Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Poissons – Locomotion'
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Tapia, Siles Silvia Cecilia. "Robotic locomotion in turbulent flow." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066414.
Full textGraff, Christian. "Signaux électriques et comportement social du poisson à faibles décharges, Marcusenius macrolepidotus (mormyridae, teleostei)." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112054.
Full textThis thesis deals with Marcusenius rnacrolepidotus (mormyridae), a teleost fish, emitter of weak-electric pulses. Its locomotor and electric social behaviours are described. The histology of the electric emitter- and receptor organs is presented. The movements of groups are first observed in various environments, and then quantified in experimental conditions. A novel set-up simultaneously records the electric pulses from the group and from one (individual) fish within the group. A computer analyses the rythm of interpulse intervals. The electric activity of each fish shows individual stereotypies. It changes according to locomotor activity. Fish of this species show a tendancy to aggregate depending on the situation. The group's electric activity differs from a random mix of individual electric activities because of two types of interactions, namely stopping responses (to one fish, from the rest of the group), and echo responses (between two fish in the group). These results show a social system built on communication signals to which humans are insensible
Sagnes, Pierre. "Morphométrie, potentiel hydrodynamique et utilisation de l'habitat lotique par les poissons : une nouvelle approche écomorphologique." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10023.
Full textLopez, Ugo. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de poissons, Khulia mugil et hemigrammus rhodostomus." Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30362.
Full textLe, Bihanic Florane. "Effets des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques sur les stades précoces de poissons modèles : développement de bioessais et étude comparée de mélanges." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01068302.
Full textSaint-Pé, Keoni. "Quantification in situ des mouvements de truite fario." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30207.
Full textMovements are a crucial aspect of ecology and evolution, as they determine population and community dynamics. Threats to these dynamics because of human perturbations are therefore a major concern for conservation. In this thesis, I studied movements in the Brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the context of stocking, i.e. the supplementation of wild populations with captive-bred strains from both, native and exogenous origin. For this purpose, I first developed a new genetic tool useful for detecting genetic structure in the brown trout, as well as hybridization with captive-bred strains, exhibiting high genotyping success and enabling to successfully identify patterns of isolation-by-distance. This tool was shown cost effective, and especially, should be useful for many population genetics studies on this species across its range. Then, I developed novel assignment approaches combining genetic data and stable isotopes, to study movements at the spatial scale of a river basin, which is of interest for applied matters such as management. This approach, based on machine learning, revealed high accuracy and power to discriminate and assign individuals to their population of origin. Further, I described the genetic effects of captive breeding on patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation, and found that captive-bred genotypes increased diversity and differentiation, and that expected natural patterns could be reversed in the case of higher frequency of captive-bred genotypes occurring at the level of populations. Then, I demonstrated that admixture between wild individuals and those carrying captive-bred ancestry affected dispersal patterns, that the two strains displayed different movement patterns in terms of propensity, distances, and direction, and that admixture between strains considerably reduced dispersal. Finally, I aimed at better understanding how individual, environmental and landscape related factors influence movements in natural populations; here I found that some determinants were universal across rivers, with larger individuals being more prone to movement for instance, or sites that are directly connected by the water flow, and those that are similar in terms of elevation and stream order exchanged more migrants. One the other hand, other drivers were context dependent, for instance the relations between movement patterns and position within riverscapes and habitat availability depended on the river basin considered. This thesis contributed to improve methods for studying movements, and to identify factors underlying patterns of movements at the scale of the river basin. The implications of my thesis are thus both fundamental and applied as a better understanding of movement patterns in the context of human perturbations is crucial for management and conservation
Pierre, Constance. "Conséquences fonctionnelles, comportementales et adaptatives d'une mutation de la MAO (MonoAmine Oxydase) chez le poisson cavernicole aveugle Astyanax mexicanus. A Mutation in Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Affects the Evolution of Stress Behavior in the Blind Cavefish Astyanax Mexicanus." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS084.
