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Journal articles on the topic 'Polar aprotic solvent'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Shabanian, Meisam, Hassan Moghanian, Mohsen Hajibeygi, and Azin Mohamadi. "Theoretical Investigation of Solvation Effects on the Tautomerism of Maleic Hydrazide." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/976161.

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A DFT study is used to calculate structural data of tautomers of maleic hydrazide (MH) in the gas phase and selected solvents such as benzene (non-polar solvent), tetrahydrofuran (polar aprotic solvent) and methanol (protic solvent), dimethyl sulfoxide (polar aprotic solvent) and water (protic solvent) using PCM model. All tautomers are optimized at the B3LYP/6−31++G(d,p). The results show that the tautomer MH2except in methanol is more stable than the other tautomers but in methanol MH5(Diol) is more stable. In addition, stability of the tautomers in deferent solvents shows interesting result

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2

da Silva, Guilherme C. Q., Thiago M. Cardozo, Giovanni W. Amarante, Charlles R. A. Abreu, and Bruno A. C. Horta. "Solvent effects on the decarboxylation of trichloroacetic acid: insights from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 34 (2018): 21988–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02455c.

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3

Lu, Chun Shan, Jing Hui Lu, Lei Ma, Qun Feng Zhang, and Xiao Nian Li. "Effect of Solvent Polarity Properties on the Selectivity and Activity for 3,4-Dichloronitrobenzene Hydrogenation over Pd/C Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 2379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.2379.

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Several representative solvents classified in three categories: 1) aprotic apolar solvents: 2) protic solvents; 3) aprotic polar solvents were chosen to investigate the effect on the catalytic activity and selectivity for the selective hydrogenation of 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (3,4-DCNB) over Pd/C catalyst. The solvent polarity increases the hydrogenation rate apparently, but also increases the selectivity to 3-chloroaniline and 4-chloroaniline from dehalogenation reaction. The solvents with the high polarity and hydrogen-bond donation capability can generate the strong interaction and the H-b

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4

Heravi, Majid M., Mahdieh Ghavidel, and Leyla Mohammadkhani. "Beyond a solvent: triple roles of dimethylformamide in organic chemistry." RSC Advances 8, no. 49 (2018): 27832–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04985h.

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N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is frequently used as an aprotic solvent in chemical transformations. It is a multipurpose compound besides being an effective polar aprotic solvent. DMF can be act as a reagent, a catalyst and a stabilizer.

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5

Pithan, Phil M., David Decker, Manlio Sutero Sardo, Giampietro Viola, and Heiko Ihmels. "Synthesis and fluorosolvatochromism of 3-arylnaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium derivatives." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (May 2, 2016): 854–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.84.

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Cationic biaryl derivatives were synthesized by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of 3-bromonaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium bromide with arylboronic acids. The resulting cationic biaryl derivatives exhibit pronounced fluorosolvatochromic properties. First photophysical studies in different solvents showed that the emission energy of the biaryl derivatives decreases with increasing solvent polarity. This red-shifted emission in polar solvents is explained by a charge shift (CS) in the excited state and subsequent solvent relaxation. Furthermore, the polarity of protic polar and aprotic polar solvents affects

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6

Nagareddy, V. Kartheek, D. Kurt Gaskill, J. L. Tedesco, et al. "Temperature Dependent Chemical Sensitivity of Epitaxial Graphene." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.691.

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We investigated the chemical sensing mechanism of epitaxial graphene grown on 6H-SiC (0001) to different polar solvents and their behavior at higher temperatures. We show that at 300 K the sensitivity of the graphene sensor increases exponentially with the dipole moment of a solvent and decreases significantly as the temperature increased to 425 K. Using electrical measurements, we also show that graphene can effectively discriminate between polar protic and polar aprotic solvents with the shift in device electrical resistance at 300 K.

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7

Götz, Andreas, Thomas Reske, Stefan Oschatz, Niels Grabow, and Sabine Illner. "Post-modification of PLLA nanofiber nonwovens by various solvent treatments." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 9, no. 1 (2023): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2023-1124.

