Academic literature on the topic 'Police, canada'
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Journal articles on the topic "Police, canada"
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Roziere, Brendan, and Kevin Walby. "Police Militarization in Canada: Media Rhetoric and Operational Realities." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 13, no. 4 (October 27, 2017): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pax075.
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Abstract This paper examines police militarization in Canada between 2007 and 2017. We contrast media and police accounts of militarization with special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team deployment records disclosed under freedom of information (FOI) law. Discourse analysis reveals a series of armoured vehicle purchases has been justified by police claims about the danger faced by police officers, and the need to keep police officers and the public safe. Media and police accounts thus suggest militarization is limited. However, our FOI research shows planned and unplanned deployment of SWAT teams have risen in major Canadian cities and are higher in some cases than those reported by Kraska on public police militarization in the USA. After revealing this juxtaposition between media rhetoric and the organization and operational reality of police militarization, we reflect on the implications of police militarization in Canada and the challenges that police may face in communications about armoured vehicle purchases as public awareness of SWAT team use rises and police legitimacy is questioned.
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Kealey, Gregory S. "Presidential Address: The Empire Strikes Back: The Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Canadian Secret Service." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 10, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030505ar.
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Abstract While the history of the RCMP security service is becoming better known, study of its nineteenth-century predecessors is just beginning. From experiments with a rural police force established in Lower Canada in the aftermath of the 1837 Rebellions, the United Provinces of Canada created two secret police forces in 1864 to protect the border from American invasion. With the end of the Civil War, these forces turned to protecting the Canadas from Fenian activities. The Dominion Police, established in 1868, provided a permanent home for the secret service. The NWMP followed in 1873. Unlike the English, whose Victorian liberalism was suspicious of political and secret police, Canadians appear to have been much more accepting of such organisations and did not challenge John A. Macdonald's creation or control of a secret police. Republicanism, whether in the guise of Quebec, Irish or American nationalism, was seen as antithetical to the new nation of Canada, and a secret police was deemed necessary to protect the nation against it.
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Jaccoud, Mylène, and Maritza Felices. "Ethnicization of the Police in Canada." Canadian journal of law and society 14, no. 01 (1999): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100005949.
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AbstractIn this article, the authors carry out a documentary analysis of the stakes and debates surrounding the policies and practices of the recruitment of ethnicized and racialized groups within the Canadian police services. The analysis of the justifications set forth by the proponents of affirmative action in the police services as well as the identification of the questions which have prompted the debates, criticisms and hesitations regarding this policy bring the authors to conclude that the integration of minorized groups in the police services is less concerned with the redressing of inequities than with the development of a new process of racialization.
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Popham, James, Mary McCluskey, Michael Ouellet, and Owen Gallupe. "Exploring police-reported cybercrime in Canada." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2019-0128.
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PurposePolice-reported incidents of cybercrime appear to vary dramatically across Canadian municipal police services. This paper explores cybercrime reporting by police services in eight of Canada's largest municipalities, assessing (1) variation over time; (2) variation across jurisdictions; and (3) correlates of reporting volumes.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from a combination of national Uniform Crime Report statistics and annual reports by police services. Two repeated one-way ANOVA tests and a Pearson's r correlation matrix were used to assess variation and correlation.FindingsFindings suggest that police-reported cybercrime varies significantly across jurisdictions but not over time. Moreover, negative relationships were observed between police-reported cybercrime incidents per 100,000 residents and calls for service per 100,000, as well as number of sworn officers per 100,000.Research limitations/implicationsThe study assessed a small sample of cities (N = 8) providing 32 data points, which inhibited robust multivariate analyses. Data also strictly represents calls to police services, therefore excluding alternative resolutions such as public–private interventions.Practical implicationsCanadian provincial and federal governments should consider engaging in high-level talks to harmonize cybercrime reporting strategies within frontline policing. This will mitigate disparity and provide more accurate representations of cybercrime for future policy development. Additionally, services should revisit internal policies and procedures, as it appears that cybercrime is deprioritized in high call volume situations.Originality/valueThis paper introduces previously unreported data about police-reported cybercrime incidents in Canada. Furthermore, it adds quantitative evidence to support previous qualitative studies on police responses to cybercrime.
