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Abdel-Razek, Adel G., Ahmed N. Badr, Salman S. Alharthi, and Khaled A. Selim. "Efficacy of Bottle Gourd Seeds’ Extracts in Chemical Hazard Reduction Secreted as Toxigenic Fungi Metabolites." Toxins 13, no. 11 (2021): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110789.
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Bottle gourd seeds are surrounded by innumerable bioactive components of phytochemicals. This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of bottle gourd extracts as antimicrobial and an-ti-mycotoxigenic against toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. Polar and nonpolar extracts were made from the seeds. The polar eco-friendly extract was prepared by an ultrasonication-assisted technique utilizing aqueous isopropanol (80%), whereas the non-polar extract was obtained using petroleum ether (40–60). The antioxidant efficacy, total phenolic content, and flavonoid content of the extracts were all measured. The fatty acid profile was measured using GC equipment, and the influence on toxigenic fungus and mycotoxin release was also investigated. The antioxidant efficacy of the polar extract is reflected. The total phenolic values of the oil and polar extract were 15.5 and 267 mg of GAE/g, respectively. The total flavonoid content of the oil was 2.95 mg catechol/g, whereas the isopropyl extract of seeds contained 14.86 mg catechol/g. The polar extract inhibited the DPPH more effectively than oil. When compared to other seed oils, the fatty acid composition differed. The pathogens were distinguished by the MIC and MFC for the polar extract. Three sterols were found in the oil, with a high concentration of B-sitosterols. The oil’s valuable -carotene content and tocopherol content were recorded. When compared to traditional antibiotics, the polar extract has shown promising antimicrobial activity against infections and toxigenic fungi. Bottle gourd extracts, as a non-traditional bioactive source, are viewed as a potentially promising alternative that might contribute to increased food safety, shelf-life, and security.
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Okoye, O., A. Onyewuchi, and C. Uche. "Synthesis of Flavonoids Derivatives using Polar and Non-Polar Extract of Red Onion Skin (Quercetin) with Cashew Nut Shell Liquid." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 5 (2023): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i5.22.
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Red Onion skin extract and Cashew nut shell liquid has been considered as one of the best antioxidant and anti-inflammatory precursors, as it contains various polyphenols and important flavonoids. In this research, flavonoid derivatives were successfully synthesized from polar and non-polar extract of red onion skin, non-polar extract of cashew nut shell liquid and a combination of the onion skin extracts and cashew nut shell liquid. In this process, crude red onion skin extract was obtained using potassium carbonate via maceration process and acetone via soxhlet extraction. Cashew nut shell liquid was extracted using acetone via soxhlet extraction. The synthesis was carried out via the Williams ether synthesis using 1,2-dibromoethane in the presence of a base catalyst. FTIR of the products confirmed its modification. From the result, it can be concluded that the non-polar extract performed better than the polar extract. Hence for further studies, non-polar solvents should be considered for extraction.
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Sartori, Caroline J., Graciene S. Mota, Isabel Miranda, Fabio Akira Mori, and Helena Pereira. "Tannin extraction and characterization of polar extracts from the barks of two Eucalyptus urophylla hybrids." BioResources 13, no. 3 (2018): 4820–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.4820-4831.
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Barks from two commercial clones of Eucalyptus urophylla hybrids used by the charcoal industry in Brazil were analyzed, with their polar extracts characterized. Also, tannins were extracted with water and sodium sulfite. The mean bark chemical composition showed 2.6% ash, 16% extractives (89% of which were polar extractives), 1.2% suberin, 18.9% lignin, and 61.4% polysaccharides composed mainly of glucans (glucose 48.3% of bark) and xylans (xylose plus arabinose 10.1% of bark). The polar extracts included high mean contents of total phenolics (380.9 mg GAE / g extract), flavonoids (178.4 mg CE / g extract), and tannins (67.7 mg CE / g extract). The mean antioxidant activity of the extracts was low (53.6 mg Trolox / g of bark extract). The extracts had Stiasny indices of 20% with water and 45% with sodium sulfite solution. The FTIR spectra showed condensed tannin bands characteristic of C=C, C-C, and O-H bonds. The barks of E. urophylla hybrids are a potential source of polar extractives that may represent an important valorization.
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Sihono, Sihono, Kustiariyah Tarman, Hawis Madduppa, and Hedi Indra Januar. "Metabolite Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Caulerpa racemosa with Different Handlings." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 13, no. 3 (2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v13i3.355.
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Metabolite profiles and antioxidant activity of Caulerpa racemosa extract with different handlings were investigated. Three different handlings during transportation were applied, namely samples chilled with ice, stored in liquid nitrogen and soaked in seawater. The different handling significantly affected the yield of ethanolic crude extracts and inorganic fractions but insignificantly to organic fractions. Different handlings resulted in differences of major fractions of C. racemosa extracts. Major fractions of the sample that was handled with chilling temperature contained low polar fractions (K10, K11, K12, and K13), while seawater handling extract contained very polar (K1, K2 and K3), polar (K6, K7, and K8) and low polar (K13) fractions. The extract of the sample handled in liquid nitrogen contained balanced fractions. Chilling temperature handling produced highest antioxidant activity (IC50 below 2,000 ppm) in ethanolic extract of C. racemosa. Keywords: antioxidant activity, Caulerpa racemosa, ethanolic extract,handlings, IC50
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Fartyal, Meenakshi, and Padma Kumar. "Bioactivity of crude extracts of Nerium oleander Linn. extracted in polar and non polar solvents." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 3, no. 4 (2014): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2014.3406.
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Today, the world is gradually turning to herbal formulations, which are known to be effective against a large repertoire of diseases and ailments. More importantly, they are not known to cause any notable derogatory effects and are readily available at affordable prices. The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) Linn. Crude extracts from different parts (root, stem and leaf) of the plant were extracted using polar (Water and Methanol) and Non-polar (Petroleum ether) solvents and were screened for antibacterial activity by „Disc Diffusion Assay‟ against three Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Agrobacterium tumifaciens) and two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis). Minimum inhibitory concentration, Minimum bactericidal concentration and total activity of extracts against each sensitive pathogen have also been evaluated. Mean and Standard Deviation have also been calcultated. B. subtilis found to be the most susceptible organism followed by K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and E. coli. Pet ether extract of root (IZ=24 mm, MIC=0.078 mg/ml, MBC=0.039 mg/ml, TA=141.02 ml/g) and stem (IZ=20 mm, MIC=0.156 mg/ml, MBC= 0.078 mg/ml, TA= 16.02 ml/g) showed the best antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae respectively. Methanolic and water extract of leaf, stem and root, Pet ether extract of stem, Methanolic and water extract of stem and Pet ether extract of root and stem also showed very good activities against B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and A. tumifaciens respectively. The range of MIC and MBC was found to be 1.25-0.078 mg/ml and 0.625-0.039 mg/ml respectively. Results reveal the great antimicrobial potency of tested extracts.
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H., Norma, Zaulia O., Noor Ismawaty N., et al. "Scavenging activities of Schizophyllum commune fr. extracts against DPPH radicals, extractable materials and a TLC qualitative of the mushroom extracts." Food Research 6, Supplementary 2 (2023): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(s2).032.
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A fresh split gill mushroom or locally known as cendawan kukur (Schizophyllum commune Fr.) (SC) was obtained from Terengganu, Malaysia. The SC samples were dried in an oven and extracted with several polarities of solvent such as water, ethanol, dichloromethane and hexane. Then the SC extracts were tested for their scavenging activity against the DDPH radical models. The scavenging activities were calculated as a percentage of DDPH radicals discolouration and measured as scavenging activities of the S. commune extracts. The finding observed the highest scavenging activities resulted from SC-H2O (85.40%), followed by SC-ethanol (54.91%), SC-dichloromethane (0.46%) extracts and no observation of scavenging activities showed by a non-polar extract (SCHexane). In this finding, the scavenging activity of SC-H2O extract against DDPH radicals was found more potent at 85.40% and it showed the highest activities as compared to the other SC-DCM and SC-EtOH extracts. In the next observation, the scavenging activities of the single SC-water extract against free radical DDPH were observed for another 30 mins by an interval of 5 mins increment after the incubation time. As a result, the scavenging activities of SC-H2O extract against DDPH free radicals maintained its activities between 85.40-85.76% within 30 mins. These observed that the SC-H2O extracts presented a highly potent antioxidant as compared to other SC extracts in this model. Finally, an additional HPTLC method was used as a preliminary observation of the SC extract separation profiles. The result of SC water extracts (polar extract) observed the same Rf value (0.25) of the unknown compound as compared to the SC-EtOH and SCDCM extracts, and this spot compound was not observed in the non-polar extract of SCHexane. The polar and mid-polar extractable materials were more abundant in TLC separations and are related to the % TSS and strength of the mushroom aroma in the extracts. These preliminary studies will be continued for the S. commune phytochemicals discovery and the development of a new product of S. commune flavour extracts.
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Vien, Do Thi Hoa, and Phung Thi Thuy. "Research on Biological Activity of some Extracts from Vietnamese Carica papaya Leaves." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 12, no. 2 (2013): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.49742.
