaron Finkelstein. "Pediatric Hospitalizations for Unintentional Cannabis Poisonings and All-Cause Poisonings Associated With Edible Cannabis Product Legalization and Sales in Canada." JAMA Health Forum 4, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): e225041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.5041.
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ImportanceCanada legalized cannabis in October 2018 but initially prohibited the sale of edibles (eg, prepackaged candies). Starting in January 2020, some provinces permitted the sale of commercial cannabis edibles. The association of legalizing cannabis edibles with unintentional pediatric poisonings is uncertain.ObjectiveTo evaluate changes in proportions of all-cause hospitalizations for poisoning due to cannabis in children during 3 legalization policy periods in Canada’s 4 most populous provinces (including 3.4 million children aged 0-9 years).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis repeated cross-sectional study included all hospitalizations in children aged 0 to 9 years in Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia, and Quebec between January 1, 2015, and September 30, 2021.ExposuresPrelegalization (January 2015 to September 2018); period 1, in which dried flower only was legalized in all provinces (October 2018 to December 2019); and period 2, in which edibles were legalized in 3 provinces (exposed provinces) and restricted in 1 province (control province) (January 2020 to September 2021).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the proportion of hospitalizations due to cannabis poisoning out of all-cause poisoning hospitalizations. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression models.ResultsDuring the 7-year study period, there were 581 pediatric hospitalizations for cannabis poisoning (313 [53.9%] boys; 268 [46.1%] girls; mean [SD] age, 3.6 [2.5] years) and 4406 hospitalizations for all-cause poisonings. Of all-cause poisoning hospitalizations, the rate per 1000 due to cannabis poisoning before legalization was 57.42 in the exposed provinces and 38.50 in the control province. During period 1, the rate per 1000 poisoning hospitalizations increased to 149.71 in the exposed provinces (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.55; 95% CI, 1.88-3.46) and to 117.52 in the control province (IRR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.82-5.11). During period 2, the rate per 1000 poisoning hospitalizations due to cannabis more than doubled to 318.04 in the exposed provinces (IRR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.68-2.80) but remained similar at 137.93 in the control province (IRR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.71-1.97).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study found that following cannabis legalization, provinces that permitted edible cannabis sales experienced much larger increases in hospitalizations for unintentional pediatric poisonings than the province that prohibited cannabis edibles. In provinces with legal edibles, approximately one-third of pediatric hospitalizations for poisonings were due to cannabis. These findings suggest that restricting the sale of legal commercial edibles may be key to preventing pediatric poisonings after recreational cannabis legalization.
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Woolf, Alan D. "Poisoning in Children and Adolescents." Pediatrics In Review 14, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.14.11.411.
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Definition A poisoning can be defined as the exposure of the victim to an agent that, by transference of chemical or radiant energy, can cause symptoms and signs of organ dysfunction leading to injury or death. Epidemiology Childhood poisonings continue to challenge the diagnostic and treatment skills of the pediatrician. Of more than 1.7 million poisoning exposures reported to 72 poison centers in the United States in 1990, 60.8% involved children less than 6 years of age (Table 1). Fortunately, young children account for fewer than 4% of poisoning-related fatalities. Generally, childhood poisonings involve products in use and occur when a parent is distracted. The profile of a toddler at high risk for repeated poisonings is one who is active, is inquisitive, and has oral behaviors. Frequently, these children are described as negativistic; a power struggle between parents and child over putting forbidden objects in the mouth may be evident. Parents of these children may be socially isolated, burdened with physical or psychiatric problems, and hampered by insecurities regarding their own competence as parents. Clinical Aspects TOXIN INFORMATION The history and physical examination are of paramount importance in reaching the correct diagnosis of the poisoned child. The pediatrician must find out what toxin(s) might be implicated in the poisoning: the exact ingredients and their concentrations.
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Kishore, P. V., S. Palaian, and P. Mishra. "A clinical review of three case vignettes." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 29, no. 2 (August 31, 2007): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.302.