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O’Connor, Christopher D., Tyler Frederick, Jacek Koziarski, Victoria Baker, and Kaylee Kosoralo. "Auxiliary Police Volunteer Experiences and Motivations to Volunteer in Canada." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 16, no. 1 (November 13, 2021): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/paab071.
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Abstract Policing has become a shared endeavour among a variety of community stakeholders. Citizens are expected to take on a more active role in securing their own safety. Volunteers are one particular group that has been marshalled to become an essential part of policing. In Canada, volunteers work alongside police officers as auxiliary members and assist in a wide range of activities, such as victim support, safety campaigns, community events, and patrol. Despite auxiliary members actively participating in policing duties, we know little about their experiences or motivations for volunteering. This article presents the results of a survey conducted with auxiliary police personnel at a police service in Canada and discusses their roles and tasks, perceived quality of and ways to improve their experiences, and motivations to volunteer. We conclude by discussing how police services could enhance auxiliary members’ experiences and better integrate this group into regular police officer recruitment efforts.
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Normandeau, André, and Barry Leighton. "Police et société au Canada." Canadian Journal of Criminology 33, no. 3-4 (October 1991): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.33.3-4.241.
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Normandeau, André, and Barry Leighton. "Police and society in Canada." Canadian Journal of Criminology 33, no. 3-4 (October 1991): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.33.3-4.251.
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Valcour, Lance. "Improving police transparency in Canada." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 6, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.206.
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The path to improved police transparency in Canada includes the use of advanced technology with capabilities such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, “cloud” enabled services, and an ever-increasing number of data collection and management tools. However, these innovations need to be closely linked with a national—not federal—stakeholder review of current legal, legislative, and privacy frameworks. This article provides readers with a high-level overview of the issue of police transparency in Canada. It then outlines a number of key challenges and opportunities for improving this transparency. It concludes with a call to action for key Canadian stakeholders to work collaboratively to improve police transparency in Canada.
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Ruddell, Rick, and Christopher O’Connor. "What do the Rural Folks Think? Perceptions of Police Performance." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 16, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/paab063.
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Abstract Several highly publicized incidents have drawn the public’s attention to the problem of rural crime in Canada, and this focus is appropriate given that rates of rural crime in most provinces are higher than in urban areas. This study reports the results of an examination of urban and rural residents’ perceptions of the police in Saskatchewan, Canada. Controlling for their socio-demographic characteristics, prior victimization, perceptions of crime, and contact with the police, the results of 1,791 phone surveys reveal that rural residents are less likely than their urban counterparts to indicate their police do a good job of enforcing the laws, promptly responding to calls for service, providing them with crime prevention information, ensuring their safety, or cooperating with them to address their concerns. We also found that both urban and rural residents who felt their communities were unsafe or neutral (neither safe nor unsafe) were less likely to indicate the police did a good job in all the seven categories of police performance examined in this research. Implications for rural policing practice and research are identified considering these findings.
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Greene, Carolyn, Marta-Marika Urbanik, and Kanika Samuels-Wortley. "“It Stays with You for Life”: The Everyday Nature and Impact of Police Violence in Toronto’s Inner-City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 10503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710503.
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In recent years, police violence has amassed notable international attention from the public, practitioners, and academics alike. This paper explores experiences and perceptions of police violence in Canada, documenting the impacts of direct and vicarious experiences of police violence on inner-city residents. The study employed semi-structured interviews with 45 community members across three Toronto inner-city neighbourhoods. Using a general interview prompt guide, participants were asked a range of questions about their experiences with and perceptions of police, and particularly, of police violence in their community. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, thematically coded, and analyzed. All participants reported direct and/or vicarious experiences of police violence, and most described experiencing long-standing, and continual fear that police contact would result in harm to them. Further, participants described a variety of serious and negative outcomes associated with experiencing and/or witnessing police violence. Police violence in Canada is a public health issue that requires an integrated public health policy approach to address the negative outcomes associated with direct and vicarious police violence exposure.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Police, canada"
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Sheard, Michael. "Police governance in Canada : a parallax perspective." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2016. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1153/.