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Carica papaya leaves have long been used in some folk remedies to treat cancer. This folk remedy originated from Queensland - Australia from 1978 (Harald W. Tietze, 1997). In Vietnam, there are some successful cases of using Carica papaya leaves for cancer treatment even though this mediation do not always work out. In this study, the soluble substances in water (aqueous extract), the carotenoid and the polar substances (polar extract) were extracted from Carica papaya leaves grown in Vietnam; the bioassays such as cytotoxicity on some tumor cell lines as well as antioxidant activity were also tested with obtained extracts. The results showed that all obtained extracts had antioxidant activity stronger than the control substance - vitamin C at the same tested concentration. At concentration of 100 μg/ml, the inhibitive activity on lung cancer cell line LU-1 of obtained extracts was highest, from 43.47% (aqueous extract) to 62.88% (polar extract). On carcinoma cell line KB, inhibitive ability of extracts was lower: 2.8% (polar extract) and 20.6% (aqueous extract). On the breast cancer cells MCF7, inhibitive ability of above extracts was quite high, from 33.95% to 56.19%. On the leukemia cell line HL 60, inhibitive ability of these extracts was also high, from 39.56 to 60.64%. In addition, the result pointed out that on stem cells isolated from mouse embryos (ESC), the obtained extracts was not toxic to healthy cells of this line. This suggested that extracts from Carica papaya leaves has the potential to become one of the natural substance products that can support cancer treatment in certain cases.
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Guha, Gunjan, V. Rajkumar, R. Ashok Kumar, and Lazar Mathew. "Therapeutic Potential of Polar and Non-Polar Extracts ofCyanthillium cinereum In Vitro." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep155.
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Cyanthillium cinereum(Less.) H. Rob. (Asteraceae) has been traditionally known for its medicinal properties, all aspects of which are yet to be exploited. This study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic potential of polar (methanolic and aqueous) and nonpolar (hexane and chloroform) crude extracts of the whole plant. Several parameters including free-radical (DPPH•, ABTS•+, H2O2and•OH) scavenging, reducing power, protection of DNA against oxidative damage, cytotoxicity, inhibition of oxidative hemolysis in erythrocytes, total phenolic content and inhibition of lipid peroxidation were examined. All the free-radical generating assay models demonstrated positive scavenging efficiency with differential but considerable magnitudes for the four extracts. However, only the hexane extract showed significant H2O2scavenging effect. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by thiobarbituric acid-malondialdehyde (MDA) reaction, and a high degree of inhibition was shown by all the extracts. Reducing power of the polar extracts was higher than the non-polar ones. All extracts showed a concentration-dependent increase in phenolic contents. Oxidative damage to erythrocytes was hindered by all extracts in diverse degrees. XTT assay showed that all extracts have mild cytotoxic property. The aqueous extract evidently demonstrated protective effect on pBR322 plasmid DNA against oxidative breakdown. These results suggested the potential ofC. cinereumas medicine against free-radical-associated oxidative damage and related degenerative diseases involving metabolic stress, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity.
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Miranda, Isabel, Joana Ferreira, Sofia Cardoso, and Helena Pereira. "Composition and antioxidant properties of extracts from Douglas fir bark." Holzforschung 75, no. 7 (2021): 677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0097.
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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant ability and the chemical composition of apolar and polar extractives from Douglas-fir bark, cork and phloem, establishing a possible correlation with the structural variation along the tree stem and geographic location. Douglas-fir bark extractives’ composition were analyzed at three stem heights in trees from two locations. Cork and phloem extracts’ composition were analyzed in samples collected at stem base. Extractives content in Douglas-fir bark varied between 14 and 31% and polar extractives (11–29%) were dominant over non-polar. Lipophilic extracts were mainly composed of terpenoids, representing 27–77% of all compounds, highlighted by callitrisic acid (11–34%). Sterols were also abundant (6–45%), with β-sitosterol representing 7–33% of all compounds. Alkanoic acids were present in smaller amounts. Ethanol–water extracts showed high phenolic (562–762 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoid and condensed tannins contents (399–683 mg CE/g extract and 120–262 mg CE/g of extract), high scavenging (IC50 2.8 µg extract/mL) and reducing (12 mM Fe2+/g extract) abilities. Cork had high phenolic (819 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid contents (524 mg CE/g extract) and high antioxidant capacity (1080 mg TEAC/g extract). Detailed knowledge of Douglas-fir extracts demonstrates their potential as a source of fine chemicals towards different applications.
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Hettie, Adil Ellen, and Nonny Manampiring. "Hepatoprotective Activities Of Polar And Non Polar Extract Kembang Sepatu Flower (Hibiscus rosasinensis L.)." Indonesian Biodiversity Journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/ibj.v1i1.152.
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This study aims to obtain the dominant phytochemical group in polar and non-polar extracts of hibiscus flowers and obtain data on hepatoprotective activity of polar and non-polar extracts of hibiscus flowers on male white rats induced by high doses of paracetamol. This study consists of the stages of extraction, stages phytochemical analysis and test phase of hepatoprotective activity using rat test animals. Treat done is negative control (K -). This group was only given solvents (CMC Na 0.5%) 1ml / head / day for 28 days and was not given heat stress treatment. H0. This group was given solvents (CMC Na 0.5%) 1ml / head / day for 28 days, after which they were given heat stress treatment for eight days. H1 This group was given a polar extract of Hibiscus rosasinensis red flowers at a dose of 0.075g mg / 200gramBB / day in a 0.5% CMC suspension of 1 ml for 14 days, and after that was given heat stress treatment for eight days. H2. This group was given a non-polar extract of Hibiscus rosasinensis red flowers at a dose of 0.075mg / 200gramBB / day in a 1% CMC suspension of 1 ml for 14 days, and after that was given heat stress treatment for eight days. The measured parameters were the content of SGPT and SGOT . The results showed that the polar extract and non-polar extract Hibiscus rosasinensis L. red variety were able to maintain levels of the SGOT and SGPT enzymes in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by high doses of paracetamol, as in the negative control group (K-).
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M, Sumithra, Ishwarya N, Shanmugasundaram P, Vijeyaanadhi M, and Dineshnath G. "PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SEED OF MEDICINAL HERB, ARECA CATECHU LINN. AND EVALUATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ARECOLINE IN AQUEOUS AND ORGANIC EXTRACTS." INDIAN DRUGS 57, no. 02 (2020): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.57.02.11751.
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The objective of the study was to extract the active constituent of Areca catechu Linn (Arecaceae) and evaluate the anthelmintic effect of arecoline. liquid liquid extraction was used to extract the arecoline from areca nut. polar and nonpolar solvents were used for extraction. The anthelmintic activity was performed by in vitro studies using adult earthworm (Pheretima posthuma). The anthelminitic test was performed for both extracts and the results compared by using piperazine citrate as reference standard. Water and Hexane there used as polar and non polar solvent for extraction. The hexane extract produced maximum anthelmintic activity with minimum concentration.The hexane and aqueous extracts of nuts of areca catechu exhibited significant anthelmintic activity, as evidenced by decreased paralyzing time and death time. The results support the use of areca catechu as an anthelmintic agent.
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Kaushik, Shweta, Neeta Raj Sharma, Shashank Garg, Anu Bansal, and T. G. Thomas. "Larvicidal effects of Calotropis procera leaf extracts against Aedes aegypti (L), vector of dengue fever." ENTOMON 47, no. 4 (2022): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v47i4.794.
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Leaf extracts of Calotropis procera were tested against late third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Soxhlet extraction of the dried leaves powder with polar and non-polar solvents (water, ethanol, hexane and acetone) was carried out. Larvicidal effects of plant extracts were observed after 24h of exposure. The control group showed no mortality. Ethanolic extract was found more toxic with LC50 1.923 ppm and LC90 8.83 ppm followed by aqueous extract (LC50 2.607 ppm and LC90 11.903 ppm), acetone extract (LC50 4.1 ppm and LC90 16.471 ppm) and hexane extract (LC50 5.364 ppm and LC90 31.759 ppm). As the ethanolic extract of C. procera leaves showed significant larvicidal properties, it can be used as an eco-friendly alternative for the control of Ae. aegypti vector.
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Nugroho, Titania Tjandrawati, Krisna Puja, Yum Eryanti, and Miranti Miranti. "Fractionation of Garcinia Mangostana Fruit Pericarp Cellulase Assisted Extracts by Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 18, no. 1 (2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.18.1.31-42.
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The polar extract of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit pericarp obtained by cellulase assisted ethanol extraction has strong antioxidant activity, giving an average 2,2 diphenyl-1 pykrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging IC50 of 13.9 µg/mL. In order to elucidate the chemical component from this extract that is responsible for the high antioxidant activity, fractionation of the extract should firstly be performed. In this paper we show results of preparative fractionation of the polar extract by two methods, namely preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (PTLC) and preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (PHPLC). PTLC used Silica Gel G60 plates, with a hexane:ethyl acetate (6:4) eluent. PHPLC was a reverse phase method, using C18 column and water:acetonitrile gradient elution. 4 fractions from PTLC and 6 fractions from PHPLC were collected and their antioxidant activity analyzed. Both methods gave separated fractions with lower antioxidant activity than the unfractionated original crude extracts, showing that the strong antioxidant activity of Mangosteen pericarp polar extracts maybe due to the concerted synergetic effect of several compounds, rather than a single isolated compound. It also shows the high degree of difficulty in separating mangosteen pericarp polar components having antioxidant activity for further structural analysis.
