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Journal articles on the topic 'Polarization noise'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Muhammad Basharat, Muhammad Basharat, Ming Ding Ming Ding, Yang Li Yang Li, Hongwei Cai Hongwei Cai, and Jiancheng Fang Jiancheng Fang. "Noise reduction and signal to noise ratio improvement in magneto-optical polarization rotation measurement." Chinese Optics Letters 16, no. 8 (2018): 081201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201816.081201.

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2

BENATTI, F., R. FLOREANINI, and P. ROSINI. "POLARIZATION ENTANGLEMENT THROUGH NOISE." International Journal of Quantum Information 06, supp01 (July 2008): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749908003827.

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3

Tibbs, A. B., I. M. Daly, D. R. Bull, and N. W. Roberts. "Noise creates polarization artefacts." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 015005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/aa9e22.

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4

McCarrick, H., G. Jones, B. R. Johnson, M. H. Abitbol, P. A. R. Ade, S. Bryan, P. Day, et al. "Design and performance of dual-polarization lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors for millimeter-wave polarimetry." Astronomy & Astrophysics 610 (February 2018): A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732044.

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Aims. Lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) are an attractive technology for millimeter-wave observations that require large arrays of extremely low-noise detectors. We designed, fabricated and characterized 64-element (128 LEKID) arrays of horn-coupled, dual-polarization LEKIDs optimized for ground-based CMB polarimetry. Our devices are sensitive to two orthogonal polarizations in a single spectral band centered on 150 GHz with Δν∕ν = 0.2. The 65 × 65 mm square arrays are designed to be tiled into the focal plane of an optical system. We demonstrate the viability of these dual-polarization LEKIDs with laboratory measurements. Methods. The LEKID modules are tested with an FPGA-based readout system in a sub-kelvin cryostat that uses a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. The devices are characterized using a blackbody and a millimeter-wave source. The polarization properties are measured with a cryogenic stepped half-wave plate. We measure the resonator parameters and the detector sensitivity, noise spectrum, dynamic range, and polarization response. Results. The resonators have internal quality factors approaching 1 × 106. The detectors have uniform response between orthogonal polarizations and a large dynamic range. The detectors are photon-noise limited above 1 pW of absorbed power. The noise-equivalent temperatures under a 3.4 K blackbody load are <100 μK √s. The polarization fractions of detectors sensitive to orthogonal polarizations are >80%. The entire array is multiplexed on a single readout line, demonstrating a multiplexing factor of 128. The array and readout meet the requirements for 4 arrays to be read out simultaneously for a multiplexing factor of 512. Conclusions. This laboratory study demonstrates the first dual-polarization LEKID array optimized specifically for CMB polarimetry and shows the readiness of the detectors for on-sky observations.

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5

Yang, Zhuo, Zhi Sheng Jing, Qiang Yong Su, Guo Wei Qin, and Ze Long Zhou. "Design, Simulation and Experiment of Polarization Transformers Based on Twisted Chiral Metamaterials." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1196.

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In this paper, we proposed a metamaterial polarization transformer which exhibits linear dichroism and linear conversion dichroism simultaneously. Through simulation and experiment studies in the microwave regime, it was found that only cross-polarization transmissions of x-polarized waves and co-polarization transmissions of y-polarized waves are allowed in the designed structures. As a result, the proposed metamaterials can transform any polarizations into y-polarizations with signal-to-noise ratios over 20 dB and transmissions over 0.6.

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6

GAITAN, FRANK. "SIMULATION OF QUANTUM ADIABATIC SEARCH IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE." International Journal of Quantum Information 04, no. 05 (October 2006): 843–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749906002213.

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Results are presented of a large-scale simulation of the quantum adiabatic search (QuAdS) algorithm in the presence of noise. The algorithm is applied to the NP-Complete problem N-Bit Exact Cover 3 (EC3). The noise is assumed to Zeeman-couple to the qubits and its effects on the algorithm's performance is studied for various levels of noise power, and for four different types of noise polarization. We examine the scaling relation between the number of bits N (EC3 problem-size) and the algorithm's noise-averaged median run-time 〈T(N)〉. Clear evidence is found of the algorithm's sensitivity to noise. Two fits to the simulation results were done: (i) power-law scaling 〈T(N)〉 = aNb; and (ii) exponential scaling 〈T(N)〉 = a[ exp (bN) - 1]. Both types of scaling relations provided excellent fits, although the scaling parameters a and b varied with noise power, and with the type of noise polarization. The sensitivity of the scaling exponent b to noise polarization allows a relative assessment of which noise polarizations are most problematic for quantum adiabatic search. We demonstrate how the noise leads to decoherence in QuAdS, and estimate the amount of decoherence present in our simulations. An upper bound is also derived for the noise-averaged QuAdS success probability in the limit of weak noise that is appropriate for our simulations.