Full textThe neurotransmitter serotonin controls a great variety of physiological and behavioral processes. In humans, mutations affecting the monoamine oxidase or MAO, the serotonin-degrading enzyme, are highly deleterious. Yet, blind cavefish of the species A. mexicanus carry a partial loss-of-function mutation in MAO (P106L) and seem to thrive in their subterranean environ-ment. This thesis describes the effects of this mutation, from the molecular level to the population level, in order to decipher the exact contribution of mao P106L in the evolution of cavefish neuro-behavioral traits, during their adaptation to the cave environment.In a first paper, we established 4 fish lines, corresponding to the blind cave-dwelling and the sighted river-dwelling morphs of this species, with or without the mutation. We found that mao P106L strongly affected anxiety-like behaviors. Cortisol measurements showed lower basal levels and an increased amplitude of stress response after a change of environment in fish carrying the mutation. Finally, we studied the distribution of the P106L mao allele in wild populations of cave and river A. mexicanus, and discovered that the mutant allele was present – and sometimes fixed - in all populations inhabiting caves of the Sierra de El Abra. The possibility that this partial loss-of-function mao allele evolves under a selective or a genetic drift regime in the particular cave environment is discussed.In a second paper, we assessed the structural and biochemical consequences of the mutation. We found that the reduction of enzymatic activity of mutant MAO is probably caused by a decrease of flexibility in one of the three loops forming the entrance of the active site, thus reducing the access of substrates. HPLC measurements in brains of mutant and non-mutant larvae and adult fish showed major disturbances in serotonin, dopamine and noradrenalin (and metabolites) contents, demonstrating that the P106L mao mutation is fully responsible for monoaminergic disequilibrium in the cavefish brain. We also discovered that the effects of the mutation were partially compensated by a decrease in activity of the TPH, the serotonin biosynthesis rate-limiting enzyme. Our results shade light on the specificities of fish monoaminergic systems.Finally in order to aggravate the MAO inhibition, we generated the first fish knockout MAO mutant. The KO homozygous mutants were stunted and died during the first weeks of development. Contrary to the dopaminergic system which seemed normal in the KO homozygous mutants, the serotonergic system was strongly impaired; no serotonin positive neuron was detected in the hypothalamus
Sternberg, Jenna. "Neuronal populations underlying locomotion in zebrafish." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066603/document.
Full textThe neural networks that underlie locomotion are complex and require integration of sensory input and physiological state. However, how these networks function during active locomotion to incorporate sensory input from the environment and the internal state of the animal remains poorly understand. The zebrafish larva is an ideal vertebrate to study these questions thanks to its simple locomotor repertoire, transparency, and amenability to genetic manipulation. In Chapter 1, I describe a program to track behavior at high speeds and automatically characterize locomotor patterns in a high-throughput manner. V2a interneurons are excitatory interneurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain identified by the chx10 transcription factor. In Chapter 2, I validated the use of a genetically-encoded botulinum toxin to silence the chx10 population in vivo. Using fictive locomotor recordings and calcium imaging, I demonstrated that silencing V2as leads to decreased activity in primary motor neurons during fast swimming, corresponding to a lower swimming frequency in V2a-silenced larvae. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are intraspinal neurons that relay sensory information to motor circuits. CSF-cNs in diverse species express GABA and the transient receptor potential channel PKD2L1. In Chapter 3, I used genetic targeting, calcium imaging, pharmacology, and electrophysiology to investigate the role of spontaneous activity in CSF-cNs. I showed that single channel opening of PKD2L1 represents an intrinsic source of spontaneous activity in CSF-cNs. These tools and results will allow a more complete picture of how dynamic interactions shape locomotor output in vivo
Schuster, Kevin. "Se trouver, se perdre, se retrouver : innervation des organes sensoriels de la ligne latérale." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20008.
