Academic literature on the topic 'Poland Swedish-Polish War'

The conclusion of treaties by the Republic of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg in Welawa and Bydgoszcz in 1657 was a turning point in the Polish-Swedish war, begun in 1655. The elector of Brandenburg, Frederick Wilhelm, joined the anti-Swedish coalition in exchange for exemption from subordination to Prussia. Conducting a prudent and balanced policy, he aimed to increase his political position through both military participation and diplomatic efforts. The goal of Frederick Wilhelm’s policy was to achieve the greatest possible benefits in the ongoing war, including acquiring territorial gains. Faced with efforts to conclude a general peace that would end the war, at the same time opening the way towards creating a new political order in the central and northern part of Europe, Elector Frederick Wilhelm, who gained the position of a party to the conflict, made his own proposals for peace negotiations planned in Oliwa. Among Brandenburg’s postulates was, amongst other things, the issue of extending the provisions of treaties concluded in 1657 with Poland in Welawa and Bydgoszcz, which would also create international guarantees for them.

An attempt to compare Russian Tsar Alexander I was the head of the Grand Duchy of Finland, which the Russian army captured in 1809 as a result of the Russo-Swedish war. The final act of the Congress of Vienna of June 1815 decided to establish the Kingdom of Poland. Beside the title of Grand Duke of Finland tsar, Alexander I was awarded the title of the King of Poland. From that moment on, for over one hundred years, the fate of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland was intertwined during the rule of five Russian tsars.
 The aim of this paper is to answer the question whether two different ways on the road to independence – romantic Polish way with national uprisings, and pragmatic Finnish, relative loyal to the Russian tsars – had an impact on their policy towards both nations. The Kingdom of Poland and the Duchy of Finland were autonomous, were in a personal union with Russian tsars, had their own constitutions, parliaments, armies, monetary systems and educational structures, and official activities were held in Polish (Polish Kingdom) and Swedish (in the Grand Duchy of Finland). Both countries also had their own universities.
 The first national uprising in the Kingdom of Poland, which broke out in November 1830, resulted in a wave of repression. The Constitution was replaced by the so-called The Organic Statute, the Sejm (the Parliament) and the independent army were liquidated. The Kingdom was occupied by the mighty Russian army, and in 1833 martial law was introduced. The second national uprising of January 1863 led to another wave of repression and intensive Russification of Polish territories. In 1867, the autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland, its name and budget were abolished. From 1872 the Polish language was only an optional choice. After 1863, the policy of the Russian authorities changed towards the Grand Duchy.
 A session of the Finnish parliament (Eduskunta) was convened for the first time since 1809, the new parliamentary law allowed the dissemination of the Finnish language. After the deadly assault on Alexander II in 1881, his son Alexander III made attempts to limit also Finland’s autonomy. The years 1899–1904 were called the first period of Russification in Finland (“the first period of oppression”). The Manifesto of June 1900 introduced obligatory Russian language in correspondence of officials with Russia. In 1901, the national Finnish army was liquidated. In Russia this was the beginning of the process of the empire’s unification into one cultural, political and economic system. After a short thaw as a result of the 1905 revolution in Russia, the Grand Duchy of Finland, the so-called “second period of oppression” and anti-Finnish politics took place. During the great war of 1914–1918, the Grand Duchy was on the side of Russia. The territories of the former Kingdom of Poland were under German rule since 1915. After the outbreak of the revolution in Russia, the Eduskunta (on 6 December 1917) passed a Declaration of Independence. After a short period of regency, on 19 July 1919, the Finns adopted the republican system with a parliamentary form of government.
 On 11 November 1918 Germany surrendered on the Western Front. On that day, the Regency Council in Warsaw handed over military authority to the Polish Legion commander Józef Piłsudski. Although Poland still had to fight for the final shape of the state, the 11th of November 1918 is considered the first day of recovered Polish independence.

The battle of Pozna? between the Swedish army commanded by Johann August Meijerfelt and the Saxon army commanded by general Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg began at the dawn of 19 August 1704. The Saxon general had a major advantage in terms of army strength. He was therefore able to push back the Swedish army from the city, but did not capture the tower. The lack of broader researcher interest and the relatively high number of remaining source materials contributed to the tackling the subject. It is worth shedding light on all events that faded into the historical abyss and are forgotten, or worse, are enveloped by false myths. The Republic of Poland, which became an arena for direct military action in 1702-1709 during the Great Northern War, suffered much pain and destruction despite not officially participating in the war. It is perhaps this fact that makes the conflict and its effects difficult to find among valuable Polish historiography works that would objectively show its course and above all the art of war of the early XVIII century. This paper represents only a small droplet of what remains to be done in terms of describing each aspect of the Great Northern War.

The last days of the Polish-Russian war of 1831 are the storming of Warsaw. This fact is generally perceived through the prism of military operations, but no less important was the operation of the military health service headed by Karol Kaczkowski acting as the chief staff doctor. Risking his own life, he rushed to help soldiers injured in combat, along with his subordinate medics, including foreigners. After the capitulation of the capital, the Russians who entered the city treated the wounded and sick with all brutality. Traces have survived, among others in the little-known in Poland diary of the Swedish physician Sven Jonas Stille.