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7

Meng, Zhao Kui, Zhi Chao Jiao, Hui Lan Liu, Li Shuang Feng, and Ru Ya Li. "Polarization-Noise in Integrated Optical Gyro." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.432.

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Resonator Integrated Optic Gyro (R-IOG) adopts advantages of the micro integrated optoelectronic technique, whose ring resonator is fabricated by optical integrated circuit. Polarization fluctuation induced noise is one of the dominant noise sources in resonator. State of polarization (SOP) of the input light, polarization maintaining quality of the coupler and the waveguide and the fluctuation of the temperature are main parameters which affect polarization noise of integrated optical gyro. Through simulations and experiments, three countermeasures are introduced. The first and second are for exciting one polarization mode of the waveguide. The first way is modulating the SOP of the input light utilizing polarization controller or polarizer and the second one is raising polarization maintaining quality of the waveguide through the birefringence caused by residual stress and core size. The third way is increasing the distance of two resonance dips by control the temperature at an appropriate point to fix one resonance dip at the center of the other resonance interval. The polarization noise can be suppressed through the ways mentioned above.

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8

YU, LI-PING, JIAN-CHEN GUO, LI-DEK CHOU, TE-LUN MA, JHENG-SYONG WU, JIANN-DER LEE, and CHIEN CHOU. "POLARIZATION-SENSITIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY USING A MODIFIED BALANCE DETECTOR." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 05, no. 04 (October 2012): 1250024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545812500241.

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In conventional polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), phase retardation is obtained by the amplitude of P and S polarization only, and the fast axis angle is obtained by the phase difference in P and S polarizations via Hilbert transformation. In this paper, we proposed a modified PS-OCT setup in which the phase retardation and fast axis angle are simply expressed as the function of the amplitude of P and S polarization and their differential signal. Due to the common-path feature between the two channels of P and S polarization, the fluctuation in the measurement of phase retardation and fast axis angle caused by excess noise and phase noise from the laser source can be reduced by the differential signal of P and S polarization via a modified balance detector. Thus, the signal of phase retardation and fast angle axis in the deep layer of a porcine sample can be improved.

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9

Hull, Charles L. H., and Richard L. Plambeck. "The 1.3mm Full-Stokes Polarization System at CARMA." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 04, no. 01n02 (June 2015): 1550005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171715500051.

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The CARMA 1.3[Formula: see text]mm polarization system consists of dual-polarization receivers that are sensitive to right- (R) and left-circular (L) polarization, and a spectral-line correlator that measures all four cross polarizations ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) on each of the 105 baselines connecting the 15 telescopes. Each receiver comprises a single feed horn, a waveguide circular polarizer, an orthomode transducer (OMT), two heterodyne mixers, and two low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), all mounted in a cryogenically cooled dewar. Here we review the basics of polarization observations, describe the construction and performance of key receiver components (circular polarizer, OMT, and mixers — but not the correlator), and discuss in detail the calibration of the system, particularly the calibration of the R–L phase offsets and the polarization leakage corrections. The absolute accuracy of polarization position angle measurements was checked by mapping the radial polarization pattern across the disk of Mars. Transferring the Mars calibration to the well-known polarization calibrator 3C286, we find a polarization position angle of [Formula: see text] for 3C286 at 225[Formula: see text]GHz, consistent with other observations at millimeter wavelengths. Finally, we consider what limitations in accuracy are expected due to the signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range, and primary beam polarization.

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10

Israeloff, N. E., and Xiangzhou Wang. "High-sensitivity dielectric polarization noise measurements." Review of Scientific Instruments 68, no. 3 (March 1997): 1543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147940.

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11

He, Yu Ming, Fu Hua Yang, Wei Yan, Wei Hua Han, and Zhao Feng Li. "Asymmetry Analysis of the Resonance Curve in Resonant Integrated Optical Gyroscopes." Sensors 19, no. 15 (July 27, 2019): 3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153305.