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El-Masry, Omar S., Arafat Goja, Mostafa Rateb, Amani Y. Owaidah, and Khaldoon Alsamman. "RNA sequencing identified novel target genes for Adansonia digitata in breast and colon cancer cells." Science Progress 104, no. 3 (2021): 003685042110320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211032084.
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Adansonia digitata exhibits numerous beneficial effects. In the current study, we investigated the anti-cancer effects of four different extracts of A. digitata (polar and non-polar extracts of fruit powder and fibers) on the proliferation of human colon cancer (HCT116), human breast cancer (MCF-7), and human ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3 and OVCAR-4) cell lines. RNA sequencing revealed the influence of the effective A. digitata fraction on the gene expression profiles of responsive cells. The results indicated that only the polar extract of the A. digitata fibers exhibited anti-proliferative activities against HCT116 and MCF-7 cells, but not ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, the polar extract of the fibers resulted in the modulation of the expression of multiple genes in HCT116 and MCF-7 cells. We propose that casein kinase 2 alpha 3 ( CSNK2A3) is a novel casein kinase 2 ( CSNK2) isoform in HCT116 cells and report, for the first time, the potential involvement of FYVE, RhoGEF, and PH domain-containing 3 ( FGD3) in colon cancer. Together, these findings provide evidence supporting the anti-cancer potential of the polar extract of A. digitata fibers in this experimental model of breast and colon cancers.
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Geetha, Sethupandian, Kokkaiah Irulandi, and Palanichamy Mehalingam. "EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF LEAVES OF PIPER UMBELLATUM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 2 (2017): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15570.
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Objective: This study was designed to determine the Total phenol, flavonoid content, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of different solvent extracts of Piper umbellatum. Methods: Different solvent extracts evaluated with DPPH radical scavenging activity and Reducing power activity.Results: The presence of phenol and flavonoid showed highly in the methanol extracts than ethyl acetate and acetone extracts. All the extracts have various level of antioxidant activity. Methanol solvent extract have good extraction and show significant antioxidant activity. The effect of reducing power of methanol extract revealed good antioxidant activity compare with other tested extracts.Conclusion: On the basis of the above results we concluded that methanol extract of Piper umbellatum whole plant extracts shows significant antioxidant activity than ethyl acetate and acetone extracts.Keywords: Piper umbellatum, Antioxidant, DPPH, FRAP assay, Polar, Non polar solvents
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Solomasi Zega, Tiurma, Putri Mandaoni Pakpahan, Rahmayani Siregar, Givinda Sitompul, and Saronom Silaban. "Antibacterial activity test of Simargaolgaol (Aglaonema modestum Schott ex Engl) leaves extract against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 13, no. 2 (2021): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v13i2.26989.
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The Simargaolgaol (Aglaonema modestum Schott ex Engl) plant is a plant that grows wild in Barus District, Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra which is used by the community as a medicinal plant. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts from Simargaolgaol leaves against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria. The antibacterial activity test of Simargaolgaol leaves was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The results of antibacterial activity showed that the highest inhibitory power of Simargaolgaol leaf extract was ethanol extract (polar), ethyl acetate extract (semi polar) and n-hexane extract (non polar). The inhibitory power of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane against Escherichia coli bacteria was 13.1 mm (strong); 9.7 mm (medium); 8.0 mm (medium) and for Salmonella typhi bacteria respectively 11.2 mm (strong); 10.7 mm (strong) and 9.3 mm (medium). With the concentration of the extract in the diameter is 10%. Based on this, it can be concluded that Simargaolgaol leaf extract has potential as an antibacterial. Keywords: Aglaonema modestum Schott ex Engl, Antibacterial activity, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi
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Lia Fikayuniar, Adinda Khairun Nissa, Adiva Nafila Zulfa, et al. "Comparison of Metabolite Content between Water Extract and Ethanol Extract of Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera): A Systematic Literature Review." Eureka Herba Indonesia 4, no. 2 (2023): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/ehi.v4i2.75.
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Extraction with water and ethanol are two common methods used to isolate secondary metabolites from Moringa oleifera. Extraction with water usually produces extracts rich in polar compounds, while extraction with ethanol tends to be better at isolating non-polar compounds. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review related to the comparative study of metabolite content between aqueous extracts and ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera. The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) regarding the comparison of the secondary metabolite content of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. Moringa leaf water extract has higher flavonoid and phenolic content than the ethanol extract of Moringa leaves. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract of Moringa leaves contains higher alkaloids and triterpenoids than the aqueous extract of Moringa leaves.
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Kapitan, Origenes Boy Kapitan, Dina T. Kusumawardhani, Fidelis Nitti, and Gervasia Y. Kedjo. "PROFIL SENYAWA POLAR DAN SEMI POLAR DAUN TEMBELEKAN (LANTANA CAMARA) ASAL PULAU TIMOR." INDIGENOUS BIOLOGI : JURNAL PENDIDIKAN DAN SAINS BIOLOGI 7, no. 3 (2024): 111–21. https://doi.org/10.33323/indigenous.v7i3.567.
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Tembelekan (Lantana camara) is a shrub widely distributed in tropical regions, including the island of Timor. The arid and semi-arid tropical climate of Timor is believed to accumulate specific active chemical compounds different from other regions. Tembelekan leaves are processed into crude drugs and extracted using ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents. The preparation of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts is carried out through the maceration method. The active chemical components of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts are characterized using FTIR and GC-MS. FTIR results indicate that the majority of functional groups present are similar due to the polar nature of the extracted compounds, with only a few differing functional groups between the two plant leaf extracts. GC-MS analysis reveals that the active chemical compounds in the ethanol extract of tembelekan leaves include hexadecanoic acid, phytol, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 4,4-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-3-buten-1-yliden)-2-methylidenbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, and retinol. The active chemical compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of tembelekan leaves include tetradecanoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, squalene, 4,4-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-3-buten-1-yliden)-2-methylidenbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, and tricyclo[4.3.0.0(7,9)non-3-ene,2,2,5,5,8,8-hexamethyl-(1.alpha.,6.beta.,7.alpha.,9.alpha.). Metabolite secondary analysis of the plant using GC-MS shows that compounds in L. camara are dominated by derivatives of plant fatty acids (lipids) as an adaptation to the growing environment.
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Umaru, Isaac John, Fasihuddin Badruddin Ahmed, and Kerenhappuch Isaac Umaru. "In-vitro Antibacterial Study of Crude extract of Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz Against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia." International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 05, no. 02 (2022): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2022.5213.
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Introduction: The antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria have been recognized as a serious problem for humans and animals. The aims of this study were to evaluate the in-vitro antibacterial study of crude extract of Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia. Materials and Methods: Extractions was carried out through conventional method, by soaking the ground, the plant material in non-polar, medium polar and polar solvents in the order of increasing polarity and the crude extracts were tested by the disc diffusion method on nutrient agar medium. Result: The growth inhibition was considered and compared based on the inhibition rate as reported and < 9 mm inhibition is considered inactive in this regards the methanol leaves extract was observed to exhibited higher activity at 500 µg/mL on Klebsiella pneumonia with growth inhibition zone of 16.23 ± 0.06 mm. And lower inhibition was observed for other organism tested at similar concentration. Conclusion: The focus of this study is to provide the prospects of Barringtonia asiatica different solvent from non-polar and polar crude extract as a good agent for combating antibacterial menace and disease resistance from modern medicine.
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Arif, Nur Muhammad Ansori, Puspita Supriyadi Aulia, Veronika Kartjito Maria, Rizqi Fauziah, Adrianto Hebert, and Hamidah. "Biolarvicidal Effectivities of Polar and Non-polar Extract Fraction from Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) Leaf against 3rd Instar Larvae of Aedes aegypti." Journal of Biological Engineering Research and Review 2, no. 2 (2015): 14–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15291752.
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<strong>Abstract</strong>: Indonesia is one of the largest countries in the dengue endemic region and ranked first in ASEAN by the highest number of cases in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The use of chemical agents such as larvicides causes development of resistance, health, and environmental problem. Plant extracts with larvicidal activity from plants, which are easily available in large quantities and are safe for human needed to replace the chemical larvicides. The aim of this research was to obtain polar (methanol) and nonpolar (n-hexane) extract fraction from leaves of kaffir lime (<em>Citrus hystrix</em>) which are known to possess several insecticide and an effective biolarvicide. The experiment was designed as a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for comparative analysis. Polar and non-polar extract fractions of C. hystrix were tested with concentrations of 500 ppm, 1375 ppm, 2250 ppm, 3125 ppm, and 4000 ppm against the 3 rd instar larvae of <em>Aedes aegypti</em>. The experiment was replicated five times. The number of mosquito larvae mortality was calculated after 24 hours of treatment. The dead larvae were counted and the data was analyzed using probit. The results show that non-polar extract fraction from C. hystrix is more toxic and is an effective biolarvicide with LC 90 = 2,885 ppm compared with polar extract fraction from C. hystrix which has an LC90 = 3,180 ppm.
