Relevant bibliographies by topics / Police bias

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Police bias'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Police bias"

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Smith, Michael R., and Geoffrey P. Alpert. "Explaining Police Bias." Criminal Justice and Behavior 34, no. 10 (October 2007): 1262–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854807304484.

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Although recent empirical research has shown that Blacks and Hispanics are consistently overrepresented among police stops, searches, and arrests, few criminologists have attempted to provide a theoretical explanation for the disparities reported in the research literature. This article proposes a theory of individual police behavior that is grounded in social— psychological research on stereotype formation and that assumes a nonmotivational but biased response to minority citizens by the police. Accordingly, stereotype formation and its consequences are largely unintentional and are driven by social conditioning and the illusory correlation phenomenon, which results in the overestimation of negative behaviors associated with minority group members. After specifying the theory, the article presents a research agenda for empirically testing and verifying its propositions.
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Briones-Robinson, Rhissa, Ràchael A. Powers, and Kelly M. Socia. "Sexual Orientation Bias Crimes." Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. 12 (July 28, 2016): 1688–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816660583.

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LGBT hate crimes are typically more violent and involve greater victim injury as compared to other victimizations, but they are substantially underreported. Victim reluctance to contact law enforcement may arise from perceptions of police bias. This study explores victim–police interactions, specifically reporting to the police, perceived police bias among victims who did not report, and differential police behavior among victims who reported. Using multiple years of National Crime Victimization Survey data, sexual orientation bias victimizations are compared with other forms of victimization. Logit regression models are examined before and after the Matthew Shepard Act. The pattern of results indicate that in the years following progressive policy reforms, LGBT bias victims continue to perceive the police as biased. Results do not significantly differ between sexual orientation bias victims and victims of other types of crime regarding police reporting and differential police response. Implications for policing efforts with the LGBT community are discussed.
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Steblay, Nancy K., and Gary L. Wells. "Assessment of bias in police lineups." Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 26, no. 4 (November 2020): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000287.

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Sim, Jessica J., Joshua Correll, and Melody S. Sadler. "Understanding Police and Expert Performance." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39, no. 3 (February 11, 2013): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212473157.

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In three studies, we examined how training may attenuate (or exacerbate) racial bias in the decision to shoot. In Experiment 1, when novices read a newspaper article about Black criminals, they showed pronounced racial bias in a first-person-shooter task (FPST); when they read about White criminals, bias was eliminated. Experts (who practiced the FPST) and police officers were unaffected by the same stereotype-accessibility manipulation. However, when training itself (base rates of armed vs. unarmed targets in the FPST, Experiment 2a; or special unit officers who routinely deal with minority gang members, Experiment 2b) reinforced the association between Blacks and danger, training did not attenuate bias. When race is unrelated to the presence/absence of a weapon, training may eliminate bias as participants learn to focus on diagnostic object information (gun vs. no gun). But when training actually promotes the utility of racial cues, it may sustain the heuristic use of stereotypes.
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Goncalves, Felipe, and Steven Mello. "A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing." American Economic Review 111, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 1406–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181607.

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We estimate the degree to which individual police officers practice racial discrimination. Using a bunching estimation design and data from the Florida Highway Patrol, we show that minorities are less likely to receive a discount on their speeding tickets than White drivers. Disaggregating this difference to the individual police officer, we estimate that 42 percent of officers practice discrimination. We then apply our officer- level discrimination measures to various policy-relevant questions in the literature. In particular, reassigning officers across locations based on their lenience can effectively reduce the aggregate disparity in treatment (JEL H76, J15, K42)
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Renauer, Brian C., and Emma Covelli. "Examining the relationship between police experiences and perceptions of police bias." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 34, no. 3 (August 23, 2011): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157537.

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Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian, and Karin D. Martin. "The Social Psychology of Racially Biased Policing: Evidence-Based Policy Responses." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7, no. 2 (October 2020): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732220943639.

