Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Poissons – Populations – Méditerranée (mer)'
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Seytre, Catherine. "In situ monitoring of the fish assemblages in the recent Cap Roux marine protected aera (french Mediterranean) : reserve effect, trophic interactions and fish exportation." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE4068.
Full textThe Cap Roux MPA (Saint-Raphaël) is a Marine Protected Area (MPA) initiated by the commercial fishermen of the Prud'homie de pêche de Saint-Raphaël and created in 2003. This 450-ha MPA was created as a management tool for local fisheries. This MPA is an outstanding site to study the reserve effect due to the following characteristics: recent implementation, availability of habitats and will for fisheries management. For this study, complementary observation methods: underwater visual censuses on Posidonia oceanica beds or with the new FAST method, and experimental fishing, allowed to sample different parts of the fish assemblage. The study of the Cap Roux MPA was combined with a study of the Scandola Marine Reserve (Corsica), created in 1975. The results obtained for the Scandola MPA were: a long-term reserve effect combined with a stabilisation of the fish assemblage structure within the no-take zone, a positive relationship between the fish assemblage diversity and secondary production, and a juvenile fish exportation from the MPA towards fished areas following the marine currents. In the recent Cap Roux MPA, the increase in abundance and size of target fish was still weak and no modification of the trophic structure inside the protected zone was observed. Five years after the MPA implementation, the restoration of fish stocks began but is not strong enough to fulfil the objectives of local fisheries sustaining
De, Buron-Brun Isaure. "Biologie des populations d'Acanthocéphales : étude du complexe Acanthocephaloides propinquus, parasite de Poissons marins et lagunaires." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20205.
Full textFrodello, Jean-Pierre. "Influence de la pollution par les métaux, en Méditerranée, sur les populations de cétacés et altérations histologiques concomitantes : extension à certains poissons." Corte, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CORT3044.
Full textMercader, Manon. "Rôle des infrastructures portuaires dans le maintien des populations de poissons côtiers : apports de la restauration écologique." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0027/document.
Full textHabitat loss caused by urban sprawl has harmful consequences on marine biodiversity. With a view to maintaining biodiversity and fish stocks, it may be worthwhile to restore some ecological features in anthropized areas. The aim of this thesis was to estimate the potential role of ports as habitat for juvenile coastal fish and to evaluate how this role can be improvedthrough restoration actions. Tank experiments revealed that juvenile survival rate on artificial habitats used for restoration purpose could be equivalent to that observed on natural habitat. The assessment of the spatial distribution of juvenile at the scale of a seascape permitted to estimate that harbors could host densities of juvenile that were between 50 to 90% of thoseobserved in natural sites. Within harbors densities were highly dependent on the type of habitat, featureless dock hosting the lowest densities. Subsequently, based on case studies, this work demonstrated that harbors rehabilitation could significantly enhance juvenile densities at the habitat scale. Densities on restored habitat might reach those observed in natural habitats.However, at the scale of the whole harbor benefits were low. This work suggests that harbors have a real potential as an alternative juvenile habitat, especially if restoration actions are undergone. However, for more efficiency, restoration projects should be led at the scale of the whole site and include a diversity of artificial habitats. Thereby, restoration approaches shouldbe considered as a complementary tool to protection measures in a seascape integrated management approach of coastal areas
Michel, Claude. "Exploitation des poissons en milieu lagunaire méditerranéen : dynamique du peuplement ichtyologique de la lagune de Tunis et des populations exploitées." Perpignan, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PERP0017.
Full textRuchon, François. "Lipophrys pavo (Risso 1810) (Pisces, Blenniidae). Biologie d'une population lagunaire (stratégies et tactiques adaptatives)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30025.
Full textCheminée, Adrien. "Ecological functions, transformations and management of infralittoral rocky habitats from the North-western Mediterranean : the case of fish (Teleostei) nursery habitats." Nice, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01223518.
Full textCette thèse avait pour objet les habitats de l’Infralittoral rocheux Méditerranéen qui ont un rôle de nourricerie pour les juvéniles de poissons (Téléostéens). Cette étude visait à mieux comprendre leurs caractéristiques et les conséquences de leurs transformations, notamment d’origine anthropique, dans le but de rassembler des données utiles à la gestion des zones côtières. Au sein de la mosaïque paysagère sous-marine, parmi les faciès de la biocénose des macrophytes photophiles de la roche infralittorale, les forêts de Cystoseires forment un habitat à macrophytes arborescentes qui est menacé. Cette thèse a démontré que ces forêts abritaient des densités plus élevées de juvéniles de poissons (notamment Labridae et Serranidae) que celles observées au sein de faciès alternatifs, en particulier les brousses à Dictyotales et Sphacelariales et les faciès de surpâturage. La haute valeur relative de nourricerie, que ce soit des forêts de Cystoseires (pour trois espèces du genre Symphodus), ou des petits fonds à blocs et galets (pour les espèces du genre Diplodus), a été observée de manière récurrente dans les différents sites littoraux étudiés aussi bien à l’échelle locale (1 km) que régionale (20 à 100 km). Cependant, pour un habitat donné, les densités de juvéniles ont montré une forte variabilité spatiale entre sites. La variabilité spatiale des densités de juvéniles, aussi bien entres sites des forêts à Cystoseires que d’un habitat à l’autre, était notamment associée aux différences de structure tridimensionnelle de l’habitat (hétérogénéité et complexité). Cette structuration fournissait un refuge pour les juvéniles et a en particulier influencé l’efficacité de leurs prédateurs. Ces travaux, sur la base de manipulations expérimentales et d’observations in situ, ont démontré que les transformations des habitats, telles que la fragmentation des forêts ou la diminution de la densité de leur couverture, réduisaient drastiquement leurs valeurs de nourricerie pour les poissons côtiers. Ces résultats suggèrent que la productivité en poissons virtuellement perdue, dans les zones où les forêts ont déjà totalement disparu, est considérable. Par ailleurs, ces habitats essentiels se sont avérés rares et in-équitablement distribués le long des côtes : dans le cas des Diplodus spp. , moins de 10% des côtes rocheuses étudiées présentaient des habitats nourriceries. Enfin, ce travail a mis en évidence que la planification actuelle des mesures de gestion des zones côtières méditerranéennes ne prenait généralement pas en compte la distribution spatiale des habitats nourriceries, ni leur connectivité avec les autres habitats essentiels à chaque étape clef du cycle de vie des poissons. Un schéma conceptuel, visant à adopter une telle « approche paysage » de la gestion, est proposé : il vise à promouvoir une focalisation optimale des efforts de conservation et à garantir ainsi le renouvellement des peuplements de poissons côtiers
Ben, Lamine Emna. "Méthodes et indicateurs de suivi de la pêche et des peuplements de poissons dans les Aires Marines Protégées en Tunisie." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4097/document.