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Ounis, Roumissa, Fatima Benchikh, Smain Amira, et al. "Impact of Extraction Solvent Polarity: Antioxydant Activity of Methanolic, Hydromethanolic and Aqueous Decocted Extracts of Algerien Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. Areal Parts." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 11, no. 6 (2023): 1161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i6.1161-1167.5931.
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Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. , known as ‘Methnane’ in Algeria, is a widely medicinal plant used in folk medicine. In the present study, In vitro antioxidant activity of T. hirsta extracts and the impact of extraction solvent polarity on the antioxidant potential were investigated. Three types of polar solvents with decreasing polarity were chosen; water for decocted extract, methanol-water at 50% and absolute methanol for macerated extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated and showed a high amount wihch decreases with increasing polarity. Antioxydant activity was assessed with different methods: ABTS assay for evaluation of scavenge activity, CUPRAC and reducing power for assessement of the reduction potential of T. hirsuta areal parts. The results showed that T. hirsuta areal parts exhibited a strong scavenging activity with significant difference between extracts in terms of their polarity. In the same line, the most polar aqueous decocted extract exhibited a considerable reducing activity followed by hydromethanolic and methanolic extract with increasing potential. These findings suggest the suitability of polar solvents for the extraction of phytochemical compounds from T. hirsuta areal parts and so, their antioxidant activity against several radicals and ions.
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El Menuawy, Ahmed, Thomas Brüning, Iván Eiriz та ін. "Apolar Extracts of St. John’s Wort Alleviate the Effects of β-Amyloid Toxicity in Early Alzheimer’s Disease". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, № 2 (2024): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021301.
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Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) has been described to be beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Different extractions have demonstrated efficiency in mice and humans, esp. extracts with a low hypericin and hyperforin content to reduce side effects such as phototoxicity. In order to systematically elucidate the therapeutic effects of H. perforatum extracts with different polarities, APP-transgenic mice were treated with a total ethanol extract (TE), a polar extract obtained from TE, and an apolar supercritical CO2 (scCO2) extract. The scCO2 extract was formulated with silicon dioxide (SiO2) for better oral application. APP-transgenic mice were treated with several extracts (total, polar, apolar) at different concentrations. We established an early treatment paradigm from the age of 40 days until the age of 80 days, starting before the onset of cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition at 45 days of age. Their effects on intracerebral soluble and insoluble Aβ were analyzed using biochemical analyses. Our study confirms that the scCO2H. perforatum formulation shows better biological activity against Aβ-related pathological effects than the TE or polar extracts. Clinically, the treatment resulted in a dose-dependent improvement in food intake with augmentation of the body weight, and, biochemically, it resulted in a significant reduction in both soluble and insoluble Aβ (−27% and −25%, respectively). We therefore recommend apolar H. perforatum extracts for the early oral treatment of patients with mild cognitive impairment or early AD.
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Tahir, Ramatu, John Kenneth Menshah, and Yakubu Jibira. "Anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant bioactivities of the methanolic extract of Alafia zambesiaca (stem-bark)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 3 (2022): 891–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i3.1.
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Alafia zambesiaca is a medicinal plant used widely in Ghana for the treatment of gastric/peptic ulcers. The objective of this study was to comparatively assess the effect of the methanolic and the diethylether extracts of the plant phytochemicals on three bioactivities indicative of gastric/peptic ulcers etiology. Using standard laboratory assays involving broth dilution, carrageenan-induced foot swelling of 7-day old chicks and DPPH radical scavenging, this study compared and contrasted the antimicrobial, the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory bioactivities of the methanolic extract with that of the diethyl ether extract of the stem-bark of Alafia zambesiaca. Phytochemical analyses proffered mechanistic explanations for the differing solvent-specific extract bioactivities by reporting the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and triterpenoids in the methanolic extract and by demonstrating that saponin is the only detectable phytochemical in the diethylether extract. The methanolic extract was comparatively the more potent anti-oxidant in vitro as demonstrated by its relatively higher anti-oxidant capacity, its comparatively higher total phenolic content and its disproportionately lower IC50’s in the DPPH and H2O2 antioxidant assays. Consistently for each of the panel of four bacterial and two fungal pathogenic microbial cell lines, the methanolic extract showed higher anti-microbial activity recording, in each case, MICs that were quantitatively lower than that of the diethylether extract. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan induced chick feet edema method indicated the methanolic extract’s evocation of a dose-dependent reduction in foot edema and the diethyl ether extract’s lack of display of measurable anti-inflammatory activity. Taken together, the more polar methanolic extract contains quantitatively more phytochemicals that have qualitatively more potent bioactivities and this observation gives credence to the use of aqueous stem-bark extracts of Alafia zambesiaca for the ethnomedicinal management of gastric ulcers. Alafia zambesiaca mediates its anti-ulcer effects in gastric mucosa possibly through polar phytochemical-triggered suppressive effects on microbial proliferation, via polar phytochemical-evoked mitigation of concurrent cellular oxidative stress and through polar phytochemical-modulation of inhibitory effects on cellular inflammatory events.
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Fitriah, Fitriah, Mappiratu Mappiratu, and Prismawiryanti Prismawiryanti. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN TANAMAN JOHAR (Cassia siamea Lamk.) DARI BEBERAPA TINGKAT KEPOLARAN PELARUT." KOVALEN 3, no. 3 (2017): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775398.2017.v3.i3.9333.
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A research about antibacterial activity test of johar plant leaf extract (Cassia siamea Lamk.) using several levels of solvent polarity has been implemented. This study aims to determine whether the antibacterial compounds in the leaves is polar, non-polar or semi-polar, and to determine the highest inhibition level of johar leaf extract on both the gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus). The maceration method was used in this research with 3 levels of solvent polarity namely non-polar, semi-polar and polar. The bacterial activity test was done with diffusion method. The results showed that the johar leaf contains antibacterial compounds which are polar and semi-polar. The highest inhibition level was obtained at johar leaf ethanol extract for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteu and Shigella dysentriae of 14.9, 12.9, 12, and 7.2 mm, respectively.Keywords: Antibacterial, Inhibition Level, Johar Leaf Extract
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NURHAIDA, NURHAIDA, MURNIANA MURNIANA, and JAINURSUMARMI SAFRULLAH ATANTA. "Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity testing of n-hexane extract from Barringtonia asiatica seeds." Jurnal Natural 24, no. 1 (2024): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jn.v24i1.32597.
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Barringtonia asiatica, a marine plant belonging to the Lecythidaceae family, exhibits bioactivity in all parts of the plant. In the Simeulue region, the seeds of this plant are used for fish trapping. The polar extracts of B. asiatica seeds has shown antibacterial activity, but the non-polar extracts has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the secondary metabolites of B. asiatica using a non-polar solvent (n-hexane) and evaluate its activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The extraction method employed using soxhlet extraction, and the antibacterial activity was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method. The presence of secondary metabolites in the B. asiatica seed extract was assessed using phytochemical tests, and its chemical composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The yield of n-hexane extract from B. asiatica seeds was 1.7%, and the phytochemical analysis revealed that the B. asiatica seed’s n-hexane extract contains only terpenoids compounds. The B. asistica seed’s n-hexane extract at concentration of 10% (w/v) showed the highest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (9.3 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (9,9 mm). The GC-MS analysis showed that B. asiatica seed’s n-hexane extract contains Guaiene, Guaiene, Ledene, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, and Ethyl linoleate. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that B. asiatica seed's n-hexane extract exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.
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Rahman, Arief, Rusli Anwar, and Yuliana Sabarina Lewar. "Identification of Secondary Metabolite Compounds in Nut Grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) Using Different Solvents Types." Median : Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Eksakta 15, no. 3 (2023): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33506/md.v15i3.2788.
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Nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) is a common weed often found in agricultural fields. Its high population in agricultural land can have negative implications for farmers as it can inhibit the growth and production of cultivated crops. However, nutgrass has the potential to be developed into a biopesticide due to its phytochemical compounds. This research aims to identify secondary metabolite compounds present in nutgrass extracts. The study employed phytochemical screening methods on nutgrass extracts using ethanol (polar) and n-hexane (non-polar) solvents. The results showed that the yield of nutgrass extract using ethanol and n-hexane solvents was 10.81% and 0.65%, respectively. Nutgrass extract with ethanol as the solvent contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, whereas the extract with n-hexane as the solvent only contained steroid compounds. In general, the secondary metabolite compounds in nutgrass extracts include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids.
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Sani, Yulvian, Saumtira Bustami, and Aisjah Grindra. "The hepatotoxicity of Ageratum conyzoides leaf in experimental rats." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 3, no. 1 (2014): 63–70. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v3i1.96.