Full textIn this thesis, I address the question of how peripheral axons of sensory neurons find their distant target organs. In the case of the posterior lateral line (PLL) system of zebrafish, sensory organs are deposited by a migrating primordium and sensory neurites accompany this primordium during its migration. In this way, the neurites are guided to their prospective target organs. I show that the inactivation of «Glial cell line Derived Neurotrophic Factor » (GDNF) signaling leads to the inability of sensory axons to track the migrating primordium. GDNF signaling is also used as a guidance cue during axonal regeneration following nerve cut. I conclude that GDNF is a major determinant of directed neuritic growth and of target finding in this system, and propose that GDNF acts by promoting local neurite outgrowth. Further, I demonstrate that «Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor » (BDNF) signaling exerts another role in PLL development as it is essent ial to anchor and properly connect axons to their targets organs.In another project, we could demonstrate that the development of the embryonic PLL of the atlantic blue-fin tuna shows striking similarities to that of the relatively basal zebrafish, including that PLL axons follow the migrating primordium
Porez, Mathieu. "Modèle dynamique analytique de la nage tridimensionnelle anguilliforme pour la robotique." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630940.
Full textPorez, Mathieu. "Modèle dynamique analytique de la nage tridimensionnelle anguilliforme pour la robotique." Phd thesis, Nantes, 2007. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=b35b23ba-3371-4f6b-9b34-d4e9b084b999.
Full textThe presented work in this thesis is devoted to the development of a dynamic model for the anguilliform swim suited to the real time control of the future biomimetic "Eel-like robot" of the ROBEA-CNRS project of the same name. The computation of the interactions between a deformable body and the fluid, in which it moves, is a complex problem requiring the integration of the Navier-Stokes equations and the non-linear dynamic equations of the body enduring finished transformations. Pursuing goals of control for robotic, the suggested solution is based on the fusion of two theories: the Slender Body Theory of the fluid mechanic and Cosserat Beam Theory of the solid mechanic. The first theory models the 3-D flow around fish by the stratification "slices by slices" of the bidimensional flows and transverse with the principal axis of the animal's body. Basing on the second theory, the fish is modeled by a continuous assembly of rigid sections that represents the animal's vertebrae or the eel-like robot's rigid platforms. On the basis of this model,the purpose of the presented work is to establish the dynamics of the head and the vertebrae of fish in order to work out a numerical algorithm based on the "Newton-Euler formalism". Finally, the obtained simulator works in real time with a good level of precision (i. E. Lower than 10\%) compared with the numerical computations of the Navier-Stokes equations
Fidelin, Kevin. "Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by spinal GABAergic sensory neurons in zebrafish : connectivity mapping of an intraspinal sensory feedback circuit." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066200/document.
Full textUnderstanding how the central nervous system generates motor sequences, coordinates limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment, while adapting to sensory cues remains a central question in the field of systems neuroscience. The work presented here aims to understand how local sensory neurons in the spinal cord contribute to the production and/ or the modulation of locomotor activity. We focused our work on a conserved class of spinal sensory neurons termed cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs). These neurons lie at the interface between the CSF and spinal interneurons controlling motor output and represent an interesting yet poorly understood sensorimotor loop in the vertebrate spinal cord. However, the connectivity of CSF-cNs remains completely uncharacterized. To understand how CSF-cNs modulate locomotion in vertebrates, we combined genetics, imaging, optogenetics, electrophysiology, and behavior analysis to map the functional connectivity of these sensory neurons and test their function in the zebrafish larva. Our results demonstrate that CSF-cNs target several elements thought to be part of the locomotor central pattern generator in zebrafish, including glutamatergic spinal neurons involved in slow and fast swimming. We show that CSF-cNs can modulate the duration and occurrence of spontaneous locomotor events in a state dependent manner and tune the frequency of evoked fast escape responses. Altogether our work dissecting sensorimotor integration in the spinal cord bridged single cell function in vivo to behavior in zebrafish and should contribute to a better understanding of the role of sensory feedback during locomotion in vertebrates
Lobbardi, Riadh. "Rôle de Quaking, protéine de liaison aux ARNm, dans le développement précoce des fibres musculaires lentes et rapides chez le poisson zèbre." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066279.
Full textRavel, Guillaume. "Three-dimensional modeling and experiment-driven numerical simulation of zebrafish escape swimming for biological applications." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0330.