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Abstract Degradable polymeric Biomaterials, such as polylactic acid, are widely used in medical field as bioresorbable implant coatings. More recently, stent covers, implantable tubes or wound dressings made from electrospun nanofibers have been developed. In order to tailor the material for specific applications, dedicated fine-tuning procedures are required. To modify fiber interconnection or porosity, solvents or their dilutions are applicable. In this work, the effect of differently diluted protic and aprotic-polar solvents on electrospun poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) nonwovens was investigate

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8

Sales, Rita N., Samantha K. Callear, Pedro D. Vaz, and Carla D. Nunes. "Substrate–Solvent Crosstalk—Effects on Reaction Kinetics and Product Selectivity in Olefin Oxidation Catalysis." Chemistry 3, no. 3 (2021): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry3030054.

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In this work, we explored how solvents can affect olefin oxidation reactions catalyzed by MCM-bpy-Mo catalysts and whether their control can be made with those players. The results of this study demonstrated that polar and apolar aprotic solvents modulated the reactions in different ways. Experimental data showed that acetonitrile (aprotic polar) could largely hinder the reaction rate, whereas toluene (aprotic apolar) did not. In both cases, product selectivity at isoconversion was not affected. Further insights were obtained by means of neutron diffraction experiments, which confirmed the kin

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9

Golzardi, Maryam, and Una Glamočlija. "Solubility of phytochemicals and challenges in in vitro studies: a literature review." Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN) 13, no. 2 (2025): 417–24. https://doi.org/10.21533/pen.v13.i2.456.

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Poor solubility remains a critical barrier in the in vitro evaluation of phytochemicals, many of which are hydrophobic and difficult to dissolve in aqueous media. This review explores the physicochemical factors influencing phytochemical solubility, emphasizing the role of solvent properties such as polarity, proximity, and cytotoxicity. Commonly used solvents—including polar protic, polar aprotic, and non-polar solvents —are discussed concerning their solubilizing capacity and compatibility with biological systems. Solvent-induced changes in membrane dynamics and cytotoxic profiles are also e

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10

Jiao, Shu Fei, Yan Zhen Yin, Xiong Gan, Xiao Xi Hu, Zhong Feng Shi, and Yun Wang. "Solvent-Dependent Catalytic Behavior of Hydrophobic Guest Artificial Glutathione Peroxidase Determined Using H₂O₂ and 4-Nitrobenzenethiol as Substrates." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.230.

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Using H2O2 and 4-nitrobenzenethiol as substrates, the catalytic behavior of a hydrophobic guest artificial glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (ADA-Te-ADA) was detailed investigated. The relation between the catalytic rate of ADA-Te-ADA and the property of solvent used in the determination of catalytic rate was revealed. Typically, Ethanol, DMSO, DMF and CH3CN were selected as the co-solvents in the determination of catalytic rates. It indicated that ADA-Te-ADA exhibited the typical solvent-dependent catalytic behavior. Especially, the higher catalytic rate was observed when polar protic solvent (eth

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11

Yin, Yan Zhen, Shu Fei Jiao, Xiong Gan, Zhong Feng Shi, Xiao Xi Hu, and Yun Wang. "Investigation of Solvent-Dependent Catalytic Behavior of a Hydrophobic Guest Artificial Glutathione Peroxidase." Advanced Materials Research 940 (June 2014): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.940.20.

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The investigation of the catalytic behavior of a hydrophobic guest artificial glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (ADA-Te-ADA) was carried out employing H2O2 and 3-carboxyl-4-nitrobenzenethiolas (TNB) as substrates. The relation between the catalytic rate of ADA-Te-ADA and the property of solvent used in the determination of catalytic activity was revealed. Typically, the co-solvents including ethanol, DMSO, DMF and CH3CN were employed in the determination of catalytic rates. It indicated that ADA-Te-ADA exhibited the typical solvent-dependent catalytic behavior. Especially, the higher catalytic rate

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12

Dyker, Gerald, та Richard P. Kreher. "Struktur und Reaktivität von isoanellierten heterocyclischen Systemen mit 4nπ- und (4n+2)π-Elektronen, XVII [1] Diels-Aider- und Michael-Additionsreaktionen von 3-Alkoxy-2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indolen mit Ethindicarbonsäuredialkylestern / Structure and Reactivity of Isoannelated Heterocyclic Systems with 4nπ- and (4n+2)π-Electrons, XVII [1] Diels-Alder and Michael Addition Reactions of 3-Alkoxy-2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles with Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 43, № 12 (1988): 1656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1988-1221.

