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Journal articles on the topic 'Polar Silk Road'
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1
Zhang, Xuchen, Linru Chi, and Ziqiang Li. "Structural Strength Design and Navigation Capability Analysis of Polar Cruise." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 02066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126102066.
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The “Ice Silk Road” is an effective extension of China’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative. The construction of the “Ice Silk Road” and the development and utilization of polar waterways urgently need the equipment support of polar ships. Nowadays, the design and construction of polar cruise ships has gradually become a hot spot, but there is still a lot of room for development of such ships. Based on the relevant requirements of BV classification society and IACS, this article analyzes the current situation of polar cruises’ structural strength and operational capabilities, and evaluates the overall capabilities of polar cruises, which has a certain reference value for the design and construction of cruise ships that will be developed in the future.
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Skoptcova, Anastasiia Alekseevna. "RUSSIAN-CHINESE COOPERATION ON A "POLAR SILK ROAD"." News of scientific achievements, no. 6 (2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36616/2618-7612-2019-6-6-14.
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Li, Xiao-Ming, Yujia Qiu, Yacheng Wang, et al. "Light from space illuminating the polar silk road." International Journal of Digital Earth 15, no. 1 (2022): 2028–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2139865.
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Kozarski, Michael. "THE ICE SILK ROAD OR MIDGARDSORM: POSSIBLE RECENT CHALLENGES FOR CHINA’S ‘ONE BELT, ONE ROAD’ PROJECT THROUGH THE NORTHERN ARTIC ROUTE." Diplomatic Economic and Cultural Relations between China and Central and Eastern European countries 7, no. 1 (2022): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.62635/1f65-8g7c.
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China’s global project ‘One Belt, One Road’ has been one of the most frequently covered subject by scholars in recent human history. However, there is one more aspect which remains hidden in this topic – The Polar Maritime Route. It is the third and for now final aspect in the new geopolitical perception of contemporary Chinese thought, and is often referred to as the Ice Silk Road or in this case, Midgardsorm. Scholars and analysts often focus either on the Silk Road Economic Belt or on the 21st-Century Maritime Road and leave the Ice Silk Road in the margins. The main task of the author is to find, if possible, any future outside challenges which may obstruct the pavement of the Ice Silk Road through the Bering Strait and prevent the connection between China and Western-Central Europe via the North Maritime Route or the Artic Maritime Route.
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ЧЖАО И., ЧЖАО И. "ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CHINA-RUSSIA CO-CONSTRUCTION OF THE "POLAR SILK ROAD" BASED ON THE GTAP MODEL." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 4(165) (June 25, 2024): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2024.165.4.027.
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У скоренное таяние морского льда в Арктике все больше подчеркивает потенциальную ценность Арктики. Реализация проекта "Ледовый Шелковый путь" имеет большое значение для экономического сотрудничества между Китаем, Россией и арктическими странами, расположенными вдоль этого маршрута. В данной работе модель GTAP и функция swap after используются для изменения условий закрытия модели, база данных модели обновляется методом динамической рекурсии, а многошаговый алгоритм Gragg используется для органичного сочетания изменений транспортных затрат с изменениями транспортных технических коэффициентов с целью прогнозирования эффекта. Результаты показывают, что после открытия проекта импортно-экспортная торговля и внутрирегиональное благосостояние Китая, России и других стран в той или иной степени увеличатся, а условия работы также улучшатся. Поэтому Китай и Россия должны глубоко интегрироваться в стратегию развития данного проекта, активно формулировать арктические вопросы и соответствующие правила, а также постоянно продвигать его развитие и строительство. The accelerated melting of sea ice in the Arctic increasingly emphasizes the potential value of the Arctic. The construction of the Polar Silk Road is of great significance for economic cooperation between China, Russia and the Arctic countries along this route. In this paper, the GTAP model and swap after function are used to change the closing conditions of the model, the model database is updated by dynamic recursion method, and Gregg's multi-step algorithm is used to organically combine changes in transportation costs with changes in transportation technical coefficients for the "Polar Silk Road" to predict the effect. The results show that after the opening of the "Polar Silk Road", the import-export trade and intra-regional welfare of China, Russia and other countries will increase to some extent, and the working environment will also improve. Therefore, China and Russia should deeply integrate into the development strategy, actively formulate Arctic issues and relevant regulations, and continuously promote the development and construction of the "Polar Silk Road".
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Grydehøj, Adam, Sasha Davis, Rui Guo, and Huan Zhang. "Silk Road archipelagos: Islands of the Belt and Road Initiative." Island Studies Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.137.
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The concept behind the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI; formerly ‘One Belt, One Road’) began to take shape in 2013. Since then, this Chinese-led project has become a major plank in China’s foreign relations. The BRI has grown from its basis as a vision of interregional connectivity into a truly global system, encompassing places—including many island states, territories, and cities—from the South Pacific to the Arctic, from East Africa to the Caribbean, from the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean. Islands and archipelagos are particularly prominent in the BRI’s constituent 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) and Polar Silk Road or Ice Silk Road projects, but little scholarly attention has been paid to how the BRI relates to islands per se. This special section of Island Studies Journal includes nine papers on islands and the BRI, concerning such diverse topics as geopolitics, international law and territorial disputes, sustainability and climate change adaptation, international relations of autonomous island territories, development of outer island communities, tourism and trade, and relational understandings of archipelagic networks. Taken together, these papers present both opportunities and risks, challenges and ways forward for the BRI and how this project may impact both China and island and archipelago states and territories.
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Tillman, Henry, Jian Yang, and Egill Thor Nielsson. "The Polar Silk Road: China’s New Frontier of International Cooperation." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, no. 03 (2018): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740018500215.
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The introduction of the “Polar Silk Road (PSR)” into the first comprehensive white paper on Arctic policy is a historic step for China’s Arctic engagement. Over the past few years, China has achieved policy synergies and launched industrial, scientific and technological cooperation with Russia and Nordic countries. With enlarged interests and enhanced capabilities, China is becoming a preferred partner for Russia and Nordic countries in a number of infrastructure, energy and transportation projects within the Arctic region. The PSR framework to advance Arctic cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) presents both economic opportunities and social as well as environmental challenges for Chinese enterprises to balance the utilization and protection of the Arctic.
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Havnes, Heljar. "The Polar Silk Road and China's role in Arctic governance." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 4, no. 1 (2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v4i1.1166.
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The People's Republic of China (PRC) wants to become a key regional actor in the Arctic. PRC's underlying priority in the region is gaining access to commercial opportunities from trade and natural resources. To this end, PRC is building its domestic capacities for research and commercial development in the Arctic, increasing its involvement in multilateral forums on Arctic governance and deepening ties to Arctic nations, especially Russia.Attitudes towards PRC among Arctic nations are diverging, but Beijing generally faces high levels of skepticism and opposition to its Arctic involvement, explicitly grounded in perceptions of PRC as a state undermining the rules-based international order and potential military build-up in the high north.The analytical framework in this article builds on an outline authored by Exner-Pirot in 2012 (Exner-Pirot, 2012) to detail the current schools of thought within Arctic governance, and builds on it by including more recent developments in Arctic governance, incorporating the updated Arctic policies of most Arctic countries and connecting it to PRC.This article contends that Beijing wants to change the status quo of Arctic governance and shift it towards a more accommodating approach to non-Arctic states. This article finds, based on the stated Arctic strategies of the eight Arctic states and PRC, that there are different views on Arctic governance where Arctic countries for the most part indicate an openness to a Chinese entry into the Arctic, albeit in diverging ways. This creates a complex governance scenario for PRC to navigate as it seeks to become a key Arctic player
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Kruessmann, Thomas M. "The governance of anti-corruption on the Polar Silk Road." Eurasian Geography and Economics 62, no. 5-6 (2021): 699–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2021.1984267.