The recreational and tourist potential of Roztocze, a region in the south-east of Poland, bordering on Ukraine, its tourist specialization and opportunities for the development of cooperation with Ukraine in the field of recreation and tourism have been revealed. The resource base of the Roztocze region for the formation of its modern tourist specialization, in particular, gastronomic, urban, rural green, pedestrian, literary, historical- cognitive and military types of tourism has been studied. The specifics of gastronomic tourism in the region, which is based on a rather specific agricultural base of Roztocze, are revealed. The poor nature of Polissya and economic underdevelopment in the past led to a low standard of living for the local population, which was reflected in its food preferences. The main ingredients of Roztocze cuisine are porridge, cheese, sauerkraut, and peas, but now they are at a high price due to their health benefits. It is noted that there are no meat and sweet dishes among the delicacies of Roztocze, which reflects the standard of living and nutrition of the population of this region in the past. So, the most famous Roztocze “delicacy” – a cake with onion (Polish – cebularz), but now this dish of local misery has become a Polish pride, as it was the first product of the Lublin Voivodeship, which received the Protected Geographical Indication of the European Union. Today it is the first product that is recommended to tourists upon arrival in Roztocze. Interesting are other dishes of local cuisine – Roztochan borsch, which locals call Ukrainian, cakes made of flour and water, potato pancakes with dough with potatoes and eggs, local dumplings, stuffed with buckwheat porridge and cheese, Roztochan cutlets, which are made from buckwheat porridge, cheese, and potatoes. The simple and healthy nature of Roztocze cuisine included restrictions on the consumption of sweets. The range of gastronomy of Roztocze can be found at local gastronomic festivals, such as Galician Fair “Tastes of Roztocze” in Narol, local product festival in Zamost, Lublin meetings with hunting tradition and culture in Zwierzyniec, the festival of Kresy Meals in Bashnya Dolna, etc. Tourist resources of the main cities of Roztocze – Zamost, Tomaszow Lubelski, Szczebrzeszyn have been revealed. Routes of military and bicycle tourism on the basis of visiting of fortifications of so-called Molotov lines, which have survived in large numbers in Roztocze are offered. The legendary origin of Swedish table style, connected with war experience of the city of Zamosc during Mideveal times is revealed. Tank battle place from II World War near the city of Tomaszow Lubelski is considered a great tourist attraction. The city of Szczebrzeszyn is a place of all Poland Literature Festival. Touristic routes connect Zamosc and Tomaszow Lubelski with the Ukrainian city of Lviv. Local Polish tourist firms propose tours of sentimental tourism to Ukrainian historic cities of Kamianets-Podilskiy and Kremenets and also to Chernobyl zone.

När ungefär 20 000 överlevande från nazisternas koncentrationsläger togs emot i Sverige under våren och sommaren 1945 visste flyktingpersonalen och beslutfattarna bland svenska myndigheter mycket litet om deras bakgrund, kultur och etnicitet. I början dominerade inställningen att antagonismen mellan judar och icke-judar från Polen var en religiös eller etnisk ömsesidig motsättning. Efter ett par månader mognade insikten om splittringen i två separata polska identiteter, samtidigt som antisemitismen hos icke-judiska polacker började nämnas vid sitt rätta namn. En liberalare samhällssyn, flyktingpersonalens personliga erfarenheter samt internationella faktorer samverkade till en bättre förståelse för flyktingarnas situation och för deras behov av att bygga upp ett nytt liv i Sverige där många så småningom rehabiliterades.* * *The division between Polish Jewish and non-Jewish concentration camp survivors: reactions from the Swedish society during the spring and summer of 1945 • As approximately 20,000 survivors from the Nazi concentration camps where received in Sweden during the spring and summer of 1945, the refugee workers and decision makers knew very little about their background, culture and ethnicity. Initially, the general opinion held that the antagonism between Jews and non-Jews from Poland was a mutual religious and cultural conflict and only a few observed the harsh verbal antisemitism that was common among non-Jewish Polish refugees. Over the coming months, an awareness of two separate Polish identities developed and the prevalent antisemitism was recognised for what it was. All persons, who lived within the borders of Poland before the war, were initially classified as Poles but gradually a classification according to religious and ethnic belonging developed. After a few months, the govern­ment and authorities realised that it was impossible to demand that all refugees return to their country of origin. A study of the archives of state authorities and aid agencies in Sweden reveals how an in­creasingly liberal view of society, the personal experiences of the aid workers as well as international circumstances contributed to a deeper understanding of the situation of the refugees and their needs to build a new life in Sweden, where many of them eventually where rehabilitated.