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Abstract The reactions of 2-rm-butyl-3-methoxy-4-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indole (3) with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates are decisively influenced by the solvent. In the presence of alcohols as protic and polar solvents Michael addition is prefered, while in aprotic and less polar solvents like ether the Diels-Alder reaction is favoured. Based on stereospecific hydrolysis and isotopic labeling dipolar intermediates are discussed. The results are of current interest for mechanistic and theoretical reasons

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13

Lawrenson, Stefan B., Roy Arav, and Michael North. "The greening of peptide synthesis." Green Chemistry 19, no. 7 (2017): 1685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc00247e.

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14

Chmurzynski, L., and Z. Warnke. "Acid-Base Equilibria of Substituted Pyridine N-Oxides in N,N-Dimethylformamide and Dimethyl Sulfoxide." Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 2 (1993): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9930185.

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Acidity constants have been determined potentiometrically for a variety of conjugate acids of substituted pyridine N-oxides in N,N- dimethylformamide ( dmf ) and dimethyl sulfoxide ( dmso ). The pKa values in these solvents varied in the same direction and correlated with the pKa values of these species in water and in the protophobic aprotic solvent acetonitrile. Further, a linear relationship has been established between the pKa values in the two protophilic aprotic solvents under study. The most basic substituted pyridine N-oxides exhibited a weak tendency towards cationic homoconjugation i

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15

Loukopoulos, Edward, Constantina Papatriantafyllopoulou, Eleni Moushi, et al. "Solvatomorphism in a series of copper(II) complexes with the 5-phenylimidazole/perchlorate system as ligands." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 80, no. 4 (2024): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520624005948.

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In the course of an investigation of the supramolecular behaviour of copper(II) complexes with the 5-phenylimidazole/perchlorate ligand system (`blend') remarkable solvatomorphism has been observed. By employing a variety of crystallization solvents (polar protic, polar/non-polar aprotic), a series of 12 crystalline solvatomorphs with the general formula [Cu(ClO4)2(LH)4]·x(solvent) have been obtained [LH = 5-phenylimidazole, x(solvent) = 3.3(H2O) (1), 2(methanol) (2), 2(ethanol) (3), 2(1-propanol) (4), 2(2-propanol) (5), 2(2-butanol) (6), 2(dimethylformamide) (7), 2(acetone) (8), 2(tetrahydrof

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16

Pytela, Oldřich. "A new classification of solvents based on chemometric empirical scale of parameters." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 55, no. 3 (1990): 644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19900644.

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The paper presents a classification of 51 solvents based on clustering in three-dimensional space formed by the empirical scale of PAC, PBC, and PPC parameters designed for interpretation of solvent effect on a model with cross-terms. For the classification used are the clustering methods of the nearest neighbour, of the furthest neighbour, of average bond, and the centroid method. As a result, the solvents have been divided into 8 classes denoted as: I - nonpolar-inert solvents (aliphatic hydrocarbons), IIp - nonpolar-polarizable (aromatic hydrocarbons, tetrachloromethane, carbon disulphide),

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17

Pylaeva, Svetlana, Christoph Allolio, Benjamin Koeppe, et al. "Proton transfer in a short hydrogen bond caused by solvation shell fluctuations: an ab initio MD and NMR/UV study of an (OHO)− bonded system." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 6 (2015): 4634–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04727c.

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18

Cseri, Levente, and Gyorgy Szekely. "Towards cleaner PolarClean: efficient synthesis and extended applications of the polar aprotic solvent methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate." Green Chemistry 21, no. 15 (2019): 4178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc01958h.