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Poisoning is a common problem worldwide. Among the various poisonings, rat poison accounts for a significant number of cases. The common rat poisons are anticoagulant containing (superwarfarins) and phosphide containing. In case of superwarafin poisoning, the major symptom is increased prothrombin time and the management is directed towards coagulation. In case of phosphide containing, the symptoms are non-specific and the patient should be managed symptomatically. We present three case vignettes of rat poisoning cases treated at our hospital. Since rat poisoning is a common problem, the hospitals should also develop standard treatment guidelines regarding the management of rat poisoning. One should also make the differential diagnosis of the poisoning based on the type of rat poison prior to the management.
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Kishore, P. V., S. Palaian, M. Prabhu, and P. Mishra. "Consumption of rodenticides by humans." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 29, no. 3 (December 31, 2007): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.316.
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Case report: Poisoning is a common problem worldwide. Among the various poisonings, rat poison accounts for a significant number of cases. The common rat poisons are anticoagulant containing (superwarfarins) and phosphide containing. In case of superwarfin poisoning, the major symptom is increased prothrombin time and the management is directed towards coagulation. In case of phosphide containing, the symptoms are non-specific and the patient should be managed symptomatically. We present three case vignettes of rat poisoning cases treated at our hospital. Since rat poisoning is a common problem, the hospitals should also develop standard treatment guidelines regarding the management of rat poisoning. One should also make the differential diagnosis of the poisoning based on the type of rat poison prior to the management.
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Rhalem, Naima, Hanane Chaoui, Narjis Badrane, and Rachida Soulaymani Bencheikh. "SS32-01 ROLE OF THE POISON CONTROL AND PHARMACOVIGILANCE CENTRE OF MOROCCO (CAPM) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL POISONING." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0201.
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Abstract Objective To present the role of the CAPM in the management of poisoning cases including the professional cases. Methods We focused on the methods and tools deployed by the CAPM for the toxicovigilance operational process and conducted a retrospective study of cases of occupational poisoning declared to the CAPM between 1980 and 2020. Results The toxicovigilance process adopted by the CAPM is based on six steps: collection of cases, analysis of cases, build of a database, detection of signals and their validation in alerts, and finally, minimization actions risks. The study of the CAPM database made it possible to count a total of 219,770 reports of poisoning cases excluding scorpion bites and envenomations between 1980 and 2020; among them professional poisonings represented 0.5% (1020 cases). These cases were collected from three sources, mainly by call centre available 24h, the consultation dedicated to heavy metal poisoning, or via the emergency toxicology laboratory which monitors cases of occupational heavy metal poisoning. The management of poisoning cases is essentially based on the use of antidotes available at the CAPM antidote centre. Conclusion The CAPM has a sustainable toxicovigilance system, responsive and capable of monitoring the profile of poisonings in all circumstances from its information system. However, the under-reporting of cases of occupational poisoning blocks its health vigilance function in this field.
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Islambulchilar, M., Z. Islambulchilar, and MH Kargar-Maher. "Acute adult poisoning cases admitted to a university hospital in Tabriz, Iran." Human & Experimental Toxicology 28, no. 4 (April 2009): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108099679.
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The aim of our study was to investigate the etiological and demographical characteristics of acute adult poisoning cases admitted to a university hospital in Tabriz, Iran. This retrospective study was performed on 1342 poisoning admissions to a university hospital from 2003 to 2005, by data collection from the medical records of patients. Poisonings were 5.40% of the total admissions. There was a predominance of female patients (55.7%) compared to male patients (44.3%) with a female-to-male ratio of 1.2:1. Most poisonings occurred in the age range of 11–20 years (38.9%). Drugs were the most common cause of poisonings (60.8%). Among the drug poisonings, benzodiazepines (40.31%) were the most frequent agents, followed by antidepressants (31.98%). The seasonal distribution in poisoning patients suggested a peak in spring (28%) and summer (27.5%). In 9.8% of cases accidental and in 90.2% intentional poisonings were evident. Most suicide attempts were made by women (58.51%) and unmarried people (51.4%).The mean duration of hospitalization was 3.02 ± 2.8 days. There were 28 (2.3%) deaths; the majority (13 cases) was due to pesticides. This was a university hospital-based study, so these results may not be representative of the general population. Despite this drawback, these data still provide important information on the characteristics of the poisoning in this part of Iran. To prevent such poisonings, the community education about the danger of central nervous system-acting drugs and reducing the exposure period of people to pesticides are recommended.
