Academic literature on the topic 'Polaris (Navire)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Polaris (Navire)"

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Bolotenko, George. "Icebreakers at War: Flight of the Russian White Government from Archangel (19-25 February 1920)." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 30, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.9.

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En 1919, dès que les puissances interventionnistes en Russie ont compris que les bolchéviks allaient gagner, elles se sont mises à retirer leurs forces. Par conséquent, les gouvernements blancs de diverses régions, certaines formations militaires et de nombreux civils ont aussi choisi de quitter les lieux. Cet article traite d’une des évacuations, du port d’Arkhangelsk sur la mer Blanche en février 1920. Ce cas présente un intérêt parce que l’évacuation s’est déroulée sur un brise-glace, le Minin, lors d’une poursuite par un autre brise-glace, le Kanada (anciennement le Earl Grey, navire du gouvernement canadien). Les deux navires ont participé à des combats maritimes juste au sud du cercle polaire, probablement le seul événement de ce genre dans l’histoire maritime.
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Pharand, Donat. "Canada's Sovereignty over the Newly Enclosed Arctic Waters." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 25 (1988): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800003222.

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Sommaire trois reprises dans trente ans, le transit du Passage du Nord-Ouest par des navires américains a soulevé la question de la souveraineté du Canada sur les eaux de son archipel arctique. Après la traversée en août 1985 par le navire de la garde-côtière Polar Sea, le Canada n'a pas tardé à encercler l'archipel par une série de lignes de base droites.Le présent article étudie la validité de ces lignes, à la lumière de la décision de la Cour internationale de Justice dans l’Affaire des Pêcheries de 1951, et conclut qu'elles trouvent un fondement solide en droit international coutumier. En conséquence, les eaux encerclées sont des eaux intérieures à travers lesquelles il n'existe aucun droit de passage.Considérant, toutefois, que les États-Unis ne reconnaissent pas la validité internationale de ces lignes et prétendent que le Passage du Nord-Ouest constitue un détroit international, l'auteur prévient que le Canada devrait prendre des mesures de contrôle effectif de sorte que cette prétention ne puisse devenir une réalité. Autrement, le nouveau droit de passage en transit s'appliquerait et permettrait à tous les navires d'exercer un droit de passage en transit sans entrave selon leur mode normal de navigation. Cela signifierait que tous les sous-marins étrangers pourraient y naviguer à l'abris de la banquise polaire et mettre ainsi en danger la sécurité du Canada.
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HILL, J. M., and Y. M. STOKES. "A NOTE ON NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS WITH NONORTHOGONAL COORDINATES." ANZIAM Journal 59, no. 3 (January 2018): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s144618111700058x.

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There are many fluid flow problems involving geometries for which a nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinate system may be the most suitable. To the authors’ knowledge, the Navier–Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid formulated in terms of an arbitrary nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinate system have not been given explicitly in the literature in the simplified form obtained herein. The specific novelty in the equations derived here is the use of the general Laplacian in arbitrary nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinates and the simplification arising from a Ricci identity for Christoffel symbols of the second kind for flat space. Evidently, however, the derived equations must be consistent with the various general forms given previously by others. The general equations derived here admit the well-known formulae for cylindrical and spherical polars, and for the purposes of illustration, the procedure is presented for spherical polar coordinates. Further, the procedure is illustrated for a nonorthogonal helical coordinate system. For a slow flow for which the inertial terms may be neglected, we give the harmonic equation for the pressure function, and the corresponding equation if the inertial effects are included. We also note the general stress boundary conditions for a free surface with surface tension. For completeness, the equations for a compressible flow are derived in an appendix.
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Nikolaou, I. G., E. S. Politis, and P. K. Chaviaropoulos. "Modelling the Flow Around Airfoils Equipped with Vortex Generators Using a Modified 2D Navier–Stokes Solver." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 2 (April 25, 2005): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1850486.

