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1
Laub, Eric Franklin. "Are the Police Racist? Evidence from Traffic Stop Outcomes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1596020889916973.
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Whitfield, Marvin. "Influence of Implicit-Bias Training on the Cultural Competency of Police Officers." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7095.
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Highly publicized media events involving African American men and the use of deadly force by police officers have occurred between 2013 and 2014. These events have emphasized the need to examine the influence of implicit bias training on police officers' decision-making processes. During the past two decades, Community Oriented Policing Services has invested several billion dollars in training programs designed to eliminate racial bias within the law enforcement community. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how implicit-bias training influences the decision-making processes of police officers. More specifically, this study examined the perceptions of police officers regarding the practical value of implicit-bias training and how the training influences their cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. An online questionnaire containing open-ended questions was administered to 32 sworn, full-time police officers who interact daily with members of diverse communities. The data were coded using evaluation coding, magnitude coding, and descriptive coding. This form of coding assisted in identifying attitudes and stereotypes as well as the impact of implicit bias training police officers' cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. Participants reported that implicit bias training made them better prepared to manage their biases while interacting with diverse communities. The findings of this study will provide police agencies and law enforcement training facilitators with the tools they need to improve future training outcomes. Successfully training police officers on how to manage implicit bias during the decision-making process will reduce the potential for stereotyping.
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Walkup, Christian Andrew. "Police Use of Force Databases: Sources of Bias in Lethal Force Data Collection." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103615.
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Understanding police use of lethal force requires the collection of reliable data. Due to bias present in police-use-of-lethal-force databases, researchers typically triangulate using multiple data sources to compensate for this bias; however, triangulation is restricted when the bias present in each database is unknown. This study investigates three government-funded and three independent police-use-of-lethal-force databases to identify methodological sources of bias present in the major U.S. data-collection systems. Bias was coded based on nine categories, including misclassification bias, broad conceptualization, narrow conceptualization, overlap bias, coverage bias, voluntary response bias, observer bias, gatekeeping bias, and self-report response bias. Findings suggest that all six databases had at least three different types of methodological bias present. Generally, public, government-sponsored databases exhibit bias through data self-reporting by law enforcement and varying victim race determination methods. Private databases reveal bias through media-based reporting and the triangulation of data from multiple sources, which is further complicated by lack of transparency in the databases' design and administrative procedures. All six databases have a unique position to the State, which should also inform researcher data selection. I argue that selecting data sources that complement each other based on these identified biases will produce a more complete image of police-use-of-lethal-force and enhance finding accuracy in future research.Master of Science
Understanding incidents where a civilian dies due to the actions of police officers requires the collection of reliable data. Due to bias—flaws in the data collection methods or data presentation—which lead to varying results when using different databases, researchers typically use multiple data sources to make up for these flaws; however, this method is restricted when the bias present in each database is unknown. This study investigates three government-funded and three independent police-use-of-lethal-force databases to identify sources of bias present in the major U.S. data-collection systems. Findings suggest that all six databases had at least three different types of flaws present. Generally, public, government-sponsored databases exhibit bias through police self-reporting lethal force, where an officer's department reports the officer's actions and there is no individual or group outside of the police reporting these incidents. Additionally, there is a flaw in how police record the race of a victim, who dies through police use of lethal force; Varying procedures in how race is recorded, whether recorded based on the officer's opinion or where a victim self-reports their own race prior to death on a government data system such as the Department of Motor Vehicles, also impacts the race data included in public databases. Private databases reveal bias through collecting incident data from news reports and using data from multiple sources such as law enforcement reports, medical examiner reports, and media reports simultaneously; this is further complicated by lack of transparency in the databases' design and administrative procedures, where there are no documents detailing the steps databases take in collecting and presenting data. All six databases have a unique position to the U.S. Government, where some are funded by the Government and where some are motivated by recent high profile police killings, which should impact researcher data selection. Ideally, the databases used should hold multiple perspectives or positions to the Government to provide an more complete image of lethal force. I argue that selecting data sources that complement each other based on these identified biases will produce a more complete image of police-use-of-lethal-force and enhance finding accuracy in future research.
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Roy, Sandeep. "Differential Associations between Psychopathy Factors and Shooter Bias in the Police Officer's Dilemma." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248423/.
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The current study assessed abnormal attention in 71 undergraduate men, approximately half of which displayed elevated psychopathic traits, as they attended to cues on the Police Officer's Dilemma. In the computerized task, participants are instructed to shoot men holding guns and not shoot men holding neutral objects. However, research has shown that irrelevant racial cues in the task can influence participants to shoot unarmed Black men more frequently than unarmed White men; a phenomenon termed shooter bias. Contrary to expectations, individuals with elevated psychopathic traits tended to erroneously shoot unarmed Black men more frequently compared to those with low psychopathy scores. Additional analyses indicated that the interpersonal and lifestyle facets were associated with more interference in determining unarmed Black men as not threatening relative to unarmed White men and the affective domain was associated with faster responses to shooting armed Black men relative to armed White men. Additionally, prejudicial attitudes (i.e., social dominance orientation) moderated the relationship between the affective psychopathic traits and shooting armed Black men by increasing the number of armed Black men identified as threatening relative to armed White targets. These findings are discussed in the context of the relationship between psychopathic traits and prejudicial attitudes and recent refinements to etiological theories of psychopathy.
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Ware, Lezlee J. "Monitoring Visual Attention in Videotaped Interrogations: An Investigation of the Camera Perspective Bias." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1162582536.
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Newman, Sean S. "Braving the swarm : lowering anticipated group bias in integrated fire/police units facing paramilitary terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5803.
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CHDS State/LocalApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
The Fire the City of New York (FDNY) has responded to the consequences of terrorist incidents for decades, but global trends in active-shooter terrorism may force firefighters to operate in an active, hostile environment, and not just in the aftermath of attacks. In assault-style terrorism, a swift-moving, networked enemy combines small-arms with explosives or accelerants, causing extensive fires and smoke conditions, further endangering victims or hostages. To continue its position as a lead innovator in the national fire service, the FDNY must create new strategies and collaborations to frame its participation in swarm-like terrorist attacks, requiring a plurality of expertise from the across the emergency-responder spectrum. In light of this emerging threat, the all-hazards approach is no longer adequate. The answer to Mumbaistyle attacks may require combined fire/police units. The units can only succeed with an understanding of group bias, which must be attenuated or managed for the integrated unit to function effectively.
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Kronkvist, Ola. "Om sanningen skall fram : polisförhör med misstänkta för grova brott." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Polisutbildningen (PU), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-23787.
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This thesis has explored the context of police interviews with suspects of serious crimes. Focus group studies, a case study and additional interviews have shown several aspects of information flow, decision making, interviewing tactics, human rights and tacit knowledge as these interviews are planned, performed and evaluated. The informants, homicide investigators, describe their work as an information generating and information evaluating process. They apply a series of methods, e. g. different forms of tactics in the use of investigative information during the police interviews. Based on the informants’ description and the case study, their methods seem to have research evidence in general, where such is available. The informants specifically stress the important role of planning and evaluation. The investigative process generates a vast amount of situations where decision making is needed. In these, the bases for the decisions are mainly the information flow of the investigation, which tends to be obscure and in constant change. The investigators’ decision making is thereby exposed to the risk of confirmation bias. The informants express an ambition to work objectively and to presume the suspects’ innocence. However, this generates a psychological conflict, which might affect the human rights of the suspect in negative ways. The informants describe several ways to handle this conflict. The informants describe that they have several concerns when making decisions. These can be categorized as legal, organizational and tactical concerns. Taken together, legal rule conflicts and the organizational ambition to lead the investigators in a target oriented way using quantitative measures, result in strong incitements for investigations to be finalized when they are good enough, rather than when they are good. The informants describe their profession as one where it is possible to develop expertise and where tacit knowledge plays an important role. When previous research on tacit knowledge is combined with the interview results, there seems to be a level between the tacit and the explicit knowledge. I have called this low-key knowledge. This low-key knowledge can be verbalized in the proper context in communication among those initiated in the subject at hand. The low-key knowledge also seems to risk being over-voiced in certain contexts.