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Police killings of unarmed African Americans, such as George Floyd in 2020, continue to cause nationwide protests and calls for change. Psychological science knows much about biased policing and can inform policy to promote equitable policing. Social psychology’s extensive findings on stereotyping, attitudes, and intergroup relations help clarify the role of officer racial bias. This article reviews implicit and explicit bias, race-crime stereotypes, intragroup bias, ingroup favoritism, stereotype threat, and dehumanization in policing interactions, all of which can lead to racially disparate use of force. Based on this science, some policy responses can mitigate bias: Officer level de-biasing training, body-worn cameras, automatic license plate readers, and federal policing reform legislation are discussed. The lack of a coordinated, national effort to collect and analyze police use of force data undermines tracking fatal incidents and bias therein, which are therefore harder to remediate.
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Cuadrado, Mary. "Female police officers: gender bias and professionalism." American Journal of Police 14, no. 2 (August 1995): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07358549510102802.

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Sivasubramaniam, Diane, and Jane Goodman-Delahunty. "Ethnicity and Trust: Perceptions of Police Bias." International Journal of Police Science & Management 10, no. 4 (December 2008): 388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2008.10.4.094.

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Fergusson, D. M., L. J. Horwood, and M. T. Lynskey. "Ethnicity and Bias in Police Contact Statistics." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 26, no. 3 (December 1993): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589302600302.

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The relationships between ethnicity, self/parentally reported offending and rates of police contact were examined in a birth cohort of Christchurch (New Zealand) born children studied to the age of 15 years. This analysis suggested that whilst children of Maori/Pacific Island descent offended at a significantly higher rate than European (Pakeha) children, there were clear differences in the magnitude of ethnic differentials in offending depending on the way in which offending was measured. On the basis of self/parentally reported offending, children of Maori/Pacific Island descent offended at about 1.7 times the rate of Pakeha children. However, on the basis of police contact statistics these children were 2.9 times more likely to come to police attention than Pakeha children. These differences between self/parentally reported offending rates and rates of police contact could not be explained by the fact that Maori/Pacific Island children offended more often or committed different types of offences than Pakeha children. Logistic modelling of the data suggested that children of Maori/Pacific Island descent were in the region of 2.4 times more likely to come to official police attention than Pakeha children with an identical self/parental reported history of offending. These results are generally consistent with the hypothesis that official police contact statistics contain a bias which exaggerates the differences in the rate of offending by children of Maori/Pacific Island descent and Pakeha children.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Police bias"

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Laub, Eric Franklin. "Are the Police Racist? Evidence from Traffic Stop Outcomes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1596020889916973.

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Whitfield, Marvin. "Influence of Implicit-Bias Training on the Cultural Competency of Police Officers." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7095.

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Highly publicized media events involving African American men and the use of deadly force by police officers have occurred between 2013 and 2014. These events have emphasized the need to examine the influence of implicit bias training on police officers' decision-making processes. During the past two decades, Community Oriented Policing Services has invested several billion dollars in training programs designed to eliminate racial bias within the law enforcement community. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how implicit-bias training influences the decision-making processes of police officers. More specifically, this study examined the perceptions of police officers regarding the practical value of implicit-bias training and how the training influences their cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. An online questionnaire containing open-ended questions was administered to 32 sworn, full-time police officers who interact daily with members of diverse communities. The data were coded using evaluation coding, magnitude coding, and descriptive coding. This form of coding assisted in identifying attitudes and stereotypes as well as the impact of implicit bias training police officers' cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. Participants reported that implicit bias training made them better prepared to manage their biases while interacting with diverse communities. The findings of this study will provide police agencies and law enforcement training facilitators with the tools they need to improve future training outcomes. Successfully training police officers on how to manage implicit bias during the decision-making process will reduce the potential for stereotyping.
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Walkup, Christian Andrew. "Police Use of Force Databases: Sources of Bias in Lethal Force Data Collection." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103615.