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Vortex generators (VGs) are commonly used for trimming the aerodynamic and aeroelastic performance of wind turbine blades by delaying flow separation. There is therefore a need for the development of reliable, still computationally affordable, models for blade designers to use to predict and enhance the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils equipped with VGs. Such a model is proposed in the present paper, addressing in particular near-stall and post-stall airfoil performance. Starting from the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations that essentially describe the complex flow around a blade/VG configuration, a spanwise averaging procedure is applied, resulting in an equivalent set of two-dimensional equations, enriched with extra source terms. These terms are modelled using elementary vortex flow theory. In turbulent flows, the production term of the turbulent kinetic energy is also augmented by the vorticity induced by the VG. The model is evaluated by studying the flow past a blade section with and without VGs. An analysis of the performance of nine alternative VG configurations is also presented to demonstrate the sensitivity of the airfoil polars to the VG geometric parameters.
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Kohler, Valérie. "L’imaginaire géographique occidental du Grand Nord et la durabilité à l’épreuve du discours et des pratiques touristiques." Téoros 31, no. 1 (December 5, 2013): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1020721ar.

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Correspondant à de nouvelles attentes des touristes, l’écotourisme sert de label de qualité aux agences de voyages, notamment pour les destinations touristiques. L’Arctique n’y échappe pas. Les questions de durabilité, présentes dans le discours promotionnel de voyagistes, sont souvent mises en avant au nom d’un tourisme responsable. Cependant, les touristes occidentaux ne s’approprient pas toujours le discours des voyagistes, pas plus que les principes de développement durables préconisés par la gouvernance touristique à l’origine de ces offres. Le discours institutionnalisé pour une gestion touristique durable est mobilisé au niveau politique comme empirique en interrogeant la dimension écologique d’un tourisme arctique changeant. Qu’en est-il de l’intégration de ces principes de durabilité dans les pratiques de voyage, notamment dans le cas des croisières en milieux polaires, des activités dans les villages inuits ainsi que dans le discours des touristes ? À partir d’une étude de cas réalisée à bord d’un navire de croisière le long des côtes du Groenland, cet article s’intéresse aux décalages entre discours et pratiques sur la durabilité afin d’évaluer l’évolution de l’imaginaire géographique du Grand Nord par lequel le touriste construit son voyage et son rapport à l’altérité.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polaris (Navire)"

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Golfieri, Laura. "Progettare la città compatta: una proposta per il quartiere Navile a Bologna." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17153/.

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Nell'ottica del ritorno alla città compatta, modello urbanistico ideale per rispondere alle attuali esigenze di sostenibilità, la tesi propone un intervento di rigenerazione di un'area che oggi rappresenta un vuoto all'interno del tessuto urbano del quartiere Navile di Bologna. La proposta affronta tre tematiche principali, considerate motori della trasformazione urbana: la creazione di nuove polarità attrattive per la comunità cittadina, il miglioramento della rete di connessioni e la valorizzazione del patrimonio architettonico e naturale esistente. Lo scopo ultimo del progetto è quello di rivitalizzare l'area, rendendola uno spazio attivo e permeabile e facendone l'elemento di ricucitura del territorio periferico in cui è inserita.
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Marth, Wieland. "Hydrodynamic Diffuse Interface Models for Cell Morphology and Motility." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-204651.