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Li, Dahai, and Yingnan Zhang. "Marine Science and Technology Innovation for the Polar Silk Road." Chinese Journal of Engineering Science 21, no. 6 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15302/j-sscae-2019.06.012.
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Elchaninov, Anatoly. "On the Great Silk Road—the Ice Silk Road—the road of peace and economic cooperation." InterCarto. InterGIS 25, no. 2 (2019): 330–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2019-2-25-330-344.
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The project on the organization of trade relations between China and other countries arose in the second half of the II century BC. The caravan road connecting East Asia with the Mediterranean in the ancient time and to the Middle Ages was used, first of all, for export of silk from China. Therefore in 1877 the German geographer F.F. von Richtgofen called this route giving the chance for establishment of business contacts, cultural dialogue, promoting to mutual enrichment of large civilizations,—“A Silk Road”. By XV century the overland Silk Road fell into decay, sea trade and navigation began to develop. At the present stage of its development the mankind realized need of restitution of the interstate and international interaction inherent in the period of existence of the Great Silk Road. At the XXIV session of the UNESCO General conference in 1987 the project on complex studying of the Great Silk Road was developed. This international project worked according to two large programs of UNESCO: “The environment surrounding the person, resources of the ground and sea” and “The culture and the future”. In the next years development of the idea of reconstruction and expansion of the opportunities put in the ancient times in the Great Silk Road continued. In 2013 the Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward the concept of “A New Silk Road” under the slogan “One Belt – One Road” including the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” and “Sea Silk Road of the XXI Century” projects. The strategy of “A New Silk Road” included the project of development of the Northern Sea Route. The Northern Sea Route—the major navigable main passing across the seas of Arctic Ocean, connecting the European and Far East ports and also mouths of the navigable Siberian rivers into the unified transport system of the Arctic. The history of the Northern Sea Route began with the first voyages of the Pomors. Development, studying and the description of sea routes of the Russian Arctic continued further. Development of the Arctic navigation promoted the beginning of the industrial development of natural resources of the region. The large-scale industrial development of the Arctic territories began in the 1930s. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 ice breakers played a large role in conducting of northern convoys. The existing ports were specially converted, new polar stations are built and also additional airfields are developed. In post-war years the Arctic navigation gained further development thanks to the commissioning of icebreaking vessels of new classes. The map of the Northern Sea Route on which the objects built in the 1930–1940s are shown is presented in the article. In July, 2017 during the visit to Russia the chairman Xi Jinping with the president V.V. Putin reached the important agreement on development and use of the Arctic Sea Route and creation of the Ice Silk Road, the sea way uniting North America, East Asia and Western Europe. Within the project of “The Ice Silk Road” tankers with production of Yamal LNG for the first time in the history went the Arctic Sea Route without icebreaking maintenance in the summer of 2018 and arrived from the Arctic port Sabbeta to the Chinese port Jiangsu Zhudong. By these flights the beginning of the regular supply of LNG across the Northern Sea Route is opened.
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Lin, Bo. "Innovation Report of Big Data on Marine Forecast on the North Line of Maritime Silk Road." E3S Web of Conferences 213 (2020): 03023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021303023.
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Since the first Arctic expedition in China in 1999, the National Marine Environment Forecasting Center of China has undertaken safety guarantee tasks for the 9 batches of Arctic scientific expedition ships (teams) and 26 merchant ships to come and back the North Line of Maritime Silk Road in China. This paper summarized their successful experience and innovation achievements in big data application, emphatically introduced the innovation of big data infrastructure construction of Maritime Silk Road marine forecasting, that is, the establishment of independent marine observation system, the exploration of international cooperation mode of marine observation, as well as the participation in global regional observation plans. Besides, marine prediction business innovation, safety guarantee service innovation, and supercomputing technology innovation were included in the scientific and technological business innovation. Moreover, the innovation achievements include aspects of polar marine prediction big data, guarantee technology big data and supercomputing. Finally, the construction and development prospect on the North Line of Maritime Silk Road were briefly prospected.
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Aslam, Aneesa, and Ayesha Shaikh. "Re-navigating the Geopolitical Pivot: China in the Arctic-Heartland." Global Affairs Review 2, no. 2 (2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51330/gar.0020223.
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Halford J. Mackinder cautioned the world that if a great industrial power manages to rule over the Heartland, it will govern the world. The 21st century is marked by the resurgence of his classical geopolitical thought. Global warming has rendered the Arctic navigable, altering the dynamics of the Heartland and world organisms at large, but now the caution comes from the Arctic. Mackinder's assertion that China, as a great industrial power, has developed its Arctic strategy for a Polar Silk Road to pursue its determined interests in the Arctic-Heartland. To further strengthen its position in the region, it has forged a cooperative alliance with Russia, one of the biggest Arctic states. Chinese interest in the region and the Strategic Russo-Chinese Alliance to develop the Polar Silk Road along the Northern Sea Route is a matter of grave concern for the world at large: for whoever rules over the Heartland, governs the world.
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Zhou, Geer. "China’s interests in Arctic exploitation and the “Polar Silk Road” initiative." Общество: политика, экономика, право, no. 9 (2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/pep.2021.9.9.
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Li, Huixin, Shengping He, Yongqi Gao, Huopo Chen, and Huijun Wang. "North Atlantic Modulation of Interdecadal Variations in Hot Drought Events over Northeastern China." Journal of Climate 33, no. 10 (2020): 4315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0440.1.
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AbstractBased on the long-term reanalysis datasets and the multivariate copula method, this study reveals that the frequency of summer hot drought events (SHDEs) over northeastern China (NEC) shows interdecadal variations during 1925–2010. It is revealed that the summer sea surface temperature (SST) over the North Atlantic has a significant positive correlation with the frequency of SHDEs over NEC on the decadal time scale, indicating a potential influence of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). Further analyses indicate that during the positive phases of the AMO, the warming SST over the North Atlantic can trigger a stationary Rossby wave originating from the North Atlantic, which splits into two wave trains propagating along two different routes. One is a zonally orientated wave train that resembles the Silk Road pattern, whereas the other is an arching wave train that resembles the polar–Eurasian pattern. A negative (positive) phase of the Silk Road pattern (polar–Eurasian pattern) may result in the weakened westerly wind along the jet stream, the downward vertical motion, and the anomalous positive geopotential center over NEC, providing favorable conditions for precipitation deficiency and high temperature and resulting in increased SHDEs. Thus, the Silk Road pattern and the polar–Eurasian pattern serve as linkages between the AMO and SHDEs over northeastern China in summer on the interdecadal time scale. Model simulations from CAM4 perturbed with warmer SST in the North Atlantic show precipitation deficiency and high temperature conditions over northeastern China in summer, supporting the potential impacts of the North Atlantic SST on SHDEs over northeastern China. The results suggest that the phase of the AMO should be taken into account in the decadal prediction of SHDEs over northeastern China in summer.