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Piekarska-Wijatkowska, Anna, Katarzyna Kobza-Sindlewska, Anna Rogaczewska, Radosław Zajdel, and Anna Krakowiak. "Intentional poisoning among elderly people—residents of a large urban agglomeration in Poland." Human & Experimental Toxicology 35, no. 12 (July 11, 2016): 1328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327116630353.
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Poisoning is considered a significant health problem among elderly people in Poland. This report refers to patients treated for poisonings at the Toxicology Unit, Lodz, Poland, during the period 2008–2012. The data to be analyzed were obtained from medical records of elderly people. A group of 1167 patients aged 60+ was selected. The number of intentional poisonings in the group of patients was 417, which accounted for 35.7% of all poisonings among the elderly people. Patients attempting intentional poisonings included 301 (72.2%) women and 116 (27.8%) men. The most common cause of intentional poisonings were drugs—96.6% ( n = 403). Benzodiazepines (46.9%) dominated among the intentional poisoning by drugs. During the analyzed 5 years, 80.3% ( n = 335) were suicidal poisonings and 19.7% ( n = 82) were demonstrative poisonings. Cardiovascular disease, which was diagnosed among 53.5% of the patients, was the most common physical illness. In conclusion, drugs are the most frequent type of the toxic agent responsible for poisoning cases among the elderly people. In this situation, the role of family doctors is very important: they should prescribe medicines in amounts not greater than absolutely necessary and maybe more often recommend psychiatric care for the elderly patients.
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Kazemifar, Amir Mohammad, Seyed Mostafa Mirakbari, Zohreh Yazdi, Bita Bitazar, and Pouria Soleimani. "Clinicoepidemiologic profile of patients with poisoning presenting to a tertiary care hospital; a one year preliminary descriptive study." Journal of Preventive Epidemiology 5, no. 1 (November 13, 2020): e15-e15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jpe.2020.15.
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Introduction: Poisoning is regarded as a matter of concern for health providers as the burden of health resources loss can be high. Since nature and diversity of poisoning are different among various regions around the country, this study was conducted to demonstrate type and reasons for poisonings in Qazvin province, Iran. Objectives: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the reason of toxic events as well as presenting symptoms and outcome of poisonings. Patients and Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional and hospital-based study was conducted during a one-year period. The patients recruited to the study were consecutive intoxicated cases presenting to the hospital with alleged poisoning. Relevant epidemiological and clinical data from patients were collected and then analyzed using SPSS software. Results: A total of 23161 patients were admitted to the hospital, out of which 766 (3.3%) intoxicated patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 29.8 years old. Females outnumbered males but difference was not significant. The majority of the poisonings were deliberate (95.2%). Main clinical features of poisoning were decreased consciousness (47.4%), followed by lethargy (38.1%) and nausea/vomiting (31.9%). The benzodiazepines were the predominant agent ingested by patients, followed by opioids. Mortality rate was found to be 1%. Conclusion: Although the majority of poisoning cases are deliberate, however according to the type of pharmaceuticals involved in the poisonings and low-mortality rate, it is believed that the occurrence of the toxic events in many cases arises from impulsive behaviors originated from minor familial conflicts and incompetent life skills. Improving mental health and efficient coping skills can contribute to the reduction of intentional poisonings which in turn reduces the burden of hospital costs.
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Belova, M. V., and K. K. Ilyashenko. "ACUTE POISONING WITH DRUGS MAINLY AffECTING THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM." Toxicological Review, no. 5 (October 28, 2016): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2016-5-31-35.