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Greener synthetic routes, physical–chemical properties, green metrics performance and applications for the eco-friendly polar aprotic solvent, methyl 5-dimethylamino-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate (PolarClean).

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19

Mellmer, Max, Canan Sener, Jean Marcel Gallo, Jeremy Luterbacher, Alonso David Martin, and James Dumesic. "Solvent effects in acid‐catalyzed biomass conversion reactions." Angewandte chemie international edition 53, no. 44 (2014): 11872–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201408359.

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Reaction kinetics were studied to quantify the effects of polar aprotic organic solvents on the acid-catalyzed conversion of xylose into furfural. A solvent of particular importance is γ-valerolactone (GVL), which leads to significant increases in reaction rates compared to water in addition to increased product selectivity. GVL has similar effects on the kinetics for the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propanal and for the hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose. Based on results obtained for homogeneous Brønsted acid catalysts that span a range of p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> values, w

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20

Sannigrahi, Arindam, Dhamodaran Arunbabu, R. Murali Sankar, and Tushar Jana. "Aggregation Behavior of Polybenzimidazole in Aprotic Polar Solvent." Macromolecules 40, no. 8 (2007): 2844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma070049q.

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21

Asakawa, Miyuki, Abhijit Shrotri, Hirokazu Kobayashi, and Atsushi Fukuoka. "Solvent basicity controlled deformylation for the formation of furfural from glucose and fructose." Green Chemistry 21, no. 22 (2019): 6146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc02600b.

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22

Bhosale, Sheshanath V., Sidhanath V. Bhosale, Mohan B. Kalyankar, Steven J. Langford, and Ceilica H. Lalander. "Self-Assembly of Protoporphyrin IX-TEG Derivatives into Tunable Nanoscaled Spherical Structures." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 9 (2010): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10199.

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The results of a solvo-controlled self-assembly process involving a novel non-ionic protoporphyrin IX functionalized with triethylene glycol (Proto-NTEG) chains is discussed. In relatively non-polar aprotic solvents (cyclohexane/CHCl3), the protoporphyrin forms stable, uniformly-sized multilamellar micro-vesicles of approximately 65 nm diameter, while in more polar protic solvent mixes (CHCl3/MeOH), the same protoporphyrin forms micellar aggregates with dimensions of approximately 6 nm. The solvo-control operates based on the differing properties of glycol units in cyclohexane and methanol lea

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23

Grampp, Günter, Van Anh Tran, Petr V. Pantyukhov, and Alexander I. Kokorin. "Intramolecular Mobility in Nitroxide Biradicals with Flexible Linkers." Applied Magnetic Resonance 51, no. 9-10 (2020): 1031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-020-01219-9.

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Abstract Intramolecular electron spin exchange has been studied by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in two long-chain flexible nitroxide biradicals existing in fluid solutions in three spectroscopy-different spatial conformations as a function of temperature, solvent viscosity and polarity. Certain thermodynamic parameters of the conformational transitions were calculated from the EPR spectra. The process of spin-exchange in these biradicals dissolved in five different alcohols was compared with that in the non-polar solvents (toluene) and aprotic (acetonitrile), as we

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Takova, Diana H., Ludmila S. Lamashvili, and Ludmila L. Dubovitskaya. "Research of Polyphenylenesulphide Synthesis Depending on Nature and Comonomer Rating." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.337.

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Investigated the synthesis of polyphenylene sulfide in the environment of an aprotic polar solvent based on p-dichlorobenzene and p-dibromobenzene according to the nature comonomer rating. Infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis of the obtained samples are presented.

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25

Sereewatthanawut, Issara, Fui Wen Lim, Yogesh S. Bhole, et al. "Demonstration of Molecular Purification in Polar Aprotic Solvents by Organic Solvent Nanofiltration." Organic Process Research & Development 14, no. 3 (2010): 600–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op100028p.

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26

Gharbi-Benarous, Josyane, Mounir M. Essayegh та Gilbert Dana. "Réactivité des α-halobutyrolactones à halogènes tertiaires vis-à-vis des nucléophiles faiblement basiques". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, № 9 (1987): 2031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-338.