Full textScientific monitoring is the key to reliable information in Tunisian future MPAs, where management plans are being established. This crucial step comes with the need to choose appropriate methods, metrics and indicators for monitoring parameter that are important to assess MPAs effectivness. Therefore, the purpose of this manuscript is to select, adapt, test and propose fish assemblage and fishing monitoring methods and indicators in order to propose a monitoring strategy for four Tunisian future MPAs (locations). Selection of methods and indicators from literature was made according to their feasibility, cost-effectiveness and suitability with future MPAs objectives. Therefore, data on fish assemblage and fishing activities were collected using five methods: (1) Transects with variable width (TVW); (2) Fish Assemblage Sampling Technique (FAST); (3) Questionnaires and landing catch monitoring; (4) Experimental fishing; (5) photo-surveillance method. Results shows some highlights that were considered for proposing the monitoring strategy: (1) the usefulness of adopting appropriate sampling models, BACI ("Before After Control Impact"), using standard TVW, to test hypotheses related to the effectiveness of the future MPAs, (2) the relatively low values of biomass in all studied locations in comparison with other Mediterranean MPAs (3) the high potential of citizen science for fish monitoring in Tunisia using easy-to-use FAST method, after testing its coherence with standard TVW method, (4) a high percentage of illegal fishing practice (recreational fishers that commercialize their catch), in the studied locations, (5) the competition of recreational and illegal fishing with commercial-small scale (CSS) one, on vulnerable and high economic value species, and (6) low biomasses, carnivores proportions, large fish proportion in catch of CSS using experimental fishing method. Therefore, the proposed strategy for fish and fishing monitoring for Tunisian future MPAs is based on the collaboration between scientists, stakeholders (fishermen, recreational divers) and managers, which can be useful to implement high compliance and MPAs acceptance levels, especially when it comes to creating a future MPAs network
Bouchoucha, Marc. "Les zones portuaires peuvent-elles servir de nourriceries alternatives pour les poissons marins côtiers ? : cas des sars en Méditerranée Nord-occidentale." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0046/document.
Full textDuring their life cycle, most of the marine coastal fish species use nursery grounds which quality influence their recruitment and then the conservation of their populations. However, the construction of ports impair irremediably fish nursery function of the coastal areas impacted. The ultimate aim of the PhD research was to assess if ports could provide suitable alternative nursery habitats for coastal fish species. Firstly, abundances of the juveniles of four Diplodus species were surveyed in five marinas located along the French Mediterranean coast. This showed that coastal fishes can successfully settle and grow inside these artificialized coastal areas. Moreover, increasing the complexity of port habitats can considerably enhance their suitability for juveniles, especially at the youngest stages. Secondly, body condition, growth rate and metal contamination in the juveniles of two Diplodus species (D. sargus and D. vulgaris) were compared between different ports and natural areas in the Bay of Toulon. Juvenile growth and condition can be equivalent between fish collected from ports and from adjacent natural areas. Contamination levels in fish were low, even in highly polluted areas. Finally, otolith composition in the juveniles of D. sargus and D. vulgaris was investigated in three ports and two natural areas in the Bay of Toulon. None of the port related had systematically higher concentrations in otoliths from Diplodus juveniles collected in ports. Therefore, otolith microchemistry cannot provide a unique and reliable fingerprint discriminating ports and natural areas. Nevertheless, otolith microchemistry could provide an effective natural tag to determine the contribution of ports to adult stocks provided that a library of all potential juvenile habitat fingerprints is established. All these results confirm that ports can be used as alternative nursery habitats by marine coastal fishes. Ecological engineering projects aiming at increasing structural complexity of port habitats seem promising for biodiversity and fish stock conservation
Bouchereau, Jean-Luc. "Bioécologie et tactiques adaptatives d'occupation d'une lagune méditerranéenne (Mauguio, Languedoc, France) par trois poissons téléostéens gobiidés : "Pomatoschistus minutus" (Pallas, 1770), "P[omatoschistus] microps" (Kroyer, 1838), "Gobius Niger Linnaeus", 1758." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20043.
Full textBen, Khemis Ines. "Elevages larvaires de poissons méditerranéens : optimisation de la production en mésocosme et diversification des espèces." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30028.
Full textBenkirane, Ouafae. "Recherches sur l'organe de fixation des Lernaeopodidae (Copepoda Siphonostomatoida)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20220.
Full textDaoudi, Fouad. "Coccidies et coccidioses de Poissons méditerranéens : systématique, ultrastructure et biologie." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20156.
Full textSuntov, Victoria. "Cartographie des indices de diversité : applications aux communautés de poissons démersaux en Mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20094/document.