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Tensions between public expectations for police governance and ethical governance mirror recent spectacular governance failures. Several recent Canadian commissions of inquiry and court cases critical of the police have suggested police governance need to be more direct and assertive. The small numbers of academic studies that focused on the unique field of policing have largely ignored the behaviour of police boards responsible for their governance. More importantly is the apparent lack of attention paid by those responsible for police governance to the criticality of the pluralistic nature of policing itself. This research focuses on police boards in particular and not the police, with particular attention given to the link between their ethical decision-making and public trust. National leads in police governance, representing regional and national boards and board associations from across the country, were interviewed for this research. Eight key aspects of police governance were analyzed, and a number of gaps between current and best practices were identified. Ultimately, a number of recommendations are made to close those gaps, including the contribution of a new universal assessment instrument for police governance: the parallax perspective tool.
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Alvaro, Sam. "Tactical law enforcement in Canada, an exploratory survey of Canadian police agencies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ48419.pdf.
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Alvaro, Sam (Sam Nick) Carleton University Dissertation Sociology and Anthropology. "Tactical law enforcement in Canada; an exploratory survey of Canadian police agencies." Ottawa, 2000.
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Pohl, Bernhard. "The impact of civilianization on police agencies in Canada." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5093.
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Ishikawa, Shoichiro. "Electronic surveillance and the police : a comparative study of the Canadian and Japanese systems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26140.
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"Electronic Surveillance", the mechanical technique to monitor private communications of the suspect is one of the most powerful weapons of the police in modern crime-prevailing societies. In Canada the attempt to set up a legal framework to balance the police need for electronic surveillance against the citizen's right to privacy resulted in the Protection of Privacy Act proclaimed on June 30, 1974. In Japan, in contrast, with no specific legislation governing electronic surveillance, the police refrain from resorting to this enchanting method of criminal investigation. The purpose of this study is to propose a desirable electronic surveillance law in Japan, taking advantage of the Canadian precedent in this field.
The introductory portion of this study focuses on the concept of privacy in the West and Japan. Despite the vast difference in traditional privacy consciousness between Canada and Japan, privacy has been recognized as a legally protected interest in both countries.
In the first half of the main portion, the study analyzes the Canadian electronic surveillance legislation from the standpoint of the police. While providing the most powerful investigative tool, the law also has had a negative impact upon the Canadian police in that it brought about undue interference, judicial or otherwise, in the operation of criminal investigation.
In the last half of the main portion, the study deals with the Japanese system for electronic surveillance. The conclusion reached is that the Canadian legislative precedent can, with some necessary modification, be an appropriate model for Japan, and that Japan should introduce an electronic surveillance system with less intrusive power than in Canada while preserving the traditional independent authority of the police in criminal investigation.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
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Khoday, Amar. "Uprooting the cell-plant : Canadian and U.S. constitutional approaches to surreptitious interrogations in the jailhouseprison context." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112604.
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This thesis examines judicial approaches to cell-plant interrogations in Canada and the United States. These are surreptitious interrogations whereby the police inject an undercover state agent into the detention environment with the object of eliciting inculpatory statements from an accused.This thesis examines and compares the strengths and weaknesses of Canadian and United States judicial approaches to cell-plant interrogations, and their respective applications of section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Bill of Rights. In both countries, an accused can seek to have their incriminating statements excluded from evidence where they persuade the court that such statements were elicited by a state agent. Despite the seemingly similar language of their legal tests, Canadian and U.S. jurists define state agency and elicitation in very different ways leading potentially to very dissimilar outcomes based on the same factual circumstances.
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David, Jean-Denis. "Les Peuples autochtones et la confiance dans la police au Canada : exploration des facteurs influents." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37956.