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Understanding police use of lethal force requires the collection of reliable data. Due to bias present in police-use-of-lethal-force databases, researchers typically triangulate using multiple data sources to compensate for this bias; however, triangulation is restricted when the bias present in each database is unknown. This study investigates three government-funded and three independent police-use-of-lethal-force databases to identify methodological sources of bias present in the major U.S. data-collection systems. Bias was coded based on nine categories, including misclassification bias, broad conceptualization, narrow conceptualization, overlap bias, coverage bias, voluntary response bias, observer bias, gatekeeping bias, and self-report response bias. Findings suggest that all six databases had at least three different types of methodological bias present. Generally, public, government-sponsored databases exhibit bias through data self-reporting by law enforcement and varying victim race determination methods. Private databases reveal bias through media-based reporting and the triangulation of data from multiple sources, which is further complicated by lack of transparency in the databases' design and administrative procedures. All six databases have a unique position to the State, which should also inform researcher data selection. I argue that selecting data sources that complement each other based on these identified biases will produce a more complete image of police-use-of-lethal-force and enhance finding accuracy in future research.
Master of Science
Understanding incidents where a civilian dies due to the actions of police officers requires the collection of reliable data. Due to bias—flaws in the data collection methods or data presentation—which lead to varying results when using different databases, researchers typically use multiple data sources to make up for these flaws; however, this method is restricted when the bias present in each database is unknown. This study investigates three government-funded and three independent police-use-of-lethal-force databases to identify sources of bias present in the major U.S. data-collection systems. Findings suggest that all six databases had at least three different types of flaws present. Generally, public, government-sponsored databases exhibit bias through police self-reporting lethal force, where an officer's department reports the officer's actions and there is no individual or group outside of the police reporting these incidents. Additionally, there is a flaw in how police record the race of a victim, who dies through police use of lethal force; Varying procedures in how race is recorded, whether recorded based on the officer's opinion or where a victim self-reports their own race prior to death on a government data system such as the Department of Motor Vehicles, also impacts the race data included in public databases. Private databases reveal bias through collecting incident data from news reports and using data from multiple sources such as law enforcement reports, medical examiner reports, and media reports simultaneously; this is further complicated by lack of transparency in the databases' design and administrative procedures, where there are no documents detailing the steps databases take in collecting and presenting data. All six databases have a unique position to the U.S. Government, where some are funded by the Government and where some are motivated by recent high profile police killings, which should impact researcher data selection. Ideally, the databases used should hold multiple perspectives or positions to the Government to provide an more complete image of lethal force. I argue that selecting data sources that complement each other based on these identified biases will produce a more complete image of police-use-of-lethal-force and enhance finding accuracy in future research.
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Roy, Sandeep. "Differential Associations between Psychopathy Factors and Shooter Bias in the Police Officer's Dilemma." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248423/.

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The current study assessed abnormal attention in 71 undergraduate men, approximately half of which displayed elevated psychopathic traits, as they attended to cues on the Police Officer's Dilemma. In the computerized task, participants are instructed to shoot men holding guns and not shoot men holding neutral objects. However, research has shown that irrelevant racial cues in the task can influence participants to shoot unarmed Black men more frequently than unarmed White men; a phenomenon termed shooter bias. Contrary to expectations, individuals with elevated psychopathic traits tended to erroneously shoot unarmed Black men more frequently compared to those with low psychopathy scores. Additional analyses indicated that the interpersonal and lifestyle facets were associated with more interference in determining unarmed Black men as not threatening relative to unarmed White men and the affective domain was associated with faster responses to shooting armed Black men relative to armed White men. Additionally, prejudicial attitudes (i.e., social dominance orientation) moderated the relationship between the affective psychopathic traits and shooting armed Black men by increasing the number of armed Black men identified as threatening relative to armed White targets. These findings are discussed in the context of the relationship between psychopathic traits and prejudicial attitudes and recent refinements to etiological theories of psychopathy.
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Ware, Lezlee J. "Monitoring Visual Attention in Videotaped Interrogations: An Investigation of the Camera Perspective Bias." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1162582536.

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Newman, Sean S. "Braving the swarm : lowering anticipated group bias in integrated fire/police units facing paramilitary terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5803.