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2-Methyl-4-phenylbutenolide (5) is prepared in a quantitative manner by an elimination of HBr from the corresponding bromolactones 3. This reaction, induced by halide ions at 100 °C in polar aprotic solvents (DMF, DMSO), is accompanied by a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution. In these reactions, the solvent seems able to play an active role. A polar solvent induces the necessary activation of the substrate (by a prior strong polarization of the C—Br bond). In the absence of halide ions, a solvolytic reaction takes place. As soon as the elimination reaction produces enough halide ions, the b

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Ban, Zhihui, Brian L. Cushing, and Charles J. O'Connor. "Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Coated Iron Nanoparticles in Polar Aprotic Solvent." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (2008): 2091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.064.

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Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) coated iron nanoparticles which show well-defined core–shell structures have been successfully synthesized in a polar aprotic solvent. In this approach, PVP was employed not as capping agent, but as coating polymer directly applied to the metallic (iron) core nanoparticles. The morphologies, structures, compositions and magnetic properties of the products were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), SQUID magnetometry and FTIR spectroscopy.

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28

Gautam, Prashant, Prasad Kathe, and Bhalchandra M. Bhanage. "Pd/C catalyzed phenoxycarbonylation using N-formylsaccharin as a CO surrogate in propylene carbonate, a sustainable solvent." Green Chemistry 19, no. 3 (2017): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc03027k.

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Recyclable and commercially available Pd/C catalyzes the phenoxycarbonylation reaction using N-formylsaccharin as a CO surrogate in propylene carbonate as an environmentally benign and sustainable polar aprotic solvent under co-catalyst free, ligand free and additive free conditions.

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29

Komarova, Anastasia O., Graham R. Dick, and Jeremy S. Luterbacher. "Diformylxylose as a new polar aprotic solvent produced from renewable biomass." Green Chemistry 23, no. 13 (2021): 4790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc00641j.

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Xylose-derived diformylxylose (DFX) can be produced in a single step from biomass. Here, we show that DFX can act as a novel polar aprotic bio-based solvent similar to DMF, NMP, and DMSO in alkylation, cross-coupling, and hydrogenation reactions.

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Lai, Chin-Hung, Chia-Chin Chang, Yi-Lin Weng, and Ta-Hsien Chuang. "Synthesis, Experimental and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Studies on Solubility of Camptothecin Derivatives." Molecules 23, no. 12 (2018): 3170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123170.

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Two camptothecin derivatives, 10-cyclohexyl-7-methyl-20(S)-camptothecin and 7-methyl-10-morpholino-20(S)-camptothecin, were synthesized and their differences in solubility were investigated using four chosen solvent systems. Based on our results, 10-cyclohexyl-7-methyl-20(S)-camptothecin exhibited higher solubilities than 7-methyl-10-morpholino-20(S)-camptothecin in polar aprotic solvents. However, these two camptothecin derivatives did not exhibit apparent differences in solubility between 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/95% normal saline co-solvent system and 5% dimethylacetamide (DMAC)/95% nor

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Al Mohaimeed, Rawabi M., Anees A. Ansari, and Abdullah Aldwayyan. "The Role of Solvent Environment on the Optical Behavior of Chemically Synthesized Silicon Nanoparticles." Journal of Spectroscopy 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6870645.

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Silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) were prepared by solution-based chemical etching method. Optical characteristics of the as-prepared Si-NPs were investigated in different polar and nonpolar organic solvents. The emission and absorption properties of Si-NPs were tuned by altering the environment (solvents). The variation in absorption coefficient was observed because of the solvent interaction nature of Si-NPs. Si-NPs in polar aprotic and nonpolar solvents manifested good luminescence under UV excitation. PL intensities were observed to be depending on etched cross-section area on wafer surface.

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Ebrahimi Majdar, Reza, Ali Ghasemian, Hossein Resalati, Ahmadreza Saraeian, Claudia Crestini, and Heiko Lange. "Facile Isolation of LCC-Fraction from Organosolv Lignin by Simple Soxhlet Extraction." Polymers 11, no. 2 (2019): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020225.