Full textIncreasing human pressures and global environmental change may severely affect species diversity and ecosystems? functioning. In this context, mapping diversity indices allows monitoring spatial and/or temporal variation in diversity, and helps identifying areas for effective conservation planning. The first objective of this thesis is to evaluate the relevance of using the two available diversity indices' mapping approaches without explanatory variables: i) the indirect approach interpolating each individual species distribution over the studied area, then computing a posteriori the diversity index, (ii) the community-level approach interpolating directly a diversity index over the studied area. We show that mapping index by interpolation methods used in the frame of direct or indirect approach suffers from two main limitations. Firstly, diversity indices are not additive making the direct approach irrelevant to use the direct approach. Secondly, many species in natural communities are scarce (i.e. zero inflated data) making difficult to apply the indirect approach. The second objective of this thesis is to study large spatio-temporal diversity of demersal fish assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea, an area of a particular scientific interest, both for its high diversity and direct human pressure in this region. A multi-component and multi-scale approach was applied to analyze a dataset of 19,886 hauls from 10 to 800 m depth performed annually during the last two decades by standardized scientific bottom trawl field surveys across the Mediterranean Sea, within the MEDITS program. We show that the diversity of demersal fish assemblages sampled by trawl do not follow the observed or expected decreasing longitudinal/latitudinal diversity gradients, for any of the indices and spatial scales analysed. However, we identified hotspots of species richness at both local and regional scales in the Iberian region, Malta, the Eastern Ionian and Aegean seas. In contrast, evenness as well as taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional divergences did not show regional hotspots. All studied diversity components remained stable over the last two decades. Finally, our analysis represents an essential step towards future studies focused on the drivers shaping demersal fish communities? diversity in the Mediterranean Sea using models that will include biotic and/or abiotic explanatory variables to map diversity indices. However, it will require identification and availability of accurate data of these variables at the scale of the Mediterranean Sea (e.g. species interactions, fishing effort from Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data). Overall, our results highlight the need of using complementary diversity indices through different spatial scales when developing monitoring strategies and defining protected areas. They also identify suitable proxies to monitor demersal fish communities in the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, this work underlines the main limits of approaches for mapping diversity indices, and the need of further developments in this field
Moulins, Aurélie. "To the integrated approach and to the management of pelagic biodiversity inside a marine protected area : case of the cetacean populations in the Pelagos sanctuary (north-western Mediterranean sea)." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10027.
Full textChampemont, Magali. "Piqûres et morsures d'animaux aquatiques au cours de la baignade en Méditerranée." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P001.
Full textDuhamel, Guy. "Ichtyofaune des secteurs Indien occidental et Atlantique oriental de l'Océan Austral : biogéographie, cycles biologiques et dynamique des populations." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066349.
Full textSromek, Ludmila Katarzyna. "Phylogéographie et génomique des populations de la coque de lagune Cerastoderma glaucum." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4105.
Full textPrevious studies found a high level of genetic structuring among the European populations of the lagoon cockle Cerastoderma glaucum. However, the geographic locations of the major genetic divisions differed among markers and the small number of genetic markers used lacked the power to test for gene flow between divergent clusters. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to assess the population structure of C. glaucum using new genetic markers in the light of the respective role of past divergence and habitat fragmentation. To reach these objectives, populations from the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts have been investigated using: i) classical genetic markers (EPIC together with previously published microsatellites); ii) restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). When the classical genetic markers revealed the divergent character of Eastern Mediterranean populations, the RADseq approach allowed inferring phylogenetic relationships with an unprecedented resolution. Three deeply divergent lineages were described within C. glaucum: one in the Aegean-Black Sea region, one in the Ionian Sea, and the last one widely distributed from the Western Mediterranean to the Baltic Sea. This last lineage underwent further diversification with isolated entities detected in Western Mediterranean, Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic Sea. Compared to the sister species C. edule, which thrives in a less fragmented habitat, C. glaucum displayed a much stronger genetic differentiation among populations. Consequently, it seems that genetic incompatibilities, which emerged as a by-product of geographic isolation together with local adaptation, led to the origin of a species complex. These results highlight the evolutionary role of lagoon habitats, where genetic diversification can proceed very quickly
Delmas, Philippe. "Etude des populations de Paracentrotus lividus (Lam. ) : (Echinodermata : Echinoidea) soumises à une pollution complexe en Provence Nord-occidentale : densités, structure, processus de détoxication (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Fe)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30024.
Full textBen, Rais Lasram Frida. "Diversité ichtyologique en Méditerranée : patrons, modélisation et projections dans un contexte de réchauffement global." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20004.
Full textDue to its semi-enclosed shape, to its high species richness and high endemism levels and to its invasiveness, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most particular and critical ecosystems of the world. The Mediterranean has been intensively studied since the Antiquity, yet foundations underlying fish diversity patterns have been overlooked. In this study, as a first step, we studied fish diversity patterns in the Mediterranean and their determinants. Towards this objective, we built the first comprehensive database on the spatial distributions of the 619 Mediterranean fish species. We then carried out spatial analyses in order to assess the relative contribution of historical and geometric contingencies as well as environmental influences in shaping fish biodiversity patterns. In a second step, we analyzed the correlates of dispersal success of exotic species and we assessed the spatial congruence with the endemic ichtyofauna within a global warming context. Finally, we modeled the present climatic envelopes of the most vulnerable Mediterranean fish species, i. E. The endemic species. We used those models to project expected spatial distributions of endemic species according to a global warming scenario in order to identify winner versus loser species as well as areas where a strong species turnover would occur. We showed that geometric constraints, primary production and temperature have an influence on species diversity patterns. It also appeared that the climate and the year of introduction into the Mediterranean are key determinants of the dispersal success of Lessepsian species. Within a global warming context, our results revealed an increasing spatial congruence between endemic and exotic fish faunas and for the latter, deep modifications in their assemblages expected in 2041-2060 and 2070-2099. In sum our results suggest that endemic species undergo a biotic pressure via exotic species and an abiotic pressure via global warming. The additional and potentially the synergetic effect of those pressures is likely to increase endemic species vulnerability
Torrents, Oriol. "Biologie des populations du corail rouge Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) de Méditerranée nord-occidentale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22072.pdf.