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In this thesis, we study mathematical models that describe the morphology of a generalized biological cell in equilibrium or under the influence of external forces. Within these models, the cell is considered as a thermodynamic system, where streaming effects in the cell bulk and the surrounding are coupled with a Helfrich-type model for the cell membrane. The governing evolution equations for the cell given in a continuum formulation are derived using an energy variation approach. Such two-phase flow problems that combine streaming effects with a free boundary problem that accounts for bending and surface tension can be described effectively by a diffuse interface approach. An advantage of the diffuse interface approach is that models for e.g. different biophysical processes can easily be combined. That makes this method suitable to describe complex phenomena such as cell motility and multi-cell dynamics. Within the first model for cell motility, we combine a biological network for GTPases with the hydrodynamic Helfrich-type model. This model allows to account for cell motility driven by membrane protrusion as a result of actin polymerization. Within the second model, we moreover extend the Helfrich-type model by an active gel theory to account for the actin filaments in the cell bulk. Caused by contractile stress within the actin-myosin solution, a spontaneous symmetry breaking event occurs that lead to cell motility. In this thesis, we further study the dynamics of multiple cells which is of wide interest since it reveals rich non-linear behavior. To apply the diffuse interface framework, we introduce several phase field variables to account for several cells that are coupled by a local interaction potential. In a first application, we study white blood cell margination, a biological phenomenon that results from the complex relation between collisions, different mechanical properties and lift forces of red blood cells and white blood cells within the vascular system. Here, it is shown that inertial effects, which can become of relevance in various parts of the cardiovascular system, lead to a decreasing tendency for margination with increasing Reynolds number. Finally, we combine the active polar gel theory and the multi-cell approach that is capable of studying collective migration of cells. This hydrodynamic approach predicts that collective migration emerges spontaneously forming coherently-moving clusters as a result of the mutual alignment of the velocity vectors during inelastic collisions. We further observe that hydrodynamics heavily influence those systems. However, a complete suppression of the onset of collective migration cannot be confirmed. Moreover, we give a brief insight how such highly coupled systems can be treated numerically using finite elements and how the numerical costs can be limited using operator splitting approaches and problem parallelization with OPENMP
Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit mathematischen Modellen zur Beschreibung von Gleichgewichts- und dynamischen Zuständen von verallgemeinerten biologischen Zellen. Die Zellen werden dabei als thermodynamisches System aufgefasst, bei dem Strömungseffekte innerhalb und außerhalb der Zelle zusammen mit einem Helfrich-Modell für Zellmembranen kombiniert werden. Schließlich werden durch einen Energie-Variations-Ansatz die Evolutionsgleichungen für die Zelle hergeleitet. Es ergeben sie dabei Mehrphasen-Systeme, die Strömungseffekte mit einem freien Randwertproblem, das zusätzlich physikalischen Einflüssen wie Biegung und Oberflächenspannung unterliegt, vereinen. Um solche Probleme effizient zu lösen, wird in dieser Arbeit die Diffuse-Interface-Methode verwendet. Ein Vorteil dieser Methode ist, dass es sehr einfach möglich ist, Modelle, die verschiedenste Prozesse beschreiben, miteinander zu vereinen. Dies erlaubt es, komplexe biologische Phänomene, wie zum Beispiel Zellmotilität oder auch die kollektive Bewegung von Zellen, zu beschreiben. In den Modellen für Zellmotilität wird ein biologisches Netzwerk-Modell für GTPasen oder auch ein Active-Polar-Gel-Modell, das die Aktinfilamente im Inneren der Zellen als Flüssigkristall auffasst, mit dem Multi-Phasen-Modell kombiniert. Beide Modelle erlauben es, komplexe Vorgänge bei der selbst hervorgerufenen Bewegung von Zellen, wie das Vorantreiben der Zellmembran durch Aktinpolymerisierung oder auch die Kontraktionsbewegung des Zellkörpers durch kontraktile Spannungen innerhalb des Zytoskelets der Zelle, zu verstehen. Weiterhin ist die kollektive Bewegung von vielen Zellen von großem Interesse, da sich hier viele nichtlineare Phänomene zeigen. Um das Diffuse-Interface-Modell für eine Zelle auf die Beschreibung mehrerer Zellen zu übertragen, werden mehrere Phasenfelder eingeführt, die die Zellen jeweils kennzeichnen. Schließlich werden die Zellen durch ein lokales Abstoßungspotential gekoppelt. Das Modell wird angewendet, um White blood cell margination, das die Annäherung von Leukozyten an die Blutgefäßwand bezeichnet, zu verstehen. Dieser Prozess wird dabei bestimmt durch den komplexen Zusammenhang zwischen Kollisionen, den jeweiligen mechanischen Eigenschaften der Zellen, sowie deren Auftriebskraft innerhalb der Adern. Die Simulationen zeigen, dass diese Annäherung sich in bestimmten Gebieten des kardiovaskulären Systems stark vermindert, in denen die Blutströmung das Stokes-Regime verlässt. Schließlich wird das Active-Polar-Gel-Modell mit dem Modell für die kollektive Bewegung vom Zellen kombiniert. Dies macht es möglich, die kollektive Bewegung der Zellen und den Einfluss von Hydrodynamik auf diese Bewegung zu untersuchen. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass der Zustand der kollektiven gerichteten Bewegung sich spontan aus der Neuausrichtung der jeweiligen Zellen durch inelastische Kollisionen ergibt. Obwohl die Hydrodynamik einen großen Einfluss auf solche Systeme hat, deuten die Simulationen nicht daraufhin, dass Hydrodynamik die kollektive Bewegung vollständig unterdrückt. Weiterhin wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, wie die stark gekoppelten Systeme numerisch gelöst werden können mit Hilfe der Finiten-Elemente-Methode und wie die Effizienz der Methode gesteigert werden kann durch die Anwendung von Operator-Splitting-Techniken und Problemparallelisierung mittels OPENMP
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Com'Nougue, Michel. "Les nouvelles méthodes de navigation durant le Moyen Age." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819271.