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McCaffery, Patrick Paul. "Hate motivated crime victimization, a perceptual study of the effectiveness of the Ottawa-Carleton Police Bias Crime Unit." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0023/MQ26962.pdf.
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LoFaso, Charles Anthony. "The Effect of Race, Place, and Time on Police Use of Force:How Social Context Influences Legal Decision-Making." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594479446661188.
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Eiler, Brian A. "The Behavioral Dynamics of Shooter Bias in Virtual Reality: The Role of Race, Armed Status, and Distance on Threat Perception and Shooting Dynamics." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511798377909988.
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Gomes, Letícia Pereira Simões. "A (in)visibilidade da questão racial na formação dos soldados da Polícia Militar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-20032019-101356/.
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Este trabalho aborda a interação entre polícia e desigualdade racial. Mais especificamente, diz respeito à reflexão sobre policiamento democrático em sociedades racialmente desiguais. Partindo da verificação da existência de desigualdades raciais no acesso ao direito à vida e à segurança, questiona-se como tal viés racial é produzido e reproduzido. Para este efeito, realiza-se um levantamento da literatura nacional que trata da temática da violência policial e do uso excessivo da força por policiais, observando aqui a emergência e consolidação de pesquisas que tratam a raça como um fator associado à violência policial. Investiga-se a cunhagem do termo filtragem racial, traçando aproximações e distanciamentos em seu uso no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. No Brasil, verifica-se que as pesquisas sobre a filtragem racial estão voltadas ao tratamento dos dados acessíveis (prisões em flagrante e letalidade policial) e ao campo das representações que orientam a prática do policial e de seu processo de suspeição. Esse segundo tipo de trabalho indica um discurso institucional frouxo no qual a racialização raramente aparece (em geral no intuito de negá-la), além da importância da construção subjetiva do policial para a concretização do tratamento racializado. Assim, o trabalho de campo orientou-se pela indagação: de que maneira a formação proporcionada pela Escola Superior de Soldados da Polícia Militar do estado de São Paulo, no município de São Paulo, influi nas relações raciais dos agentes policiais com os cidadãos? Os resultados confirmam a indicação da literatura de que a instituição se recolhe perante temas de desigualdade racial e discriminação pela polícia, transmitindo categorias abstratas a serem preenchidas pelas representações anteriores e posteriores à formação do suspeito e do bandido. O papel auto-conferido da corporação dispensa sua atribuição educadora em prol de uma assimiladora, em que não há espaço para a reflexão, mas para o condicionamento dos corpos a respostas automatizadas e intuitivas.This research tackles the interaction between police and racial inequality. More specifically, it dwells on how democratic policing manifests itself in racially unequal societies. After assessing the existence of racial inequalities regarding the access to rights to life and safety, one wonders how this racial bias is produced and reproduced. To this effect, a review of the national literature on police violence and excessive use of force by police is performed. We observe the development and consolidation of researches associating race to police brutality outcomes. We investigate the coinage of the term racial profiling, drawing on similarities and specificities of its use in Brazil and in the United States. In Brazil, we verify that researches on racial profiling focus either on accessible statistical data (regarding arrests by flagrante delicto and police use of lethal force) or social representations that guide police practices and their process of suspicion. The second class of researches indicates an abstract institutional discourse in which racialization scarcely appears (generally in order to deny race) and emphasizes the importance of police agents\' subjective constructions in materializing a race-biased conduct. Thus, our field research was guided by the question: in what ways the training provided by the Superior School of Military Police Soldiers of São Paulo state, in the city of São Paulo, influences race relations between police officers and citizens? The results confirm the literature directions that the institution curtails itself before themes such as racial inequality and racial discrimination by the police. It communicates abstracts categories to be filled with representations previous and post-training of the suspect and the criminal. The self-conferred role of the Military Police dismiss its educational attribute in favor of an assimilationist perspective of knowledge, in which there is no space for reflexive analysis, only for body conditioning to automatic and intuitive responses.
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Ware, Lezlee J. "The Highs and Lows of Visual Salience and Status:Influential Factors in Source Monitoring Decisions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1242239270.
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Williams, Seth Alan. "Perceptions of the Police and Fear of Crime: The Role of Neighborhood Social Capital." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1440351447.
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Jessee, Stephen A. "Policy, party and perceptual bias in American politics /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Munoz, Brianna. "Racism in American Foreign Policy and Racial Bias in Conflict Intervention." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1971.
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The purpose of this thesis was to take a deep look into the history of race in American foreign policy in two White House administrations. The presidencies of Dwight D. Eisenhower and Bill Clinton were examined in which the influence of racism in domestic politics was demonstrated as a factor which shaped, and continues to shape, U.S. foreign policy. The research found that 1) segregation, 2) the concept of “primitiveness” formed due to the history between black and white nation-states and 3) the idea of “the other” used by the media and political elite are three manifestations of the consideration of race in Eisenhower’s foreign policy, particularly with respect to Ethiopia. The research also found that 1) American discomfort with white suffering, 2) the normalization of violence in black countries and usage of the term “tribalism,” and 3) the significance of ethno-racial identity all demonstrate the role of race in Clinton’s foreign policy which resulted in the disproportionate political prioritization of the Western Balkans over Rwanda.
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Davis, James Patrick. "DoD profit policy : |bits effectiveness-- the contractor's view." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/31299.
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The Federal Acquisition Regulation requires Government agencies to use a structured approach to determine prenegotiation profit objectives for those contracts requiring cost analysis. The structured approach utilized by the Department of Defense (DoD) is the Weighted Guidelines. This research sought to examine the effectiveness of the current Weighted Guidelines, as a vehicle for implementation of DoD profit policy, from the perspective of the defense industry. Industry opinions were solicited on a range of issues through use of a survey instrument. These issues included industry familiarity with the Weighted Guidelines, use of the Weighted Guidelines by industry to prepare for negotiations with the Government, value of profit policy and the Weighted Guidelines as incentives for firms to remain in the defense industrial base, and overall opinion of the Weighted Guidelines method. Respondent opinions were analyzed in detail, and conclusions and recommendations for improvement were presented.
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Hachenberg, Karin. "Die Entwicklung der Polizei in Köln von 1794 bis 1871 /." Köln : Böhlau, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37198006c.
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Opoku, Emmanuela A. "Gender in Climate Policy and Climate Finance in Ghana." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538740/.