Full textThe precious Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) is a long–lived colonial sessile octocorallian which develops a red calcareous skeleton well–appreciated since antiquity for its value in jewellery and ornamentation. Professional harvesting, poaching and mass mortality events associated with positive thermal anomalies are the major sources of disturbance for this species. These disturbances have caused a marked decrease both in the abundance and size of colonies in the present populations. The persistence of these populations is linked to management and conservation plans constructed using reliable information about both main life history traits and population dynamics. Despite its value meaning, little is known about the biology and ecology of red coral. The main goals of this study is to provide data about significant life history traits (growth and reproduction) of red coral populations dwelling along the Mediterranean French rocky coasts in order to contribute our understanding of the biology and ecology of this species. In addition, this study will provide information about the effects of mass mortality events on red coral populations in order to better understand how these disturbances affect its population dynamics. The mean growth rate of red coral colonies was 0. 15 mm per year in diameter. Despite the large number of populations studied, growth rates remained stable across a wide variety of habitats analysed. Habitat comparisons were made between cave entrance vs cave interior, 20 vs 40 m depth and Calanques region vs west coast of Corsica Island. However, fecundity (number of mature gonads per polyp) analysed on the same populations seems only to be influenced by food availability. Thus, red coral populations dwelling at the entrance of caves showed larger fecundity than populations dwelling at the interior of the same caves. On the other hand, populations dwelling in contrasted depths (18 – 22 m vs 39 – 42 m) did not show any significant differences on fecundity. The study of reproduction biology of red coral has been completed by studies on reproductive cycle, sex ratio (1:1 overall studied populations), age and size at first reproduction (less than 3 cm corresponding to 7 – 10 years), differential gonad maturity in contrasted locations in both cave and depth factors analyses, inter-annual variability on fecundity (it seems to be low along three years) and the effects of mass mortality events on red coral fecundity. Finally, experiments on thermal tolerance in aquaria have been performed using two populations dwelling at contrasted depths (11 – 14 vs 39 – 42 m). The upper thermal limit was 25 °C. At this temperature, red coral colonies showed necrosis after 10 – 15 days. Polyp activity and calcification was also affected by increase of seawater temperature. Three experiments indicate that colonies from shallow populations had greater thermal tolerance to elevated temperatures than those from the deeper ones. In conclusion, this study furnished data to complete information about population dynamics of red coral. It is the aim of this study is to contribute to the development of mathematical models that can be used to explore the response of red coral populations under different disturbance regimes, as well as to facilitate future research about genetic or environmental factors which can modulate responses of these populations to environmental changes associated to climate change. Finally, these informations will help to improve both management and conservation plans
Tsigenopoulos, Constantinos. "Phylogéographie du genre "Barbus" (Téléostéens, Cyprinidae) dans les régions péri-méditerranéennes. Reconstitution des grandes lignées de migration au moyen des marqueurs nucléaires et mitochondriaux." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20085.
Full textAlbouy, Camille. "Modélisation de scénarios pour la biodiversité ichtyologique en mer Méditerranée : influence du changement global et conséquences trophiques, application aux réserves marines et aux écosystèmes exploités." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20137/document.
Full textOne of the main goals in ecology is to understand the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In marine environments the overexploitation of resources by human activities is another forcing factor on species assemblages. This PhD thesis suggested, within a multicomponentsbiodiversity approach, to project expected changes in the structure of Mediterranean coastal fish assemblages under climate change but also under different fishing pressures. The originality of this work is to consider the dynamics of size structure, diversity of species, but also lineages (phylogenetic diversity), functional traits (functional diversity) and interactions (diversity of trophic links) in fish assemblages at different scales within the Mediterranean basin, the latter three components being largely ignored in climate change projections whereas they are essential for maintaining the viability of ecosystems and associated services beyond the simple number of species. We therefore projected future geographic ranges of Mediterranean coastal fish through theimplementation of a new climate model (NEMOMED8) and based on bioclimatic envelopes models. Projected range shifts of Mediterranean coastal fish show that for the end of the century (i) 54 species would lose their climatic niche, (ii) species richness may decline on 70.4% of the continental shelf, particularly in the Western Mediterranean basin and in the Aegean Sea, and (iii) the average maximum size of fish assemblages would increase on 74.8% of the continental shelf. The small species, not targeted by fishing activities, would be the species most threatened by climate change, while larger species are most vulnerable to fishing effort.Our projections at the whole Mediterranean scale show a decrease of 13.6% for the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of coastal fish and 12.6% for their functional diversity (FD) by the end of this century and suggest a significant erosion of some lineages like the gobidae family. While erosion of PD and FD is partly due to the loss of species richness (fewer species implies less lineage and functions) we obseved, especially in the western basin, that the fish assemblages would loss more phylogenetic and functional diversity than expected simply due to the erosion of species richness. These two components, were largely ignored in conservation of marine species assemblages and appear to be strongly impacted by global change.To understand the effects of climate change on food web structure we developed a new methodology based on the robust relationship between the size of preys and predators. We were able to highlight potential changes in food webs of fish assemblages under climate change for the Mediterranean continental shelf. We found that a significant portion of the Mediterranean continental shelf would face a reduction in the number of trophic links, vulnerability (number of predators per prey) and generality (number of preys per predator) of species on average, while connectance and trophic level within fish assemblages would increase by the end of the XXIth century.Beyond changes in species richness, the Mediterranean coastal fish assemblages may be modified, in the functions that they play in ecosystem, in the amount evolutionary history they support, as well as in their interactions structuring food webs. This PhD thesis paves the way towards the biogeography of ecosystem functioning using parsimonious and hybrid models to integrate different components of biodiversity, physical oceanography, and the level of exploitation of ressouces to infer the futur of marine systems cfunctioning facing multiple pressures that are already there
Sadhotomo, Bambang. "Bioécologie des principales espèces pélagiques exploitées en mer de Java." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20184.
Full textSelleslagh, Jonathan. "Fonctionnement des nourriceries intertidales et estuariennes : influence de l'environnement sur la dynamique et les performances physiologiques de l'ichtyofaune." Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0224.