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Depuis la ratification de la Convention de règlement relative aux pensionnats indiens en 2006, on vit au Canada une intensification de la mise en cause des relations entre le gouvernement canadien, ses institutions et les Peuples autochtones. Une des institutions ayant fait face à cette mise en cause est la police. Les contextes historique, politique et sociologique de la relation entre la police et les Peuples autochtones au Canada amènent plusieurs commentateurs à caractériser leur relation comme en étant une de méfiance. Or, bien que les données indiquent que les Autochtones au Canada ont effectivement moins de confiance dans la police que les non-autochtones, ces données démontrent également que la majorité des Autochtones au Canada disent avoir au moins une certaine confiance dans la police. S’ancrant théoriquement dans le modèle expressif sur la confiance dans la police, la thèse explore ce constat contre-intuitif et examine pourquoi certains Autochtones ont confiance dans la police alors que d’autres non, et pourquoi plus d’Autochtones que de non-autochtones se méfient de la police. Les résultats de la thèse suggèrent que la confiance dans la police des Autochtones et des non-autochtones est associée à leur perception au niveau des considérations expressives, soit le lien social dans leur communauté, la présence de désordres sociaux et physiques dans cette dernière, leur sentiment de sécurité face au crime, mais également leur jugement concernant le fait que la police traite les gens équitablement ou non. Or, bien que ces facteurs soient saillants chez les Autochtones et les non-autochtones, les résultats suggèrent que ceux-ci ont une force explicative plus importante du côté des Autochtones au Canada. Conformément, ces facteurs s’alignent à plusieurs niveaux avec les contextes historique, politique et sociologique de la relation entre la police et les Peuples autochtones au Canada. Ce dernier point semble expliquer en partie la différence entre les Autochtones et les non-autochtones en ce qui a trait à leur niveau de confiance dans la police.
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Jackson, Lisa Dawn. "Crossing the thin blue line, a study of female police officers in Atlantic Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0023/MQ36473.pdf.
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Ayala, Aurélio. "La North-West Mounted Police canadienne et ses auxiliaires métis, 1874-1900 : une relation d'interdépendance ?" Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2028/document.
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En 1873, le gouvernement canadien crée la police montée pour établir sa souveraineté sur les plaines de l’Ouest, préparer l’arrivée de colons euro-canadiens, et contrôler les populations autochtones, Amérindiens et Métis. Cette politique coloniale provoque la résistance armée des Métis en 1885 qui cherchent à se défendre de ces déprédations territoriales et politiques. Pourtant, à travers nos recherches dans des archives inédites de la police, nous avons trouvé des traces de la coopération d’auxiliaires Métis avec le corps policier, dès son déploiement en territoire autochtone. Cette thèse cherche à comprendre pourquoi la police montée a recruté ces Métis lors de son installation dans l’Ouest et des premiers contacts avec les Autochtones, mais également tout au long de ses missions de colonisation, même après le soulèvement métis de 1885. Par leur coopération avec la police, ces auxiliaires tentent d’améliorer leur situation économique, sociale et politique. Ils mettent à disposition de la police un capital social et culturel, dont elle a besoin – connaissance des langues, des peuples et de l’environnement autochtones – pour mener à bien ses missions dans un territoire qu’elle ignore. En échange, la police fournit des salaires, des contrats de fournisseurs ainsi que son aide militaire et juridique. Une relation d’interdépendance se met donc en place. Cette thèse démontre que ces auxiliaires forment des réseaux sociaux loyaux au Canada ce qui permet à la police de recruter des hommes de confiance. Mais, cette coopération indique une forme d’agencéité de la part des coopérants car ils partagent à travers leurs réseaux le capital économique offert par la policeIn 1873, the Canadian government founded the Mounted Police to assert its sovereignty on the Western plains, to prepare Euro-Canadian settlement and to control First Nations and the Metis. This colonial policy triggered the resistance of the Metis, who took up arms in 1885 to defend their territory and political rights. This thesis is based on original sources from the police archives. They reveal the existence of an on-going cooperation of some Metis, from the arrival of the police on indigenous territory in 1874 until the end of the century at least. This thesis aims at understanding why the police hired these Metis during its takeover of the West and the first contacts with Indigenous peoples, as well as throughout the implementation of its colonial mission, even after the Metis uprising of 1885. Through cooperation with the police, the auxiliaries tried to mitigate the negative effects of colonialism by making economic, social and political gains. The auxiliaries provided the police with the social and cultural capital it needed – their knowledge of aboriginal languages, cultures and environment – to implement its missions in an unfamiliar territory. In return, the police provided salaries and supply contracts as well as its own military and judicial help. The police and its auxiliaries relied on each other in this interdependent relationship. This research has shown that the auxiliaries formed socio-familial networks who were loyal to Canada, which helped the police hire trustworthy men. Nevertheless, this cooperation also stems from the auxiliaries’ agency since they shared the economic capital obtained from the police through their social networking practices
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Savoie, Jo-Ann Helen. "Skills women bring to the position of chief of police." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1933.