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李, 振福. "Research on the Construction of “Polar Silk Road” and Arctic Destiny Community." Advances in Social Sciences 08, no. 08 (2019): 1417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ass.2019.88194.
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Ma, Yu-Jun, Fang-Zhong Shi, Xia Hu, and Xiao-Yan Li. "Climatic Constraints to Monthly Vegetation Dynamics in Desert Areas Over the Silk Road Economic Belt." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050995.
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The sustainability of vulnerable eco-environment over the Silk Road Economic Belt is under threat of climate change, and the identification of vegetation constraints by sub-optimum climatic conditions is critically essential to maintain existing dryland ecosystems. To better understand how the vegetation varies at monthly scale and its effect by climate conditions in different desert areas, this study first investigated the seasonal variation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Then, we analyzed the time effects of diverse climatic factors (air temperature, solar radiation, precipitation) on NDVI and estimated the limitation of NDVI by these climatic factors in different desert areas. The result showed that the mean monthly NDVI during 1982–2015 showed a unimodal variation in most desert areas, with high values in late spring and summer over cold arid areas, in early spring or early autumn over hot arid areas, and in summer over polar areas, respectively. Solar radiation and precipitation in cold arid areas presented 1–2 month lag or accumulation effect on NDVI, while precipitation in most hot arid areas showed no remarkable time-lag but 3 month accumulation effect, and all three climate factors in polar areas exhibited 1–3 month accumulation effect. The explanatory power of climatic conditions for vegetation dynamics considering time effects increased by 3.4, 10.8, and 5.9% for the cold arid areas, hot arid areas, and polar areas (i.e., relative increase of 4.1, 25.4, and 8.2%), respectively. The main climatic constraints to vegetation dynamics were the water condition in hot arid areas (>78%) and the temperature condition in polar areas (>67%), while cold arid areas were simultaneously limited by the water and temperature conditions (>76% in total). These results provide a detailed understanding of vegetation variation and ecological projection, which are very important to implement adaption measures for dryland ecosystems over the Silk Road Economic Belt.
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Kolzina, A. L., and A. A. Mindubaeva. "THE POLAR SILK ROAD AS A SPHERE OF STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND CHINA." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 2 (2020): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-2-186-195.
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The article analyzes the place and significance of the Arctic region and the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in Russian-Chinese relations. The forms of their interaction in the Arctic are determined by the example of the "Polar (Ice) silk road" (PSR). China identifies the Russian Federation as the key to the hidden riches of the Arctic subsurface, and the Russian Federation sees its Eastern neighbor as an investor with huge potential. The PSR is part of China's 2013 "One Belt, One Road" (OBOR) initiative. The NSR is considered in China as a competitive alternative to the New Silk Road on the territory of the Eurasian continent. The development of the Arctic transport corridor is based on the revival and modernization of the NSR for the Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and National Security up to 2020. The authors mention possible integration forms of the Russian and Chinese Arctic projects: including the NSR of the Russian Federation in the strategic plan OBOR; merging individual projects of the countries within the framework of both initiatives; establishing an agreement between representatives of the business segment on the development of the Arctic region; adapting projects to each other, without merging the NSR and PSR, by exchanging mutual concessions. The main conclusion: the Arctic partnership between Russia and China has a strategic potential.
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Jian, Yang, and Zhao Long. "Opportunities and Challenges of Jointly Building of the Polar Silk Road: China’s Perspective." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 5 (2020): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-5-130-144.
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Dramatic changes, mainly caused by global warming and globalization in recent decades, have been evident in the Arctic. The peace and stability of the Arctic, scientific research in the region, potential business opportunities and international governance have sparked widespread attention and debates around the globe. The joint establishment of the Polar Silk Road (PSR) is tantamount to international cooperation initiative between Russia, China and the related Arctic countries, which is intended to achieve common development and joint governance of the Arctic through knowledge accumulation, helps to promote interconnectivity and sustainable development in the region. As a part of China’s Arctic policy and cooperation between Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China focuses on the coordination of national interests and strategies of relevant states regarding development of Arctic sea routes and infrastructure, prioritizes knowledge accumulation and scientific research as the guiding principle for cooperation, promotes green technology solutions and humanistic concerns, and recognizes the PSR cooperation as a new growth pole for China-Russia pragmatic cooperation. However, due to fragile natural environment and political, economic and social sensitivities of the Arctic, significant interference of global and regional geopolitics, potential challenges of global environmental politics, Acknowledgement and capacity gaps between participants, economic and technological uncertainties are major challenges for feasibility and efficiency of cooperation, requiring more in-depth scientific research, comprehensive assessments and regular coordination and communication between all stakeholders.
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Gladkiy, Yu N., V. D. Sukhorukov, S. Yu Kornekova, S. V. Kulik, and N. V. Kaledin. "“Polar Silk road”: project implementation and geo-economic interests of Russia and China." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 434 (January 29, 2020): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/434/1/012009.
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Goh, Sui Noi. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative: An Overview of Developments." China and the World 01, no. 02 (2018): 1850010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729318500104.
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China’s ambitious initiative to build infrastructure in dozens of countries along land and sea trade routes stretching from China to Africa and Europe is set to grow bigger than first envisaged in 2013. Added to the original overland Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is the Polar Silk Road, now written into China’s Arctic Policy that was published in January 2018. The China-centric initiative also got itself written into the Chinese Communist Party’s constitution in October 2017, leading many outside China to view it as more than an economic plan to build infrastructure to facilitate trade and boost development in developing countries. Foreign observers see it also as a scheme to expand China’s influence overseas by binding other nations more closely to it economically. That there is demand for the infrastructure that the Chinese want to build is unquestionable — in Asia alone, to keep the economies humming, there is a need to invest US$1.7 trillion annually in infrastructure up till 2030. However, the security and financial risks of this venture are daunting to investors as the routes run through some of the riskiest countries in the world. The situation is not helped by suspicion over China’s intentions and concerns about the lack of transparency and whether tender processes meet international standards. China needs to listen to and allay the concerns of governments, corporations and international organizations to gain their support and participation in this project that is so massive it cannot pull off alone.
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Nikolaev, N. A. "Preliminary Results of the Development of the European Direction of China's “Polar Silk Road” Initiative." Sovremennaâ Evropa, no. 3 (124) (December 15, 2024): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0201708324030161.