Full textIntertidal and estuarine areas play a key role for marine resources renewal. Numerous species, including fish, frequent during their juvenil stage these shallow water areas which serve as nursery grounds for individuals. These ecosystems are permanently submitted to harsh and fluctuant environmental conditions. A better understanding, as well as the preservation of intertidal and estuarine areas, is important in order to maintain the biodiversity and assure fish recruitment. In this context, the present work aims to determine the importance of environmental factors on spatio-temporal dynamic of the ichthyofauna and on physiological performances of juveniles frequenting intertidal and estuarine areas along the eastern English Channel. A first step of this work allowed determining the structure and the spatio-temporal variability of fish assemblages in relation to environmental changes. Results underline the important function of these shallow water areas in fish stock renewal regarding the high number of juvenils occuring in these aquatic systems. The ichthyofauna shows variations concerning diversity, abundances, assemblages and fish size. These variations are more pronounced to inter-seasonal scale than weekly, intra-seasonal and inter-annual scale on a temporal level and along the estuarine gradients than between estuaries on a spatial scale. Our works pointed up that physico-chemical factors (mainly temperature, salinity and fine sediments) have a great importance on fish assemblages’ structure and indicate the influence of winter temperatures on interannual variations of settlement date and abundances of some fish species. Results show a strong similarity between the three studied estuaries (Canche, Authie and Somme) concerning their ichthyological functioning and suggest than the Canche ichthyofauna could serve as reference assemblage from small estuarine systems. For a better understanding about the nurseries functioning, importance of trophic relationships (feeding, competition and predation) on juvenils fish dynamic and population was taken into account. Our results show that food availability (macrobenthos and zooplankton abundances) is not limiting in considered nursery areas which offer a great foraging ground for fish and crustaceans and optimal conditions (good feeding and low competition) for fish development. In contrast, predation pressure plays an important role in the dynamic of fish. Results show that variations of brown shrimp abundances (Crangon crangon) explain in great part interannual variations of mortality of juveniles which have recently settled intertidal areas. Nevertheless, predation pressure seems no sufficient to cause recruitment variability which is mainly generated by events operating before the juvenile stage. The last part of this work focussed on physiological performances of juvenile flatfish in order to define if environmental conditions are favourable to fish developments along all their settlement period within intertidal and estuarine areas and to assess the influence of environmental perturbations (with focus on Phaeocystis globosa bloom and chemical pollution). Field results, in addition to experimental approach, show that recent growth, general condition K and nutritional ratios RNA/DNA and TAG/ST of juveniles are high all over their settlement period, indicating that studied nurseries are favourable to development and survival, and hence to fish recruitment. Our works indicate that P. Globosa bloom decrease nutritional status of fish whereas chemical pollution, based on a comparison of different sites, affects habitat quality decreasing recent growth, condition and nutritional status of juveniles. Finally, the present work shows that the intertidal and estuarine eastern English Channel environment is favourable to good fish life history development
Hassan, Mohamad. "Différenciation génétique associée aux phénomènes de migration lessepsienne : exemple de Siganus rivulatus, S. luridus et Upeneus moluccensis." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22009.
Full textRochette, Sébastien. "Effet des perturbations anthropiques sur la survie des juvéniles de poissons marins dans les nourriceries et conséquences sur les renouvellement des populations. : Application au stock de sole commune (Solea solea) en Manche Est." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARH082.
Full textThrough the example of the common sole (Solea solea) population in the eastern Channel, this Ph. D. Thesis combined different modelling approaches to quantify natural and human-induced mortalities at different stages of the life cycle and to evaluate their combined consequences. 1 - Quantitative maps of coastal and estuarine sole nurseries in the eastern Channel built by coupling a habitat suitability model to a geographical information system permitted to evaluate the consequences of habitat destruction in the Seine estuary during the last 150 years, in particular while estimating that the destruction of estuarine muddy grounds induced a 40% loss of its capacity. This loss combined to low juvenile densities, probably due to high chemical contamination in this sector, may have significant consequences on the total amount of juveniles in the Eastern Channel. 2 – Larval dispersal has been modelled thanks to a particle transport model simulating hydro-climatic conditions of the eastern Channel and including individual-based life history. This model showed that the amount of larvae reaching nursery grounds fluctuated mainly because of hydrodynamical conditions ; the fluctuations of the spawning stock biomass and the resulting amount of eggs having a lesser influence. This model also permitted to evaluate the larval allocation among the nurseries of the eastern Channel. 3 – These results on young stages were merged to effects of fishing on adults in a spatially-explicit Bayesian state-space model. The combination of the previous models within this life cycle model laid the foundations of a methodological framework offering interesting developments and new perspectives to disentangle the consequences of different pressures and to help decision – making for suitable spatially-structured management
BAHRI, SIHEM, and ADAM MARQUES. "Etude comparee de quelques myxosporidies parasites de poissons mugilidae de mediterranee occidentale : aspects structuraux, biologiques et immunologiques." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20005.
Full textGharbi, Aicha. "Caractérisation biochimique et moléculaire de différentes populations de palourdes tunisiennes : rôle de la Leucine Aminopeptidase dans l'adaptation à la salinité." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0011.
Full textKnowledge about population diversity and structure is among the most important questions to investigate, especially concerning exploited species. Genetic variability of R. Decussatus populations collected from localities in the eastern and western Mediterranean coasts of Tunisia was examined using different markers. Genetic polymorphism of nine allozyme loci showed a significant clustering of all samples in two main divergent groups on either sides of the Siculo-Tunisian strait. This pattern seems to be the result of historical and contemporary process: a plausible model of secondary intergradation is supported by the observation of coincident clines at nearly 60% of the polymorphic loci that were centered at the Siculo-Tunisian strait region (area of transition from the western Mediterranean basin to the eastern one). Analysis of partial sequence of mitochondrial COI gene and of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1) revealed significant clinal changes in haplotypes frequencies between eastern and western samples at the focal COI haplotype and at three out of five focal ITS1 haplotypes. In the present study, no significant difference was found among groups. However, high frequencies of rare and unique haplotypes could reflect the effects of a recent demographic expansion which would mask a real ancient and significant genetic differentiation displayed by the two basins. Adaptive response to salinity stress in R. Decussatus was evaluated by the study of an enzymatic marker (Lap -1). Experiments carried out in hypo osmotic and hyper osmotic stress showed that the Tunisian clam is well adapted to salinity variations between 10ppm and 50ppm. The Adaptive capacity to different salinities seems to be not related to Lap-1 which was polymorphic in the Tunisian clam, on the contrary to R. Decussatus from Brittany
Faillettaz, Robin. "Estimation des capacités comportementales des larves de poissons et leurs implications pour la phase larvaire : un cas d'étude d'espèces démersales de Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066342/document.