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Organizational leaders are unaware of the gender-specific leadership skillsets women possess to increase organizational effectiveness and how to address potential barriers for assuring these skillsets are recognized as effective. Of the estimated 69,000 police officers serving in Canada, approximately 14,000 are women. Of those 14,000, only 10% hold a senior rank, and less than 3% hold the position of Chief of Police. Technology speed, globalized crime, and shrinking budgets have created a need for a new style of leader in policing, and increasing the representation of women may address this need. This multiple case study used the concept of doing gender and transformational leadership for its conceptual framework, and was designed to identify the skillsets that women bring to the chief of police position to increase the effectiveness of recruiting and promotional boards' decision process. Data were gathered from government resources, newspaper articles, and information provided by 13 female participants who had held the position of Chief of Police in Canada. Coding and analyzing the responses showed 3 underlying themes that the participants considered mandatory for the position of chief of police: higher education, political and business acumen, and effective interpersonal skills. Higher education improves critical and creative thinking, while enhancing analytical skills and improved understanding of self. Political and business acumen is important for women, as their voices are often marginalized in community dialogue, and effective interpersonal skills. The implications for positive social change include promoting awareness of the skillsets women can develop while maximizing existing resource talent.
Books on the topic "Police, canada"
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Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics., ed. Policing in Canada, 1986. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 1986.
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Institute on Continuing Legal Education (10th 1985 Toronto, Ont.). Civil liberties: Dealing with the police. [Toronto]: Canadian Bar Association-Ontario, Continuing Legal Education, 1985.
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Canada. Solicitor General of Canada. Police health: A physician's guide for the assessment of police officers. Ottawa: Solicitor General of Canada, 1994.
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Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre. Rights and responsibilities in Canada: Police procedures. Calgary, Alta: The Center, 1997.
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Boer, Peter. Fallen officers: Canadian police in the line of fire. [St. Albert, Alta.]: Quagmire Press, 2008.
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1941-, Forcese Dennis, ed. Police: Selected issues in Canadian law enforcement. Kemptville, Ont: Golden Dog Press, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Police, canada"
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Andrade, John. "Canada." In World Police & Paramilitary Forces, 37–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07782-3_30.
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Parent, Rick. "Auxiliary and Reserve Constables in Canada." In Police Reserves and Volunteers, 127–37. New York: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315367460-12.
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Brine, Lindsey, and Mark Roycroft. "Sexual Assault Investigations in the UK and Canada." In Modern Police Leadership, 171–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63930-3_15.
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Chung, Alex. "Heroin 4: Counteraction Against Police Attack." In Chinese Criminal Entrepreneurs in Canada, Volume II, 153–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05135-8_6.
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Dubord, Neil, Catherine Parent, and Rick Parent. "Client-Centered Policing: A Focus on Positive Community Contacts Within Canada." In Enhancing Police Service Delivery, 143–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61452-2_10.
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Parent, Rick, and Catherine Parent. "Analyzing the Use of Deadly Force by Police in Canada and the United States." In Police Use of Force, 3–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22705-9_1.
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Parent, Rick, and Catherine Parent. "Sentinel Event Reviews in the United States and Canada: Enhancing Service Delivery to the Community." In Enhancing Police Service Delivery, 125–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61452-2_9.
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de Vries, Samantha. "An Overview of Wildlife Enforcement Cooperation in Canada and North America." In Police Behavior, Hiring, and Crime Fighting, 287–300. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003047117-23.
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Ferguson, Lorna, and Laura Huey. "Introduction to Search and Rescue in Canada." In Police Search and Rescue Response to Lost and Missing Persons, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44077-9_1.
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Huey, Laura, Lorna Ferguson, and Jennifer L. Schulenberg. "Wicked Problem 4." In The Wicked Problems of Police Reform in Canada, 83–99. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003296447-6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Police, canada"
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Terdal, Rohit Madhva, Nathan Steeghs, and Craig Walter. "Carbon, Capture, Utilization and Storage CCUS: How to Commercialize a Business with No Revenue." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208905-ms.