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The Resonant Integrated Optic Gyroscope (RIOG) is a type of high accuracy gyroscope based on the Sagnac effect. A symmetrical resonance curve is very important to the performance of the RIOG. To further investigate and design a RIOG with a waveguide ring resonator, an in-depth research of the asymmetric resonance curve and its influence on the RIOG is fully developed. Four possible optical noises inducing the resonance curve asymmetry are analyzed and their mathematic models are established. These four optical noises are the normal mode effect, the backscattering noise, the backreflection noise and the polarization noise. Any asymmetry of the resonance curve will not only induce a large output bias error into the gyro output, but also seriously decrease the frequency discrimination parameter of the demodulation curve. By using a tunable fiber laser, the high aspect ratio silicon nitride WRR and the silicon dioxide WRR were tested. The experiment measured resonance curves can be well fitted with the theoretical simulation results. The experimental results show that a high aspect ratio silicon nitride waveguide can effectively suppress the polarization noise in the RIOG.

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12

Zang, Aiwei, Na Wu, and Zhiyu Qu. "The Modified Model of Unknown Correlated Noise Fields under the Polarization Sensitive Array." International Journal of Signal Processing Systems 5, no. 2 (June 2017): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijsps.5.2.79-82.

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13

Jun Ge, Jun Ge, Lianshan Yan Lianshan Yan, Anlin Yi Anlin Yi, Yan Pan Yan Pan, Lin Jiang Lin Jiang, Liangliang Dai Liangliang Dai, Wei Pan Wei Pan, and Bin Luo Bin Luo. "Flexible polarization demultiplexing method based on an adaptive process noise covariance Kalman filter." Chinese Optics Letters 16, no. 6 (2018): 060601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201816.060601.

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14

Wan, Yuhang, Mengxuan Cheng, Zheng Zheng, and Kai Liu. "Polarization-Modulated, Goos–Hanchen Shift Sensing for Common Mode Drift Suppression." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092088.

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A polarization-modulation-based Goos–Hanchen (GH) sensing scheme leveraging the polarization-dependence of the Bloch surface wave enhanced GH shift is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Based on a simple setup utilizing a liquid crystal modulator to switch the polarization state of the input beam periodically, the alternating positions of the reflected beam for both polarizations are monitored by a lock-in amplifier to handily retrieve the GH shift signal. The conventional direct measurement of the beam position for the target state of polarization is vulnerable to instabilities in the optomechanical setup and alignment. Our proposed scheme provides a sensitive yet robust GH shift-sensing setup where the common mode drift and noise could be suppressed to ensure better system stability.

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15

Guan, Gui Xia, Yu Zhang Han, Min Hua Wu, and Jian Guo Han. "On Anti-Noise-Algorithm of Optical-Polarization-Sensing Localization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.126.

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the noise problem met during sensing-measurement hasn’t been adequately discussed. In this paper, the calculation errors caused by the noises are demonstrated. A practical optical sensing-localization algorithm based on specially organized Genetic Algorithm is proposed, and application-test experiments of this algorithm are described. Moreover, a parallel-operation scheme suited for Cloud-Computing supporting is introduced. Developments of the algorithm mentioned above provide an effective approach for the rapidly growing field, independent-localization, which would benefit the fields such as geographical mapping, navigation, especially when GPS becomes not readily available due to industrial or natural disturbances such as radio or thunder.

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16

Zhao, Yang, Guoming Xia, Qin Shi, and Anping Qiu. "Expanding Bias-instability of MEMS Silicon Oscillating Accelerometer Utilizing AC Polarization and Self-Compensation." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051455.

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This paper presents a MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) Silicon Oscillating Accelerometer (SOA) with AC (alternating current) polarization to expand its bias-instability limited by the up-converted 1/f noise from front-end transimpedance amplifier (TIA). In contrast to the conventional DC (direct current) scheme, AC polarization breaks the trade-off between input transistor gate size and white noise floor of TIA, a relative low input loading capacitance can be implemented for low noise consideration. Besides, a self-compensation technique combining polarization source and reference in automatic-gain-control (AGC) is put forward. It cancels the 1/f noise and drift introduced by the polarization source itself, which applies to both DC and AC polarization cases. The experimental result indicates the proposed AC polarization and self-compensation strategy expand the bias-instability of studied SOA from 2.58 μg to 0.51 μg with a full scale of ± 30 g, a 155.6 dB dynamic range is realized in this work.