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This dissertation makes use of theoretical frameworks drawn from development theory, ecofeminism, climate science, environmental and distributive justice, and human rights to provide gender analysis of climate policy, including climate finance.The problem addressed is that climate impacts are exacerbating food insecurity that is women's responsibility in the global South. First, I use literature in climate science to detail the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Africa and show how this exacerbates women's poverty that is driven already by persistent socioeconomic inequalities and gender bias. I conclude that women as food producers are especially vulnerable to climate impacts on food security. Next, I assess international climate policy through gender analysis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) against other United Nations (UN) gender policies, followed by gender assessment of Ghanaian climate policy. I conclude that both international and Ghanaian policy fail adequately to address gender and women's needs, despite making advances on gender-inclusion and gender-sensitivity since the turn of the century. I then present a case study in climate finance by evaluating the capacity of an Adaptation Fund Project (AFP) in northeast Ghana to meet women farmers' needs. I gather data from Project implementers and intended beneficiaries, i.e. women in village communities, using interviews and focus group discussions. I conclude that the Project is not successful in engaging women and identify reasons for this failure, including slow distribution of funds to implementers, petty corruption, and community gender biases. In the final chapter, I summarize my findings and make recommendations for policy interventions better to meet women's climate adaptation needs in order to maintain food security and avert the humanitarian crises in hunger that are already well underway in Africa.
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Thompson, Shane. "The Efficiency of K-12 Public Education Production, Gender Inequalities in College Advising, and Labor Market Implications." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301500.
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My dissertation consists of three chapters that focus on the economics of education. In particular I look at public school financing, gender discrimination in advising, and the effectiveness of out-of-school-time programs for disadvantaged schools. The first chapter analyzes the effect of an extremely large funding shock on Wyoming public schools in the 2006-07 school year. The effect of the shock is estimated on high school graduation rates and NAEP math and reading scores via synthetic control methods. The funding shock in Wyoming, which was the largest increase in education expenditure for any state in the nation from 1998-2008, is shown to have been largely unsuccessful in raising graduation rates and test scores. The second chapter uses a field experiment to analyze college advising differentials by student and advisor gender. Advisors assess the expected performance of students in both mathematics and English and recommend one of the two subjects to the student. Surveys are randomly assigned, and the experiment is designed such that student gender is the treatment. Advisors are found to discount the ability of female students relative to males in both mathematics and English. Additionally, male advisors recommend mathematics with much greater likelihood than do female advisors. The final chapter analyzes the effect of the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program on disadvantaged schools. Using a regression discontinuity design, it is found that 21CCLC has a more positive effect on middle schoolers than on elementary school students, but that results vary widely depending on the cohort and grade level. The program seems to have potential for significant improvement in school outcomes, but also has potential to have negative effects. There is some evidence from 2007-2011 that the program is improving over time.
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Mannerson, Ludvig. "ECB and U.S Monetary Policy Spillovers to Sweden: : Transmissions Channels and the Effects of Central Bank Information Bias/Unconventional Monetary Policy." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447909.
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This paper revisits the transmission of ECB and U.S Fed monetary policy to Sweden by usingrecently developed measures of ECB and Fed monetary policy shocks, corrected for the centralbank information element. To analyze the spillovers of foreign monetary policy to Sweden Irely on the Local Projections methodology. First, I show that standard measures of foreignmonetary policy shocks that are known to contain a central bank information element can causecounterintuitive spillover effects to Swedish macroeconomic and financial variables. Second,my results suggest that monetary policy spillovers from the ECB and U.S Fed both havesubstantial impact on the Swedish economy, particularly through the aggregate demandchannel. While an ECB monetary contraction has a strong negative impact on Swedishmacroeconomic variables, the tightening of the U.S Fed monetary policy mostly exhibits an expansionary effect. Lastly, but crucially, my thesis demonstrates that US monetary policy has more substantial spillovers during the conventional monetary policy period, as the aggregatedemand channel is muted during periods of unconventional monetary policy.
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Adebayo, Julius A. "FairML : ToolBox for diagnosing bias in predictive modeling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108212.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 94-99).
Predictive models are increasingly deployed for the purpose of determining access to services such as credit, insurance, and employment. Despite societal gains in efficiency and productivity through deployment of these models, potential systemic flaws have not been fully addressed, particularly the potential for unintentional discrimination. This discrimination could be on the basis of race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or other characteristics. This thesis addresses the question: how can an analyst determine the relative significance of the inputs to a black-box predictive model in order to assess the model's fairness (or discriminatory extent)? We present FairML, an end-to- end toolbox for auditing predictive models by quantifying the relative significance of the model's inputs. FairML leverages model compression and four input ranking algorithms to quantify a model's relative predictive dependence on its inputs. The relative significance of the inputs to a predictive model can then be used to assess the fairness (or discriminatory extent) of such a model. With FairML, analysts can more easily audit cumbersome predictive models that are difficult to interpret.
by Julius A. Adebayo.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.
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Charbti, Sana. "Dividend policy, irrationality approaches and behavioral corporate finance : theory and evidence." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCG003.
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La finance d’entreprise comportementale est un domaine qui a suscité beaucoup d’intérêts ces dix dernières années chez les financiers, les psychologues et les spécialistes des neurosciences. Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le courant de la finance d’entreprise comportementale qui s’avère être un champ de recherche novateur, complexe et résistant à l’analyse objective. La question des dividendes, bien que récurrente, ne cesse d’occuper une position axiologique dans les recherches récentes en Finance. Depuis 2015, la France est considérée comme l’un des pays les plus généreux en termes de distribution de dividendes dans l’Union européenne (UE). Il est à ce niveau une question de recherche s’employant à délimiter les contours réels des déterminants de la décision et du montant du dividende distribué. Concrètement, l’objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier d’une part, certains facteurs exogènes susceptibles d’expliquer la politique de distribution de dividende, et à évaluer d’autre part leurs impacts sur la décision de versement et le taux de distribution à travers le sentiment d’investisseur et les biais comportementaux des dirigeants français. En termes d’objectifs ,cette thèse s’est employée à apporter quelques éléments de réponses aux questions de l’importance du sentiment sectoriel dans la décision de versement de dividende objet du premier chapitre (la théorie du Catering). Les résultats montrent que le sentiment d’investisseur n’a pas un impact significatif sur la decision de distribution de dividendes pour le cas de la France (Ferris et al. (2009) ; La Porta et al. (2000)). Contrairement à Anouar et Aubert (2017), les résultats permettent de mettre en évidence un impact positif et significatif du sentiment de l'investisseur sur la probabilité du paiement du dividendes pour le cas du secteur industriel. Un tel résultat montre que les entreprises faisant partie d'un secteur industriel sont en mesure de répondre aux besoins des investisseurs en se basant sur la demande de ces derniers en matière de distribution de dividendes. L'analyse de régression confirme que le sentiment sectoriel est un indicateur approprié pour tester la théorie du Catering (Baker and Wurgler 2004a). Le second chapitre analyse l’impact de l’excès de confiance des dirigeants sur la politique de distribution de dividendes. En utilisant un échantillon d'entreprises françaises, nous démontrons que l'excès de confiance des dirigeants joue un rôle déterminant dans l'explication de la politique de dividende des entreprises françaises. L'excès de confiance des dirigeants exerce un effet positif sur le paiement des dividendes des entreprises.Le troisième chapitre s’interroge sur les implications de la gouvernance en termes de responsabilisation et rationalisation des décisions et ses effets sur la modération des impulsions de l’irrationalité des agents. Nos principaux résultats concernant cette analyse (régression quantile) montrent que les coefficients de l'indice de surconfiance des gestionnaires sont positifs et significatifs, respectivement, aux quantiles de 30 %, 50 %, 60 % et 80 % de distribution de dividendes. L'excès de confiance des dirigeants français se traduit donc par une augmentation de la distribution de dividendes. Toutefois, l'indice du sentiment est insignifiant pour différents quantiles de distribution de dividendesBehavioural corporate finance is an area that has attracted a lot of interest from financial economists, psychologists and neuroscientists over the past decade. This research falls within the scope of behavioural corporate finance, which proves to be an new and promising field of research. The question of dividends, although recurrent, continues to occupy an axiological position in recent research in Finance. Since 2015, France has been considered as one of the most generous countries in terms of dividend distribution in the European Union (EU). At this level, it is a question of research aimed at delimiting the real contours of the determinants of the decision and the amount of the dividend distributed. In concrete terms, the objective of this work is to study certain exogenous factors likely to explain the dividend distribution policy, on the one hand, and to assess their impact on the payment decision and the distribution rate through the investor sentiment and behavioural biases of French executives, on the other hand. In terms of objectives, this thesis has sought to provide some answers to the questions of the importance of sectoral sentiment in the decision to pay dividends, which is the subject of the first chapter (the Catering theory). The results show that the investor sentiment does not have a significant impact on the decision to distribute dividends in the French case (Ferris et al. (2009); La Porta et al. (2000). Contrary to Anouar and Aubert (2017), our results highlight a positive and significant impact of the investor sentiment on the probability of dividend payment in the industrial sector. Such a result shows that companies in the industrial sector are able to meet investors' needs based on their demand for dividend distribution. Regression analysis confirms that sectoral sentiment is an appropriate indicator to test the Catering theory (Baker and Wurgler 2004a). The second chapter analyses the impact of managerial overconfidence on dividend distribution policy. By using a sample of French companies, we show that the excess confidence of managers plays a decisive role in explaining the dividend policy of French companies. Over-confidence of CEO has a positive effect on the dividend payout. The third chapter examines the implications of governance in terms of accountability and rationalization of decisions and its effects on the moderation of the impulses of agents' irrationality. Our main results concerning this analysis (quantile regression) show that the coefficients of the managers' overconfidence index are positive and significant, respectively, in the quantile of 30%, 50%, 60% and 80% dividend distribution. The over-confidence of French executives is reflected by an increase in dividend payments. However, the sentiment index is non-significant for different dividend distribution quantile
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DUARTE, DIOGO LUIZ. "HOME BIAS IN A MONETARY UNION: HOW FINANCIAL FRICTIONS AFFECT OUTPUT AND MONETARY POLICY DECISIONS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36787@1.