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Based on examined reports 2010-2014 of the department of acute poisonings treatment at the N.V.Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine and 1197 medical records of in-patients, a general characterization of poisoning by drugs affecting preferably the cardio vascular system is presented. Preparations and their combinations that are the most frequent causes of poisoning are detected; the age and gender structure of patients, poisonings causes and lethality are considered
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Jalali, Susan, Shahnawaz Hamid Khan, Farooq A. Jan, and Illahay Jalali. "Study of Profile, Pattern and Outcome of Oral Poisoning Cases admitted in Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in North India." JMS SKIMS 21, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33883/jms.v21i1.348.
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Introduction: Poisoning is a common medico-social problem. It is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of the epidemiology of poisoning and its changes is important to both emergency physicians and public health practitioners. Our study was to determine the socio-demographic profile, pattern and outcome of the poisoning cases reported to the Emergency Department of a tertiary care hospital.
Methods: The study was a Retrospective observational type of study conducted at Sheri-Kashmir Institute of medical sciences, Srinagar J&K. The patients with acute poisonings presenting to and managed in the Emergency Medicine department between February 2016 to February 2018 were reviewed for inclusion. Data was collected by reviewing records . Using a pre-structured format, case records of poisoning cases were reviewed for gender, age, residence, type of poison, route of poison and outcome of treatment. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis.
Results: In the present study the Female: male ratio was 1.9:1 (131 Females and 68 Males).Females outnumbered the males. Highest cases of Poisoning were reported in the age group of 10-20 years. The poisoning in extreme of ages was less observed. Maximum cases of Poisoning belongs to rural areas (60.8%). The most common implicating agents were Pesticides (75.3%). The second common cause of poisoning was drug overdose (20.52%) Maximum cases recovered after treatment (94%).
Conclusion: Pattern and magnitude of poisoning are multidimensional and demand multi-sectorial approach for facing this problem. There is a need for stringent pesticide regulation laws and counseling and training programs to reduce the incidence of poisonings. JMS 2018;21(1):24-30
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Aicha, Detsouli, Latifa Amiar, Nabih Zineb, Kharbouch Donia, Abidli Zakaria, Windy Maria, Rhalem Naima, Soulaymani Abdelmajid, Mokhtari Abdelrhani, and Soulaymani Bencheikh Rachida. "Les Intoxications Accidentelles Par Les Pesticides Au Maroc Entre 2008-2014: Evolution Et Facteurs De Risque." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 24 (August 31, 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n24p133.
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The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of accidental poisoning by pesticides. A retrospective study of poisoning cases, declared between January 2008 to December 2014 at the Moroccan Anti poisoning and Pharmacovigilance Center (MAPPC), was conducted. During the study period, 4 110 acute accidental poisoning by pesticides cases were collected. The average age was of patients 19, 24±0,25 years. The sex-ratio (female/male) was 0.95. Poisoning mainly concerned adults between the ages of 20 and 74 (about 43%). The pesticide poisoning occurs more often in urban zones with 54.1%. These were mainly poisonings that occurred at home in 70.5% of cases. Patients were mostly symptomatic (about 65%), these poisonings occurred mainly during the spring mostly in the spring (32%) and summer (29%). Insecticides were the most commonly incriminated in 64, 13% of cases, followed by rats, pesticides, and herbicides with respectively 29%, 3.42% and 0.85%. The declarations came from all regions of Morocco, the highest incidence was recorded in the Tadla-Azilal region (4.04 per 100 000 inhabitants). The Fes Boulemane region showed a significant lethality of 6.43%. Among the 3,077 patients for whom the evolution was known, 98.1% had progressed favorably. 47 cases of death were recorded with a lethality of 1.2%.
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Kaur, Jaskiran, Steven R. McFaull, and Felix Bang. "At-a-glance - Trends in emergency department visits for acetaminophen-related poisonings: 2011–2019." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 40, no. 4 (April 2020): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.40.4.05.