Full textMost coastal fish species have a bipartite life history, with a demersal phase as juvenile and adult and a pelagic larval phase. Dispersal is often limited to this pelagic phase, which is also the phase experiencing the highest mortality rates. Predicting the connectivity between populations remains difficult because not all processes determining larval fish survival and transport during the pelagic phase are understood. Besides the environmental conditions that may influence the journey of fish larvae in the open ocean, these tiny organisms possess high behavioural abilities (swimming, orientating, etc.) that have the potential to shape their dispersal. However, the vast majority of in situ observations of these behaviours have been conducted in tropical environments and very little data exists on temperate Perciformes fish larvae. In this dissertation, we aim to describe the ecology and behavioural abilities of fish larvae from the Mediterranean Sea, a temperate environment where they have never been studied.The first part of this dissertation describes the distribution of young fish larvae along an inshore-offshore transect crossing an hydrological front. We also describe their diel vertical migration and predatoravoidance behaviour. The high-frequency imaging techniques used to capture their distribution at miscroscale generated huge amount of data. It lead us to modify an automatic classification method to reduce the time required to processes these kind of data. The second part focuses on the settlement phase, when fish larvae come back to the coast at the end of their pelagic journey. To shed light on the factors influencing the settlement process, we monitored the supply of fish larvae to a coastal habitat, on a weekly basis for three years and at higher frequency over shorter periods of time. Additionally, we tested the in situ orientation abilities of the most abundant species, focusing on large scale orientation mechanisms. In the laboratory, we measured the swimming speeds of several species, including the ones tested for orientation. Then, we implemented these observed behaviours in a biophysical model to explore their combined influence on settlement rate. To finish, we discuss on how larval fish behaviour may influence survival throughout the pelagic larval phase and insist on the importance of considering behaviour to improve larval dispersal models
Blanquer, Anne. "Phylogéographie intraspécifique d'un poisson marin, le flet Platichthys flesus L. (Heterosomata) : polymorphisme des marqueurs nucléaires et mitochondriaux." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20015.
Full textPastor, Jérémy. "Rôle des enrochements côtiers artificiels dans la connectivité des populations, cas du sar commun (Diplodus sargus, Linné, 1758) en Méditerranée nord-occidentale." Phd thesis, Université de Perpignan, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344703.
Full textFacca, Chiara. "Phytoplancton et microphytobenthos comme indicateurs de l'état trophique en milieu côtier." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20148.
Full textBrosset, Pablo. "Condition corporelle et conséquences sur la plasticité des traits d’histoire de vie chez les petits pélagiques de Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT120/document.
Full textMultiple changes have been described since 2008 in the Gulf of Lions ecosystem and particularly in small pelagic fish dynamic. In particular, the two main exploited species, i.e. anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) are now smaller and in poor condition while a third species, the sprat (Sprattus sprattus) strongly increased in terms of biomass and abundance. This PhD thesis investigated these changes through the analysis of small pelagic fish body condition (i.e individual energy stores) variations, its causes and consequences. Anchovy and sardine body condition was optimal in 2005 and 2006 and decreased after 2008 to remain steady at low level since 2010. Moreover, older sardine have particularly displayed poor body condition since 2008. A part of these changes is associated with changes in zooplankton concentration for both species, but also with both sea surface temperature and diatoms for sardine and Rhône outflow for anchovy. Thus, as bottom-up control was highlighted, the following chapter investigated potential changes in diet through isotope and stomach content analyses. Isotopic niche varied temporally and have been overlapping since 2010 for both anchovy and sardine with the sprat, resulting in a potential new trophic competition. Further, preys are also smaller and probably less energetic. Both studies may explain the poorer body condition by a reduced food supply. Although smaller energy stores are available, both species still allocate a large part of their energy to reproduction, as observed through e.g. gonado-somatic indices. This bias in energy allocation towards reproduction might impair survival and explain the disappearance of oldest mature sardine in the Gulf of Lions. Maternal effects were also underlined. Indeed, large individuals spawn more eggs while fatter individual spawn higher quality eggs. The decrease in size and condition has thus led to a lower production of eggs since 2010 for sardines while anchovy managed to maintain if not increase its egg production thanks to the expanding number of individuals and the decline of anchovy size and age at maturity. At a broader scale, we pointed out that fish body condition decreased in other Mediterranean areas such as the Adriatic Sea, the Catalan Sea or the Strait of Sicily. Nonetheless, body condition variations were not synchronous in the Mediterranean Sea, pointing out the importance of local factors in this quasi-enclosed basin. Furthermore, anchovy displays a better body condition in high energetic areas (fronts areas, local upwellings) when sardine prefers areas with high primary productivity. Those differences could be linked to the different reproductive cycles and trophic behaviours. This PhD thesis complements the previous work made on top-down processes and strengthens the bottom-up importance to determine forage fish body condition both in the Gulf of Lions and the Mediterranean Sea. Studying body condition allowed understanding the reasons of the sardine demographic truncation. Indeed, the older the individual the poorer the body condition, preventing them to achieve both reproduction and survival. This PhD thesis reaches new conclusions and improves knowledge on small pelagic fish dynamic in the Gulf of Lions. Although, further work is still necessary to estimate experimentally if a body condition threshold exists and to improve zooplanktonic monitoring to better understand the link between planktonic productivity and small pelagic fish dynamic. This will help to investigate deeply the ecological and economical consequences of small pelagic fish decreasing body condition in the Mediterranean
Pereira, Quiroga Ana Isabel. "Evolution des populations phytoplanctoniques de la Baie de Banyuls-sur-Mer, avec une attention particulière pour les genres possédant des espèces potentiellement toxiques." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066345.
Full textMacé, Matthias. "Le dauphin bleu et blanc (Stenella coeruleoalba) en Méditerranée : de la vicariance à l'épisode à Morbillivirus." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1633/.
Full textThe Striped dolphin is the most prominent Cetacean species in the Mediterranean. This species undertook a severe Morbillivirus episode in 1990-1991 and which occured in the mediterranean only. The objective of this work was to study evolutionary history of this species in the Mediterranean and to assess whether it could correlate with the infectious episode. For that purpose, mitochondrial, microsatellites, Y chromosome (amelogenin) and MHC (DRB) markers have been studies. It a first step, phylogenetic analysis of amelogenin as considered from within Cetardiodactyla showed the existence of a synapomorphy (insertion event) that may be used for evolutionary studies and sexing purposes. In a second step, variability of mitochondrial control region sequence and some microsatellites has been assessed using frequentist and bayesian methods (F-statitics, admixture coefficients, gene flow estimations and time of coalescence). We could particularly delineate two well-defined groups coexisting within the Mediterranean. The divergence of these two groups seems old (Miocen) and could be the result of an allopatric divergence provoked by a vicariant event : the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Finally, DRB has been studied for the first time in this species. This study brings descriptive elements in terms of diversity and selection profiles. DRB seems more variable than initially described in other marine mammals species. This work opens perspectives regarding both endogenous and exogenous mechanisms allowing sympatric coexistence of populations/subspecies and in terms of evolutionary medicine (increased susceptibility to pathogens). The stripes dolphin could therefore prove to be a good model for studying interplays between, evolution and disease
Ruffino, Lise. "Ecologie, dynamique de population, comportement et impact d'un rongeur introduit Rattus rattus sur les îles de Méditerranée." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30022.