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17

Lin, Tingting, Yujing Yang, Fei Teng, and Mike Müller-Petke. "Enabling surface nuclear magnetic resonance at high-noise environments using a pre-polarization pulse." Geophysical Journal International 212, no. 2 (November 14, 2017): 1463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx490.

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Summary The technique of surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) has been widely used for hydrological investigations in recent years. Unfortunately, the detected SNMR signals are limited to tens of nanovolts and are thus susceptible to environmental noise. While pre-polarization pulses to enhance the detected signal amplitudes are common in laboratory applications, SNMR field testing has only utilized excitation pulses until now. In conducting measurements in China, we demonstrate that adding a pre-polarization field to the SNMR pulse sequence is feasible and allows for the reliable detection of SNMR signals in noisy scenarios that otherwise prohibit signal detection. We introduce a forward modelling for pre-polarization using SNMR and present a three-layer model obtained from inverse modelling that satisfies the observed data from the field experiment. We expect this development to open up new applications for SNMR technology, especially in high-noise level places, such as active mines.

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18

Giacomelli, G., F. Marin, M. Gabrysch, K. H. Gulden, and M. Moser. "Polarization competition and noise properties of VCSELs." Optics Communications 146, no. 1-6 (January 1998): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(97)00530-0.

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19

Zadok, A., and A. Eyal. "Source-induced optical noise in polarization measurements." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 18, no. 12 (June 2006): 1365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2006.877012.

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20

Mus̆evic̆, I., A. Kityk, M. Škarabot, and R. Blinc. "Polarization Noise in a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal." Physical Review Letters 79, no. 6 (August 11, 1997): 1062–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.79.1062.

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21

Israeloff, N. E. "Dielectric polarization noise through the glass transition." Physical Review B 53, no. 18 (May 1, 1996): R11913—R11916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.53.r11913.

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22

Guasoni, Massimiliano, Julien Fatome, and Stefan Wabnitz. "Intensity noise-driven nonlinear fiber polarization scrambler." Optics Letters 39, no. 18 (September 5, 2014): 5309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.005309.

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23

NG, KIN-WANG, and GUO-CHIN LIU. "CORRELATION FUNCTIONS OF CMB ANISOTROPY AND POLARIZATION." International Journal of Modern Physics D 08, no. 01 (February 1999): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271899000079.

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We give a full analysis of the auto- and cross-correlations between the Stokes parameters of the cosmic microwave background. In particular, we derive the windowing function for an antenna with Gaussian response in polarization experiment, and construct correlation function estimators corrected for instrumental noise. They are applied to calculate the signal to noise ratios for future anisotropy and polarization measurements. While the small-angular-scale anisotropy-polarization correlation would be likely detected by the MAP satellite, the detection of electric and magnetic polarization would require higher experimental sensitivity. For large-angular-scale measurements such as the being planned SPOrt/ISS, the expected signal to noise ratio for polarization is greater than one only for reionized models with high reionization redshifts, and the ratio is less for anisotropy-polarization correlation. Correlation and covariance matrices for likelihood analyses of ground-based and satellite data are also given.

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24

Zhang, Dengwei, Cui Liang, and Nan Li. "A Novel Approach to Double the Sensitivity of Polarization Maintaining Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscope." Sensors 20, no. 13 (July 5, 2020): 3762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133762.

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In this paper, a novel optical approach to double the sensitivity to angular rate of interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG) is proposed. Two fiber polarization combiner/splitters (FPCSs), as the key components, are added in the traditional IFOG light path. The FPCSs are able to either combine two orthogonal polarizations transmitting at two different polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) into the two orthogonal axes of one PMF, respectively, or split two polarizations transmitting at the two orthogonal axes of one PMF into two polarizations to transmit at two different PMFs, respectively. Through the specific placement and coupling of these two FPCSs, the incident light can transmit twice along the polarization-maintaining fiber coil (PMFC). The novel approach is verified experimentally and the experimental results show consistency with the theoretical analysis. The proposed approach is able to double the sensitivity of IFOGs and can increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without increasing the length of PMFC, which is very susceptible to environmental influences and is of great significance in the technical improvement of IFOGs, as well as the miniaturization of IFOGs.