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We examined trends in emergency department (ED) presentation rates for acetaminophenrelated poisonings across Canada. A total of 27123 cases of poisoning were seen in the electronic Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (eCHIRPP) sentinel sites between April 2011 and February 2019; of these, 13.7% were related to acetaminophen use. A significant decreasing trend for both sexes was observed for unintentional poisonings (males: −10.3%; females: −8.0%). For intentional poisonings, there was a significant decrease among females only (−5.9%). Females have consistently displayed higher rates of ED presentations for both unintentional and intentional poisoning.
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Anandabaskar, Nishanthi, Reveda Murugan, Nitya Selvaraj, Mohanasundaram Jayaraman, Meher Ali Rajamohammad, and Rajendrakumar Nivaratirao Kagne. "A retrospective analysis of acute poisoning cases admitted to a tertiary care hospital in South India." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20194270.
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Background: Acute poisoning is a medical emergency and a global public health problem. The poisoning pattern varies across countries and even between different regions within a country. The aim of this was to explore the demographic, etiological, and clinical characteristics of acute poisoning cases admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, South India.Methods: This was a retrospective hospital record based study of acute poisoning cases admitted to our hospital during the period from January 2015 to December 2017. The patients’ demographic, etiological and clinical characteristics were analyzed.Results: Of the total of 275 cases of acute poisoning, majority of them were in the age group of 21- 30 years (32%) and were females (58.5%). Most of the cases were suicidal in nature (75.3%). Majority of the patients consumed a single poisonous agent (92.7%) and the route of poisoning was oral in all of them. Majority of the patients (56.7%) reached the hospital within 2 hours of exposure to the poison with median duration of hospital stay of 2 days, and mortality of 2.9%. Majority of the suicidal poisonings were associated with abuse of insecticides (39.4%), rodenticides (19.7%) and plant seeds (14.4%); whereas the accidental poisonings were mostly due to household agents (79.1%).Conclusions: Our study shows that the majority of the poisoning cases occurred with a single poisonous agent consumed orally, for suicidal purposes in young age group and women. Pesticides and plant seeds were commonly abused for committing suicides and household agents dominated the list of causes for accidental poisoning.
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Kurdil, N. V., and V. V. Andriuschenko. "Practical aspects of using extracorporal detoxification methods in the treatment of acute chemical poisoning." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 57, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2022-57-2-98-109.
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Abstract. The structure of xenobiotics that cause poisoning and the need for hospitalization is constantly changing. Today, psychotropic and narcotic substances and their precursors have become the main cause of severe poisonings that require emergency medical care. At the same time, another problem is the combined use of narcotic substances and alcohol, which often causes multiorgan dysfunction and prompts doctors to search for new treatment approaches, using traditional methods of afferent and efferent therapy in combination with modern extracorporeal detoxification technologies. Aim. Study of the peculiarities of the use of extracorporeal detoxification methods in the treatment of patients with acute chemical poisoning, which are associated with the change in the structure of poisons for 1990-2020. Materials and Methods. A cohort retrospective analysis of 1,685 charts of hospitalized patients with acute poisoning (Form No. 003/0) and 5,025 protocols of artificial detoxification procedures was conducted. Data from the reports of the Toxicological department and the Intensive care and extracorporeal detoxification unit of the Kyiv City Clinical Emergency Medical Center (hereinafter referred to as the Toxicological Center) for the period 1990-2020, with information on the structure of medical technologies (membrane, centrifugal, sorption and other) and the number of artificial detoxification methods used during the study period. Results. On average, the Kyiv Toxicological Center provides medical care to about 2,500 adult patients with chemical poisonings per year, of which about 1,500 patients will receive assistance in the Intensive care and extracorporeal detoxification unit. About 64,000 patients were treated in the period 1990-2020. It was established that the structure of acute poisonings has undergone significant changes: the number of poisonings by pesticides (organophosphorus substances, carbamates, and pyrethroids), technical fluids and solvents (ethylene