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The article discusses the results achieved by China in promoting the “Polar Silk Road” (PSR) Initiative in the Arctic. The preconditions for the development of the ideological and conceptual basis of the PSR Initiative consisted of the growing alarmism in the late 2000s around the forecasts of climate change and the volume of Arctic resources. Under these conditions, the Western thesis of an Ice-Free Arctic (wubin beiji) was developed in China’s expert community. China’s leadership changes in 2012 and Xi Jinping's promotion of new foreign policy ideas of “Belt and Road” and “community of humanity's destiny” revitalised the expert discourse, reorienting it to form within a new conceptual framework. Under these condition in 2017 the PSR Initiative was launched. As a result of the West's counteraction, and narrowing of China’s investment opportunities, the prospects for expanding the partnership within the framework of the PSR Initiative, which is still not recognized by any Arctic state, including Russia, are decreasing. Thus, Beijing's desire to focus on the implementation of two directions of China's policy in the Arctic is analysed: deepening Russia-China cooperation in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and ensuring participation in dealing with issues related to the central part of the Arctic Ocean.
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孟, 畅. "China “Polar Silk Road” Based on the Pro-gress of National Strategic Research and Analysis." Sustainable Development 12, no. 04 (2022): 1188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/sd.2022.124134.
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Manta, Francesco. "China’s policies on Polar Silk Road and impacts on trade and energy use in Arctic region." Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 17, no. 4 (2019): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2019.1685360.
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Ma, Yu-Jun, Fang-Zhong Shi, Xia Hu, and Xiao-Yan Li. "Threshold Vegetation Greenness under Water Balance in Different Desert Areas over the Silk Road Economic Belt." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (2020): 2452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152452.
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The sustainability of dryland vegetation growth over the Silk Road Economic Belt is under threat of water shortage, and the determination of water carrying capacity for vegetation is critically essential to balance water supply and water demand for the maintenance of existing ecosystems. To better understand how and why vegetation growth varies in different desert areas, this study first analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Then, we investigated the relationship between NDVI and climatic factors (precipitation, soil water content, air temperature, evapotranspiration), and estimated the threshold NDVI under water balance in different desert areas. Results showed that the higher NDVI was mainly distributed in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Azerbaijan, and it increased in approximately 53% of desert areas from 1982 to 2015 in the whole study region. The mean annual NDVI showed a simultaneous increasing trend in all desert areas from 1982 to 1994, and decreased significantly only in the cold arid desert area (p < 0.01, −0.0067 decade−1) or had no significant change in other desert areas after 1994 (p > 0.01). The climate condition generally appeared as a warming and drying trend in the past 34 years, with varied changing rates in different desert areas. NDVI presented a strong positive relationship with both precipitation and evapotranspiration in most desert areas. The threshold values of the mean annual NDVI under water balance between 1982 and 2015 were approximately 0.1041 (hot arid desert), 0.1337 (cold arid desert), 0.1346 (cold arid semi-desert), 0.0951 (hot arid desert semi-desert), 0.0776 (polar desert tundra), 0.1071 (hot arid desert shrub), 0.1377 (cold arid desert steppe), and 0.0701 (polar desert steppe), respectively. The responses of these threshold values to precipitation were all positive in different desert areas. These results provide an enhanced understanding of vegetation dynamics and ecological conservation, which are of great importance to implementing adaptation and mitigation measures for terrestrial ecosystems over the Silk Road Economic Belt.
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Miyazaki, Chihiro, and Tetsuzo Yasunari. "Dominant Interannual and Decadal Variability of Winter Surface Air Temperature over Asia and the Surrounding Oceans." Journal of Climate 21, no. 6 (2008): 1371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1845.1.
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Abstract To clarify the interannual variability of winter surface air temperature (SAT) over Asia and the surrounding oceans, the authors applied principal component analysis to normalized monthly SATs. The first mode represents the Asian north–south dipole pattern with a node over the Tibetan Plateau. This component has close relationships to the Arctic Oscillation and cold surge variability around Southeast Asia, showing decadal oscillation with signal changes in 1988 and 1997. The second mode is the inner-Asian mode with a center to the north of the Tibetan Plateau. This component connects to fluctuations of not only the western Siberian high but also the Icelandic low, which is associated with the pattern of the polar vortex over Eurasia. A recent warming trend and possible relationship to solar activity are also shown. The modes of Asian SAT variability associated with ENSO are extracted as the north–south dipole mode over the tropical western Pacific and Japan (the third mode) and Silk Road mode (the fourth mode). The two independent modes appear to be caused by different sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the western Pacific and Indian Ocean and their associated atmospheric Rossby wave responses: the atmospheric wave trains over both the north and south of the Tibetan Plateau in the third mode, and the atmospheric wave train that propagates toward the Silk Road via Greenland in the fourth mode.
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Wu, Kuo-Jui, Ming-Lang Tseng, Mohd Helmi Ali, et al. "Opportunity or threat in balancing social, economic and environmental impacts: The appearance of the Polar Silk Road." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 88 (May 2021): 106570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2021.106570.
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Solski, Jan. "The Northern Sea Route in the 2010s: Development and Implementation of Relevant Law." Arctic Review on Law and Politics 11 (2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v11.2374.
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The 2010s was a busy decade for the Northern Sea Route (NSR). It started with the first shipping season to feature the international use of the NSR for commercial purposes, followed by a significant reform of the domestic legal regime, as well as the adoption of the Polar Code. The traffic has gradually picked up, and although the expectations of a significant surge in trans-Arctic navigation have not materialized, the NSR’s annual turnover has grown beyond the old records set by the USSR. While the Russian authorities have struggled to find the most optimal means of development of the NSR, the latter has recently been re-marketed as a Polar Silk Road, part of the grand Chinese One Belt One Road initiative. While Russia has been rebuilding its military presence in the Arctic, the French Navy vessel BSAH Rhone unexpectedly navigated through the NSR, inciting strong political, but yet not legal, response. The present article aims to take stock of the last decade, paying primary attention to the Russian State practice in developing, adopting, and enforcing legislation in the NSR. By describing the current status and identifying some of the regulatory trends, the article will draw cautious predictions on the role of the law of the sea in the management of the NSR in the near future.
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Tianming, Gao, Vasilii Erokhin, Aleksandr Arskiy, and Mikail Khudzhatov. "Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Maritime Connectivity? An Estimation for China and the Polar Silk Road Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (2021): 3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063521.
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In light of about 80% of international freight traffic carried by sea, maritime supply chains’ stability is pivotal to global connectivity. For over a year now, the transboundary mobility of vessels and cargoes has been restricted by diverse forms of the COVID-19 containment measures applied by national governments, while the lockdowns of people, businesses, and economic activities have significantly affected the growth prospects of various maritime connectivity initiatives. This study investigates how the pandemic-related public health, trade, and market factors have shifted the connectivity patterns in the Polar Silk Road (PSR) transport corridor between China, South Korea, Japan, Russia, and four economies of Northern Europe. The causality links between the Shipping Connectivity Index (SCI) and the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, trade volumes with China and the rest of the world, and price indexes of minerals, fuels, food, and agricultural products are revealed separately for eight countries and thirty-five ports. The study algorithm is built on the consecutive application of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and the Phillips-Perron (PP) stationarity tests, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method, the Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) robustness checks, and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. Tight trade-connectivity links are recorded in all locations along the China-PSR transport corridor in 2015–2019, but in 2020, the relationships weakened. Bidirectional influences between the number of COVID-19 cases and connectivity parameters demonstrate the maritime sector’s sensitivity to safety regulations and bring into focus the role of cargo shipping in the transboundary spread of the virus. The authors’ four-stage approach contributes to the establishment of a methodology framework that may equip stakeholders with insights about potential risks to maritime connectivity in the China-PSR maritime trade in the course of the pandemic.