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25

Asgharzadeh, Mehdi, Andrej Bóna, Roman Pevzner, Milovan Urosevic, and Boris Gurevich. "Reliability of the slowness and slowness-polarization methods for anisotropy estimation in VTI media from 3C walkaway VSP data." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): WC93—WC102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0409.1.

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We studied the validity of qP-wave slowness and slowness-polarization methods for estimating local anisotropy parameters in transversely isotropic (TI) media by quantifying the estimation errors in a numerical exercise. We generated numerical slownesses and polarizations over two aperture ranges corresponding to a short offset walkaway vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and a long offset walkaway VSP for a range of TI models with vertical axis of symmetry (VTI). Synthetic data are equisampled over the phase angle range and contaminated with Gaussian noise. We inverted the data and compared the anisotropy parameters of the optimal model with the true model. We found that the selection of a proper methodology for VTI parameter estimation based on walkaway VSP measurements was mostly dependent on our ability to accurately estimate either horizontal components of qP-wave slowness vector or the polarization vector. With data contaminated with noise, methods that include the horizontal component of the slowness vector had greater accuracy than the methods that replace this information with polarization measurements. The estimations are particularly accurate when a wide range of propagation angle was available. For short offsets, only parameter [Formula: see text] could be reliably estimated. In the absence of long offsets, depending on the accuracy of polarization measurements, the method based on the weak anisotropy approximation for qP-wave velocity in VTI media or the method based on slowness and polarization vectors could be used to estimate [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. If the horizontal components of the slowness vector were not available (a heterogeneous overburden), we used methods that were based on local measurements of the polarization vector. We found that, with accurate measurements of the polarization vector, the method based on exact relationship between vertical slowness and polarization dip could be used to estimate VTI parameters even for the cases in which the wide offset range was not available.

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26

KOTOK, E., I. D. NOVIKOV, P. NASELSKY, and D. NOVIKOV. "PECULIARITIES OF ANISOTROPY AND POLARIZATION AS AN INDICATOR OF NOISES IN THE CMB MAPS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 10, no. 04 (August 2001): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271801001153.

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We discuss some new problems of the modern cosmology which arose after the BOOMERANG and MAXIMA-1 successful missions. Statistics of high peaks of the CMB anisotropy is analyzed and we discuss possible inner structure of such peaks in the observational data of future MAP and PLANCK missions. We have investigated geometrical and statistical properties of the CMB polarization around such high isolated peaks of anisotropy in the presence of a polarized pixel noise and point sources. The structure of polarization fields in the vicinity of singular points with zero polarization is very sensitive to the level of pixel noises and point sources in the CMB maps.

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27

Ng, Kin-Wang. "Correlation Functions of CMB Anisotropy and Polarization." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 183 (1999): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900132231.

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While the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background is proved to be a promising tool for probing the early Universe, the CMB polarization is another important clue for extracting more cosmic information. We give a full analysis of the auto- and cross-correlations between the CMB Stokes parameters. In particular, we derive the windowing function for an antenna with Gaussian response in polarization experiment, and construct correlation function estimators corrected for instrumental noise. They are applied to calculate the signal to noise ratios for future MAP and Planck anisotropy and polarization measurements.

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28

Heras, Francisco J. H., and Simon B. Laughlin. "Optimizing the use of a sensor resource for opponent polarization coding." PeerJ 5 (January 12, 2017): e2772. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2772.

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Flies use specialized photoreceptors R7 and R8 in the dorsal rim area (DRA) to detect skylight polarization. R7 and R8 form a tiered waveguide (central rhabdomere pair, CRP) with R7 on top, filtering light delivered to R8. We examine how the division of a given resource, CRP length, between R7 and R8 affects their ability to code polarization angle. We model optical absorption to show how the length fractions allotted to R7 and R8 determine the rates at which they transduce photons, and correct these rates for transduction unit saturation. The rates give polarization signal and photon noise in R7, and in R8. Their signals are combined in an opponent unit, intrinsic noise added, and the unit’s output analysed to extract two measures of coding ability, number of discriminable polarization angles and mutual information. A very long R7 maximizes opponent signal amplitude, but codes inefficiently due to photon noise in the very short R8. Discriminability and mutual information are optimized by maximizing signal to noise ratio, SNR. At lower light levels approximately equal lengths of R7 and R8 are optimal because photon noise dominates. At higher light levels intrinsic noise comes to dominate and a shorter R8 is optimum. The optimum R8 length fractions falls to one third. This intensity dependent range of optimal length fractions corresponds to the range observed in different fly species and is not affected by transduction unit saturation. We conclude that a limited resource, rhabdom length, can be divided between two polarization sensors, R7 and R8, to optimize opponent coding. We also find that coding ability increases sub-linearly with total rhabdom length, according to the law of diminishing returns. Consequently, the specialized shorter central rhabdom in the DRA codes polarization twice as efficiently with respect to rhabdom length than the longer rhabdom used in the rest of the eye.