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Five extracts were obtained from Ageratum conyzoides leaf extracted in methanol-water (4 :1). They were neutral extract (in ethyl acetate), moderately polar extract (in chloroform); basic extract (in chloroform-methanol), polar extract (in methanol), and filtrate. Three extracts were tested biologically and the moderately polar extract was found to be most toxic for female Wistar rats . While the toxicity of neutral extract was mild and other extracts were non-toxic. Therefore, the moderately polar extract was investigated for the hepatoxicity effects in the present study. Intragastric dosing of this extract in rats has caused mortality with clinical signs of weakness, low activity and death. Pathological examination showed mottling on the capsular surface of liver. Microscopically showed anisokaryosis, megalocytosis, bile duct cells proliferation and necrosis . Multiple dosing of this extract may lead to liver and lung injury showing anisokaryosis, megalocytosis, bile duct cells proliferation, centrolobular necrosis, vacuolisation, mitotic figures and mononuclear cells infiltration in the liver and epithelialisation of alveolar walls, thickening of alveolar walls and oedema in the lungs. Liver regeneration occurred 7 days after the last dosing showing mitotic figures and return to the normal structure of liver. The average body weight gain reduced during the first 3 weeks of intoxication from 127.6 g. on predosing to 120,4 g. on week-3 followed by an increased on body weight until the last experiment to 130.8 g. when dosing of extract was terminated . There was an increased of alanine amino transferase ( ALAT) during the first 2 days after dosing from 14.6 IU/1 to 23 .0 IU/1 and reduced at the following days to 7.5 IU/1 at day-5 after dosing . Dosing with retrorsin has caused an increased in ALAT consistently during the first 5 days to 8.7 IU/1 . The activity of aspartate amino transferase (ASAT) reduced during the first 3 days after dosing with the extract from 29 .2 IU/1 to 15 .1 IU/I and from 15 .9 IU/1 to 8.9 IU/1 with retrorsin, but both enzymes appeared higher than control rats . The analysis of toxic  compound in A. conyzoides leaf showed that the Rf value was similar to retrrorsin showing the leaf containing pyrrolizidine alkaloid compounds.  Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides, retrorsine, pathology, regeneration, liver, lungs
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Diharmi, Andarini, Edison Edison, Mirna Ilza, Dahlia Dahlia, and Reza Saputra. "Aktivitas antioksidan, total fenolik, flavonoid dan saponin anggur laut (Caulerpa lentillifera) diekstrak dengan pelarut yang berbeda polaritas." Agrointek : Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian 18, no. 3 (2024): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agrointek.v18i3.12240.
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Caulerpa lentillfera is a species of seaweed that belongs to the class Chlorophyceae (green seaweed). Caulerpa lentillifera contains secondary metabolites consisting of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and phenols that can be used as antioxidants, antimicrobials, anticancer and others. This study was aimed to determine the total phenolic flavonoid compounds, saponins, and antioxidant activity of Caulerpa lentillifera extract. The research method used is an experiment by conducting a series of experiments, namely the extraction of Caulerpa lentillifera using the maceration method in stages with solvents of different polarity. The solvents used consisted of non-polar (n-hexane), semi-polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (methanol). The analysis parameters consisted of yield analysis, total phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and antioxidant activity. The yield of Caulerpa lentillifera extract extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol was 0.36; 0.39; and 0.42%. The content of saponins produced from hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 0.14%; 0.17%; and 0.20%, respectively, in a 100 g sample. The total phenol produced in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 141,50 mgGAE/100 g and 154,65 mg GAE/100 g, respectively. Flavonoid content was 116,82 mg QE/100 g only found in methanol extract. The antioxidant activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts with IC50 values were 234.28, 203.96, and 124,77 ppm, respectively. Extracts of Caulerpa lentillifera with different polarity solvents were produced different bioactive components. Saponins were produced in all three types of solvents, phenol were found in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts and flavonoids only in methanol extract. The highest antioxidant activity of Caulerpa lentillifera was produced with methanol extract with IC 50 value of 124,77 ppm.
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M, Wulandari, Arianto A, and Yuandani Y. "Phytochemical Screening and Emulgel Formulation of Jernang Resin Extract (Daemonorops Draco (Willd) Blume)." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 1 (2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i1.918.
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Objective: Daemonorops draco (Willd) Blume is a plant that produces jernang, which is a red resin that sticks to the outer skin of the fruit. Also known as dragon's blood, it is used as a traditional medicine for wound healing, anti-diarrhea, etc. as a natural coloring agent. Emulgel is an emulsion that contains a gel base in a certain ratio. Emulgel has the advantages of increasing drug absorption, easy to apply and more comfortable, not sticky on the skin. This study aims to determine the class of secondary metabolites contained in jernang in the form of simplicia and their extracts and to make jernang resin extract emulgel preparations that can be used as wound medicine.
 Method: Jernang simplicia collected by dry method. The extract was made by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, separating the solvent using a rotary evaporator and concentrating it on a water bath. Phytochemical screening was carried out on simplicia and extracts. The emulsion formulation of jernang resin extract was made in three formulas with various levels of extracts P1 (2.5%), P2 (5%) and P3 (7.5%), using Tween 80 and Isopropyl myristate (IPA) as surfactants and oil phase, and 1% Carbopol as a gel base, then the emulgel was made with a ratio of emulsion and gel base of 4: 1 so that the variations of the extract were made into three formulas P4 (2%), P5 (4%) and P6 (6%)
 RESULTS: The results of phytochemical screening showed that jernang simplicia contained flavonoid, glycoside and saponin compounds. Also compounds that are non-polar, namely steroids / triterpenoids. Whereas in the form of the extract it contains flavonoid class compounds, this is because the 96% ethanol solvent is semi-polar so that the compounds contained in the ethanol extract are polar compounds, namely flavonoids which are the largest content of compounds in jernang. Jernang P4 extract emulgel (2%) organoleptically has the best physical appearance, has the characteristics of a thick, slightly clear consistency, brownish red color, has a distinctive smell of jernang mixed with the aroma of Tween 80, and is homogeneous.
 Conclusion: Based on the test results, it can be concluded that in the form of jernang simplicia, it contains polar compounds (flavonoids, glycosides and saponins) and non-polar (steroid / terponoid groups) and in the form of jernang resin extract contains flavonoid class compounds. Organoleptically, the jernang resin extract emulgel with a content of 2% (P4) is the best formula compared to other formulas.
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MENDOZA MEZA, Dary Luz, and Stephanie SAAVEDRA A. "Chemical composition and anti-irritant capacity of whole body extracts of Ulomoides dermestoides (coleoptera, tenebrionidae)." Vitae 20, no. 1 (2013): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.10994.
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Background: In traditional medicine of Central and South America, the tenebrionid beetle Ulomoides dermestoides is used as an a phrodisiac, for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Recently was reported cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of non-polar extract of U. dermestoides; also anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of aqueous whole body extract of beetle was reported, it suggests the existence of components with potential pharmacology use. On the other hand, it is necessary to identify those polar and non-polar extracts of U. dermestoides with anti-irritant properties for the membranes and blood vessels, which will be used in subsequence biological test and clinical assays. Objectives: The purpose of this research was to identify the chemical composition of methanolic and hexanic extracts of U. dermestoides, and to assess their anti-irritant capacity. Methods: The extracts were obtained from adult beetles of U. dermestoides. The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the anti-irritant effect of each extract was evaluated by means of a modified assay of irritation of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of fertilized chicken eggs (HET-CAM); the
 results were expressed as irritation index (IR). Results: Six common compounds were identified in both extracts: limonene, myristic, palmitic, estearic, oleic, and linoleic fatty acids. But in the alone methanolic extract were found: 1-pentadecanol, alpha-pinene, beta-phellandrene and alpha-terpinene, whereas in the
 hexanic extract were found: 2-methyl-p-benzoquinone, 2,4-dihidroxy-1-ethylbenzene, 2,5-dimethylquinone, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and alcohols. The methanolic extract of U. dermestoides showed potential anti-irritant effect in the HET-CAM test (IR = 3.09 ± 0.11), similar to that observed with Nimesulida (IR = 2.05 ± 0.14), a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used as positive control for irritation inhibition reaction. The hexanic extract did not show anti-irritant capacity. Conclusions: The results demonstrated the anti-irritant effect of the methanolic extracts of U. dermestoides that could be attributed to compounds with anti-inflammatory activity as oleic acid and limonene.
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N, Siddhu, and Saxena J. "QUANTIFICATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT OF EXTRACTS OF TAGETES ERECTA FLOWERS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (2017): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.14598.