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Zhai, Ziming. "Arctic Transport and Communication Initiative in the 21st century (using the Polar Silk Road Initiative as an example)." Arctic XXI century. Humanities, no. 2 (July 1, 2024): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/2310-5453-2024-2-115-129.
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The Arctic transport and communication initiative of the 21st century, with the Chinese idea of the «Polar Silk Road» as an example, is considered as a concept of peaceful coexistence within the framework of achieving the «Common Future» of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. The Arctic concept is presented using the world-political approach of N. K. Kharlampieva, which highlights the conceptual components of international relations development at the level of strategic planning of economic, transport and communication processes at the regional and global levels. This approach made it possible to build a strategic structure: a) to study the development of transport communication in the Arctic as a methodology; b) to describe the basis for the development of the Arctic transport and communication infrastructure. In the context of a tense foreign policy situation, it is particularly important to focus on the development of transport communication between China and Russia, where the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals plays a special role in the development of the Arctic transport and communication infrastructure in the 21st century at the bilateral level.
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Guan, Xiaoguang, Zhenfu Li, Zhuo Chen, and Chaojun Ding. "Research on the Economic Effect of “Polar Silk Road” on China and Arctic Countries Based on GTAP Model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1634 (September 2020): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1634/1/012064.
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Gamerman, E. V. "The Russian Far East and Russian Projects, Their Integration with the Chinese “One Belt. One Road” Initiatives in the Context of Greater Eurasia Formation." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Political Science and Religion Studies 37 (2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2021.37.50.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the involvement and integration of the Russian Far East in the implementation of megaprojects within the framework of the integration of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Chinese initiatives "One Belt, One Road". The problem is considered within the framework of the modern theoretical concept of Greater Eurasia, which is being developed in academic circles in Russia. The article presents the overview of the current situation in the sphere of Russian-Chinese projects integration, the analysis of the the current state of the involvement and integration of the Russian Far East in these processes, the forecast for the future and gives recommendations how to adjust the actions of the authorities in the most remote Russian federal district. The author comes to the conclusion that the Russian-Chinese interaction needs to be adjusted. In particular, it is necessary to shift the focus towards the implementation of infrastructure projects, and towards the development of the Polar Silk Road, which meets the interests of both states, as well as the majority of the states of Greater Eurasia.
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Pitukhina, M. A., V. A. Gurtov, and A. D. Belykh. "Multipolarity in the Arctic: New economic opportunities and geopolitical risks for Russia, India and China." Economics and Management 30, no. 8 (2024): 925–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2024-8-925-935.
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Aim. To show new economic opportunities and geopolitical risks for Russia, India and China through the opening of new trade routes, such as the Northern Sea Route and the North-South International Transport Corridor, as factors in the formation of multipolarity in the Arctic. Objectives. To analyze the extent to which new transport arteries will serve to reduce trade costs and improve economic ties between the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Russia and India; to assess whether new opportunities for cooperation between Russia and the leading countries of the Asia-Pacific region will be created in the near future. Methods. The research methodology is based on analyzing a list of key Chinese projects in the Arctic over the past ten years and a list of key Indian projects over the past five years. Results. The priorities of China and India in their interaction with Russia in the Arctic direction are demonstrated. Thus, China is actively promoting the concept of the Polar Silk Road (PSR). The PSP is a continuation of the Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Road” in the Arctic, which in 2013. Xi Jinping proclaimed to revitalize East-West trade along the historic Silk Road route.The development of alternative routes for China is also important in terms of the “Malacca dilemma,” that is, China’s vulnerability to maritime blockade due to the limited number of alternative routes and potential control by outside powers. India, for its part, is lobbying for another project, the INSTC (International North-South Transport Corridor), which acts as an alternative to China’s One Belt, One Road initiative but also provides a 25-day trade route from Russia. Conclusions. The list of large-scale projects being implemented by China to develop Arctic resources over the past ten years demonstrates a high interest in preserving the Polar region as a territory of constructive dialog and mutually beneficial cooperation. The sphere of mutual cooperation with China in the Arctic is wide: shipbuilding, timber industry, fuel and energy complex (FEC), nuclear power, and industrial equipment. Cooperation with India is developing in a somewhat different aspect; the list of India’s key Arctic projects in the Arctic is less voluminous than that with China. The projects are mainly focused on the resource potential of the Arctic fuel and energy complex. The impression is that India is trying to seek benefits for itself more than working with Russia on the terms of a mutually beneficial partnership. In addition, India has received an invitation to join NATO, which demonstrates the existence of favorable relations with the alliance.
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Chan, Grace Suk Ha, Irini Lai Fung Tang, and Mosa Wenxian Zhang. "Perceptions of Residents in Xinjiang, Urumqi towards Tourism Development through China’s Belt and Road Initiative." Journal of Management and Sustainability 8, no. 1 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v8n1p59.
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China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) clearly reads as an audacious vision for transforming the political and economic landscapes of Eurasia and Africa over the coming decades via a network of infrastructure partnerships across the energy, telecommunications, logistics, law, Information and Technology, transportation and tourism sectors. The BRI prioritises people-to-people connection. Various countries and cities will benefit from promoting cultural nationalism and local civic identities. The joint project of Belt and Road (B&R) embraces the trend towards a multi-polar world, economic globalization and cultural diversity for upholding global free trade, allocating many resources and deeply integrating marketers. The BRI is a remarkable example of the borderless nature of infrastructure development. This initiative aims to foster economic growth and investment along the ancient Silk Road trading route between Europe and the East. For instance, in Xinjiang, Urumqi, various resources promoting the culture of the area add value to the tourism industry. This study adopted a descriptive research design that encompasses a qualitative approach and addressed the residents’ perception and attitude towards tourism. In-depth interviews with residents were conducted. Recommendations were made for destination marketers and governmental practitioners on how to improve and facilitate tourism industry for Xinjiang, Urumqi.
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Peng, Yan, Zhenfu Li, Wei Duan, Xiangdong Li, and Qi Bao. "Evolution of the hinterlands of eight Chinese ports exporting to europe under the Polar Silk Road: Three hypothetical scenarios." Ocean & Coastal Management 205 (May 2021): 105549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105549.
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Anggraini, Mega, Inda Mustika Permata, and Sofia Trisni. "China's efforts to achieve energy interests in the Arctic region." Journal of International Studies on Energy Affairs 3, no. 2 (2022): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51413/jisea.vol3.iss2.2022.141-151.