Full textRats Rattus spp. Are considered as a main driver of seabird rarefactions and a leading cause of petrel and shearwater extinction risk. However, the functioning of insular rat populations and the factors likely to affect their impacts on island ecosystems are still poorly understood. Indeed, questionings have been recently raised on the real mechanisms and the magnitude of rat impact on some seabirds with so cryptic nesting behaviours. The general idea of this PhD work lies on the necessity to better understand the ecology, the population dynamics of invasive rodents, the mechanisms of rat impact on seabirds but also of species persistence. As a first research axis, we were interested in the temporal dimension of biological invasions. The analysis of a database of ca. 300 islands and islets from the western Mediterranean basin allowed to underline that the long-term persistence of petrels and shearwaters, despite the longstanding introduction of black rats on these islands, may have been facilitated by various biogeographical contexts. Secondly, the study of the mechanisms of interactions between rats and shearwaters, and more particularly the mechanisms of impact, revealed unexpected limited interactions, along with limited predation capacities on bird eggs. Finally, the study of the trophic ecology of black rats, combined with a long-term survey of the population dynamics and movement paterns on a small Mediterranean island, with a marked spatio-temporal variation in the availability of resources, allowed to underline the low individual diet plasticity of black rats compared to the population level, and the importance of the effects of fresh water inputs and those of allochthonous resources on the functioning of insular rat populations. Future research perspectives should focus on better understanding the processes involved in the impacts of rats on insular biotas, in species extinctions but also in their long-term coexistence
Cachera, Marie. "Implications of morphological and functional traits for trophic relationships within fish communities and marine trophic network architecture." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10122/document.
Full textA current issue in ecology is to understand the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning and notably to comprehend how inter- and intra-specific trait variation affects trophic interactions between individuals and species, the trophic organization of communities and trophic network architecture. Particularly, morphology has historically been considered as a main determinant of organisms’ ecology, which led to the field of ecomorphology, and, from a functional perspective, is expected to influence trophic relationships and other ecological functions performed by species. This thesis aimed at studying the trophic organization of a marine fish community and its dependency on morphological and functional trait variation between and within species. The associated trophic network revealed a meta-community structure, including two sub-networks along a coastal-offshore gradient. Species trophic niche breadth and individual trophic niche variation increased together, a pattern relying partly on species functional identity and the sex, body size and habitat of individuals. Contrary to phylogeny, species morphology was a relevant proxy for functional identity. Finally, morphology seemed the main source of variability in individual trophic relationships within the assemblage, but a large part of diet variation remained unexplained suggesting that critical factors had been neglected, notably behaviour. These results allow understanding better the role of morphological and functional diversity in the structure of marine trophic networks and may help to predict their spatio-temporal dynamics and their responses to perturbations
Cormon, Xochitl. "Impacts of a top-predator emergence in an exploited ecosystem : North Sea hake and saithe. : Which interactions ? What consequences ?" Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10201/document.
Full textNorth Sea saithe (Pollachius virens) has high economic value for European fisheries. In recent years, North Sea saithe abundance has decreased, while abundance of hake (Merluccius merluccius), which was rarely fished in the North Sea, has increased dramatically in the area. This work investigate the nature of the ecological interactions between saithe and hake in the North Sea, in order to understand if recent hake emergence in this area could explain, at least partially, the recent decline of the saithe stock. The results obtained during this research suggested competitive interactions between saithe and hake predators in the area. In addition, this investigation revealed potential negative effects of hake emergence in the North Sea on the resident saithe stock. Therefore, hake emergence in the North Sea must be taken into account when managing commercial species fisheries, the sustainability of which may be threatened by this up-coming predator. Finally, the results obtained within this PhD research thesis highlight the importance of hake as an up-coming predator and competitor in the North Sea, and provide the necessary basis for further investigations of hake potential ecological and economic function in this exploited ecosystem
Granjon, Laurent. "Évolution allopatrique chez les Muridés : mécanismes éco-éthologiques liés au syndrome d'insularité chez Mastomys et Rattus." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20243.
Full textJaziri, Hassane. "Variations génétiques et structuration biogéographique chez un Bivalve marin, l'huître plate Ostrea edulis L." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20206.
Full textGianni, Fabrizio. "Conservation et restauration écologique des forêts marines Méditerranéennes." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4028/document.
Full textLoss of marine forests of large brown seaweeds has been observed in recent decades, causing a reduction of ecosystem biodiversity. In the framework of the MMMPA project, this PhD aimed to address some important topics related to the conservation and restoration of algal forests, the role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and fish herbivory. Different approaches were used: macroalgae surveys, literature reviews, manipulative experiments, tank-based experiments and GIS habitat mapping. Results from field experiments showed that native herbivorous fish, likely Sarpa salpa (salemas), can be the most effective herbivore of intertidal Cystoseira belts both on natural and artificial substrates. Indeed, salemas strongly affected the growth, biomass and reproductive output of natural forests and limited restoration success on artificial substrates. Likely, the role of the herbivorous fish in structuring macroalgal communities has been overlooked in the Mediterranean Sea so far. A review of the existing literature showed that knowledge on marine forests forming species has improved in recent decades. However, most of the research is not in relation to MPAs, likely due to the fact that marine forests are not always included in MPAs planning and management plans. Studies on marine forests are not homogeneously distributed in the world, being concentrated in the developed countries. Interestingly, an increase of the scientific interest (published papers) was observed. Nowadays, marine forests are under continuous threats and especially sensitive to multiple impacts
Couvray, Sylvain. "Étude de la dynamique de populations d’oursins comestibles Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) en zone pêchée et anthropisée. : Évaluation de l'efficacité et de l'impact d’opérations de lâchers de juvéniles pour le repeuplement." Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0022/document.