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Este estudo define um modelo de dois países que seguem a estrutura exposta em Gertler-Karadi (2011) e formam uma união monetária. Estudamos o impacto de fricções financeiras e os efeitos de políticas monetárias não convencionais implementadas com escopo individual e geral nos países membros desta união. Mostramos que, se os parâmetros usados para limitar o balanço das instituições financeiras forem calibrados para permitir uma alavancagem mais alta, o maior acesso a capital leva a um produto que é, ao mesmo tempo, mais alto no steady state e mais frágil a choques de qualidade de capital. Também mostramos que níveis elevados de Home Bias levam a menos compartilhamento de riscos e a uma disseminação menor de choques idiosincráticos. Por fim, esse estudo também mostra que políticas monetárias não convencionais com escopo individual podem aumentar o bem-estar consideravelmente quando o Home Bias no sistema financeiro é elevado.This study lays-out a model with two countries that follow the DSGE framework with financial intermediaries set by Gertler-Karadi (2011) and form a monetary union. We study the impact of financial frictions and the effects of union-wide and country-specific unconventional monetary policies in the union s member countries. We show that, if the parameters used to limit balance sheet size are calibrated in a way to allow for higher leverage in the banking system, the easier access to capital leads to an Output level that is, at the same time, higher in the Steady State and more fragile to Capital Quality Shocks. It s also shown that high levels of home-bias lead to lower risk-sharing and lower dissemination of idiosyncratic shocks, which helps explaining why idiosyncratic shocks may cause highly persistent effects in the member countries. Finally, this study also shows that country-specific unconventional monetary policies can be considerably welfare increasing when home-bias in the financial system is high.
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Nyman, Pär. "Austerity Politics : Is the Electorate Responsible?" Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274342.
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This thesis contributes to the public finance literature concerned with fiscal sustainability, and consists of an introduction and four stand-alone essays. The first three essays analyse the reasons why governments accumulate large levels of debt. In the first essay, I find that parties that implement fiscal consolidations are punished by the voters in the following election. However, there does not appear to be a rewarding effect for governments that implement fiscal expansions. The second essay, which is co-authored with Rafael Ahlskog, shows how voter opposition to fiscal consolidation is shaped by moral considerations and feelings of personal responsibility. More precisely, we argue that voters are more likely to refuse fiscal consolidation when they do not feel responsible for the public debt. The third essay argues that misperceptions about the business cycle would have caused fiscal problems even if policy-making was conducted by independent experts. According to my estimates, biased projections have weakened annual budget balances by approximately one per cent of GDP. In the fourth essay, I argue that budgetary mechanisms created to improve fiscal discipline have a bias toward a reduced public sector. Because discretionary decisions are usually required to adjust public expenditures to price and wage increases, periods of rapid growth have repeatedly caused the welfare state to shrink. I use the introduction to discuss the commonalities between the essays and to situate the field of public finance in a broader, historical context.
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Cavaghan, Rosalind. "Gender mainstreaming as a knowledge process : towards an understanding of perpetuation and change in gender blindness and gender bias." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6595.
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This thesis locates itself in wider developments in gender theory and examinations of the state’s production of gender inequality. It responds to two research problems in existing literature. Firstly, scholars have developed increasingly complex theorisations of the social construction of gender and the state’s role in it. This body of research has shown how gender blindness and gender bias in state policies produce inequality and how gender structures priorities, hierarchies and roles within state organisations. Fully operationalising these insights has, however, thus far proved difficult. Secondly, whilst existing research provides a nuanced picture of these multiple dynamics involved in the state’s reproduction of gender inequality, we cannot yet fully account for the processes through which these dynamics are maintained. As a result, our explanations of how change could be achieved are also under-developed. This thesis uses gender mainstreaming (GM) implementation as a model to explore these research problems, examining the processes underlying the ‘disappointing’ policy outcomes which existing analyses of GM implementation have documented (Bretherton 2001, Daly 2005, Mazey 2000). Whilst these existing studies provide an essential starting point, this thesis argues that many have applied an implicitly rigid or rationalistic approach to policy analysis, highlighting the disparity between the intended and actual outcomes of GM. This kind of approach fails to operationalise our understanding of the construction of gender as a process and a constantly renegotiated phenomenon. It also fails to exploit the research opportunities which GM implementation provides. To enable such an analysis, this thesis draws together literatures from policy studies, particularly interpretative policy analysis (Colebatch 2009, Pressman and Wildavsky 1984, Yanow 1993) and science and technology studies/the sociology of knowledge (STS/SK) (Latour and Callon 1981, Law 1986) to apply an understanding of policy implementation as a process of negotiation, where we analyse how policy is interpreted, understood and enacted, on the ground. This perspective emphasises how local responses to strategic policy demands emerge through collective processes of interpretation, which are heavily affected by pre-existing policy assumptions, activities and practices (Wagenaar 2004, Wagenaar et al 2003). These concepts are used to operationalise the concept of gender knowledge (Andresen and Doelling 2002, Caglar 2010, Cavaghan 2010, 2012, Doelling 2005) to investigate how shared (non)perceptions of gender inequality are institutionalised and perpetuated, whilst competing notions are marginalised. Thus developed, the gender knowledge concept enables us to grasp and analyse (non)perceptions of the gender inequality issue; the evidence or ways of thinking which underpin them; and the processes, materials and persons involved in institutionalising them to the exclusion of competing perceptions. This approach therefore operationalises the notion that gender and gendering is a process and connects the ‘genderedness of organisations’ (Benschop and Verloo 2006, Rees 2002) to gendered policy outputs. Examining ‘what is happening’ when GM is implemented in this manner provides an opportunity to identify mechanisms of resistance, i.e. the processes through which the production of gender inequality is maintained. By corollary, examining ‘successful’ incidences of GM implementation provides empirical examples of how change has occurred. The project thus aims to produce theoretical insights which can be extrapolated to a wider understanding of the perpetuation of the state production of gender inequality.