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Les nouvelles méthodes de navigation durant le Moyen Age. Le navire de commerce à voile est propulsé par le vent et doit donc suivre cette direction générale. La navigation peut se définir selon un aspect d'abord stratégique comme le choix d'une route en tenant compte des contraintes imposées par le vent et un aspect tactique concernant le tracé et le contrôle, en cours d'exécution de cette route. 1-Dans un premier temps, la navigation antique ne se réfère qu'au seul vent qui est le moteur mais aussi le guide du navigateur pour suivre la route fixée par l'observation des traces qu'il imprime sur la mer. C'est la navigation à vue. La limite de la méthode est atteinte quand le vent devient changeant au large, ce qui oblige alors une vérification de la direction par l'observation des astres. 2- L'apparition de l'aiguille aimantée résout en partie ce problème. L'orientation géographique entraine la mise au point, à la fin du XIIIe siècle, d'une nouvelle méthode : l'estime. L'estime est la résolution graphique des problèmes que pose le contrôle de la route choisie. Cette résolution suppose, d'une part, l'usage de la boussole et d'une orientation géographique et, d'autre part, une analyse vectorielle sur un support la carte marine qui est donc indissociable de la méthode. Le plus gros défaut de l'estime est que les positions sont définies par projection dans le futur de paramètres, cap et distances parcourues actuels. Des différences sont donc à prévoir qui entrainent une zone d'incertitude sur le point estimé. 3- Lorsqu'au début du XVe siècle les navigateurs se lancent dans l'inconnu, obligés de suivre le vent qui décrit des boucles, les voyages s'allongent sans voir la terre pour une confrontation avec des positions avérées. La taille des zones d'incertitude obligent le navigateur a préciser sa position finale par d'autres méthodes basées sur des observations astronomiques. On peut distinguer deux méthodes : Tout d'abord, la méthode des hauteurs de polaire, de 1433 à 1480 environ, qui permet de finaliser la volta et d'effectuer un atterrissage selon une route Est-Ouest. L'analyse de la technique nautique de Colomb, qui utilise cette méthode, est très semblable à celle décrite par Ibn Majid dans son traité de navigation. Il est probable qu'il y a eu transmission sans pouvoir préciser les circonstances exactes.Mais dès que les navigateurs franchissent l'équateur la polaire devient indisponible, les navigateurs doivent observer le soleil. Cette deuxième méthode est plus délicate car les paramètres du soleil changent chaque jour. Ils obligent donc le navigateur à calculer la latitude, à partir de l'observation de la méridienne de soleil et par l'usage de tables des données solaire : os regimentos do sol. C'est cette méthode qui permet à Vasco da Gama de doubler le cap de Bonne Esperance, en 1498, ce qui marque la fin de la période étudiée. Pour conclure il faut remarquer que ces deux derniers méthodes sont le fruit d'une coopération entre les usagers et les scientifiques sous l'égide du pouvoir, décidé à atteindre le but fixé. C'est donc le fruit d'une véritable recherche scientifique. En second lieu, il faut également noter que les progrès de la navigation accompagnent des progrès parallèles en architecture navale, le gouvernail d'étambot, ainsi que de nouvelles procédures dans le commerce maritime. L'étude des interactions entre ces divers domaines reste à faire.
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Books on the topic "Polaris (Navire)"

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Sagesse divine et folie humaine: Étude sur les structures antithétiques dans l'Heptaméron de Marguerite de Navarre (1492-1549). Göteborg, Suède: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2001.

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1829-1897, Robeson G. M., and Davis C. H. 1845-1921, eds. Narrative of the North Polar expedition: U.S. Ship Polaris, Captain Charles Francis Hall commanding. 3rd ed. London: Trıubner, 1986.