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Objective: Tagetes erecta, marigold, has various ethnomedicinal uses. It has a wide variety of bioactive components such as polyphenols and flavonoids which show different bioactivities. The aim of the present study is to quantitatively estimate total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of different extracts of T. erecta flowers.Methods: Extraction was done by maceration process, sequentially from non-polar to polar. Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of T. erecta flowers were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The extracts were analyzed for TPC and TFC using gallic acid and rutin as standard, respectively.Result: Phytochemical screening of different extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolics, fats, and oils. TPC and TFC in extracts of T. erecta varies with solvents. The study revealed that methanolic extract possesses the highest phenolic content, 49.76±0.29 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract, and also maximum flavonoid content, 13.43±0.43 mg RE/g extract, among the three extracts.Conclusion: Higher value of phenolics and flavonoid indicates higher antioxidant activity. The present study revealed that methanolic extract has the highest phenolic and flavonoid content. This indicates that the flowers may possess a good antioxidant property and further research could be carried out.
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Muchtaromah, Bayyinatul, Alfiah Hayati, and Erna Agustina. "Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Acorus calamus L. Extracts." Jurnal Biodjati 4, no. 1 (2019): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v4i1.4235.
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Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are among the most common species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which cause vaginitis, in infertile women. The Calamus rhizome (Acorus calamus L.) is an Indonesian plant that has antibacterial properties that can be used to treat vaginitis and increase fertility. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of the calamus rhizoma in polar, semi-polar and non-polar solvents in the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. The antibacterial activity test was in the form of inhibitory test using the Kirby-Bauer, Minimum Inhibi-tion Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by microdilution method with multilevel dilution (concentra-tions 50; 25; 12.5; 6.25; 3.13; 1.56; 0.78; and 0.39%). The screening results showed that ethanol and n-hexane extract contained alkaloids and triterpenoids, while chloroform extract was only triterpenoid. Chloroform extract produced the largest inhibition zone diameter of S. aureus and E. coli (7.26 and 3.28 mm), followed by ethanol extract (5.90 and 3.07 mm) and n-hexane extract (5.33 and 2.95 mm). The concentrations of 0.39 and 0.78% were the values of MIC and MBC for all three extracts, indicating that the extract of the calamus rhizome with several solvents in this study had the same antibacterial activity.
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Waill, A. Elkhateeb, M. El-Hagrassi Ali, Fayad Walid, et al. "Cytotoxicity and Hypoglycemic Effect of the Japanese Jelly Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae." Chemistry Research Journal 3, no. 4 (2018): 123–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13835191.
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The aim of this study was to explore the biological activity of the polar and non- polar extracts of <em>Auricularia auricula-judae</em> and to evaluate the most active compounds and classes by GC-MS and LC-HRMS analysis. The jelly mushroom was collected from Hakozaki Higashi-ku Fukuoka-shi parks in Japan and successively extracted by elevating the polarity of the solvents. Non polar (n-hexane) extract which contained Oleic acid as a major compound (62.31%) was the most cytotoxic against HCT116 cell line, the recorded IC<sub>50</sub> was (43.5) μg/ml. Among all extracts, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were the most DPPH radical antioxidant with IC<sub>50</sub> values (333.1) μg/ml and (371.7) μg/ml, respectively. By screening of the four extracts as antidiabetics, ethyl acetate was the most active and the obtained IC<sub>50</sub> was (14.05±3.2) ppm. LC-HRMS analysis of the methanol extract evaluated that the most active compounds belonged to polyketides, and terpenoid classes and pyran derivatives.
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Djumidar, Abd Rahman Razak, Ahmad Ridhay, et al. "Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Batang Tumbuhan Johar (Senna siamea Lam) pada Berbagai Polaritas Pelarut." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 8, no. 2 (2022): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2022.v8.i2.15970.
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Johar plant is a type of plant from the Fabaceae family which is widely used in traditional medicine such as malaria, itching and diabetes medicine. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Johar stem bark extract with different levels of solvent polarity on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria and to determine the active compound class by TLC-Bioautography. The extraction of active compounds used a multilevel maceration method starting with n-hexane (non polar), followed by ethyl acetate (semi-polar) and ethanol (polar) solvents. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out by diffusion well method with a concentration variant of 25% and 50%. The results showed that n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract had antibacterial activity against the two test bacteria. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract from Johar stem bark at a concentration of 50% were classified as very strong antibacterials with inhibition zone diameters against S. aureus, which were 22.02±0.84 mm and 20.16±0.23 mm, respectively. The results of the TLC-Bioautography test showed that the three test extracts had strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. In the n-hexane extract with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1) eluent using Lieberman-Burchard spray reagent, it was suspected that triterpenoid compounds were present. In ethyl acetate extract with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (6:4) eluent and ethanol extract with chloroform: methanol (8:2) eluent using FeCl3 1% spray reagent, it was suspected that the tannin compound was present in both extracts.
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Tiwari, Ashutosh, C. K. Tyagi, Harish Pandey, and Sunil Kumar Shah. "Pharmacological Modeling and Study for Antidiabetic Activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus Leaves Extracts." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 4-s (2020): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i4-s.4276.
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Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of leaves of Praecitrullus fistulosus for the antidiabetic activity have been done in our research work encompassed in depth and systematic screening of plant leaves and further extraction, characterization and bioevaluation. The research was envisaged for antidiabetic activity of different extracts procured by successive extraction methods and to find out or isolate the most possible active compounds from the active extracts showing the best activity. The antidiabetic activity of all extracts has been evaluated by STZ induced diabetes. The isolated compounds have been evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo models. The alcohol soluble extractives values were found to be higher than water soluble extractive value. Alcohol being a moderately non polar solvent, able to extract polar and non-polar components yields higher extractive value. The ethanol extract shows significant enhancement in glucose tolerance in glucose fed hyperglycemic normal rats and produced a marked decrease in blood glucose levels at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight in streptozotocin-diabetic rats after 21 days treatment.
 Keywords: Praecitrullus fistulosus, Streptozotocin and Glibenclamide, diabetes, Pharmacological Evaluation
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Yusnawan, Eriyanto. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLAR AND NON POLAR FRACTIONS OF AGERATUM CONYZOIDES L. TO CONTROL PEANUT RUST DISEASE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENINGS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 13, no. 2 (2013): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.213159-166.
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The effectiveness of polar and non-polar fractions of Ageratum conyzoides L. to control peanut rust disease and phytochemical screenings of secondary metabolites. Peanut rust disease caused by Puccinia arachidis is one of the important diseases which causes yield loss more than 50%. An alternative control which is more environmentally friendly can be conducted by applying botanical fungicides extracted from weeds. This study aimed to obtain effective concentrations of polar and non-polar fractions of roots, leaves, and flowers of Ageratum conyzoides as well as to investigate secondary metabolites in each extract. A spore germination test was conducted to determine the effectiveness of each extract. An application of 5% polar fraction of the leaves resulted 98±2% ungerminate spores which was not different with the application of 5% polar fraction of the roots which resulted 95±2% ungerminate spores. The use of a polar solvent extracted more diverse secondary metabolites compared with that of a non-polar solvent. Phytochemical screening tests on the three extracts showed that the leaf polar fraction contained more diverse secondary metabolites as compared with the others. The polar fraction of the leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. A further test to confirm the existence as well as to separate these compounds with thin layer chromatography showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids separated into 7, 9, 6, and 8 spots, respectively. These secondary metabolites may be responsible to inhibit the spore germination of P. arachidis.
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Khramchankova, Volga M., and Matsvei V. Matveyenkau. "PHOTOPROTECTIVE, CYTOTOXIC AND PHOTOMODIFYING ACTIVITY OF LICHEN BIOMASS NON-POLAR FRACTIONS AGAINST HUMAN KERATINOCYTE (HaCAT)." JOURNAL OF THE BELARUSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY ECOLOGY 2 (2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/2521-683x/2021-2-29-35.
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In vitro, the photoprotective, cytotoxic and photomodifying properties of hexane and benzene extracts from the widely distributed in Belarus lichens Cladonia arbuscula, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Ramalina pollinaria and Xanthoria parietina in the culture of human keratinocytes (HaCAT), are estimated. It was found that these extracts are not photoprotective, they have a photomodifying effect upon irradiation of keratinocyte cultures with ultraviolet light. Hexane extract of E. prunastri and benzene extracts of R. pollinaria and H. physodes at a concentration of 2.5 μg/ml are photoprotectors that weaken the effect of ultraviolet radiation by 1.6 ÷ 1.8 times. Extracts of C. arbuscula and X. parietina are photosensitizers – they increase the toxic effect of ultraviolet radiation by 10 or more times, regardless of the concentration of the extract in the nutrient medium. Hexane and benzene extracts of C. arbuscula and H. physodes lichens are cytotoxic to the HaCAT culture. With an increase in the dose of ultraviolet irradiation of keratinocytes from zero to lethal values, the benzene extract of R. pollinaria acted as a photoprotector at a concentration of 2.5 μg / ml, and as a photosensitizer at higher concentrations. The hexane and benzene extracts of E. prunastri and H. physodes exhibited sensitizing properties that increased with an increase in the concentration of lichen extracts. C. arbuscula hexane extract and X. parietina benzene extract were the most potent photosensitizers.
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Amin Mir, M., Shalini Upadhay, and Bilal Ahmad Mir. "Inhibition of Alpha Amylase and Alpha Glycosidase Enzymes by Various Earth Worm Extracts." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 11, no. 3 (2018): 1261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1487.