glycol, dichloroethane, hydrogen tetrachloride, and methanol), metals (lead, mercury), corrosive substances (acids, alkalis). At the same time, a significant number of poisonings with alcohol and its surrogates, plant toxins and mushrooms, and household chemicals remained. The share of domestic, suicidal and criminal drug poisonings increased. However, after 2015, the number of poisonings by drugs, psychotropic substances (methadone, heroin, synthetic opioids) and their precursors, including in combination with benzodiazepines, meth- and amphetamine, cocaine and ethanol, has increased rapidly. In general, the part of drug poisonings has increased 3.5 times over the past 30 years. In accordance with the change in the structure of acute poisoning, the structure of extracorporeal detoxification technologies has also gradually undergone changes. The annual number of sorption technologies (hemosorption, plasmasorption) decreased. At the same time, there was an increase in the number of centrifuge technologies and membrane plasmapheresis. Significant changes have taken place in the direction of the application of blood oxygenation methods: the use of HBO in the treatment of acute poisoning has almost stopped, but the number of ozone therapy procedures and ultraviolet irradiation of the blood is increasing. During the study period, membrane technologies (hemodialysis, ultrafiltration, hemoperfusion) are the most common in the treatment of poisoning. Conclusions. The structure of toxic substances that cause household poisoning has undergone significant changes over the past 30 years: the number of poisonings by narcotic, psychotropic substances, medicines and alcohol has increased. There was a need to improve the existing approaches to the application of extracorporeal detoxification methods, in particular, a promising direction of research is the study of the effectiveness of various technologies for removing toxicants from the blood in case of poisoning with "new" narcotic, psychotropic substances and their precursors. The clinical effectiveness of hemodialysis, plasmapheresis, ozone therapy and ultraviolet irradiation of blood and their combination in the program of complex treatment of poisoning in adults are demonstrated. Key Words: acute poisoning, drugs, extracorporeal detoxification.
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Shikalova, I. A., A. N. Lodyagin, I. M. Barsukova, A. R. Nasibullina, and D. Y. Kalloyda. "The Analysis of Toxicological Situation According to Three Specialized Centers of Russian Federation." Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care" 8, no. 4 (January 17, 2020): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2019-8-4-373-378.
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The relevance of the study is associated with the exceptional medical and social significance of the issues of toxicological assistance. In order to improve toxicological assistance to the population, we analyzed the dynamics of patient admission to major toxicological centers in St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Kazan in 2011–2017, which revealed a significant increase in the number of patients with a toxicological pathology and unidirectional changes in the structure of acute poisoning. We used statistical and analytical research methods. According to the results of the study, in all three centers the proportion of poisoning by narcotic substances increased, and the qualitative characteristics of poisoning changed (compared to 2011). Poisonings with opioid alkaloids and heroin haven’t been substantially found recently; the main proportion of poisonings was associated with the use of synthetic drugs (phencyclidines, piperazines, synthetic cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, amphetamines, γ-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol, etc.). The proportion of patients with ethanol poisoning increased significantly: the number grew by 2.5 times in St. Petersburg, 3.0 times in Novosibirsk and 30% in Kazan. At the same time, the number of drug poisoning decreased in all three centers by an average of 20–30%. The number of carbon monoxide poisoning has also decreased in St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. Data were obtained on some regional features of poisoning. The prevalence of poisoning by cauterizing agents in Novosibirsk and by plant poisons in Kazan. Despite a decline of mortality, the absolute number of deaths by acute poisoning during the study period increased. The study resulted in an attempt to identify the main problems and tasks of the toxicological service at present and to develop mechanisms for its improvement, taking into account modern changes in the volumes and structure of acute poisonings.Authors declare lack of the conflicts of interests.
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King, Joshua David, Moritz H. Kern, and Bernard G. Jaar. "Extracorporeal Removal of Poisons and Toxins." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 14, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 1408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.02560319.