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29

Shen, L., and Y. Zhao. "UNDERWATER IMAGE ENHANCEMENT BASED ON POLARIZATION IMAGING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2020 (August 6, 2020): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2020-579-2020.

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Abstract. The need of high-quality underwater imaging is obviously required in many underwater applications. For example, underwater archaeology, underwater ecological research, underwater object detection and tracking. This paper presents a joint enhancing and denoising scheme for an image taken in underwater conditions. Conventional image enhancing methods may amplify the noise depending on the distance and density of the particles in the water. To suppress the noise and improve the enhancement performance, an imaging model is modified by adding the process of amplifying the noise in underwater conditions. This model offers depth-chromaticity compensation regularization for the transmission map and chromaticity-depth compensation regularization for enhancing the image. The proposed iterative underwater image enhancing method with polarization uses these two joint regularization schemes and the relationship between the transmission map and enhanced irradiance image. The transmission map and irradiance image are used to promote each other. To verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, polarizing images of different scenes in different conditions are collected. Different algorithms are applied to the original images. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme increases visibility in extreme conditions without amplifying the noise.

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30

O’Brien, K. P., M. B. Weissman, D. Sheehy, and D. D. Viehland. "Small-scale polarization noise in a relaxor ferroelectric." Physical Review B 56, no. 18 (November 1, 1997): R11365—R11368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.56.r11365.

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31

Baba, Justin Shekwoga. "Laser polarization noise elimination in sensitive polarimetric systems." Optical Engineering 41, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1464869.

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32

van der Lee, A. M., N. J. van Druten, A. L. Mieremet, M. A. van Eijkelenborg, Å. M. Lindberg, M. P. van Exter, and J. P. Woerdman. "Excess Quantum Noise due to Nonorthogonal Polarization Modes." Physical Review Letters 79, no. 22 (December 1, 1997): 4357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.79.4357.

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33

Feuer, Mark D., Mario V. Bnyamin, and Xin Jiang. "Spectral-slicing noise in polarization-modulated optical links." Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 12, no. 4 (February 28, 2020): B55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jocn.379153.

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34

Pistoni, Natale C., and Mario Martinelli. "Polarization noise suppression in retracing optical fiber circuits." Optics Letters 16, no. 10 (May 15, 1991): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.16.000711.

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35

Robinson, Michael G., and Kristina M. Johnson. "Noise analysis of polarization-based optoelectronic connectionist machines." Applied Optics 31, no. 2 (January 10, 1992): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.31.000263.

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36

Ma, Huilian, Zhen Chen, Zhihuai Yang, Xuhui Yu, and Zhonghe Jin. "Polarization-induced noise in resonator fiber optic gyro." Applied Optics 51, no. 28 (September 24, 2012): 6708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.51.006708.

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Sørensen, J. L., J. Hald, and E. S. Polzik. "Quantum Noise of an Atomic Spin Polarization Measurement." Physical Review Letters 80, no. 16 (April 20, 1998): 3487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.80.3487.

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Dandridge, A., R. Miles, and H. Taylor. "Polarization-resolved low-frequency noise in GaAlAs lasers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 4, no. 9 (1986): 1311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.1986.1074890.

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Keränen, Reino, and V. Chandrasekar. "Detection and Estimation of Radar Reflectivity from Weak Echo of Precipitation in Dual-Polarized Weather Radars." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 1677–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00155.1.