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CHDS State/Local
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
The Fire the City of New York (FDNY) has responded to the consequences of terrorist incidents for decades, but global trends in active-shooter terrorism may force firefighters to operate in an active, hostile environment, and not just in the aftermath of attacks. In assault-style terrorism, a swift-moving, networked enemy combines small-arms with explosives or accelerants, causing extensive fires and smoke conditions, further endangering victims or hostages. To continue its position as a lead innovator in the national fire service, the FDNY must create new strategies and collaborations to frame its participation in swarm-like terrorist attacks, requiring a plurality of expertise from the across the emergency-responder spectrum. In light of this emerging threat, the all-hazards approach is no longer adequate. The answer to Mumbaistyle attacks may require combined fire/police units. The units can only succeed with an understanding of group bias, which must be attenuated or managed for the integrated unit to function effectively.
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Kronkvist, Ola. "Om sanningen skall fram : polisförhör med misstänkta för grova brott." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Polisutbildningen (PU), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-23787.

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This thesis has explored the context of police interviews with suspects of serious crimes. Focus group studies, a case study and additional interviews have shown several aspects of information flow, decision making, interviewing tactics, human rights and tacit knowledge as these interviews are planned, performed and evaluated. The informants, homicide investigators, describe their work as an information generating and information evaluating process. They apply a series of methods, e. g. different forms of tactics in the use of investigative information during the police interviews. Based on the informants’ description and the case study, their methods seem to have research evidence in general, where such is available. The informants specifically stress the important role of planning and evaluation. The investigative process generates a vast amount of situations where decision making is needed. In these, the bases for the decisions are mainly the information flow of the investigation, which tends to be obscure and in constant change. The investigators’ decision making is thereby exposed to the risk of confirmation bias. The informants express an ambition to work objectively and to presume the suspects’ innocence. However, this generates a psychological conflict, which might affect the human rights of the suspect in negative ways. The informants describe several ways to handle this conflict. The informants describe that they have several concerns when making decisions. These can be categorized as legal, organizational and tactical concerns. Taken together, legal rule conflicts and the organizational ambition to lead the investigators in a target oriented way using quantitative measures, result in strong incitements for investigations to be finalized when they are good enough, rather than when they are good. The informants describe their profession as one where it is possible to develop expertise and where tacit knowledge plays an important role. When previous research on tacit knowledge is combined with the interview results, there seems to be a level between the tacit and the explicit knowledge. I have called this low-key knowledge. This low-key knowledge can be verbalized in the proper context in communication among those initiated in the subject at hand. The low-key knowledge also seems to risk being over-voiced in certain contexts.
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McCaffery, Patrick Paul. "Hate motivated crime victimization, a perceptual study of the effectiveness of the Ottawa-Carleton Police Bias Crime Unit." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0023/MQ26962.pdf.

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LoFaso, Charles Anthony. "The Effect of Race, Place, and Time on Police Use of Force:How Social Context Influences Legal Decision-Making." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594479446661188.

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Eiler, Brian A. "The Behavioral Dynamics of Shooter Bias in Virtual Reality: The Role of Race, Armed Status, and Distance on Threat Perception and Shooting Dynamics." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511798377909988.

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Books on the topic "Police bias"

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Levine, Harry G. Marijuana arrest crusade: Racial bias and police policy in New York City 1997-2007. New York, N.Y: New York Civil Liberties Union, 2008.

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John, Knowles. Racial bias in motor vehicle searches: Theory and evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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Ravitch, Diane. The language police: How pressure groups restrict what students learn. New York: Knopf, 2003.

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The language police: How pressure groups restrict what children learn. New York: Knopf, 2003.

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Wortley, Scot. Perceptions of bias and racism within the Ontario criminal justice system: Results from a public opinion survey : draft. [Toronto]: Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System, 1994.

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California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Judiciary. Subcommittee on Peace Officer Conduct. Before the California State Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Peace Officer Conduct: In the matter of Los Angeles County law enforcement and the gay and lesbian community, gender bias in law enforcement : public hearing : transcript of proceedings. Sacramento, CA (1100 J St., B-10, Sacramento 95814): Senate Publications, 1991.

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Florida. Supreme Court. Racial and Ethnic Bias Study Commission. Where the injured fly for justice: Reforming practices which impede the dispensation of justice to minorities in Florida : report and recommendations of the Florida Supreme Court, Racial and Ethnic Bias Study Commission. [Florida]: The Commission, 1990.

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Van Woensel, Lieve. A Bias Radar for Responsible Policy-Making. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32126-0.