Full textDespite current measures regulating captures, the erosion of natural stocks of the edible Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin of Mediterranean Sea, raises concerns about the sustainability of its exploitation and the stability of the associated ecosystem. In 2009, upon request of professional fishermen, resource managers and the urban district of Toulon Provence Méditerranée, we have initiated a program of research to better understand the influence of natural and anthropogenic processes that shape natural populations. The objectives of the thesis were (1) to monitor the demographic evolution of P. lividus communities on eight sites of the Toulon area between 2011 and 2013 before and after the legal harvesting period, (2) to develop a reliable method of production of P. lividus juveniles in hatchery and (3) to evaluate the effectiveness of restocking at a pilot scale and assess its potential impact over natural populations. Given the long larval phase in the bentho-pelagic cycle of this species, we monitored the genetic diversity of P. lividus populations at a regional scale.The data and results acquired during this work first provide an initial evaluation of the structure, abundance and fluctuation of followed P. lividus populations along the Toulon coast and demonstrate the vulnerability of natural stocks towards harvesting. In addition, complete control over the whole life cycle in batch was achieved through optimization of cultural and food parameters, especially at the critical stage of settlement and metamorphosis. Finally, experimental restocking trials demonstrated varying success depending on the site, but potentially significant, without apparent effect on the genetic diversity of wild stocks. Results obtained in this thesis are discussed in the context of conservation and sustainable exploitation of this natural resource. They are also a prerequisite to discussion on the adjustment or implementation of new management guidelines
Galzin, René. "Ecologie des Poissons récifaux de Polynésie française : variations spatio-temporelles des peuplements : dynamique des populations de trois espèces dominantes des lagons nord de Moorea : évaluation de la production ichtyologique d'un secteur récifo-lagonaire." Montpellier 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON20029.
Full textLoots, Christophe. "Contrôle de la distribution spatiale de l'habitat de reproduction chez les populations de poissons : approche multi-modèles appliquée à la plie et au merlan de Mer du Nord et à l'anchois du Golfe de Gascogne." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066496.
Full textCrisci, Carolina. "Effets du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes littoraux de la mer Méditerranée nord-occidentale : étude de la relation entre les conditions de température et la réponse biologique pendant les événements de mortalité massive." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22092.
Full textLedoux, Jean-Baptiste. "Biologie de la conservation du corail rouge, Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) : impact du changement global sur l'évolution des populations infralittorales en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22096/document.
Full textAnthropic pressures act synergistically from gene to ecosystems and from polar to tropical regions, inducing a strong biological loss, which is considered by many as the sixth mass extinction. The evolution of biodiversity facing the ongoing global change is thus an open question.The present study is focused on the shallow populations (5 - 60 m) of Corallium rubrum (Octocorallia,Coralliidae) in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. The red coral is a sessile and long-lived species with a larval phase, a slow population dynamics and an important structuring role in the Mediterranean hard substrates communities. This species faces a strong harvesting pressure, and recently underwent two massmortality events linked to positive thermal anomalies putatively due to ongoing climate change. These two pressures may have deep implications on the evolution of the shallow populations of this species. Using population genetics and field ecology, the main objective of this study was to define microevolutionary processes acting between and within red coral populations, to enhance our knowledge on the biology of this species facing the environmental changes. This work extends our knowledge concerning the ecology of Corallium rubrum, and provides new toolsand data for its conservation in the context of the ongoing global change. Moreover, this work improves our understanding in the biology of sessile marine organisms with a larval phase, illustrating for example the relevance of approaches conducted at fine geographical scales to address questions regarding the evolution of these organisms
Lubat, Vincent. "Approches biologiques et moléculaires dans l'étude des Myxosporidies, du PKX et des Marteilia : impacts en aquaculture." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20282.
Full textLteif, Myriam. "Biology, distribution and diversity of cartilaginous fish species along the Lebanese coast, eastern Mediterranean." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0026/document.
Full textThe aim of this study is to contribute to a better knowledge of cartilaginous fish in the Lebanese coastal waters, Eastern Mediterranean. Emphasis was placed on various aspects of the distribution, diversity, biology and ecology of these species. In this study, a total of 314 specimens of cartilaginous fish were sampled. These specimens constituted of 25 cartilaginousfish species, 11 shark species and 14 batoid species. No chimaeras were recorded. The data was collected from two sources: (a) an experimental survey in the framework of the CIHEAM PESCA-Libano project and (b) periodic observation of fisheries and catches of hired fishermen. Spatiotemporal distribution was evaluated using the Catch Per Unit Effort of the experimental survey data. Spatiotemporal diversity was also estimated taking into account the total number of species caught in the survey and fisheries/fishermen data. Length-weight relationships for three sharks and five batoids were also presented for species of the combined data sources having more than 10 individuals. Finally, the biology and ecology of two commercially significant and exploited species were also presented as a first step in their fishery management andconservation
Bret, Victor. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des populations de truites en milieu naturel et au voisinage des ouvrages hydroélectriques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1051/document.
Full textBrown trout (Salmo trutta) ecology was largely studied. However, the process structuring the spatiotemporal patterns of population dynamics remains unclear. The objective of this thesis was to identify the demographic processes (e.g. survival or displacements) and the influence of biotic (between-individuals interactions) and abiotic (environmental conditions) processes structuring the age-stages (fry, juveniles and adults) of these populations in time and space.I studied (1) the role of density-dependence on survival and (2) the influence of environmental conditions experienced by trouts (hydraulics and water temperature). To assess the results’ transferability, I studied (3) the spatial scale (global or local) of influence of the processes and (4) if those processes varied among populations (hierarchical approach).I considered the dynamics of 45 trout populations, 22 being located downstream a hydropower facility. At a large scale, the recruitment of distant populations (up to 75 km apart) may be synchronized by large floods during emergence of fry or by spawning substratum displacements. We summarized the results of a determinist population dynamics models, locally calibrated on nine reaches showing well-described environmental conditions. This summary revealed the influence of various local drivers on population dynamics. Finally, a hierarchical model showed that density-dependent mortality among juveniles and adults was a key biotic process. The strength of the competition was greater in absence of shelter (<2% of the surface) and varied with water temperature (decreasing for juveniles and increasing for adults).The results of this work will provide scientific basis to hydropower facility managers. This will help them to reduce their influence on trout populations and respond to regulatory demands