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Abstract In operational weather radar, precipitation echoes are often weak when compared to the underlying noise. Coherence properties of dual polarization can be used for enhancing the detection and for the improved estimation of weak echoes of precipitation. The enhanced detectability results from utilizing coherent averages of precipitation signals, while the uncorrelated noise vanishes asymptotically, explicit in the off-diagonal element Rhv of the echo covariance matrix. In finite sums, the noise terms as well as the uncertainties associated with them are suppressed. A signal can be detected in weaker echo by an analytically derived censoring policy. The coherent sums are readily available as the cross-correlation function of the antenna voltages H and V, which estimates Rhv in the mode of simultaneous transmission and reception. The magnitude of Rhv is a consistent estimate of the copolar echo power, leading to the copolar radar reflectivity of precipitation, which refers to the geometric mean of the reflectivities in H and V polarizations. Because of the intrinsic noise suppression, estimates of the copolar reflectivity are, in relative terms, more precise and more accurate than the corresponding estimates of reflectivity in specific channels, for weak signals of precipitation. These aspects are discussed quantitatively with validation of the key features in real conditions. The advances suggest for dedicated dual-polarization surveillance scans of weak echo of precipitation.

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Naselsky, P., D. Novikov, I. Novikov, and J. Silk. "Estimation of Signal and Noise Parameters from CMB Polarization Observations." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 201 (2005): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900216185.

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We propose a technique for determination of the spectral parameters of the cosmological signal and pixel noise using observational data on CMB polarization without any additional assumptions. We introduce the notion of so called crossing points in the observational maps and derive the theoretical dependence of the total number of crossing points at different level of the polarization. Finally, we use the statistics of the signal in the vicinities of the singular points, where the polarization of the pure CMB vanishes to correct the final result.

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Arbuzov, P., E. Kotok, P. Naselsky, and I. Novikov. "Cluster Analysis and Global Topology of CMB Anisotropy and Polarization." International Journal of Modern Physics D 06, no. 04 (August 1997): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271897000248.

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In this paper we develop the theory of clustering of peaks in a Gaussian random field of the cosmic microwave background polarization. We have simulated 100 × 100 sky maps of anisotropy and polarization expected from a standard CDM cosmological model with 6' resolution. We have investigated the dependence of the mean length of clusters in anisotropy and polarization on the cross levels of the maps. We explore the role of non-Gaussian noise in the primordial signal and show that the methods of the cluster analysis and percolation are very useful for the detection of this noise in the maps of anisotropy and polarization.

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Melnikov, Valery M. "One-Lag Estimators for Cross-Polarization Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 23, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 915–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1919.1.

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Abstract Estimators of the linear depolarization ratio (LDR) and cross-polarization correlation coefficients (ρxh) free from noise biases are devised. The estimators are based on the 1-lag correlation functions. The 1-lag estimators can be implemented with radar with simultaneous reception of copolar and cross-polar returns. Absence of noise biases makes the 1-lag estimators useful in eliminating variations of the system gain and in observations of heavy precipitation with enhanced thermal radiation. The 1-lag estimators allow for measurements at lower signal-to-noise ratios than the conventional algorithms. The statistical biases and standard deviations of 1-lag estimates are obtained via the perturbation analysis. It is found that both the 1-lag and conventional estimates of ρxh experience strong statistical biases at ρxh less than 0.3 (i.e., at low canting angles of oblate hydrometeors), and a procedure to correct for this bias is proposed.

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BERI, STEFANO, PETER V. E. McCLINTOCK, and RICCARDO MANNELLA. "DYNAMICS IMPORTANCE SAMPLING FOR THE COLLECTION OF SWITCHING EVENTS IN VERTICAL-CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 04, no. 04 (December 2004): L635—L641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477504002269.

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A numerical approach based on dynamic importance sampling (DIMS) is applied to investigate polarization switches in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. A polarization switch is described as an activation process in a two-dimensional nonequilibrium system. DIMS accelerates the simulations and allows access to noise intensities that were previously forbidden, revealing qualitative changes in the shape of the transition paths with noise intensity.

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Abdo, Ahmad, and Claude D’Amours. "Adaptive Filtering in Optical Coherent Flexible Bit-Rate Receivers in the Presence of State-of-Polarization Transients and Colored Noise." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2019 (November 3, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2938653.