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A new fractionation protocol for wheat straw organosolv lignin was developed on the basis of the dominating H-bonding orientations of its components. Acetone as H-bond accepting aprotic polar solvent and methanol as H-bond donating and accepting protic polar solvent were used in sequence. Obtained fractions were structurally and thermally analysed. The protocol allowed for the generation of purified lignin fractions and the isolation of a novel, yet unobserved lignin carbohydrate complex (LCC) fraction. This LCC fraction was found to contain exclusively phenyl glycosides and γ-esters as LCC mo

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Islam, Sahidul, and Shrabani Barman. "INTERACTION OF 4-FLUOROPHENYLACETYLENE WITH TRIETHYLAMINE IN SOLUTIONS." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 01 (2025): 494–500. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2025.1819006.

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In non-polar aprotic solvent cyclohexane, 4-Fluorophenylacetylene interacts with triethylamine in the excited state and forms a transient, emissive, weak bimolecular complex, known as exciplex. The fluorescence quenching of 4- Fluorophenylacetylene by triethylamine in cyclohexane is complex. In the lower range of triethylamine (which acts also as a quencher) concentration fluorescence quenching is predominantly dynamic and in higher concentrations the quenching phenomena is complicated. In polar protic solvent ethanol, the fluorescence quenching is dynamic throughout the entire range of quench

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Huang, Li-Hong, Ji-Dong Lou, Changhe Zhang, Fang Lin, and Xiao-Nan Zou. "A Facile Procedure for the Conversion of Oximes to Ketones and Aldehydes with Potassium Dichromate in Dimethylformamide under Homogeneous Conditions." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 4 (2012): 2141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/826527.

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Oxidative cleavage of oximes to their parent corresponding carbonyl compounds using potassium dichromate-dimethylformamide system under homogeneous conditions in good yields is described. The main advantage of the present method is no need of preparation of hexavalent chromium-based reagents due to using a polar aprotic solvent.

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Lalavani, Nilam H., Krishna A. Bhensdadia, and Shipra H. Baluja. "Highly Regioselective Ring-Opening of Epoxides: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation as Potent Antimicrobial Agents." Asian Journal of Organic & Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2021): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajomc.2021.ajomc-p341.

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In present work, a convenient method for the nucleophilic ring-opening of epoxides with secondary amine in presence of ethyl acetate as a polar aprotic solvent using catalytic amount of base is described. Present method is highly regioselective and furnishes the products in short time of period with excellent yield. The regioselectivity of this ring opening was confirmed using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectral data. The antimicrobial screening of all these synthesized compounds was done against some bacterial and fungal strains in two polar solvents, DMSO and DMF usi

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Ngwendson, Julius N., Cassandra M. Schultze, Jordan W. Bollinger, and Anamitro Banerjee. "Effect of base on alkyltriphenylphosphonium salts in polar aprotic solvents." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 7 (2008): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-056.

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When arylmethyl phosphonium salts are treated with a base (e.g., t-BuOK or NaH) they homocouple to form symmetric 1,2-diarylethenes. In some cases, dilution and (or) use of excess base lead to very high yields of the product. This reaction is solvent sensitive: the reaction occurs only when polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile or DMSO are used. Other alkyl phosphonium salts (e.g., ethoxycarbonylmethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and n-butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide) form a ylid (when an α-carbonyl group is present) or lose a phenyl group to form alkyldiphenylphosphine oxides when tre

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37

Sıdır, İsa, Yadigar Gülseven Sıdır, Halil Berber, Maria L. Ramos, Licínia L. G. Justino, and Rui Fausto. "Reversal in Solvatochromism, enol-imine/keto-amine Tautomerism and (E)-(Z) Photoisomerizations in a Benzylidene Aniline Schiff Base Derivative in Different Solvents." Molecules 30, no. 3 (2025): 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030745.