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Kelly, Gerard Charles. Bias in local government: Law and policy. Sydney: Butterworths, 1995.

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National Commission on Testing and Public Policy (U.S.). From gatekeeper to gateway: Transforming testing in America : report of the National Commission on Testing and Public Policy. Chestnut Hill, MA: National Commission on Testing and Public Policy, Boston College, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Police bias"

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Mednick, Sarnoff A. "The Inheritance of Human Deviance: Anti-genetic Bias and the Facts." In Police Selection and Training, 207–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4434-3_13.

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Roach, Jason. "The Retrospective Detective: Cognitive Bias and the Cold Case Investigation." In Decision Making in Police Enquiries and Critical Incidents, 129–49. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95847-4_8.

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Manna, Sukanya, and Sara Bunyard. "Analyzing Societal Bias of California Police Stops Through Lens of Data Science." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 115–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80126-7_9.

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Doan, Long, Rashawn Ray, Connor Powelson, Genesis Fuentes, Rebecca Shankman, Shaun Genter, and Jasmón Bailey. "Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Simulation Tool for Studying Bias in Police-Civilian Interactions." In Augmented Cognition, 388–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78114-9_26.

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Krogstrup, Signe, and Charles Wyplosz. "Dealing with the Deficit Bias: Principles and Policies." In Policy Instruments for Sound Fiscal Policies, 23–50. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230271791_2.

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Reiter, Lorenz, and Christian Bellak. "Effects of BITs on FDI: The Role of Publication Bias." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 1–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5744-2_123-1.

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Reiter, Lorenz, and Christian Bellak. "Effects of BITs on FDI: The Role of Publication Bias." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 181–208. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3615-7_123.

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Wildavsky, Aaron. "A Bias Toward Federalism." In The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis, 143–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58619-9_6.

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Harvey, Charles, and Stephen R. Lewis. "Infrastructure: Government Policy and Urban Bias." In Policy Choice and Development Performance in Botswana, 249–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20413-7_10.

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Van Woensel, Lieve. "Scientific Policy Advising: Exploring the Science-Policy Ecosystem." In A Bias Radar for Responsible Policy-Making, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32126-0_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Police bias"

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Ray, Rose M., Helene L. Grossman, Steven J. Murray, and Robert C. Lang. "Evaluation of Passenger Vehicle Crashworthiness Using Field Performance Data." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14630.

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Both state police and the National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS) keep automotive collision statistics to varying levels of detail. Some of these details (e.g., collision relative velocity and driver height and weight) are reported in the NASS/CDS, but not in state databases. This article explores whether these details are confounding factors that would bias conclusions based on analysis of state data. To determine this, a methodology was created to predict overall risk based only on the distribution of possible confounding factors experienced by each manufacturer. Relative impact velocity (Delta-V) and driver height and weight are found not to be true confounding factors. Although the distribution of possible confounding factors varies somewhat among manufacturers, the impact on overall expected risk is minimal, and therefore evaluation of risk based on datasets that do not contain information for Delta-V and driver height and weight appears appropriate. The accuracy of match between police reporting and NASS/CDS was also explored and found consistent across manufacturers. Therefore, inaccuracies between police reports and NASS/CDS should not bias comparisons of risk between manufacturers.
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Manzini, Thomas, Lim Yao Chong, Alan W. Black, and Yulia Tsvetkov. "Black is to Criminal as Caucasian is to Police: Detecting and Removing Multiclass Bias in Word Embeddings." In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1062.

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Gros, Sebastien, and Mario Zanon. "Bias Correction in Reinforcement Learning via the Deterministic Policy Gradient Method for MPC-Based Policies." In 2021 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc50511.2021.9483016.

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Sukarminah, E., Y. Cahyana, T. Rialita, Silvia Oktavia N. Yudiastuti, and H. G. Sobarsa. "Pengaruh Perbandingan Rumput Laut dan Susu Terhadap Karakteristik Yoghurt Probiotik Rumput Laut." In Seminar Nasional Semanis Tani Polije 2020. Politeknik Negeri Jember, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/agropross.2020.49.