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Abstract Canada has joined the growing list of countries committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. This will require a rapid transition to carbon-free energy systems over the next three decades, with Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) a core component of unlocking Canada's decarbonization objectives. It is estimated that Canada will need to capture upwards of 100 million metric tonnes of CO2e per year through CCUS to achieve net zero by 2050. However, Canadian CCUS projects currently face a plethora of commercial hurdles, ranging from capital intensive technology, long investment time horizons, lack of clarity of government incentives and policies, and disjointed carbon markets. Carbon pricing policies are one lever to drive industry adoption of CCUS, but a cohesive industry and government collaboration is required to establish the national infrastructure needed to scale and support the development of CCUS in Canada. The recent announcement of the Oil Sands Pathways to Net Zero comprises of six oilsands producers, representing 90 percent of oilsands production, and signals a willingness of industry to come together with government to tackle these issues and support the oil sands industry which is projected to add $3 trillion to GDP by 2050. The central pillar of their vision is the use shared transportation infrastructure and storage hubs. This model will require significant government support but what is the right model to secure Canada's future while de-risking public funding. Policy development is still required by government bodies to encourage the investment in, and the implementation of these multibillion-dollar, long term projects. The announcement of a Canadian federal investment tax incentive and enforcement of the incoming clean fuel standard may further drive organizations to incorporate CCUS into their decarbonization plans. To proceed, industry will require further clarification to determine the effects of policy decisions and potential government partnerships will have on the cost structure and commercial viability of CCUS projects. This paper will outline some of the current commercial barriers that industry faces with the adoption of CCUS. It will provide a roadmap on how to mobilize and partner to scale CCUS in Canada.
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Kidd, David, Benoit Anctil, and Dominique Charlebois. "The Effectiveness of Forward Collision Warning Systems in Detecting Real-World Passenger and Nonpassenger Vehicles Relative to a Surrogate Vehicle Target." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-1978.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Automatic emergency braking and forward collision warning (FCW) reduce the incidence of police-reported rear-end crashes by 27% to 50%, but these systems may not be effective for preventing rear-end crashes with nonpassenger vehicles. IIHS and Transport Canada evaluated FCW performance with 12 nonpassenger and 7 passenger vehicle or surrogate vehicle targets in five 2021-2022 model year vehicles. The presence and timing of an FCW was measured as a test vehicle traveling 50, 60, or 70 km/h approached a stationary target ahead in the lane center. Equivalence testing was used to evaluate whether the proportion of trials with an FCW (within ± 0.20) and the average time-to-collision of the warning (within ± 0.23 sec) for each target was meaningfully different from a global vehicle car target (GVT). A similar approach was used to determine if FCW performance was reproducible between 3 targets tested by both IIHS and Transport Canada and was equivalent between surrogate car and motorcycle targets produced by different companies. FCW systems provided fewer and later warnings when the vehicles approached nonpassenger vehicles compared with the GVT. Results were reproducible between IIHS and Transport Canada, but FCW performance with passenger car and motorcycle surrogate targets representing the same vehicle were not always equivalent. Testing organizations should evaluate AEB and FCW systems with nonpassenger vehicle targets to ensure that AEB and FCW performance observed with passenger vehicles extends to other vehicle types, particularly motorcycles and medium or large trucks that are commonly struck in fatal rear-end crashes.</div></div>
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Kalra, Jay, Zoher Rafid-Hamed, Bryan Johnston, and Patrick Seitzinger. "Patient Centered Care: Medical Error Disclosure Guidelines Across Canada." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004840.