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A novel Schiff base, (E)-4-acetyl-N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)aniline (abbreviated as ANHMA), was synthesized and characterized using infrared and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. Optical properties in different solvents were evaluated using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The compound is shown to exhibit both positive and negative solvatochromism with reversal occurring for solvents with ET(30)~45 (e.g., DMSO). The solvatochromic behavior of the compound was found to be strongly dependent on the hydrogen bond abilities and polarizability of the solvent, the observed reversal in solvatoch

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38

Ai, Youhong, Yangyang Zhan, Dongbo Cai та Shouwen Chen. "A Convenient and Highly Efficient Strategy for Esterification of Poly (γ-Glutamic Acid) with Alkyl Halides at Room Temperature". Polymers 17, № 1 (2024): 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010010.

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The presented work discusses the highly efficient esterification of poly (γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) with alkyl halides at room temperature. The esterification reaction was completed within 3 h, and the prepared γ-PGA esters were obtained with excellent yields (98.6%) when 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) was used as a promoter. The influence of the amount of TMG, solvent, reaction conditions, and alkyl halides on the esterification reaction was examined. It was found that polar aprotic solvents, such as N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), were favorable for the

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39

Jicsinszky, Laszlo, Marina Caporaso, Katia Martina, Emanuela Calcio Gaudino, and Giancarlo Cravotto. "Efficient mechanochemical synthesis of regioselective persubstituted cyclodextrins." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (November 10, 2016): 2364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.230.

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A number of per-6-substituted cyclodextrin derivative syntheses have been effectively carried out in a planetary ball mill under solvent-free conditions. The preparation of Bridion® and important per-6-amino/thiocyclodextrin intermediates without polar aprotic solvents, a source of byproducts and persistent impurities, could be performed. Isolation and purification processes could also be simplified. Considerably lower alkylthiol/halide ratio were necessary to reach the complete reaction in comparison with thiourea or azide reactions. While the presented mechanochemical syntheses were carried

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Blohm, Sascha, Thomas Heinze, and Haisong Qi. "Starch Formates: Synthesis and Modification." Molecules 26, no. 16 (2021): 4882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164882.

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Starch can be efficiently converted into the corresponding formates homogeneously using N-formyl imidazole obtained by the reaction of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole and formic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent. Starch formates are soluble in polar aprotic solvents, not susceptible against hydrolysis, and not meltable. Thermoplastics could be generated by conversion of starch formates with long-chain fatty acids exemplified by the conversion with lauroyl chloride in N,N-dimethylacetamide, leading to mixed starch laurate formates. The mixed esters show melting temperatures mainly dependent on t

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Derrah, Eric J., Karina E. Giesbrecht, Robert McDonald, and Lisa Rosenberg. "Ruthenated Acetonitrile: Unusual Brønsted Acidity of a Polar “Aprotic” Solvent." Organometallics 27, no. 19 (2008): 5025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om800343x.

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42

Omura, Kanji. "Solvolysis of 4-Halogeno-4-Alkyl-2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-dienones Induced by Positive Halogen Donors as Electrophiles." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 11 (2013): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13257.

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Positive halogen donors such as N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) induce solvolysis of dienones 1, as model 4-halogenocyclohexa-2,5-dienones, in different hydroxylic solvents (ROH), yielding the 4-RO-cyclohexa-2,5-dienones (2). The rate of the solvolysis with NIS is highly dependent on the structure of ROH. The problem of such dependency is overcome by running the reaction in ROH diluted with MeCN, a polar aprotic solvent, in place of pure ROH; the rate of the reaction in the ROH-MeCN solvent mixture is almost independent of the structure (or the polarity) of ROH, and the reaction is completed faster or

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43

Rayne, Sierra, and Kaya Forest. "Solvation environment effects on the photoisomerization equilibrium of the model tannins catechin and epicatechin as natural sunscreens in aquatic systems." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, no. 10 (2016): 865–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2016-0134.

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The photoisomerization equilibrium between the model tannins (-)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin in aqueous solution was investigated at the density functional level of theory to gain insights into the action of these compounds as natural sunscreens in aquatic systems. Increasing water temperature, as might be expected on seasonal and diurnal bases, is predicted to shift the equilibrium further in favor of catechin. The isomerization energy between catechin and epicatechin was also considered in a range of polar protic, polar aprotic, apolar protic, and apolar aprotic solvents using the solvation

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Bhowmik, Pradip K., Tae S. Jo, Jung J. Koh, et al. "Poly(Pyridinium Salt)s Containing 2,7-Diamino-9,9′-Dioctylfluorene Moieties with Various Organic Counterions Exhibiting Both Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties." Molecules 26, no. 6 (2021): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061560.