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Yogurt probiotik rumput laut adalah produk makanan fermentasi bakteri asam laktat yang menggunakan susu dan rumput laut merah Eucheuma cottonii sebagai bahan bakunya. Rumput laut memberikan efek fungsional pada inang dan berdampak pada tekstur yogurt. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rumusan keseimbangan rumput laut dan susu skim yang mempengaruhi karakteristik yoghurt untuk disukai oleh panelis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen menggunakan analisis rancangan acak kelompok dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. perlakuan yang diberikan adalah formulasi keseimbangan antara rumput laut dan susu 5:95, 15:85, 25:75, 35:65, dan 45:55 (v / v). keseimbangan Yogurt rumput laut dan susu 25:75 (v / v) memberikan karakteristik yogurt terbaik dengan pH 4,21; total padatan terlarut 16,75 brix; viskositas 765,67 mPas; total asam titrasi 0,64%; total bakteri asam laktat 6,9x108 cfu / mL; total bakteri probiotik 2,9 x 108 cfu / mL; kandungan protein 3,03%; 2,2% dari kandungan serat makanan dan karakteristik organoleptik yang meliputi warna 3,91% (suka), aroma 3,73 (suka), rasa 3,11 (biasa), ketebalan 3,6 (suka), keasaman 3,22 (normal), tekstur 3,45 (biasa), tekstur 3,45 (biasa) dan penampilan keseluruhan 3,64 (Suka).
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Oosterhuis, Harrie, and Maarten de Rijke. "Unifying Online and Counterfactual Learning to Rank: A Novel Counterfactual Estimator that Effectively Utilizes Online Interventions (Extended Abstract)." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/656.

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State-of-the-art Learning to Rank (LTR) methods for optimizing ranking systems based on user interactions are divided into online approaches – that learn by direct interaction – and counterfactual approaches – that learn from historical interactions. We propose a novel intervention-aware estimator to bridge this online/counterfactual division. The estimator corrects for the effect of position bias, trust bias, and item-selection bias by using corrections based on the behavior of the logging policy and on online interventions: changes to the logging policy made during the gathering of click data. Our experimental results show that, unlike existing counterfactual LTR methods, the intervention-aware estimator can greatly benefit from online interventions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method that is shown to be highly effective in both online and counterfactual scenarios.
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Fanshuri, Buyung Al, and Yunimar. "Pemetaan Kesehatan Tanaman Jeruk Dengan Metode Supervised Classification Berdasarkan Hasil Citra Drone." In Seminar Nasional Semanis Tani Polije 2021. Politeknik Negeri Jember, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/agropross.2021.215.

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Luas tanaman jeruk dilaporkan mengalami penurunan di beberapa daerah. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, diantaranya serangan penyakit dan kurangnya perawatan. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) hanya menyediakan data luasan produksi saja sehingga informasi tentang luasan tanaman yang sakit belum ada. Pemantauan kondisi tanaman dapat menggunakan penginderaan jauh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode penginderaan jauh dengan drone untuk mendeteksi kesehatan tanaman jeruk. Lokasi percobaan dilakukan di Banyuwangi dengan menggunakan drone phantom 4 dengan kamera RGB. Hasil foto dianalisa menggunakan software agisoft photoscan dalam beberapa tahap, yaitu: align photos, build dense cloud, build digital elevation model, build orthomosaic dan export geotiff. Ratusan foto akan menjadi satu kesatuan gambar dengan proses tersebut. Hasil proses gambar tersebut kemudian di analisa di software QGIS dengan metode Supervised Classification. Percobaan dilakukan pada tanaman muda dan dewasa. Dengan metode tersebut klasifikasi kesehatan tanaman jeruk dewasa dapat dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu : sehat, sakit dan mati. Hasil ini kemungkinan bias lebih sedikit dibandingkan pada tanaman muda.
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Zhu, Jinlou, and Fugen Song. "Modeling for Return Policy with Retailer's Combined Decision Bias." In Engineering Management. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrmem.2008.45.

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Li, Bin, Dong Hao, and Dengji Zhao. "Incentive-Compatible Diffusion Auctions." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/33.