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Gonyer, Howard A. "An Examination of Bias Incident Response at Postsecondary Institutions." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1510743502972263.
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Brown, J. Aaron. "Special Problems for Democratic Government in Leveraging Cognitive Bias: Ethical, Political, and Policy Considerations for Implementing Libertarian Paternalism." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/76.
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Humans have now amassed a sizable knowledge of widespread, nonconscious cognitive biases which affect our behavior, especially in social and economic contexts. I contend that a democratic government is uniquely justified in using knowledge of cognitive biases to promote pro-democratic behavior, conditionally justified in using it to accomplish ends traditionally within the scope of government authority, and unjustified in using it for any other purpose. I also contend that the government ought to redesign institutional infrastructure to avoid triggering cognitive biases where it is not permitted intentionally to manipulate such biases and to optimize the effects of such biases where permissible. I shall use the United States of America as an example throughout, but my conclusions apply equally to any democracy which values the political autonomy of its populace.
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Bienenstock, Sophie. "Trois essais sur l'analyse économique du droit de la consommation." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020025/document.
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Les consommateurs disposent d’une rationalité limitée et sont sujets à divers biais cognitifs. La thèse étudie les conséquences des biais de rationalité sur le comportement des consommateurs ainsi que les implications sur la politique de consommation. Chacun des trois chapitres de la thèse est consacré à un biais particulier (surestimation de la qualité, erreurs d’anticipation de l’utilité, biais de projection) dans un contexte concurrentiel déterminé. Les deux premiers chapitres sont bâtis sur des modèles de duopole standards auxquels sont intégrés des biais de rationalité : le premier est un duopole avec différenciation horizontale inspiré de Dixit (1979), tandis que le second envisage un modèle de différenciation verticale adapté de Gabszewicz & Thisse (1979). Le troisième chapitre étend à trois périodes la modélisation du biais de projection proposée par Loewenstein et al. (2003). J’aboutis à la conclusions que, si les biais cognitifs conduisent dans certains cas à des choix sous-optimaux (chapitres 1 et 2), les consommateurs naïfs peuvent également être avantagés par rapport aux agents sophistiqués (chapitre 3). Ce constat plaide en faveur d’une intervention circonstanciée et mesurée sur le marché. Enfin, des recommandations de politiques économiques sont formulées: je prône une approche renouvelée du droit de la consommation, qui ne serait plus fondé principalement sur l’information du consommateur mais davantage sur des mesures de redressement cognitif. Des exemples de mesures concrètes sont discutés tout au long de la thèseConsumers have bounded rationality and exhibit cognitive biases. The thesis studies the consequences of such biases on consumer choice and implications on consumer policy. Each chapter of the thesis investigates one specific bias (quality bias, utility misperception and projection bias) in a given market structure. The first two chapters focus on stan- dard duopoly models, in whichcognitive biases are incorporated: I build a horizontally differentiated duopoly based on Dixit (1979)in chapter 1, and a vertically differentiated duopoly inspired by Gabszewicz & Thisse (1979) in chapter 2. As for the third chapter, it extends to three periods, in a monopolistic framework, the projection bias model proposed by Loewenstein et al. (2003). I come to the conclusion that, while cognitive biases sometimes lead to suboptimal consumption decisions (chapters 1 and 2), naive consumers can be better off than their sophisticated counterparts(chapter 3). This observation pleads in favor of a non-systematic and context dependant legal intervention to counter cognitive errors. I argue in favor of a new approach of consumer policy, that would focus less on information disclosures in favor of debiasing schemes. Examples of such debiasing policies are discussed throughout the thesis
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Ciobanu, Dana Maria. "Social Disorganization Theory: The Role of Diversity in New Jersey's Hate Crimes." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2718.
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The reported number of hate crimes in New Jersey continues to remain high despite the enforcement of laws against perpetrators. The purpose of this correlational panel study was to test Shaw & McKay's theory of social disorganization by examining the relationship between demographic diversity and hate crime rates. This study focused on analyzing the relationship between the level of diversity, residential mobility, unemployment, family disruption, proximity to urban areas, and population density in all 21 New Jersey counties and hate crime rates. The existing data of Federal Bureau of Investigations' hate crime rates and the U.S. Census Bureau's demographic diversity, operationalized as the percentage of Whites over all other races, and social disorganization from 21 between the years 2007 through 2011, for a total sample size of 105 cases of reported hate crimes. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicate that ethnic diversity did not significantly predict hate crimes (p = 0.81), residential mobility (p < 0.001), and population density (p < 0.001) had positive effects on hate crime rates. Concentrated disadvantage (p = 0.01), characterized by the number of reported unemployment rates, had a negative effect on hate crime rates. The results of the study supported social disorganization theory in reference to residential mobility and population density. Law enforcement agencies can use the results of this study to combat hate crimes in areas with a high level of residential mobility and population density.
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Osorio, Urzúa Carlos A. (Carlos Alberto) 1968. "Bits of power : the involvement of municipal electric utilities in broadband services." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27021.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-105).
Municipal electric utilities have been increasingly involved in telecommunications during the last decade. This research investigates why, with three hypotheses. First, the probability of MEUs involvement in telecommunications responds to technology-based economies of scope from internal services deployed to support their power business. Second, MEUs' likelihood for offering telecommunication services decreases in presence of restrictive regulatory framework and low levels of local discretionary authority (LDA). Third, MEUs involvement in telecommunications decreases in the presence of competitive alternatives. The hypotheses are tested using quantitative response models, controlling for deployment cost and demographic characteristics. Results confirm the existence of a technology-push generated by economies of scope between internal services supporting the power business and offering external telecommunication services. One reason for this, as qualitative analysis supports, would be the uniqueness of MEU communities as resulting from historical and technological path-dependence, which makes the MEU phenomenon unlikely to be repeated by local governments in non-MEU communities. Additionally, results support that MEUs' likelihood for offering telecommunication services is reduced by regulations explicitly prohibiting it, but shows that low LDA, as measured by Dillon's Rule, does not have a significant effect. Results show a complex effect for competition. MEUs likelihood for offering telecom services in residential markets decreases with cable modem competition, but their activity in business market increases with competition from DSL. This suggests that MEUs' services substitute for cable television companies', but are non-redundant
(cont.) relative to telephone companies. Results support the need for further research, especially in competition and deployment dynamics and their effects. Based on these results, the recent US Supreme Court decision on Nixon vs. Missouri Municipal League and stakeholder analysis suggest various policy implications. First, APPA and MEUs need to build a broader coalition for active lobbying the US Congress for clarification on Section 253(a) of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and states' legislatures for passing explicit authorizations for MEUs' involvement in telecommunications. Second, states and MEUs need to assess how banning MEUs from telecommunications would affect the reliability of power distribution and underserved areas. Finally, states, MEUs and private parties would need to better understand, evaluate and innovate in policies and public-private collaborative initiatives for taking advantage of the mutual potential benefits existing between power distribution and telecommunication services.
by Carlos A. Osorio Urzúa.