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The earth worm extracts have been analysed for the inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glycosidase enzymes, which are the key enzymes for the control of glucose in the human system so have direct impact upon the health of an organism. These two enzymes have direct involvement in the diabetic process. So the inhibition of these two enzymes helps in the reduction of diabetes. Various extracts of the earth worms, viz, Ethyl acetate, Acetone, DMSO, Ethanol and Water have been analysed against the inhibition of the respective enzymes. Among the various extracts it had been found that water extract posses the highest inhibition potential followed by ethanol extract. The DMSO, Acetone posses the inhibition potential in between water extract and the Ethyl acetate extract. So it could be concluded that polar solvents posses high inhibition potential than the lesser polar solvents, which could be due the polar extracted compounds from the concerned extract of earth. Diabetes mellitus is spreading at an alarming rate in the world and three fourth of the world population is being getting effected by the disease in reference, which leads to major cause of high economic loss in the development of nations. The uncontrolled diabetes leads to many chronic complications like blindness, heart issues, and renal failure, etc. Therapies have been developed along with the principles of western medicine (allopathic) which often have limited efficacy, which carry the risk of adverse effects, and are often too costly, especially for the developing countries. But the research in reference is the first research in the world in which it had been shown that earth worm extracts can be used as anti-diabetic medicines. Other properties of earth worms, like antimicrobial anti-inflammatory etc are known already but the anti-diabetic effect has been analysed first time in the world.
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Nega, Adem, and Bayeh Mulatu. "Oviposition Deterrence and Ovicidal Activity of Birbira (Melletia furrgunia) on Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)." International Research Journal of Insect Sciences 6, no. 1 (2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.106.2021.61.8.14.
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The efficacy of different polar and non-polar solvent extracts of Birbira, Melletia furrginea (Hochst.) Baker tree seeds namely: Water, Acetic acid, Acetone, Chloroform, Toluene, and Hexane at different rates were evaluated on Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. oviposition and egg mortality under laboratory conditions. The leaf dipping method was used to run both assays. In the assay, full Oviposition deterrence was recorded at the higher rates of polar solvent extracts. Significantly higher egg un-hatchability was recorded only at the higher rates for non-polar extracts. Eggs mortality caused by extracts with Water and Acetone was very high, and have much smaller LC50 values. In contrast, LC50 was higher for the other extracts. However, there was a constant increase in the percent kill of egg mass with the increase in the extract concentration. From this study, it is evident that M. furrgunia extracts with different solvents possess significant oviposition deterrence and ovicidal effect on P. xylostella.
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Gu, Tongnian, Mingliang Zhang, Ting Tan, et al. "Deep eutectic solvents as novel extraction media for phenolic compounds from model oil." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 79 (2014): 11749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc04661g.
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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a new kind of green solvent were used for the first time to excellently extract phenolic compounds from model oil. It was also proved that DES could be used to extract other polar compounds from non-polar or weakly-polar solvents by liquid-phase microextraction.
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Rahayu, Sri, Noor Amaliah, and Raudatul Patimah. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN TABAT BARITO (Ficus deltoidea) TERHADAP BAKTERI Bacillus substillis DENGAN TINGKATAN POLARITAS PELARUT." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v4i1.229.
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Tabat barito leaf (Ficus deltoidea) is a single leaf of a sole form, the leaf has round tip with a flat edge and a pointed base. These leaves have a smooth surface, coloured green above and brownish yellow beneath. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of polar, semi-polar and non-polar compounds contained in Tabat barito leaf extract extracted with solvents of different polarity. The highest bacterial inhibition was also measured against Bacillus substillis which is a gram-positive bacterial. The maceration method uses 3 levels of solvents with different polarities, started with a non-polar solvent (n-hexan), a semi-polar solvent (ethyl acetate) and finally macerated with a polar solvent (methanol). The bacterial activity test was done with diffusion method. The results showed that the Tabat Barito leaf extract contained antibacterial compounds that were non-polar, semi-polar and polar. The highest inhibition of the hexane extract at concentration 15% with a clear zone diameter of 22.33 mm in very strong inhibition category against Bacillus substilis bacteria
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Wahyuningsih, Wahyuningsih, Miranti Miranti, Hilwan Yuda Teruna, and Titania Tjandrawati Nugroho. "Isolation of a High Antioxidant Non-Toxic Polar Fraction from Garcinia mangostana Fruit Pericarp by Reverse Phase Column Chromatography." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 24, no. 1 (2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.24.1.15-21.
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The crude polar extract of mangosteen fruit pericarp not only has a moderate antioxidant activity of (55±4 μg/mL) but also has high cytotoxicity (16±0.5 μg/mL). The high cytotoxicity presumably is caused by the presence of complex cytotoxic compounds from the mangosteen pericarp. To obtain a non-toxic extract preparation with high antioxidant activity, polar crude 50% ethanol extracts of mangosteen pericarp were partially purified using reverse-phase column chromatography with Silica C18 as the stationary phase and acetonitrile-water gradient elution. Six of the ten fractions collected had high antioxidant activities, with IC50 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging antioxidant levels <50 μg/mL. Three fractions (fractions 3, 5, and 7) with the highest antioxidant activities of (16.4 ± 0.6 µg/mL), (17.8 ± 2 µg/mL) and (17.4 ± 1.8 µg/mL) respectively, were chosen for further cytotoxicity, phenolic content and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The cytotoxic tests were conducted with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. Fraction 3 had low cytotoxicity (LC50 485 ± 96 µg/mL) and fraction 5 was non-toxic (LC50 ≥ 1000 µg/mL), while fraction 7 still had high cytotoxicity (LC50 2.8 ± 0.8 µg/mL). The chromatogram profiles of HPLC showed that fractions 3 and 5 contained more polar compounds than the compounds present in fraction 7. It can be concluded that the reverse phase method succeeded in the isolation of a non-toxic polar fraction, that is, fraction 5, with a significantly higher (p<0.05) antioxidant activity than in the original crude polar extracts. This fraction had a high total phenolic content of 43.3 ± 0.3 g GAE per 100 g extract.
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Sahu, A., S. S. Swain, D. Pradhan, et al. "Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Alphonsea madraspatana Leaves against Multi Drug Resistance Bacteria." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 6 (2021): 1273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23160.
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In this study, the antimicrobial compounds present in leaves of Alphonsea madraspatana was identified by using RP-HPLC, LC/MS and GC/MS and found to be active against multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria e.g. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extraction of dried plant leaves was performed by solvent gradient technique. Antimicrobial study was performed with each extract. n-Hexane and methanol extracts were further subjected to analysis for identification of potent antimicrobial compounds due to their better antimicrobial activity as compared to remaining extracts. The methanolic extract was more active than n-hexane extract. As n-hexane extract contains non-polar compounds, it was subjected to GC-MS analysis and methanol extract was subjected to RPHPLC followed by LC/MS due to presence of polar components. Among the isolated compounds, four compounds were identified as potent antimicrobial. RP-HPLC and LC/MS analysis of methanol extract also ensured the presence of four potent antimicrobial compounds as follows: (i) kaempferol-3-O-rotinoside-orhamnoside (m/z 748), (ii) 3-hydroxypropylglucosinolate (m/z 377), (iii) luteolin-7-O-glucoside (m/z 448) and (iv) genistein-7-O-glycoside (m/z 432). Leaves of this plant may be used as potent antibacterial agents due to presence of antimicrobial compounds.
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Adeniran, O. I., D. B. Msomi, M. T. Olivier, and M. A. Mogale. "Variation in Anti-Glycation and Cross-Link Breaking Effects of Crude Extracts of Moringa oleifera Leaf, Seed and Root." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 5 (2021): 1137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23058.
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Study and comparing the anti-glycation and cross-link breaking effects of Moringa oleifera leaf, seed and root extracts with aminoguanidine, a known inhibitor of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Their phytochemical composition and extraction yields were also assessed. All seed and root extracts demonstrated significantly higher anti-glycation effect than aminoguanidine against total immunogenic AGEs (p < 0.05). Both seed and root polar (methanol and water) extracts exhibited significantly higher anti-glycation effect against N′-(carboxymethyl)lysine than aminoguanidine (p < 0.05). Polar extracts of all M. oleifera tested parts demonstrated higher anti-glycation activity against fluorescent AGEs than aminoguanidine (p < 0.05). With exception to the aqueous root extracts, all leaf, seed and root extracts of M. oleifera demonstrated an ability to break AGE-protein cross-links. The highest cross-link breaking effect was exhibited by ethyl acetate extract of leaves.The methanol extract of seeds of M. oleifera showed the presence of all tested secondary metabolites.
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Atmiyanti, Ni Kadek, Pasjan Satrimafitrah, Abd Rahman Razak, Nov Irmawati Inda, Indriani, and Dwi Juli Puspitasari. "Potensi Ekstrak Batang Kayu Gempol (Nauclea orientalis L.) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 8, no. 2 (2022): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2022.v8.i2.15962.