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The study examined Chinese efforts to obtain arctic energy interests during crises such as the melting of ice caps and not the ownership of much of the region itself. For the BRI to effectively facilitate the development of micro, small, and medium enterprises, alternative energy sources must be supported. However, it is challenging the policies of some countries in the arctic region. The study utilized qualitative methods and secondary data. Using Bernard D.D. Cole's energy security theories, we examine the challenges that China and Chinese diplomacy would face. China has utilized its diplomatic relations and cooperation to promote global energy diplomacy by scouring or exploiting existing resources through the first two stages of global energy diplomacy. Second, the birth of a policy is that of silk polar road. This is a tangible form of white paper released in arctic, which contained Chinese interests and objectives and Chinese responsibilities to the arctic region.
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Sazonov, S.L. "On some aspects of Arctic transit – Chinese vision." East Asia:Facts and Analytics, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 36–45. https://doi.org/10.24412/2686-7702-2021-4-36-45.
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Today, cooperation between Russia and China is actively developing in the field of Arctic exploration, since both countries are interested in the development of navigation along the Northern Sea Route and the extraction of hydrocarbons in the region. Russia is interested in attracting Chinese investments and technologies, and can provide China with access to resources and the northern transport artery. The article examines the view of Chinese experts on the possibilities of using the Northern Sea Route for the organization of transit transportation of goods from the Asia-Pacific countries to Europe within the framework of the Belt and Road project. They note the attractiveness of the «Polar Silk Road» in terms of a significant reduction in the distance of Eurasian container transportation and fuel economy when choosing the Russian Northern Sea Route. However, in their opinion, the development of container transportation will become a matter of the future, since today it is impossible to organize a full-fledged linear service in the Arctic due to unfavorable factors – weather restrictions (difficult ice conditions), underdevelopment of the Russian port infrastructure, increasing the likelihood of Arctic risks and, as a result, Arctic freight rates. Chinese experts are confident that Russia and China should quickly reach a concrete agreement on cooperation in the region within the framework of the Chinese megaproject «Belt and Road». Moreover, the involvement of the Russian side, in addition to budget expenditures and private capital investments, as well as Chinese technologies and investments, will allow the Russian Arctic infrastructure to meet the requirements of the international transport transit corridor in 10 years.
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Ivlieva, Olga V., and Chen Liu. "Opportunities for tourism cooperation between China and Russia in the context of sanctions." Services in Russia and Abroad 18, no. 5 (2024): 59–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14941457.
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<em>The article examines the possibilities of tourism cooperation between China and Russia in the context of economic sanctions. The sanctions currently in place, caused by political and economic international relations, have affected various sectors, including tourism. However, the tourism industry has untapped potential to foster goodwill, mutual understanding and economic benefits. This study examines how both countries can improve tourism cooperation in the face of sanctions. The article examines the context and consequences of the economic sanctions imposed on China and Russia, which aggravated bilateral relations and affected trade and the development of other sectors of the economy of the two countries. The study provides an overview of the current state of tourism between the two countries, shedding light on the challenges and obstacles they face due to these sanctions. By discussing potential areas of cooperation, the Arctic tourism case, case studies of other countries, and strategies for overcoming barriers, this study paints a comprehensive picture of how China and Russia can harness tourism opportunities to strengthen their ties. The article emphasizes the importance of using various opportunities for tourist cooperation. By promoting cooperation in the face of sanctions, China and Russia can look forward to a future marked by improved diplomatic relations, economic growth, and a more diverse and sustainable tourism industry. Further research, along with practical efforts, will play a crucial role in realizing this potential.</em>
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Woon, Chih Yuan. "Framing the “Polar Silk Road” (冰上丝绸之路): Critical geopolitics, Chinese scholars and the (Re)Positionings of China's Arctic interests". Political Geography 78 (квітень 2020): 102141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102141.
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Owen, Catherine. "Making Friends with Neighbors?: Local Perceptions of Russia and China in Kyrgyzstan." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, no. 03 (2018): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740018500185.
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Many studies have compared the Russian and Chinese projects currently underway in the Central Asian region, namely the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), both of which seek to increase integration with Central Asian states. Yet little attention has been paid to how these endeavors are perceived locally by Central Asians themselves. This article aims to fill this gap by presenting the findings of a comparative discourse analysis of perceptions of Russia and China in online Russian-language media in Kyrgyzstan. The research reveals that while Russia’s role in the region has been seen primarily in political terms and China’s role chiefly in economic terms, these perceptions are changing, and that a growing percentage of articles are devoted to economics in the case of Russia and politics in the case of China. Another finding from this research is that China receives a greater percentage of positive coverage than Russia. It is suggested that as two important poles in the emerging multi-polar world, China and Russia should ensure their respective projects complement, rather than conflict, with one another in the region.
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Yang, Xiaoye, Gang Zeng, Guwei Zhang, Jingwei Li, Zhongxian Li, and Zhixin Hao. "Interdecadal Variations of Different Types of Summer Heat Waves in Northeast China Associated with AMO and PDO." Journal of Climate 34, no. 19 (2021): 7783–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0939.1.
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AbstractThe summer heat waves (HWs) in Northeast China (NEC) during 1961–2016 can be classified into two types, namely, wave train HWs and blocking HWs based on the hierarchical clustering algorithm by using ERA-Interim daily datasets. Wave train HWs occurred accompanied by eastward-moving wave trains with a “− + − +” structure formed over Eurasia, while the blocking HWs occurred with blocking circulation anomalies over Eurasia. In general, the blocking HWs could cause the positive temperature anomalies in NEC to last longer than wave train HWs. During the period from 1961 to 2016, the wave train HWs experienced an interdecadal variation from less to more, while the blocking HWs experienced interdecadal variations of less–more–less. Regression analysis and information flow indicate that the interdecadal variation of the wave train HWs is associated with Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), while the interdecadal variation of the blocking HWs is more likely associated with PDO. The positive phase of AMO (negative phase of PDO) could increase the wave train (blocking) HWs by strengthening the zonal wave train similar to the Silk Road pattern (the arched wave train like the polar–Eurasian pattern). The observed results are in agreement with the numerical experiments with the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model, version 5.3.
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Kosaka, Yu, Shang-Ping Xie, and Hisashi Nakamura. "Dynamics of Interannual Variability in Summer Precipitation over East Asia*." Journal of Climate 24, no. 20 (2011): 5435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4099.1.
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Abstract The summertime mei-yu–baiu rainband over East Asia displays considerable interannual variability. A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis for interannual variability reveals that precipitation anomalies over the mei-yu–baiu region are accompanied by in situ anomalies of midtropospheric horizontal temperature advection. Anomalous warm (cool) advection causes increased (decreased) mei-yu–baiu precipitation locally by inducing adiabatic ascent (descent). The anomalous precipitation acts to reinforce the vertical motion, forming a feedback system. By this mechanism, the remotely forced anomalous atmospheric circulation can induce changes in mei-yu–baiu precipitation. The quasi-stationary precipitation anomalies induced by this mechanism are partially offset by transient eddies. The SVD analysis also reveals the association of mei-yu–baiu precipitation anomalies with several teleconnection patterns, suggesting remote induction mechanisms. The Pacific–Japan (PJ) teleconnection pattern, which is associated with anomalous convection over the tropical western North Pacific, contributes to mei-yu–baiu precipitation variability throughout the boreal summer. The PJ pattern mediates influences of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in preceding boreal winter on mei-yu–baiu precipitation. In early summer, the leading covariability pattern between precipitation and temperature advection also features the Silk Road pattern—a wave train along the summertime Asian jet—and another wave train pattern to the north along the polar-front jet that often leads to the development of the surface Okhotsk high.