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A series of poly(pyridinium salt)s-fluorene main-chain ionic polymers with various organic counterions were synthesized by using ring-transmutation polymerization and metathesis reactions. Their chemical structures were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), proton (1H), and fluorine 19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These polymers showed a number-average molecular weight (Mns) between 96.5 and 107.8 kg/mol and polydispersity index (PDI) in the range of 1.12–1.88. They exhibited fully-grown lyotropic phases in polar protic and aprotic solvents at different c

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Marcus, Y. "Transfer Gibbs Free Energies of Divalent Anions from Water to Organic and Mixed Aqueous-OrganicSolvents." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 50, no. 1 (1995): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1995-0107.

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The standard molar Gibbs free energies of transfer of divalent anions, in particular sulfate, from water into methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, pyridine, acetonitrile, and dimethylsulfoxide and mixtures of some of them with water or some other solvent have been obtained from the literature. The tetraphenylarsonium tetraphenylborate extrathermodynamic assumption has been used as far as possible in order to obtain the single ion values. The generally unfavorable transfers from water (or protic solvents) into polar apr

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Kamal, Raj, Vipan Kumar, Ravinder Kumar, Sangeeta Saini, and Rajesh Kumar. "Oxidative Rearrangement via 1,2-Aryl Migration using Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene in a Polar Aprotic Solvent." Synlett 31, no. 10 (2020): 959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708010.

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A series of geminal β,β-ditosyloxy ketones were synthesized in moderate to good yields through hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene-mediated ditosyloxylation of readily accessible α,β-unsaturated ketones in a polar aprotic solvent. A mechanism has been proposed for the synthesis of the geminal β,β-ditosyloxy ketones, and entails an oxidative rearrangement involving a 1,2-aryl migration.

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Wu, Runqi, Michael Fleischauer, and Lingzi Sang. "The Interplay between Solvents and Halide Electrolyte in Thin Film Electrolyte Fabrication." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 3 (2025): 183. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-013183mtgabs.

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All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are considered the next-generation batteries, as they use non-flammable solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) and offer potentially higher energy density compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries.1 One promising strategy to achieve high energy density in ASSLBs is to reduce the thickness of SSEs. Due to poor mechanical strength, thin SSE layers (or films) usually need to be realized by incorporating polymers via dry or wet mixing. Extensive thin film electrolyte research has been done on oxide and sulfide electrolytes, while the research on halide elec

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Lee, Young Min, Sun-Young Park, Heesu Kim, Taeg Gyum Kim, and Oh-Hoon Kwon. "Photoinduced strong acid–weak base reactions in a polar aprotic solvent." Methods and Applications in Fluorescence 4, no. 2 (2016): 024004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/4/2/024004.

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Saito, Fuminori, Yasuyuki Nagashima, Akira Goto, et al. "Electrochemical transfer of 18F from 18O water to aprotic polar solvent." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 65, no. 5 (2007): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.01.014.

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50

Tran, Chau B., Quoc Bao Le, and Rudolf Kiefer. "Linear Actuation of Dielectrophoretic Formed Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fiber with Carbide-Derived Carbon in Polar Aprotic and Polar Protic Solvents." Materials 18, no. 14 (2025): 3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143254.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber research focuses on developing functional fabrics with dual or multifunctional capabilities. This study investigates CNT fibers fabricated via dielectrophoresis (DEP) with the incorporation of 10 wt.% carbide-derived carbon (CDC), referred to as CNTCDC fibers. The linear actuation behavior of the CNT and the CNTCDC fibers is compared using identical electrolyte concentrations in both a polar aprotic solvent (propylene carbonate, PC) and a polar protic solvent (aqueous solution, aq). Electromechanical deformation (EMD) is studied through cyclic voltammetry and chrono

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