S.M.
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Eagles, Matthew Thomas. "Exploring Potential Associations with the Presidential Discretionary Power of FEMA Funds Dispensation." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/540.
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US presidential approval of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) funding has been the subject of much research that largely has been inconclusive or contradictor as it relates to whether funds may have been distributed in a biased way through the use of presidential discretionary power. The purpose of this study was to explore if or to what degree US presidents acted in a potentially biased manner with the approval of FEMA approvals during election years in election battleground states. This study was an exploration of whether there was presidential political favoritism in approving FEMA funding from 1996-2012. The theoretical constructs for this study were group justification bias and social identity theory. Study data were obtained through freedom of information requests from FEMA for access to every gubernatorial request for FEMA aid from 1995-2012 resulting in 1137 records. Data were analyzed using chi-square as tests of association. By measuring the presidential discretionary choice of approvals or turndowns with other variables highlighted what, if any, associations existed. This enables a reasonable person to form their own perception on whether bias was present, or not, based on the results. A key finding illuminated an association between presidential party affiliation and public assistance (p = .005), 1 type of FEMA aid. The study did not, however, indicate any statistical association between the award of FEMA hazard mitigation funding and presidential bias. The positive social change implication stemming from this study includes information to policy makers regarding how FEMA aid is granted, which could assist in an evaluation of the FEMA aid process and approval in the future.
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Graßmann, Mathias. "Die Polizei in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Begriffsbestimmung und Entwicklungslinien 1945 bis 1990." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/2787/.
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Inhalt:
Der Polizeibegriff in Deutschland
Entwicklungslinien der bundesrepublikanischen Polizei von 1945 bis 1990
- Die Polizei in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1949 bis 1960 – Restaurationsphase
- Die Polizei in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1967 bis 1979 – Umbruch- und Reformphase
- Polizeiinternes Bildungsniveau nach Schulabschluss 1960/1970
- Die Polizei in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1980 bis 1990 – Differenzierungsphase
Resümee
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Swisher, Clayton Edward. "Rise of the partisans : America's escalating mediation bias toward the Arab-Israeli conflict." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33093.
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This submission for PhD by Publication includes two studies I conducted during 8 years of dedicated field research examining the US role in mediating the Arab-Israeli conflict. These studies developed from my collection of in-depth oral testimonies and were buttressed by my recovery and examination of troves of original documents that had been previously denied any public, much less academic, scrutiny. The scope of this qualitative research and my political and historical analysis of it resulted in two published books that chronicle the unsuccessful American efforts to negotiate Arab-Israeli peace agreements during the presidencies of William Clinton, George W. Bush, and the first term of Barack Obama. In order of publication, they are The Truth About Camp David (New York: Nation Books, 2004) and The Palestine Papers: The End of the Road? (London: Hesperus Press, 2011). The original academic contribution of both works was the presentation of new empirical evidence to advance understanding of how heavily biased American mediation severely damaged this diplomatic undertaking. Despite being a solidly pro-Israel country, the United States had previously been able to achieve some notable mediation successes when it made efforts to adopt an “even-handed” approach. Yet in the period covered by both my books, I demonstrated how top American mediators—comprised of mostly pro-Israel partisans—dismissed any pretext of impartiality, and in most instances even escalated their mediation bias. This behavior has exacerbated the Arab-Israeli conflict and made the stated aim of a comprehensive peace a very distant prospect. The Truth About Camp David was intended as a first rough draft of history. The title references the famous summit convened by President Clinton in July 2000 that failed to forge peace between Israelis and Palestinians and the overarching US-led “peace process” around it which contributed to the outbreak of the Second Intifada. The book also details the effort to conclude an Israeli-Syrian peace agreement at Geneva just months before, which also failed. My research advanced the thesis that both the Geneva and Camp David summits were historic miscarriages of diplomacy by my presentation of granular insider accounts revealing the intensity of American mediation bias. I also exposed the general disorganization of its negotiating team, a dysfunction that was largely unknown to the public prior to my book’s release. My primary purpose in writing The Truth About Camp David was thus to enable its reinterpretation by making public new evidence about this watershed moment and the period surrounding it. Relying primarily on oral history, I interviewed US, Arab, Israeli and European officials who were first-hand participants to collect their personal narratives. I sought to identify discrepancies in their accounts, and attempted to reconcile them through further interviews, document interrogation, and my own analysis. A key challenge of The Truth About Camp David was thus to weave a thread through the various testimonies and present, as best as I could, a coherent historical narrative. Following that, my aim was to have it reviewed and discussed among credible scholars and the foreign policy community. The testimonies within The Truth About Camp David directly challenged the official narrative and prevailing media orthodoxy at the time of Palestinian blame and Syrian intransigence. As a result, it helped reframe both political debate and academic scholarship concerning this crucial period of American diplomatic intervention. In 2006, The Truth About Camp David was translated into Arabic, giving its contents even greater reach. My 2011 book “The Palestine Papers: The End of the Road?” continued my earlier line of inquiry and was largely based on documents given to me the year prior, referred to as “The Palestine Papers,” the largest leak of confidential negotiating records in the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Published in full by Al Jazeera Media Network, and in limited partnership with the UK’s Guardian newspaper, the content of the files generated headlines around the world from January 24-27, 2011. My additional research for The Palestine Papers was released in May 2011 as an anthology of select papers with my accompanying qualitative analysis and interpretation rather than a stylistic mediation critique. My aim in writing “The Palestine Papers: The End of the Road?” publication was to reach beyond Al Jazeera and Guardian audiences and equip interested scholars, practitioners, and skeptics with essential highlights from the papers as well as an analytical framework to put them into context. My research for The Palestine Papers sought to help reconcile the intervening gap of negotiating history from Truth About Camp David, following the trajectory of how Israelis and Palestinians alike had grown even more conditioned to expect if not rely upon biased American mediation that excessively tilts toward Israel. The Palestine Papers also catalogues for the first time the dynamics that enabled US negotiators to escalate its role from being the self-appointed judge of Palestinian negotiating behavior during the talks (in the Camp David 2000 era) to the unilateral “juror” of its final-status positions (evidenced by the presidencies of George W Bush and Barack Obama). A supplemental essay included in this submission analyzes an earlier diplomatic era to advance my thesis of how far US mediation bias has traveled since America assumed the principal negotiator role of the Arab-Israeli conflict in the early 1970’s. Indeed, based on the overarching narrative that evolve from both those publications and this essay, it is entirely predictable to see how America’s mediation posture has matured into the era of extreme pro-Israel bias that now characterizes the approach of the Trump Administration. I will interpret this collective diplomatic history using a range of multidisciplinary academic theories addressing biased mediation in international conflict resolution. Then, by drawing on the scholarship from my previous books, I will assess and critique the theoretical benefits of employing biased mediators in conflict resolution—as some prominent scholars have advocated for. By taking a fresh look at earlier Arab-Israeli negotiations led by Henry Kissinger under President’s Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, I am able to make even greater contrast to that very limited era when biased American mediation in the Arab-Israeli conflict appeared to yield limited success. The process of applying the scholarship of others against the knowledge created from my own published works enable me to demonstrate in this essay that the present day American negotiating bias toward Israel largely exceeds what the normative scholarship on mediation bias envisaged.
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Haardoerfer, Regine. "Power and Bias in Hierarchical Linear Growth Models: More Measurements for Fewer People." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/eps_diss/57.