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DIKARIEV, O.I., and L.B. SHOSTAK. "China's Arctic geostrategies in political and economic processes." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №3(214)2019 132 (May 8, 2019): 7–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2677988.
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The subject of the study political and economic strategies for the distribution and use of natural resources by the Arctic countries. The purpose of the article – author’s vision of the benefits of the arctic strategy of China and promising directions of Ukraine’s participation in solving the strategic tasks of sustainable development of the region. Methodology of the work general macroeconomics, theories of sectoral markets and sustainable development. On the basis of the system approach, factors influencing the sustainable development of the Arctic region are identified. Using the methods of expert analysis, the main directions of the Chinese geopolitical strategy are determined. Structure and synthesis methods reveal the strengths and weaknesses of international cooperation in the joint use of natural resources in the Arctic. on three main topics: (1) the first is the growing circumpolar collaboration between organizations of peoples and regional governments: the North meets the North, (2) region–building under paramount participation of states with a focus on the Arctic Council, (3) the relationship of the Arctic with the outside world, (4) effects non–system actors (China) on the transformation of geopolitical and geo–economic strategies in the Arctic region as the sixth part of world space north of the parallel 66 ° 33’39» with a population of 4 million people in eight circumpolar countries: Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States, rich in renewable (fish, sea animals) and non– renewable resources (up to 20% of world mineral reserves), (5) influence of ice melting on geopolitical and geo–economical situation in Arctic; «Polar Silk Road», White Paper «China’s Arctic Policy» China justifies its role in the fight against global warming and the need to participate in the development of decisions regarding the Arctic as a whole. Beijing’s interests are not limited to shipping and the development of mineral resources of the bottom and subsoil, they are also related to the harvesting of aquatic biological resources, the protection of the marine environment and its biodiversity, and scientific research.Free–trade deals, investments in mining and infrastructure, and other ties have all proliferated, blurring the lines between political and economic domains and raising the prospect of a new mercantilism.China not only gained real access to modern Icelandic technologies of clean geothermal energy, it also gained leverage in Iceland itself. And this influence, as soon as Iceland heads the Arctic Council in 2019, will help strengthen the position of China on an integrated EU policy for the Arctic that proposes three priority areas: climate change and safeguarding the Arctic environment; sustainable development in and around the Arctic; and international cooperation on Arctic issues. Conclusions – Unlike the Arctic states, China has no territorial sovereignty and related sovereign rights to resource extraction and fishing in the Arctic. Faced with very limited rights as a non–Arctic state, China has been eager to design strategies to bridge the widening gap between the legal and institutional constraints in the Arctic and its growing Arctic interests.
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Gögele, Clemens, Judith Hahn, and Gundula Schulze-Tanzil. "Anatomical Tissue Engineering of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Entheses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11 (2023): 9745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119745.
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The firm integration of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts into bones remains the most demanding challenge in ACL reconstruction, since graft loosening means graft failure. For a functional-tissue-engineered ACL substitute to be realized in future, robust bone attachment sites (entheses) have to be re-established. The latter comprise four tissue compartments (ligament, non-calcified and calcified fibrocartilage, separated by the tidemark, bone) forming a histological and biomechanical gradient at the attachment interface between the ACL and bone. The ACL enthesis is surrounded by the synovium and exposed to the intra-articular micromilieu. This review will picture and explain the peculiarities of these synovioentheseal complexes at the femoral and tibial attachment sites based on published data. Using this, emerging tissue engineering (TE) strategies addressing them will be discussed. Several material composites (e.g., polycaprolactone and silk fibroin) and manufacturing techniques (e.g., three-dimensional-/bio-printing, electrospinning, braiding and embroidering) have been applied to create zonal cell carriers (bi- or triphasic scaffolds) mimicking the ACL enthesis tissue gradients with appropriate topological parameters for zones. Functionalized or bioactive materials (e.g., collagen, tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass (BG)) or growth factors (e.g., bone morphogenetic proteins [BMP]-2) have been integrated to achieve the zone-dependent differentiation of precursor cells. However, the ACL entheses comprise individual (loading history) asymmetric and polar histoarchitectures. They result from the unique biomechanical microenvironment of overlapping tensile, compressive and shear forces involved in enthesis formation, maturation and maintenance. This review should provide a road map of key parameters to be considered in future in ACL interface TE approaches.
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Zvorykina, Ju V., and K. S. Teteryatnikov. "The Northern Sea Route as a Tool of Arctic Development." Russian Economic Journal, no. 4 (August 2019): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2019-4-21-44.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of Russia. The authors believe that climate change, gradually leading to the melting of polar ice, opens up new opportunities for the development of Arctic resources and navigation in the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Of particular interest to the NSR are non-Arctic countries, critically dependent on the supply of foreign mineral and carbon resources, as well as on the export of their goods to Europe. Among them, China stands out, considering the NSR as the Arctic Blue Economic Corridor as part of the global Silk Road system. The NSR is intended to become an essential tool for further development of the Arctic zone of Russia. Development of port infrastructure and creation of a modern ocean and maritime fleet will accelerate the pace of socio-economic development of this strategically important region. To do this, it is necessary to adopt a federal law on special system of preferences for investors, including foreign ones, implementing their projects in the Arctic. Among such preferences there are preferential profit tax rates, reduction in Mineral Extraction Tax (MET) rates, a declarative procedure for VAT refunds, a simplified procedure for granting land plots and unchanged conditions for the implementation of investment projects. In addition, it is important to make the NSR safe and profitable both in terms of quality of service and of price for the shippers. In particular, the payment for icebreakers’ escort of vessels should be competitive and reasonable. The largest Russian private and state-owned companies should be involved into Arctic projects. It is important to synchronize the Arctic oil and gas projects with nuclear and LNG icebreakers’ construction, as well as with the launch of two logistics hubs in Murmansk and Kamchatka. In this case, year-round NSR navigation will be organized, which will ensure the high competitiveness of Russian products supplied to the Asian Pacific markets.
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Сухоручкина, И. Н., and А. А. Сухоручкина. "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT FOR TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS IN RUSSIA FOR THE INTEGRATION OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS IN EURASIA." Научно-техническая информация. Серия 1: Организация и методика информационной работы, no. 4 (July 3, 2024): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36535/0548-0019-2023-04-4.