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1829-1897, Robeson G. M., and Davis C. H. 1845-1921, eds. Narrative of the North Polar expedition: U.S. Ship Polaris, Captain Charles Francis Hall commanding. Washington: G.P.O., 1986.

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National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), ed. Instructions for the expedition toward the North Pole. Washington: G.P.O., 1986.

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North-Pole voyages: Embracing sketches of the important facts and incidents in the latest American efforts to reach the North Pole, from the second Grinnell expedition to that of the Polaris. New York: Nelson & Phillips, 1986.

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L'alba della Stella Polare: Il fiero esordio della barca e del suo primo equipaggio, appena 50 anni fa. Tricase (LE), Italia: Youcanprint Self-Publishing, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polaris (Navire)"

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Tuck, Adrian F. "Initial Survey of Observations." In Atmospheric Turbulence. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199236534.003.0005.

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The observations are our starting point in this book, having been obtained from research aircraft in the last two decades. Justification for this approach can be found in Section 1.3 and by noting that there are no known analytical solutions to the Navier–Stokes equation, preventing the possibility of a priori prediction of the atmosphere’s turbulent structure. We note the pioneering power spectral analysis of wind, temperature, and ozone from commercial Boeing 747 aircraft (Nastrom and Gage 1985) and the more recent data from Airbus 340 aircraft under the aegis of the MOZAIC programme (Marenco et al. 1998). Multifractal analysis was first applied to observations from an IL-12 aircraft in the tropics (Chigirinskaya et al. 1994) and has been applied to a large body of observations taken from ER- 2, WB57F, DC-8, and G4 aircraft, with dropsondes from the last of these; Chapters 2, 4 and 5 are largely devoted to the results. Many of these data were obtained in the lower stratosphere from the ER-2 in the course of investigating ozone loss in both Arctic and Antarctic regions, where there exists a reasonably well-defined, durable circulation system offering clear dynamical, chemical, and radiative signatures. A more climate-driven imperative exists to investigate the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, largely pursued with the WB57F. The recent G4 and dropsonde data were acquired in the troposphere over the eastern Pacific Ocean, in the course of investigating northern hemisphere winter storms there. The utility of balloons and then, 120 years later, from 1903, of powered aircraft for exploring atmospheric properties, were immediately obvious. The Second World War saw aircraft attaining stratospheric altitudes, revealing a very dry lower stratosphere with westerly winds in winter and easterlies in summer, with accumulation of high ozone abundances in polar regions (Brewer 1944; Dobson et al. 1945; Brewer et al. 1948; Brewer 1949; Murgatroyd and Clews 1949; Bannon et al. 1952).
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Conference papers on the topic "Polaris (Navire)"

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Danner, Florian, Christofer Kendall-Torry, and Hans-Peter Kau. "Aerodynamic Origin of Rotor-Rotor Interaction Noise From Unducted Propulsors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95572.

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The sound arising from blade row interaction in open rotor propulsion systems is known to significantly contribute to overall noise emissions. The present paper therefore addresses the origination of rotor-rotor interaction noise from a pair of unducted counter-rotating fans. The focus is on the aerodynamic mechanisms that involve sound generation, in order to provide the physical understanding required to find noise-reducing means. Detailed insight into the underlying phenomena is provided on the basis of numerical simulations applying the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The interaction mechanisms are identified by extracting the time-dependent disturbances of the flow field in the respective rotor relative frame of reference. Conclusions on the sources of interaction noise and potential noise-reducing means are drawn by evaluating polar directivities, blade surface pressure distributions and propagation characteristics.
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Beschorner, K. E., C. F. Higgs, and M. R. Lovell. "Derivation of Reynolds Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates Applicable to Pin-on-Disk and CMP." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71245.