Full textBiologists use zebrafish as an animal model to study the effects of genetic or environmental factors related to human locomotor diseases in order to develop pharmacological treatments. The general objectives of the project were 1) to develop a numerical model based on real-world data capable of accurately simulating the escape swimming of the zebrafish eleuthero-embryo and 2) to provide, in addition to swimming kinematic parameters, a fine estimate of the energetic performance of locomotor behavior to enrich experimental studies on locomotion. Furthermore, an experiment-based numerical modeling might enhance the understanding of locomotor behavior. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamics code describing the fluid flow around a moving and deforming immersed body was used to reproduce in silico the experimental escape response of a five-day post-fertilization eleuthero-embryo. The solution of the mechanistic model, governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and Newton's laws was approximated on a Cartesian mesh while the solid body represented by a level-set function, was described implicitly by a penalization method. As for the deformation kinematics, it was estimated directly from experimental locomotion videos by a Procrustes analysis. A first approach has been considered to extract the deformation velocity, in two dimensions, based on optimal transportation. In order to be faithful to three-dimensional (3D) physics, the morphology of the zebrafish eleuthero-embryo and the experimental escape kinematics were reconstructed in 3D, by tracking Lagrangian markers on the surface of the zebrafish body. Thus, a new approach has been developed to estimate the deformation velocity from experimental real data obtained by ultra-high-speed imaging after electric field pulse stimulation. Zebrafish eleuthero-embryo exhibits a highly stereotyped and complex escape behavior consisting of three swimming modules: C-bend, counter-bend and fast-swimming cyclic phase. The developed approach enables high-performance and realistic numerical simulations of real locomotion. After performing a numerical validation of the model based on each component, a study was conducted on the energetic performance of the zebrafish's escape response, challenged by a change in fluid viscosity. A linear response of the cost of transport, associated with a constant energy expenditure, regardless the fluid environment, was thus demonstrated. This energy study can be extended to any immersed, moving and deformable body and in particular, to any biological experiment such as exposure to a neuro-toxicant, which would alter the locomotor behavior of the eleuthero-embryo. Thus, numerical simulation may enrich the quantitative assessments of biological conditions and pharmacological treatments which lead to disturbing or recovering the locomotor behavior
Wolf, Sébastien. "The neural substrate of goal-directed locomotion in zebrafish and whole-brain functional imaging with two-photon light-sheet microscopy." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066468/document.
Full textThe first part of this thesis presents an historical overview of neural recording techniques, followed by a study on the development of a new imaging method for zebrafish neural recording: two-photon light sheet microscopy. Combining the advantages of two-photon point scanning microscopy and light sheet techniques, the two-photon light sheet microscope warrants a high acquisition speed with low photodamage and allows to circumvent the main limitation of one-photon light sheet microscopy: the disturbance of the visual system. The second part of the thesis is focused on goal-directed navigation in zebrafish larvae. After an exhaustive review on chemotaxis, phototaxis and thermotaxis in various animal models, we report a study that reveals the neural computation underlying phototaxis in zebrafish. Combining virtual-reality behavioral assays, volumetric calcium recordings, optogenetic stimulation, and circuit modeling, this work shows that a self-oscillating hindbrain population called the hindbrain oscillator (HBO) acts as a pacemaker for ocular saccades, controls the orientation of successive swim-bouts during zebrafish larva navigation, and is responsive to light in a state-dependent manner such that its response to visual inputs varies with the motor context. This peculiar response to visual inputs biases the fish trajectory towards brighter regions (phototaxis). The third part provides a discussion on the neural basis of ocular saccades in vertebrates. We conclude with some recent preliminary results on heat perception in zebrafish suggesting that the same hindbrain circuit may be at play in thermotaxis as well
Knafo, Steven. "Sensorimotor integration in the moving spinal cord." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066559/document.
Full textThere is converging evidence that mechanosensory feedback modulates the activity of spinal central pattern generators underlying vertebrate locomotion. However, probing the underlying circuits in behaving animals is not possible in “fictive” locomotion electrophysiological recordings. Here, we achieve selective and non-invasive monitoring of spinal motor and sensory neurons during active locomotion by genetically targeting the bioluminescent sensor GFP-Aequorin in larval zebrafish. Using GCaMP imaging of individual neurons, we confirm that bioluminescence signals reflect the differential recruitment of motor pools during motion. Their significant reduction in paralyzed animals and immotile mutants demonstrates that mechanosensory feedback enhances the recruitment of spinal motor neurons during active locomotion. Accordingly, we show that spinal mechanosensory neurons are recruited in moving animals and that their silencing impairs escapes in freely behaving larvae. Altogether, these results shed light on the contribution of mechanosensory feedback to motor output and the resulting differences between active and fictive locomotion
Hovnanian, Jessica. "Méthode de frontières immergées pour la mécanique des fluides : application à la simulation de la nage." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835013.