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In this article, we analyze the performance of adaptive filtering in the context of dual-polarization coherent optical flexible bit-rate transceivers. We investigate the ability of different adaptive algorithms to track fast state-of-polarization (SOP) transients in the presence of colored noise. Colored noise exists due to the concatenation of Wavelength Selective Switches (WSSs) and polarization dependent loss (PDL) which can be considered as spatially dependent noise. We consider the use of different modulation formats, and the practical limitation of error signal feedback delay in decision-directed adaptive filters is also taken into account. The back-to-back required signal-to-noise ratio (RSNR) penalty that can be tolerated determines the maximum SOP rate of change that can be tracked by the adaptive filters as well as the filter’s adaptive step size. We show that the recursive least squares algorithm, using the covariance matrix as an aggressive “step size,” has a much better convergence speed compared to the least mean squares (LMS) and normalized LMS (NLMS) algorithms in the presence of colored noise in the fiber. However, the three algorithms have similar tracking capabilities in the absence of colored noise.

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Manzoor, Habib Ullah, Ashiq Hussain, Chong Xiu Yu, and Tareq Manzoor. "Complete suppression of FWM in ultra dense WDM-PON optical networks using centralized light source." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 24, no. 04 (December 2015): 1550053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863515500538.

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In this paper, a novel technique to completely eliminate FWM has been introduced. Alternative circular polarizer have been used to change the polarization of incoming pulses into left-hand and right-hand polarizations before multiplexing in UDWDM optical network with centralized light source. System’s performance have been calculated on the bases of Q factor, optical signal to noise ratio, received power and bit error rate. All simulation has been performed in OptiSystem.

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Cai, Chang-Xin, Guan-Jun Huang, Fang-Qing Wen, Xin-Hai Wang, and Lin Wang. "2D-DOA Estimation for EMVS Array with Nonuniform Noise." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (August 18, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9053864.

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Electromagnetic vector sensor (EMVS) array is one of the most potential arrays for future wireless communications and radars because it is capable of providing two-dimensional (2D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation as well as polarization angles of the source signal. It is well known that existing subspace algorithm cannot directly be applied to a nonuniform noise scenario. In this paper, we consider the 2D-DOA estimation issue for EMVS array in the presence of nonuniform noise and propose an improved subspace-based algorithm. Firstly, it recasts the nonuniform noise issue as a matrix completion problem. The noiseless array covariance matrix is then recovered via solving a convex optimization problem. Thereafter, the shift invariant principle of the EMVS array is adopted to construct a normalized polarization steering vector, after which 2D-DOA is easily estimated as well as polarization angles by incorporating the vector cross-product technique and the pseudoinverse method. The proposed algorithm is effective to EMVS array with arbitrary sensor geometry. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is free from the nonuniform noise. Several simulations verify the improvement of the proposed method.

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Hu Zhengliang, 胡正良, 蒋鹏 Jiang Peng, 马丽娜 Ma Lina, and 胡永明 Hu Yongming. "Suppression of Polarization Induced Signal Fading and Phase Noise Utilizing Orthogonal-Polarization Switching Method." Chinese Journal of Lasers 43, no. 9 (2016): 0910001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201643.0910001.

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Makita, Shuichi, Young-Joo Hong, Masahiro Miura, and Yoshiaki Yasuno. "Degree of polarization uniformity with high noise immunity using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography." Optics Letters 39, no. 24 (December 3, 2014): 6783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.006783.

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Chen, Yingkai, Zhongmin Zhu, Zuodong Liang, Leanne E. Iannucci, Spencer P. Lake, and Viktor Gruev. "Analysis of signal-to-noise ratio of angle of polarization and degree of polarization." OSA Continuum 4, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/osac.422541.

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KLASSEN, R. D., and P. R. ROBERGE. "A TIME-DOMAIN APPROACH TO EXTRACTING POLARIZATION RESISTANCE FROM ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE DATA." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 03, no. 04 (December 2003): L455—L462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477503001543.

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Measuring the corrosion rate of a corroding metal is of interest in many situations including monitoring industrial processes and fundamental research in laboratories. The corrosion rate of a metal can be measured electrochemically by determining its polarization resistance, which is inversely proportional to the corrosion rate. What is introduced in this letter is a novel technique for extracting polarization resistance from electrochemical noise (EN) data. An advantage of this approach is that very short time records, of the order of a few seconds, can be assessed to see if they reveal a polarization resistance. The theoretical framework for this approach is based on a time-domain analysis of an electrical circuit model of an EN experimental arrangement. The analysis indicates that polarization resistance can be interpreted only if one electrode, not both electrodes, is predomi-nately generating electrochemical transients during a given time record. An algorithm for extracting polarization resistance from EN measurements is described and examples of its implementation on EN data support the features of the theoretical framework.

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