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The study of the potential of Gempol wood stem extract (Nauclea orientalis L.) with three solvent polarities has been exercised to determine the extract with a certain polarity and the smallest concentration that can inhibit the growth of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coil. Extraction is performed using the maceration method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. Furthermore, the potency in inhibiting the growth of bacteria was observed by the diffusion method with a range of extract concentrations from the largest to the smallest. The extract's ability to inhibit bacterial growth in the time range of up to 24 hours was measured using the turbidimetric method. The results showed that ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were able to inhibit the growth of both bacteria in a wide concentration range (100 %– 5%), although n-hexane extracts showed the highest percentage in inhibiting both bacteria (15.27 mm and 16.89 mm, respectively). Turbidimetric assays showed the extract was stronger in inhibiting S. aureus compared to E. coli in the logarithmic phase range of 12 hours. This study showed that semipolar and polar extracts can inhibit the growth of bacteria with a wider concentration range compared to non-polar extracts despite having a higher inhibition capability.
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Sousa, Vicelina, Joana P. A. Ferreira, Isabel Miranda, Teresa Quilhó, and Helena Pereira. "Quercus rotundifolia Bark as a Source of Polar Extracts: Structural and Chemical Characterization." Forests 12, no. 9 (2021): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091160.
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Quercus rotundifolia bark was studied regarding anatomical, chemical, and antioxidant properties from trees in two sites in southern Portugal and are here reported for the first time. The general structure and anatomy of Q. rotundifolia bark showed a rhytidome with sequential undulated and anastomosed periderms with a small proportion of cork, while the phloem included broad rays with strong cell sclerification, groups of sclereids with embed large prismatic crystals, and abundant druses in parenchyma cells. The mean chemical composition was 15.5% ash, 1.6% dichloromethane extractives, 6.4% ethanol and 9.3% water extractives, 3.0% suberin, 30.5% total lignin, and 33.8% carbohydrates. Carbohydrates included mainly glucose (50.7% of total monomers) and xylose (23.8%), with uronic (3.0%) and acetic acids (1.0%). Suberin was mainly composed of ω-hydroxyacids (48.0% of all compounds) and α,ω-diacids (19.5%). The main compounds found in the lipophilic extracts were triterpenes (43.6%–56.2% of all compounds) and alkanoic acids (32.7%–41.7%). Phenolic content was high especially in the ethanol extracts, ranging from 219.5–572.9 mg GAE/g extract and comprising 162.5–247.5 CE/g extract of flavonoids and 41.2–294.1 CE/g extract of condensed tannins. The extracts revealed very good antioxidant properties with IC50 values of 4.4 µg ethanol extract/mL and 4.7 µg water extract/mL. Similar anatomical, chemical, and antioxidant characteristics were found in the bark from both sites. The high phenolic content and excellent antioxidant characteristics of polar extracts showed holm oak barks to be a promising natural source of antioxidants with possible use in industry and pharmaceutical/medical areas.
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Mejía-Méndez, Jorge L., Horacio Bach, Ana C. Lorenzo-Leal, et al. "Biological Activities and Chemical Profiles of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Extracts." Plants 12, no. 10 (2023): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12101943.
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In this study, the leaves of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi were consecutively macerated with hexane, chloroform, and methanol. These extracts were used to assess the bioactivities of the plant. The antimicrobial activity was tested against a panel of Gram-positive and -negative pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using the microdilution method. The cytotoxicity of K. fedtschenkoi extracts was investigated using human-derived macrophage THP-1 cells through the MTT assay. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts was studied using the same cell line by measuring the secretion of IL-10 and IL-6. The phytoconstituents of hexane and chloroform extracts were evaluated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the phytochemical content of methanol extract. The total flavonoid content (TFC) of methanol extract is also reported. The chemical composition of K. fedtschenkoi extracts was evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results revealed that the chloroform extract inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 150 μg/mL. At the same concentration, methanol extract inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Regarding their cytotoxicity, the three extracts were highly cytotoxic against the tested cell line at IC50 < 3 μg/mL. In addition, the chloroform extract significantly stimulated the secretion of IL-10 at 50 μg/mL (p < 0.01). GC/MS analyses revealed that hexane and chloroform extracts contain fatty acids, sterols, vitamin E, and triterpenes. The HPLC analysis demonstrated that methanol extract was constituted by quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. This is the first report in which the bioactivities and chemical profiles of K. fedtschenkoi are assessed for non-polar and polar extracts.
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Uddin II, Robert, Victoria Gbonjubola Awolola, Suleiman Mustapha, Olawale Abdulazeez, Olawale Ilesanmi, and Abubakar Aliyu. "NOVEL APPLICATION OF TRICHILIA HEUDELOTII PLANCH: EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT POLARITY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS OF LEAF AND STEM BARK EXTRACTS ON THE CONTROL OF COWPEA BEETLE." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 53, no. 3 (2020): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/10.46909/cerce-2020-024.
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Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea beetle) is a field-to-store pest causing over 90% losses of cowpea. The search for new plant-derived crop protectant that can be explored as alternative to synthetic pesticides is urgently needed. Thus, the phytochemical screening, as well as the bioactivity of different polarity of organic solvents of leaf and stembark extracts of Trichilia heudelotii (Meliaceae), was investigated against the field-to-store insect pest Callosobruchus maculatus in laboratory bioassay. The non-polar (hexane) and polar (ethanol) extracts [0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml] of the leaf and stem bark were added to 100 g of cowpea. The following parameters of the cowpea weevil life cycle were analysed at the various concentrations: adult mortality, oviposition rate, number of larvae and pupae, and emergence of first filial progeny. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins in both the non-polar and polar extracts. Furthermore, the various treatments used were significantly (p< 0.05) effective in controlling C. maculatus from 1 and also 30 days after treatment (DAT) for both the non-polar and polar extracts when compared to the control. However, the most effective treatment was observed with the polar (EtOH) stem bark extract at 1.5 ml, which caused more mortalities and fewer emergence of the insect. Our findings suggest that the non-polar and polar leaf and stem bark of T. heudelotii extracts could serve as a sustainable and potential alternative to synthetic chemicals in pest control.
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UDDIN II, R. O., G. V. AWOLOLA, S. MUSTAPHA, O. H. ABDULAZEEZ, O. T. ILESANMI, and S. A. ALIYU. "NOVEL APPLICATION OF TRICHILIA HEUDELOTII PLANCH: EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT POLARITY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS OF LEAF AND STEM BARK EXTRACTS ON THE CONTROL OF COWPEA BEETLE." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 53, no. 3 (2020): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/cerce-2020-024.
Full textAbstract:
Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea beetle) is a field-to-store pest causing over 90% losses of cowpea. The search for new plant-derived crop protectant that can be explored as alternative to synthetic pesticides is urgently needed. Thus, the phytochemical screening, as well as the bioactivity of different polarity of organic solvents of leaf and stembark extracts of Trichilia heudelotii (Meliaceae), was investigated against the field-to-store insect pest Callosobruchus maculatus in laboratory bioassay. The non-polar (hexane) and polar (ethanol) extracts [0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml] of the leaf and stem bark were added to 100 g of cowpea. The following parameters of the cowpea weevil life cycle were analysed at the various concentrations: adult mortality, oviposition rate, number of larvae and pupae, and emergence of first filial progeny. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins in both the non-polar and polar extracts. Furthermore, the various treatments used were significantly (p< 0.05) effective in controlling C. maculatus from 1 and also 30 days after treatment (DAT) for both the non-polar and polar extracts when compared to the control. However, the most effective treatment was observed with the polar (EtOH) stem bark extract at 1.5 ml, which caused more mortalities and fewer emergence of the insect. Our findings suggest that the non-polar and polar leaf and stem bark of T. heudelotii extracts could serve as a sustainable and potential alternative to synthetic chemicals in pest control.
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Rubiño, Susana, Teresa Aymerich, César Peteiro, Sara Bover-Cid, and María Hortós. "Challenge Test in Catalan “Mató” Fresh Cheese to Assess the Antimicrobial Activity of Ericaria selaginoides Extracts against Bacillus cereus." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (2023): 2207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042207.
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Growing consumer demand for high-quality products coupled with minimally processed products and a minor use of synthetic food additives have increased the need to search for new sources of natural antimicrobials to ensure product safety. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts from the brown algae Ericaria selaginoides against Bacillus cereus in typical Catalan fresh cheese (“mató”) by means of challenge testing. Three concentrations of a crude extract and its corresponding two subfractions (non-polar and mid-polar) obtained after purification showed an antimicrobial dose-dependent effect on B. cereus, from inhibition to inactivation. The best results were obtained with higher concentrations of the non-polar subfraction that caused a total inactivation of the inoculated pathogen after 2 or 4 days, followed by the mid-polar that inactivated B. cereus after 2 or 6 days. The results showed an improvement in the antimicrobial effect after purification compared with the effect observed when the crude extract was tested. Moreover, compounds of different chemical natures may be involved in this antimicrobial activity since it remained in both subfractions after purification. The results obtained in this work show the great potential of macroalgae extracts as natural food preservatives against B. cereus in fresh cheese.