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Проанализированы сети связи международной экономической интеграции, зон свободной торговли, экономических, таможенных и валютных союзов, патентных и метрологических организаций в Евразии с участием России, законодательство госрегулирования сетей связи, проекты национальной программы «Цифровая экономика РФ», международные, европейские и российские стандарты кабельных систем связи. Классифицированы магистральные сети связи в России, наземные кабельные сети связи в Евразии через РФ - TEA NEXT, Европа - Россия - Азия ERA и DREAM, Европа - Россия - Япония ERJ, Европа - Россия - Монголия - Китай ERMC, Транзит - Монголия TMP, сеть Юго-Западной Азии SWAN, Супер Транзит Шелковый путь, TRANSKZ, подводные кабельные системы связи в Евразии с участием России - Межконтинентальный канал квантовой связи БРИКС, трансарктические кабельные линии связи Хельсинки - Токио и «Полярный экспресс» Мурманск - Владивосток, Россия - Япония RJCN, Хоккайдо - Сахалин HSCS, Италия - Турция - Украина - Россия ITUR, спутниковые системы связи России и с участием России - Globalstar, Inmarsat, Thuraya, Iridium, Intelsat, Eutelsat и Orbcomm. Проанализировано отражение НИОКР глобальных сетей связи в реферативных базах данных. The communication networks for international economic integration, free trade zones, economic, customs and currency unions, patent and metrological organizations in Eurasia with the participation of Russia, the legislation for state regulation of communication networks, projects of the national program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation”, international, European and Russian standards of cable systems have been analyzed. Backbone communication networks in Russia, terrestrial cable communication networks through Russia in Eurasia such as TEA NEXT, Europe-Russia-Asia ERA, Diverse Route for European and Asian Markets DREAM, Europe-Russia-Japan ERJ, Europe-Russia-Mongolia-China ERMC, Transit-Mongolia TMP, Southwest Asia Network SWAN, Super Transit Silk Road, TRANSKZ, submarine cable communication systems in Eurasia with the participation of Russia such as BRICS Intercontinental Quantum Communication Channel, Helsinki-Tokyo trans-Arctic telecom cable, Murmansk-Vladivostok “Polar Express”, Russia-Japan Cable Network RJCN, Hokkaido-Sakhalin Cable System HSCS, Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia ITUR, satellite communication systems of Russia and with the participation of Russia such as Globalstar, Inmarsat, Thuraya, Iridium, Intelsat, Eutelsat and Orbcomm have been systematized. The global communication networks R&amp;D reflection in abstract databases has been analyzed.
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Senthilkumar, Dr K. "India- USA-China Axis and Co-Existence -A Policy Decision Analysis." International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 14, no. 2 (2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v14i02.001.
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In the contemporary dynamic global order, shrinking sovereign nation-states prioritize the economical concerns than any other sphere. The hegemonic phenomenon still persists since from the origin of organized governance hitherto in the present century at various levels in differed forms. The Multi-polar system in the aftermath of the 9/11 catastrophe and its eventual action-oriented drastic policy decisions ended with both successive trials and as well as fiasco concerned with the existing state system. Deterrence and diplomacy function together in attaining the targeted decisions. The exhaustion and exploitation of natural resources around the nations of the world made think-tanks and great minds to explore and delve deep into the unexcavated sectors of human capacity. It is startling observation here to mention that most of the human inventions in the science and technology in the modern era serves as an element of curse in the annihilation of entire human community.In global sphere China’s supremacy over south china sea and as well as its progressive actions related with Maritime silk road irks America which unleashed radical policy decisions for protecting its interests at mega level. That said, the initiative of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and its founding members from European countries adds fuel to the fire. String of Pearl theory related with India also creates a stir upon the minds of policy makers of India and as well as USA.Albeit of odd government in China, its progressive performance in economic sector is always the cause of concern for neighbors and countries at distant. It took seven decades in the erstwhile USSR for completing the experimentation with Communist revolution. Although China is nearing the same tenure we may not imagine the similar fate for the dragon nation. Nonetheless the deterrence effect of China’s can never be under estimated. In this junction this piece of work is an endeavor is to focus upon the dynamic policy of USA in the Asian continent and as well as to caution about the Indian security to be strengthened by aligning with USA and other similar partners.
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Kogut, Victor. "The Republic of Belarus and the SCO in the European Geopolitical Space." Administrative Consulting 97, no. 1 (2017): 37–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14945468.
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The article notes that the Republic of Belarus in the Eurasian geopolitical space is a transit country, being the point of contact the Western Christian, Eastern Christian civilization and the border of the two most important geo-economic associations. The paper emphasizes that the SCO should be considered as an important geopolitical subject, one of the main objectives of which is the structuring of the Eurasian geopolitical space. It is noted that the new status of the Republic of Belarus in this organization opens new opportunities associated with the formation of a full-fledged «designers» of the modern Eurasian geopolitical space.
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Marsili, Marco. "Arctic Security: A Global Challenge." Jadavpur Journal of International Relations 26, no. 2 (2022): 139–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/09735984221120299.
Full textAbstract:
Arctic security is a main security challenge—a global one, not only a regional one—not only for the Arctic countries, but for the whole international community, first of all Europe. With the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China expanding their role in the area, and the difficulty of finding an undisputed governance on maritime routes and economic exploitation of resources, there is the risk of militarization of the Arctic. After briefly summarizing current and future challenges in the Arctic, this article analyzes the limits due to a deficit of suitable instruments to maintain security in the region, especially in relation to the role of international intergovernmental organizations, and it suggests some remedies to overcome these deficiencies.
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TÜTER, Mustafa. "China's Polar Silk Road: Opportunities and Challenges for Nordic Arctic." International Journal of Politics and Security, September 10, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1152777.
Full textAbstract:
Son dönemde yaşanan küresel ve çevresel değişimler Arktic bölgesinin artan öneminin altını çizmektedir. Çin’in Kutup İpek Yolu (KİY) politikasını benimsemesiyle beraber Nordik ülkeleri açısından bölgede ortaya çıkan fırsatlar ve sorunlar geniş bir ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir. KİY Arktik yönetişimi açısından uluslararası işbirliği yönünde yeni fırsatlar sunmasına rağmen, Nordik ülkelerinin taşıdığı jeopolitik, kalkınmacı, çevresel ve sosya-politik kaygılar gelecekte daha geniş bir işbirliğinin etkin bir biçimde uygulanabilmesi konusunda zorluklar yaratmaktadır. Bu makale en temelde yükselen küresel belirsizliklerin gölgesinde Arktik deniz yollarının gelişimi ve kullanımınıyla ilgili önerilen plan ve projeleri incelemektedir. Çin ve Nordik ülkeleri, KİY bağlamında entegre edilmiş projelerden kaynaklanan daha geniş kazanımlar elde etmek amacıyla örtüşen tercihleri doğrultusunda ikili ve çok taraflı düzeylerde çabalarını hızlandırabilirler. KİY’in yeşil kalkınma fikrini desteklemesiyle geleneksel ve temiz enerji güvenliğini temin etme konusunda genişleyen potansiyeli, Arktik bölgesindeki işbirliğinin yeni aşamasına doğru atılabilecek adımları işaret etmektedir. Sonuç olarak Nordik ülkeleriyle kapsamlı ortaklıklar tesis edilmeden KİY’in uzun dönemli hedefleri gerçekleştirilemez. Çin-Nordik işbirliğinin gelişiminde görülen tüm önemli bulgulara karşın bahsi geçen engellerin aşılması için küresel yönetişim yönünde politikaların koordine edilmesi, ortak çıkarların uyumlulaştırılması ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın desteklenmesi gerekmektedir.