This story is about a kind of pilgrimage, which is connected to the course of events which occurred in Częstochowa on 22 September 1942. In the morning, the German Captain Degenhardt lined up around 8,000 Jews and commanded them to step either to the left or to the right. This efficient judge from the police force in Leipzig was rapid in his decisions and he thus settled the destinies of thousands of people. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the town (renamed Tschenstochau) had been occupied by Nazi Germany, and incorporated into the General Government. The Nazis marched into Częstochowa on Sunday, 3 September 1939, two days after they invaded Poland. The next day, which became known as Bloody Monday, approximately 150 Jews were shot deadby the Germans. On 9 April 1941, a ghetto for Jews was created. During World War II about 45,000 of the Częstochowa Jews were killed by the Germans; almost the entire Jewish community living there.The late Swedish Professor of Oncology, Jerzy Einhorn (1925–2000), lived in the borderhouse Aleja 14, and heard of the terrible horrors; a ghastliness that was elucidated and concretized by all the stories told around him. Jerzy Einhorn survived the ghetto, but was detained at the Hasag-Palcery concentration camp between June 1943 and January 1945. In June 2009, his son Stefan made a bus tour between former camps, together with Jewish men and women, who were on this pilgrimage for a variety of reasons. The trip took place on 22–28 June 2009 and was named ‘A journey in the tracks of the Holocaust’. Those on the Holocaust tour represented different ‘pilgrim-modes’. The focus in this article is on two distinct differences when it comes to creed, or conceptions of the world: ‘this-worldliness’ and ‘other- worldliness’. And for the pilgrims maybe such distinctions are over-schematic, though, since ‘sacral fulfilment’ can be seen ‘at work in all modern constructions of travel, including anthropology and tourism’.

The author presents his personal recollections of Janina Ludawska, a Polish theatre scholar of Jewish origins who passed away in 2019 in Stockholm. Ludawska spent a significant part of her life in Sweden, where she found refuge during the war when she studied chemistry. She returned to Warsaw after the war and she started taking an interest in the theatre. In the late 1940s and early 1950s she studied in Moscow in The Russian Institute of Theatre Arts (GITIS). Back in Poland, she devoted her energy to the establishment of a new Polish theatre. When the anti-Semitic policy of the communist government caused her to leave Poland again in 1968, she found a new home for herself and her son in Stockholm. In 1970 she was employed at the library of the Department of Theatre Studies at Stockholm University, and she pursued her scholarly work. Interested in Polish Romantic drama, she published an anthology in Swedish: Poetic Political Theatre: On Polish Romantic Drama and Its Scenic Traditions. She also defended her doctoral dissertation on three Swedish productions of Gombrowicz’s The Marriage. Ludawska saw theatre, with its aesthetics, its history, and its social functions, as one of the pillars of democratic institutions.

This chapter investigates how the events of the second round of wars caused further waves of Jewish refugees, this time not just within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but across Europe and Asia. On one level, it could be said that Poland–Lithuania successfully weathered the storm that began with Khmelnytsky in 1648 and ended in the Peace of Andrusów some nineteen years later. However, the price it had paid for the years of war was incredibly high, so getting the country back on its feet was a very complex operation. Poland–Lithuania's Jews, too, had suffered huge losses during the wars, not the least of which was the number of Jews who had been uprooted from their homes and forced to start new lives elsewhere, often in difficult—not to say traumatic—conditions. Beyond that, many of the refugees displaced by this second wave of wars left the Commonwealth never to come back. The chapter then details the experience of these people. It looks first at the refugees in the parts of Lithuania under Russian occupation, then at those in the westerly regions where the Swedish and Polish armies fought it out in the second half of the 1650s.

This chapter evaluates when and how the outside world came to know about the Nazi genocide during the Second World War. In Sweden, there has been considerable public and private debate on this question centred on a document from August of 1942, known as the Vendel Report, which contains a description of the situation in Germany and in German-occupied Poland. Karl Yngve Vendel, a 45-year-old officer of the Swedish consular corps, was transferred in January of 1940 from Holland and appointed as consul in Stettin. Vendel's principal assignment was to gather intelligence. Sweden feared German aggression, a justified fear, for only several months later Germany was to attack Denmark and Norway and conquer them easily. Vendel's account was one of the first revelations of the scale of the Nazi genocide to be sent to the West.

This chapter takes a look at Sven Norrman (1892–1979), a little-known Swedish engineer who waged his own private war against Nazism. He was the first man to break the news of the Nazis' large-scale genocide operations to the British. The process of mass murder had been in operation for several months before any information about it managed to break through the web of Gestapo surveillance. Certainly, some signals penetrated earlier, but they were vague and unconfirmed, and seemingly too fantastic, and they were easily drowned out in the clamour of war information. Aside from his correspondence regarding the Holocaust, Norrman's activities in Poland also involved carrying the materials gathered by employees of the Polskie Towarzystwo Elektryczne (PTE). He also gave regular support to Jewish employees of PTE hiding on the ‘Aryan’ side; to those who were in the ghetto he sent help through people who knew how to slip into the ghetto.