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Extracorporeal therapies have been used to remove toxins from the body for over 50 years and have a greater role than ever before in the treatment of poisonings. Improvements in technology have resulted in increased efficacy of removing drugs and other toxins with hemodialysis, and newer extracorporeal therapy modalities have expanded the role of extracorporeal supportive care of poisoned patients. However, despite these changes, for at least the past three decades the most frequently dialyzed poisons remain salicylates, toxic alcohols, and lithium; in addition, the extracorporeal treatment of choice for therapeutic removal of nearly all poisonings remains intermittent hemodialysis. For the clinician, consideration of extracorporeal therapy in the treatment of a poisoning depends upon the characteristics of toxins amenable to extracorporeal removal (e.g., molecular mass, volume of distribution, protein binding), choice of extracorporeal treatment modality for a given poisoning, and when the benefit of the procedure justifies additive risk. Given the relative rarity of poisonings treated with extracorporeal therapies, the level of evidence for extracorporeal treatment of poisoning is not robust; however, extracorporeal treatment of a number of individual toxins have been systematically reviewed within the current decade by the Extracorporeal Treatment in Poisoning workgroup, which has published treatment recommendations with an improved evidence base. Some of these recommendations are discussed, as well as management of a small number of relevant poisonings where extracorporeal therapy use may be considered.
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Ozdogan, H., M. Davutoglu, M. Bosnak, M. Tutanc, and K. Haspolat. "Pediatric poisonings in southeast of Turkey: epidemiological and clinical aspects." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 1 (January 2008): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108088975.
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Current detailed information about the causes, management, and clinical course of acute childhood poisonings in Turkey is scarce. Therefore, we have conducted a descriptive study of children presenting with acute poisoning to the pediatric emergency department of Dicle University Hospital throughout an 8-month period. Two hundred unselected children with poisoning were evaluated in terms of clinical, epidemiological and socioeconomic aspects. The mean age of patients was 5.7 ± 4.0 years. The majority of the patients ( n = 108, 54%) were aged from 13 months to 4 years ( P < 0.05). In majority of patients (66.5%, n = 133), poisonings were accidental. Intentional poisonings accounted for 3.5% ( n = 7) and food poisoning accounted for 30% ( n = 60) of all cases. The families had more than three children in 129 (97%) of accidentally poisoned and in seven (100%) of intentionally poisoned patients, six were girls and one was a boy. The parents of most patients were uneducated. Furthermore, more than two third of families had low level of income. In all, 171 patients (85.5%) were discharged after an observation period of 24 h. Four patients died. In conclusion, factors such as low educational level of parents, presence of more than three children in the family, and low income increase the incidence of childhood poisonings. The low educational level of girls increases the incidence of intentional poisoning.
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Mishra, Shubhankar, T. V. Ramkumar, Ashok Kumar Biswas, and Sambedana Panigrahi. "Childhood Poisoning, A Rising Epidemic in Developing Nations: Large Single Centre Study." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 37, no. 2 (February 24, 2018): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v37i2.16843.
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Introduction: Poisoning is a major problem in children. The aims of this study were to determine the pattern of poisoning in children along with seasonal incidence, duration of treatment and outcome in referral centre of eastern India.Materials and Methods: All the children admitted to paediatric ward of MKCG Medical college and hospital from 1st April 2015 to 31st March 2016 (1 year) with history or suspicion of poisoning and animal bites were included in the study. Brought dead patients and the children with side effects due to ingested drugs in prescribed amount were excluded from the study.Results: Total 530 cases were documented with highest incidence in rainy season. 1-6 years children were mostly vulnerable (42.6%). Accidental mode was the major cause in small children and suicidal, in older. Animal bites and stings (n=241) were the commonest followed by chemical poisonings. Kraits were commonest culprit in snake envenomation group. Alprazolam was most common drug causing drug overdose. Total numbers of death were 27. Major cause of death was organo- phosphorus poisoning (OP) and snakebite. Mean days of hospitalization was 2.5 days and death after hospitalization was 1.8 days.Conclusion: Most of the childhood poisonings were due to accidental cause. Animal bites were mostly due to snakes. Maximum numbers of deaths were due to OP poisoning. Watchful observation, clean and clear environment, understanding the problems of adolescence, friendly atmosphere in home can prevent most of the poisonings and animal bites in children.