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Traditional tribology references typically provide the cylindrical (or polar) Reynolds equation, which may not be applicable when entrainment velocities vary with radius and/or angle. However, entrainment velocities are known to vary with angle for some cases of pin-on-disk contact and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). A form of Reynolds equation is derived in this manuscript from the Navier-Stokes equations without entrainment velocity assumptions. Two case studies, related to pin-on-disk and CMP, are presented and results from the derived form of Reynolds equation are compared with results from the traditionally used form. Pressure distributions obtained from the two forms of Reynolds equation varied greatly in magnitude and in pressure shape. Therefore, a new form of the cylindrical Reynolds equation derived in this manuscript is used when entrainment velocities are known to vary with radius or angle.
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Danner, Florian, and Christofer Kendall-Torry. "Effect of Blade Tip Modifications for Unducted Propulsors on Tip Vortex-Rotor Interaction Noise." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-27134.

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Front rotor tip vortices impinging on a downstream blade row of an unducted propulsor induce distinct unsteadiness to blade loads with associated sound emissions. Since the region of unsteadiness is concentrated near the blade tips, reducing the rear rotor tip diameter represents a potential means for minimising interaction noise. A survey on the aeroacoustic effects resulting from a cropped rear rotor in combination with a front rotor blade tip modification is therefore presented. Analyses are based on data from computational fluid dynamics solutions with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and direct acoustic predictions. The evaluation of polar directivities, blade surface pressure disturbances and details of the unsteady flow field provide insight into the underlying phenomena. Results show that an arbitrary reduction of the rear rotor tip diameter does not necessarily decrease noise radiation and that winglet-like structures applied to the front rotor blade tips are capable of reducing acoustic emissions due to tip vortex-rotor interactions.
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Li, Zhuo, Gui-Hua Tang, Ya-Ling He, and Wen-Quan Tao. "Numerical Investigation of EDL Effects on the Flow Characters of Polar Fluids in Rectangular Microchannels." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96073.

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Recently, a large number of experiments have been conducted to examine the applicability of Navier-Stokes equations to predict the friction factor for the laminar flow of polar fluids in microchannels. However, significant discrepancies still exist between various results. In order to investigate the effect of electric double layer on the pressure-driven flow of polar fluid in smooth rectangular microchannels and to reveal whether continuum model can still be applied, numerical investigations are conducted in this paper. The simulated microchannels are made of silicon engraved substrate with Pyrex cover, and the measured relative roughness of channels is less than 0.5%. Deionized water and tap water with different ion concentration and electrical conductivity are used as the working fluid. The governing equations include the two-dimensional, non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation, the modified N-S equation and the electric field Ez equation. The steady state electric field Ez equation is coupled with the momentum equation. The FVM (finite volume method) is adopted to discretize the governing equations. The non-uniform grid systems 152×102 is applied and the Reynolds number ranges from 0.1 to 300. Good agreements are achieved between the numerical results and the experimental data available in the literature. The effects of electrical potential, fluid ion concentration, electrical conductivity and the channel dimensions on the EDL profile, and the electroviscous effect and the friction coefficient are presented in detail. The simulation results reveal that the Debye thickness depends on ion concentration greatly. Only when the ratio of Dh/δ (the ratio of channel hydraulic diameter to the Debye thickness) is low, the electroviscous effect should be considered. According to the experimental conditions, the numerical results show that if the ratio of Dh/δ is greater than 15, the predicted friction factors agree well with the macroscale classical law, and the disparities are less than 4%.
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Abyaneh, M. H. J., and M. H. Saidi. "Velocity Distributions in (r,θ) Directions for Laminar Flow of a Film Around Horizontal Circular Tube." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98087.

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Velocity distributions in (r,θ) directions are evaluated by solving simultaneous simplified Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) and continuity equation (CE) in polar coordinate. The analysis is based on steady state laminar flow of thin falling liquid film on a horizontal circular tube, for cases in which traction on the film surface is considered negligible. It is a common geometry for part of engineering problems such as evaporator, condenser, absorber, generator of absorption chillers and other similar units in mechanical and chemical engineering. Knowledge of the velocity profiles is usually needed for: 1- solving governing energy and species equations 2- estimating the average and film surface velocity, and 3- evaluating film thickness distribution and its gradient. Two models of velocity distributions are considered, namely actual model and simplified model. Models are compared not only with each other but also with semi actual model in (x,y) coordinate given in the literatures. The average and film surface velocity profiles and film thickness distribution for these models have been shown in various conditions. The results clearly show that the larger flow rates and/or smaller tube diameter increases the calculation error.
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