Full textKnogler, Laura Danielle. "Development and plasticity of locomotor circuits in the zebrafish spinal cord." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12085.
Full textUn objectif important en neurobiologie est de comprendre le développement et l'organisation des circuits neuronaux qui entrainent les comportements. Chez l'embryon, la première activité motrice est une lente contraction spontanée qui est entrainée par l'activité intrinsèque des circuits spinaux. Ensuite, les embryons deviennent sensibles aux stimulations sensorielles et ils peuvent éventuellement nager, comportements qui sont façonnées par l'intégration de l'activité intrinsèque et le rétrocontrôle sensoriel. Pour cette thèse, j'ai utilisé un modèle vertébré simple, le poisson zèbre, afin d'étudier en trois temps comment les réseaux spinaux se développent et contrôlent les comportements locomoteurs embryonnaires. Pour la première partie de cette thèse j'ai caractérisé la transition rapide de la moelle épinière d'un circuit entièrement électrique à un réseau hybride qui utilise à la fois des synapses chimiques et électriques. Nos expériences ont révélé un comportement embryonnaire transitoire qui précède la natation et qu'on appelle « double coiling ». J'ai démontré que les motoneurones spinaux présentaient une activité dépendante du glutamate corrélée avec le « double coiling » comme l'a fait une population d'interneurones glutamatergiques ipsilatéraux qui innervent les motoneurones à cet âge. Ce travail (Knogler et al., Journal of Neuroscience, 2014) suggère que le « double coiling » est une étape distincte dans la transition du réseau moteur à partir d'un circuit électrique très simple à un réseau spinal entrainé par la neurotransmission chimique pour générer des comportements plus complexes. Pour la seconde partie de ma thèse, j'ai étudié comment les réseaux spinaux filtrent l'information sensorielle de mouvements auto-générés. Chez l'embryon, les neurones sensoriels mécanosensibles sont activés par un léger toucher et ils excitent en aval des interneurones sensoriels pour produire une réponse de flexion. Par contre, les contractions spontanées ne déclenchent pas ce réflexe même si les neurones sensoriels sont toujours activés. J'ai démontré que les interneurones sensoriels reçoivent des entrées glycinergiques pendant les contractions spontanées fictives qui les empêchaient de générer des potentiels d'action. L'inhibition glycinergique de ces interneurones, mais pas des autres neurones spinaux, est due à l'expression d'un sous-type de récepteur glycinergique unique qui augmente iii le courant inhibiteur. Ce travail (Knogler & Drapeau, Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 2014) suggère que la signalisation glycinergique chez les interneurones sensoriels agit comme un signal de décharge corolaire pour l'inhibition des réflexes pendant les mouvements auto- générés. Dans la dernière partie de ma thèse, je décris le travail commencé à la maîtrise et terminé au doctorat qui montre comment la plasticité homéostatique est exprimée in vivo aux synapses centrales à la suite des changements chroniques de l'activité du réseau. J'ai démontré que l'efficacité synaptique excitatrice de neurones moteurs spinaux est augmentée à la suite d’une diminution de l'activité du réseau, en accord avec des études in vitro précédentes. Par contre, au niveau du réseau j'ai démontré que la plasticité homéostatique n'était pas nécessaire pour maintenir la rythmicité des circuits spinaux qui entrainent les comportements embryonnaires. Cette étude (Knogler et al., Journal of Neuroscience, 2010) a révélé pour la première fois que l'organisation du circuit est moins plastique que l'efficacité synaptique au cours du développement chez l'embryon. En conclusion, les résultats présentés dans cette thèse contribuent à notre compréhension des circuits neuronaux de la moelle épinière qui sous-tendent les comportements moteurs simples de l'embryon.