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Sonnenberg, Taylor, Matthew Stanton, Ashton Schwerin, Courtney Goulet, Marta Habet, Mark Kostic, David Gummin, and Amy Zosel. "Characterization of Emergency Department Poisoning Epidemiology in Belize." Belize Journal of Medicine 11, no. 2 (October 17, 2023): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.61997/bjm.v11i2.269.
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Objective: Little is known about the epidemiology of poisonings in Belize. The purpose of this study was to characterize poisonings presenting to Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital, Department of Accident and Emergency in Belize City, Belize. Methods: Charts were reviewed for patients with possible toxicologic exposures, presenting between May 31, 2016 – December 31, 2018. Variables of interest included patient age and sex, type and route of poisoning, reason for exposure, and disposition. Results: Of the 60,310 patient visits during the study period, 768 patients, 1.3%, presented after a toxicologic exposure. The age distribution of poisoned patients varied with the largest proportion being between 19-30 years of age, 29.3%. There was a male predominance of patients, 60.4%. Approximately 44% of all poisonings involved ethanol only. Marijuana was the most common drug of abuse. Other common inhalation and ingested exposures included cleaning agents, household agents, acetaminophen, NSAIDs, pesticides, organophosphates, sedating medications, antibiotics, and ciguatera poisoning. Nearly 48 % of intoxication cases were due to intentional abuse, while about eight percent were from suicide attempts. Of identified poisoned patients, 84.4% were ultimately discharged, 13.8% were admitted, 1.6% were “self-discharged,” 0.13% were transferred, and 0.13% died. Conclusions: This study illustrates that poisoning is an important cause of Accident and Emergency visits in Belize, whose patterns may differ from those in other countries. Understanding the current state of poisonings in Belize can aid in the development of treatment protocols, antidote stocking, and educational activities for poisoning prevention.
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Loskutnikova, E. I., A. U. Gil, I. N. Alekhin, and R. A. Khalfin. "Analysis of morbidity with poisonings with ethanol and surrogate alcohols in irkutsk region between 2010 and 2017." Sechenov Medical Journal 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47093/22187332.2019.2.36-44.
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Aim. Poisonings with ethanol and surrogate alcohols are preventable causes of morbidity and mortality posing a serious threat to population health. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of the incidence of acute poisoning with ethyl and surrogate alcohols in the Irkutsk region for the period from 2010 to 2017, and to discuss it in the context of the regional and federal policy aimed at regulation of the alcohol - containing products. Materials and methods. The data of the statistical reporting form No. 12-15 “Information on the results of toxicological monitoring” in the Irkutsk region for the period from 2010 to 2017, the data of the Federal State Statistics Service RosStat on the incidence of acute chemical poisoning, and on incidence of acute poisoning with ethyl alcohol and surrogate alcohols were analyzed. Subsequent interpretation of the results in the context of the regional and federal alcohol control policy has been performed. Results. In the Irkutsk region, during the analyzed period of time there was observed a high incidence of acute poisonings with ethanol and surrogate alcohols with territorial differences within the region, and with positive dynamics of reduction of incidence by 38.7% in 2017 in comparison to 2010. Poisonings with ethanol occupy a leading place in the structure of the incidence in comparison with poisoning with other alcohols. The Irkutsk region was ranked 9th among all other subjects of the Russian Federation in 2017 by level of morbidity with alcohol poisonings. Among all cases of poisonings the proportion of the adult working age population was 89.1%, males - 77%, and unemployed population - 57.8%, which suggests that these categories of population are under the highest risk of acute poisoning with ethanol and surrogate alcohols. Conclusion. Strengthening control over the illegal distribution of ethyl alcohol and alcohol - containing products, especially in the territories situated along the Federal highways is seen as a priority area for action. Control of distribution of alcohols between 2010 and 2017 on the territory of the Irkutsk region allowed reducing incidence of poisonings by 38.7%. To maintain the positive dynamics of reducing morbidity and mortality from acute poisoning of alcohol etiology, to preserve the labor potential of the population of the Irkutsk region, it is necessary to further strengthen and reinforce control measures at the regional level.