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Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) sample size recommendations are mostly made with traditional group-design research in mind, as HLM as been used almost exclusively in group-design studies. Single-case research can benefit from utilizing hierarchical linear growth modeling, but sample size recommendations for growth modeling with HLM are scarce and generally do not consider the sample size combinations typical in single-case research. The purpose of this Monte Carlo simulation study was to expand sample size research in hierarchical linear growth modeling to suit single-case designs by testing larger level-1 sample sizes (N1), ranging from 10 to 80, and smaller level-2 sample sizes (N2), from 5 to 35, under the presence of autocorrelation to investigate bias and power. Estimates for the fixed effects were good for all tested sample-size combinations, irrespective of the strengths of the predictor-outcome correlations or the level of autocorrelation. Such low sample sizes, however, especially in the presence of autocorrelation, produced neither good estimates of the variances nor adequate power rates. Power rates were at least adequate for conditions in which N2 = 20 and N1 = 80 or N2 = 25 and N1 = 50 when the squared autocorrelation was .25.Conditions with lower autocorrelation provided adequate or high power for conditions with N2 = 15 and N1 = 50. In addition, conditions with high autocorrelation produced less than perfect power rates to detect the level-1 variance.
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Lewis, Marsha S. "A Series of Sensitivity Analyses Examining the What Works Clearinghouse's Guidelines on Attrition Bias." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1386239081.
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Arthur, Linda Faustina Clare. "An analysis of the nature and implementation of policies concerning cultural and racial bias in curriculum materials." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29140.pdf.
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Smith, Lance Santoro. "The effects of homophobia, legislation, and local policies on heterosexual pupil services professionals' likelihood of incorporating gay affirming behaviors in their professional work with sexual minority youths in public schools." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002156.
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Crockett, Daisy Lee. "An Examination of Factors Contributing to the Effectiveness of Female Administrators in Corrections." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3391.
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Correctional leadership, especially by women, has been under examined by researchers and scholars. Some researchers have suggested that women may be more likely to exhibit transformational leadership styles, which may be effective for addressing the uniquely stressful corrections work environment and improving working conditions, yet women in corrections have remained relatively excluded from correctional leadership. Increasing women's participation in correctional leadership may involve transformational leadership and training in leadership skills, as well as gender bias relating to the correctional profession. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between transformational leadership, leadership training, and traditional gender biases and the position held by women. Interpreted through gender bias and gender-leadership theory, the central research questions involved the relationships among transformational leadership, leadership training, and traditional gender biases and the position held by women in corrections. Utilizing an online survey, a random sample was collected of 71 female members of the National Association of Blacks in Criminal Justice and the Federal Prisons Retiree Association. A multinomial logistic regression was used to determine that transformational leadership (p = .001) was a significant predictor of job positions held by women in corrections, but leadership training (p = .065) and gender biases (p = .087) were not significant predictors. This study may lead to positive social change by providing women in corrections an avenue for increasing their job positions in corrections through cultivation of transformational leadership style.
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Gregg, Amy L. ""Nineteenth-Century American Medicine:The Implications of Professionalism, Capitalism, and Implicit Bias"." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492473135829899.
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Mihailescu, Mara. "How Early-Career Female Physicians Experience Workplace Mental Health and Leaves of Absence In Ontario." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42384.
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The intersection of gender and early-career stage on the mental health of physicians is emerging and evident. This qualitative, interview-based study explores the perspectives of early-career female physicians regarding their mental health in the context of their work, their experiences with taking a leave of absence from work, and promising practices and supports that can support early-career female physicians in the workplace with regards to mental health and leaves of absence. Nine interviews with female physicians in the first ten years of practice in Ontario were conducted and analyzed thematically. A conceptual framework borrowed from the Healthy Professional Worker (HPW) Partnership was employed and revised based on the findings. The findings suggest that increased awareness of the challenges faced by early-career female physicians may contribute to the destigmatization of mental health and leaves of absence and foster supports at work. Policy makers and regulatory bodies should consider developing equitable leave of absence policies for physicians and reframing how seeking mental health care is viewed to contribute to positive culture change.
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Lindow, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Urheberrechtspolitik in Deutschland. : Wandel von Policy, Regime und Politikfeld von 1870 bis 2019. / Stefan Lindow." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-21.11130/00-1735-0000-0008-5918-A-7.
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Lingle, Jeremy Andrew. "Evaluating the Performance of Propensity Scores to Address Selection Bias in a Multilevel Context: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study and Application Using a National Dataset." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/eps_diss/56.
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When researchers are unable to randomly assign students to treatment conditions, selection bias is introduced into the estimates of treatment effects. Random assignment to treatment conditions, which has historically been the scientific benchmark for causal inference, is often impossible or unethical to implement in educational systems. For example, researchers cannot deny services to those who stand to gain from participation in an academic program. Additionally, students select into a particular treatment group through processes that are impossible to control, such as those that result in a child dropping-out of high school or attending a resource-starved school. Propensity score methods provide valuable tools for removing the selection bias from quasi-experimental research designs and observational studies through modeling the treatment assignment mechanism. The utility of propensity scores has been validated for the purposes of removing selection bias when the observations are assumed to be independent; however, the ability of propensity scores to remove selection bias in a multilevel context, in which group membership plays a role in the treatment assignment, is relatively unknown. A central purpose of the current study was to begin filling in the gaps in knowledge regarding the performance of propensity scores for removing selection bias, as defined by covariate balance, in multilevel settings using a Monte Carlo simulation study. The performance of propensity scores were also examined using a large-scale national dataset. Results from this study provide support for the conclusion that multilevel characteristics of a sample have a bearing upon the performance of propensity scores to balance covariates between treatment and control groups. Findings suggest that propensity score estimation models should take into account the cluster-level effects when working with multilevel data; however, the numbers of treatment and control group individuals within each cluster must be sufficiently large to allow estimation of those effects. Propensity scores that take into account the cluster-level effects can have the added benefit of balancing covariates within each cluster as well as across the sample as a whole.
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Ball, Natasha L. "Social Inequality: Cultural Racism as a Predictor of Collegiate Academic Success." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1186.
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The economic sustainability of an area is largely dependent on the education level of its population, yet little is known about the role cultural racism may play in academic success. The purpose of this correlational study was to evaluate the theory of cultural racism, defined as, the establishment of cultural institutions by whites/Europeans to the detriment of non-white people, as it relates to academic success at the college level. Data were collected from 100 participants from 3 predominately African American high schools in the Atlanta, Georgia area to explore whether the presence of cultural racism existed from the perspective of the participants, and the impact of cultural racism, income, and status as a first generation college student on self-reported academic success. Data were collected through a web-based survey which included the Index of Race-Related Stress questions and analyzed using logistic regression. Study results indicated a statistically significant relationship (p < .01) between the elements of cultural racism and academic success, suggesting that students who experienced cultural racism also experienced poor academic performance. Other variables, including income and whether the student was a first generation college student, also contributed to the overall collegiate academic achievement among this population. Indicators of positive social change stemming from this study include recommendations to policy makers at all levels of government to enhance diversity training for students and educators about the implications of cultural racism in order to ameliorate its negative effects, thereby promoting more economically stable and diverse communities.
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Arendse, Danille. "Evaluating the structural equivalence of the English and isiXhosa versions of the Woodcock Munoz language survey on matched sample groups." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3156.