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Diffusion auction is a new model in auction design. It can incentivize the buyers who have already joined in the auction to further diffuse the sale information to others via social relations, whereby both the seller's revenue and the social welfare can be improved. Diffusion auctions are essentially non-typical multidimensional mechanism design problems and agents' social relations are complicatedly involved with their bids. In such auctions, incentive-compatibility (IC) means it is best for every agent to honestly report her valuation and fully diffuse the sale information to all her neighbors. Existing work identified some specific mechanisms for diffusion auctions, while a general theory characterizing all incentive-compatible diffusion auctions is still missing. In this work, we identify a sufficient and necessary condition for all dominant-strategy incentive-compatible (DSIC) diffusion auctions. We formulate the monotonic allocation policies in such multidimensional problems and show that any monotonic allocation policy can be implemented in a DSIC diffusion auction mechanism. Moreover, given any monotonic allocation policy, we obtain the optimal payment policy to maximize the seller's revenue.
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Smith, Philip, and Karl Ricanek. "Mitigating Algorithmic Bias: Evolving an Augmentation Policy that is Non-Biasing." In 2020 IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacvw50321.2020.9096905.

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Shi, Zhan, Xinchi Chen, Xipeng Qiu, and Xuanjing Huang. "Toward Diverse Text Generation with Inverse Reinforcement Learning." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/606.

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Text generation is a crucial task in NLP. Recently, several adversarial generative models have been proposed to improve the exposure bias problem in text generation. Though these models gain great success, they still suffer from the problems of reward sparsity and mode collapse. In order to address these two problems, in this paper, we employ inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) for text generation. Specifically, the IRL framework learns a reward function on training data, and then an optimal policy to maximum the expected total reward. Similar to the adversarial models, the reward and policy function in IRL are optimized alternately. Our method has two advantages: (1) the reward function can produce more dense reward signals. (2) the generation policy, trained by ``entropy regularized'' policy gradient, encourages to generate more diversified texts. Experiment results demonstrate that our proposed method can generate higher quality texts than the previous methods.
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Reports on the topic "Police bias"

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Shapiro, Joseph. The Environmental Bias of Trade Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26845.

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Laibson, David, Peter Maxted, and Benjamin Moll. Present Bias Amplifies the Household Balance-Sheet Channels of Macroeconomic Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29094.

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Fernandez, Raquel, and Dani Rodrik. Why is Trade Reform so Unpopular? On Status Quo Bias in Policy Reforms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3269.

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Singer, Bryan, and Manuela Veloso. Learning State Features from Policies to Bias Exploration in Reinforcement Learning. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada363533.

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Wheelock, David C. Monetary Policy in the Great Depression and Beyond: The Sources of the Fed's Inflation Bias. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.1997.011.

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Arce, Eliécer, and Edgar A. Robles. Fiscal Rules and the Behavior of Public Investment in Costa Rica and Panama: Towards Growth-Friendly Fiscal Policy? Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003071.

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This paper aims to provide evidence on the effects of fiscal rules on public investment, fiscal results and growth in Costa Rica and Panama. First, we find that the budget formulation process and the political economy behind the adoption and compliance of fiscal rules explain that Panama has a bias to create and sequentially pile up rules, while Costa Rica has a tendency not to comply with them. Second, a retrospective analysis of the 2018 fiscal rules in both nations finds asymmetric effects on the fiscal results. In Panama it is difficult to separate the effect of fiscal rule designs on public investment; and, in Costa Rica, the application of the fiscal rule will decrease public investment, if the debt to GDP ratio exceeds 60 percent and current expenditure crowds out capital expenditure. Two lessons emerge. First, an effective fiscal rule compliance requires time consistent institutions, solid monitoring, enforcement schemes and improving the quality of public financial management systems. Second, it is necessary to review the design of fiscal rules in both countries to ensure they are investment and growth friendly.
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Thomas, Sandy, Peter Gregory, Sarah O’Brien, Catriona McCallion, Ben Goodall, Chun-Han Chan, and Paul Nunn. Rapid Evidence Review 1 on the Critical Appraisal of Third-Party Evidence. Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.elm525.