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The diversity embodying South Africa has emphasized the importance and influence of language in education and thus the additive bilingual programme is being implemented in the Eastern Cape by the ABLE project in order to realize the South African Language in education policy (LEiP).In accordance with this, the Woodcock Munoz Language Survey (which specializes in measuring cognitive academic language proficiency) was chosen as one of the instruments to evaluate the language outcomes of the programme and was adapted into South African English and isiXhosa.The current study was a subset of the ABLE project, and was located within the bigger project dealing with the translation of the WMLS into isiXhosa and the successive research on the equivalence of the two language versions. This study evaluated the structural equivalence of the English and isiXhosa versions of the WMLS on matched sample groups (n= 150 in each language group). Thus secondary data analysis (SDA) was conducted by analyzing the data in SPSS as well
as CEFA (Comprehensive Exploratory Factor Analysis). The original data set was purposively sampled according to set selection criteria and consists of English and isiXhosa first language learners. The study sought to confirm previous research by cross-validating the results of structural equivalence on two subscales, namely the Verbal Analogies (VA) and Letter-Word Identification (LWI) subscale. The research design reflects psychometric test theory and is therefore located in a bias and equivalence theoretical framework. The results of the exploratory factor analysis found that one can only accept structural equivalence in the first factor identified in the VA subscale, while structural equivalence was found in the factor for the LWI subscale.The use of scatter-plots to validate the results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated that one can tentatively accept these results. The study thus contributed to the literature on the translation of the WMLS, and the adaptation of language tests into the indigenous languages of South Africa,as well as additive bilingual programmes.Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych)
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Beck, Rasmus C. [Verfasser]. "Wie lassen sich Standorte durch Clusterpolitik gestalten? : Vom Agenda-Setting bis zur Policy-Neujustierung / Rasmus C. Beck." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241400687/34.
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Weber, Friedrich. "Sendrecht, Policey und Kirchenzucht : Kirchenrechtsbildung und religiös-ethische Normierung in Ostfriesland und Emden bis Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts /." Frankfurt am Main ;Berlin [u.a.] : Lang, 1998. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/277776392.pdf.
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Rovithis, Dimitrios. "Econometric methods for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of health care interventions using observational data." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4138e3c6-8939-48ae-b98e-f42728be5758.
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This thesis explores the use of observational microdata in cost-effectiveness analysis. The application of econometric methods adjusting for selection bias is first reviewed and critically appraised in the economic evaluation literature using a structured template. Limitations of identified studies include lack of good quality evidence regarding the performance of different analytical approaches; inadequate assessment of the sensitivity of their results to violations of fundamental assumptions or variations to crucial estimator parameters; failure to combine the cost and effectiveness outcomes in a summary measure; and no consideration of stochastic uncertainty for the purpose of evaluating cost-effectiveness. Data from the Birthplace national cohort study are used in an attempt to address these limitations in the context of an empirical comparison of estimators relying on regression, matching, as well as the propensity score. It is argued that although these methods cannot address the potential impact of unobservable confounding, a novel approach to bias-corrected matching, combining entropy balancing with seemingly unrelated regression, still has the potential to offer important advantages in terms of analytical robustness. The net economic benefit is proposed as a straightforward way to exploit the strengths of rigorous econometric methodology in the development of reliable and informative cost-effectiveness analyses.
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González, Canché Manuel Sacramento. "Community Colleges, Catalysts for Mobility or Engines for Inequality? Addressing Selection Bias in the Estimation of Their Effects on Educational and Occupational Outcomes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/232491.
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For the last 25 years, research on the effects of community colleges on baccalaureate degree attainment has concluded that community colleges drastically reduce the likelihood of attaining a bachelor's degree compared to the effects of four-year institutions on this likelihood. The thesis of this dissertation is that community colleges have been misjudged as institutions that tend to perpetuate social and economic stratification; what previous studies on the topic have found is based on systematic differences in the student populations. Community college students are consistently more at risk of failing academically than four-year students. Then, the positive impact that four-year colleges have on their students compared to the impact of two-year colleges is to a great extent due to the fact that four-year students tend to have more resources and means to handle college requirements than two-year students. The main challenges to analyze two- and four-year sector effects relies on identifying community college students who resemble four-year college students and then compare their outcomes. This dissertation expands on previous research that has only looked at the effect of community colleges on students' educational outcomes by including labor market outcomes. The analyses conducted in this study primarily relied on propensity score matching (PSM) and the Heckman two-stage estimation procedures to reduce bias in the analysis by accounting for non-random selection into the treatment. In addition, the analytic samples were disaggregated by gender and ethnicity. To estimate the effects of interest, a nationally representative sample that is longitudinal and panel in nature was used: The National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88).Results revealed that neither the two- nor the four-year sectors were able to help students with very low probabilities of graduation from a four-year college. A new financial aid approach that bridges merit-based and aid-based perspectives is proposed. Community colleges, by welcoming a greater proportion of first-time, full-time undergraduate students, many of whom are underrepresented in higher education, and by helping their students to perform similarly than four-year college students in the outcomes analyzed, are conceptualized as engines for mobility helping surpass economic and social stratification of opportunities in American society.
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Gallo, Peter. "Fiškálne agentúry - východisko z fiškálnych problémov." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-86078.
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This thesis deals with the problem of an extent to which fiscal policy can be delegated to an independent fiscal agency, which is considered as the tool to minimize the deficit bias and also with applying this solution in case of Slovakia. Foreign literature and comparison of this type of institutions that operate in several EU countries are used as bases for solving this problem. The main outcome of this thesis is a design of a fiscal council for the Slovak Republic, which main function is to analyze public finances sustainability, fiscal policy evaluation and preparation of macroeconomic forecasts. What is more, it has some additional functions in the evaluation of measures that have an impact on fiscal policy.
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Wan, Simon Shui-Ming. "Real exchange rate volatility in the long-run growth process." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9115f1f1-656c-4d3b-9147-4d061d30859d.
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The objective of this thesis is to examine real exchange rate volatility, with a particular focus on investigating the causes of exchange rate jumps. While the predominant approach in the literature is to examine the interaction between nominal rigidities and nominal shocks, this thesis examines the volatility that arises from real rigidities and shocks. Trying to better understand the transmission of real shocks to the exchange rate is a worthwhile task, given the substantial evidence that these shocks and rigidities are important for explaining other economic fluctuations. This thesis develops theoretical models that examine the contributions of specific real rigidities to exchange rate volatility. Chapter 1 introduces our baseline specification - a frictionless model, with the exception of capital adjustment costs. This baseline generates very mild exchange rate fluctuations. Additional rigidities are required to generate volatility of the magnitude that is typically observed. Chapter 2 finds that introducing imperfect asset substitutability - specifically, home asset bias - goes a little towards achieving this. When investors are biased, the exchange rate must adjust by more to equilibrate asset markets. This greater burden of adjustment on the exchange rate along the short run path typically translates to larger jumps after shocks. Similarly, Chapter 3 shows that augmenting the baseline with banks and financial frictions raises exchange rate volatility. The key point is that, in the presence of financial frictions, there is a risk premium that widens after negative shocks, increasing the required adjustment of the exchange rate. A fourth chapter extends Chapter 3 and shows that unconventional credit policy, while beneficial in some respects, nonetheless entails nontrivial costs because it invites moral hazard by encouraging banks to be more highly leveraged, which increases exchange rate and consumption volatility. So, the overall message is that, in the presence of plausible real frictions - including (i) capital adjustment costs, (ii) imperfect asset substitutability, and (iii) financial frictions - real shocks can generate a plausibly significant degree of real exchange rate volatility. This thus posits an additional explanation of exchange rate jumps that complements the predominantly monetary literature.