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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) always seeks to ensure that itsrecommendations are made on the best-available evidence. Following a request from the FSA Chair, the Science Council have sought to provide a framework that can guide those seeking to submit uncommissioned evidence to the FSA on its scientific principles and standards.The Science Councils proposed framework is based on the principles of quality, trustand robustness. By being transparent about the FSA’s minimal expectations, we aim to help those who wish to submit evidence, typically in an effort to fill a perceived evidence gap orchange a relevant policy or legislation. The framework also seeks to provides assurance to others on the processes in place within the FSA to assess evidence it receives.When the FSA receives evidence, it will: be transparent about how the evidence is assessed and used to develop its evidence base, policy recommendations and risk communication; assess evidence in its proper context using the principles of quality, trust and robustness; seek to minimise bias in its assessments of evidence by using professional protocols, its SACs, peer review and/or multi-disciplinary teams be open and transparent about the conclusions it has reached about any evidence submitted to it.
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Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.

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This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.
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Carney, Nancy, Tamara Cheney, Annette M. Totten, Rebecca Jungbauer, Matthew R. Neth, Chandler Weeks, Cynthia Davis-O'Reilly, et al. Prehospital Airway Management: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer243.

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Objective. To assess the comparative benefits and harms across three airway management approaches (bag valve mask [BVM], supraglottic airway [SGA], and endotracheal intubation [ETI]) by emergency medical services in the prehospital setting, and how the benefits and harms differ based on patient characteristics, techniques, and devices. Data sources. We searched electronic citation databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus®) from 1990 to September 2020 and reference lists, and posted a Federal Register notice request for data. Review methods. Review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program methods guidance. Using pre-established criteria, studies were selected and dual reviewed, data were abstracted, and studies were evaluated for risk of bias. Meta-analyses using profile-likelihood random effects models were conducted when data were available from studies reporting on similar outcomes, with analyses stratified by study design, emergency type, and age. We qualitatively synthesized results when meta-analysis was not indicated. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for primary outcomes (survival, neurological function, return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC], and successful advanced airway insertion [for SGA and ETI only]). Results. We included 99 studies (22 randomized controlled trials and 77 observational studies) involving 630,397 patients. Overall, we found few differences in primary outcomes when airway management approaches were compared. • For survival, there was moderate SOE for findings of no difference for BVM versus ETI in adult and mixed-age cardiac arrest patients. There was low SOE for no difference in these patients for BVM versus SGA and SGA versus ETI. There was low SOE for all three comparisons in pediatric cardiac arrest patients, and low SOE in adult trauma patients when BVM was compared with ETI. • For neurological function, there was moderate SOE for no difference for BVM compared with ETI in adults with cardiac arrest. There was low SOE for no difference in pediatric cardiac arrest for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. In adults with cardiac arrest, neurological function was better for BVM and ETI compared with SGA (both low SOE). • ROSC was applicable only in cardiac arrest. For adults, there was low SOE that ROSC was more frequent with SGA compared with ETI, and no difference for BVM versus SGA or BVM versus ETI. In pediatric patients there was low SOE of no difference for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. • For successful advanced airway insertion, low SOE supported better first-pass success with SGA in adult and pediatric cardiac arrest patients and adult patients in studies that mixed emergency types. Low SOE also supported no difference for first-pass success in adult medical patients. For overall success, there was moderate SOE of no difference for adults with cardiac arrest, medical, and mixed emergency types. • While harms were not always measured or reported, moderate SOE supported all available findings. There were no differences in harms for BVM versus SGA or ETI. When SGA was compared with ETI, there were no differences for aspiration, oral/airway trauma, and regurgitation; SGA was better for multiple insertion attempts; and ETI was better for inadequate ventilation. Conclusions. The most common findings, across emergency types and age groups, were of no differences in primary outcomes when prehospital airway management approaches were compared. As most of the included studies were observational, these findings may reflect study design and methodological limitations. Due to the dynamic nature of the prehospital environment, the results are susceptible to indication and survival biases as well as confounding; however, the current evidence does not favor more invasive airway approaches. No conclusion was supported by high SOE for any comparison and patient group. This supports the need for high-quality randomized controlled trials designed to account for the variability and dynamic nature of prehospital airway management to advance and inform clinical practice as well as emergency medical services education and policy, and to improve patient-centered outcomes.
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