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The quality of healthcare is an emerging concern worldwide. Despite attempts to minimize adverse events and medical errors, the disclosure of medical errors by health professionals remains a significant challenge. We have previously reported that international policies and the Canadian Provincial College of Physicians and Surgeons both encourage the open disclosure of adverse events and have suggested its integration into a ‘no-fault’ model. Disclosure policies can provide a framework and guidelines for appropriate disclosure, leading to practices that are more transparent. The purpose of this study was to review, evaluate, and compare individual policies across Canadian health regions to provide guidelines for the best possible medical error disclosure policy. We evaluated the policies of each health region using the following five criteria (an apology or expression of regret, support for the patient, avoidance of blame, avoidance of speculation, and support for providers) which are considered critical to designing patient centered guidelines for medical error disclosure. The majority of provincial and territorial health regions (7 out of 11) have implemented disclosure policies that include all of the evaluated criteria. In Eastern Canada, more than 90% of the disclosure policies included an apology, patient support, and avoidance of blame, while more than 80% included avoiding speculation and providing support for providers. Similarly, in Western Canada, more than 80% of policies contained an apology, patient support, and avoidance of speculation, while provider support was found in at least 60% of surveyed policies. In Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, all policies contained an apology, patient support, avoidance of speculation, and provider support. On average, health region disclosure policies included an apology (98%), patient support (98%), avoidance of speculation (95%), provider support (92%), and avoidance of blame (90%). Designing best practice error disclosure policy requires integrating many aspects, including bioethics, physician-patient communication, quality of care, and team-based care delivery. We suggest that disclosure practice in Canada move toward a uniform, patient centered approach that addresses errors non-punitively to encourage medical error disclosure, reduce medical errors, and improve patient safety.
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Beltran, Oscar, Julia Lechuga, Gilberto Perez, Rebeca Ramos, and Maria Ramos Rodriguez. "P071 Police harassment and HIV/STI risk behaviors among a sample of people who inject drugs on the U.S.-mexico border." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.270.
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Kalra, Jay, Anjali Saxena, and Zoher Rafid-Hamed. "Medical Error Disclosure in Healthcare – The Scene across Canada." In AHFE 2023 Hawaii Edition. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004370.
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The quality of healthcare is an emerging concern worldwide. Despite the advancement in the medical field, adverse events resulting from medical errors are relatively common in healthcare systems. Disclosure of an adverse event is an important element in managing the consequences of a medical error. We have previously reviewed and compared various disclosure policies that are in practice in Canada and around the globe to analyze the progress made in this area and suggested a non-punitive, “no-fault” model for reporting medical errors. The purpose of this study was to review and compare the disclosure policies implemented by individual health authorities across the Canadian provinces and territories. We evaluated each policy based on the inclusion of the following key points: Apology, avoidance of blame, avoidance of speculation, immediate disclosure, patient support, provider support, provider training, team-based approach, accessibility, and documentation. The clinical significance of the study was to evaluate various health authorities’ policies of disclosure and report a practice model for medical error disclosure across Canada. The three top parameters found within the disclosure policies include an apology or expression of regret, a team-based approach and documentation of disclosure, all three averaging at 98% respectively across the provinces and territories. The bottom two parameters found within the disclosure policies include provider training and accessibility of disclosure policy through the health authorities’ website, both averaging at 34% respectively. We believe healthcare providers' top priority should be correcting flaws in the medical system and protecting patients' health. Despite the obstacles, physicians should seek to disclose medical errors to patients and their families on both ethical and pragmatic grounds. We believe that the disclosure policies can provide framework and guidelines for appropriate disclosure, which can lead to improved quality care and practices that are more transparent. We suggest that disclosure practice can be improved by creating a uniform policy, centered on honest disclosure and addressing errors in a non-punitive manner.
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McCauley, Dave, Douglas Metcalfe, Marcia Blanchette, and Tom Calvert. "The Government of Canada’s Programs for Radioactive Waste Cleanup and Long-Term Management." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16133.
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The Government of Canada’s 1996 Policy Framework for Radioactive Waste Management establishes that waste owners are responsible for the management of their radioactive wastes. This includes the planning, funding, and implementation of long-term waste management initiatives. Within this context, the Government has established three separate programs aimed at addressing the long-term management of radioactive waste for which it has accepted responsibility. The largest of these programs is the Nuclear Legacy Liabilities Program (NLLP). The objective of the NLLP is to address radioactive waste and decommissioning liabilities resulting from 60 years of nuclear research and development at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) sites in Canada. In 2005, the Government increased the value of this liability in its Public Accounts based on a new, 70-year long-term strategy and, in 2006, it implemented a $520 million 5-year work plan to initiate the strategy. The cost of implementing the full strategy is estimated at about $7 billion (current-day dollars). Canada’s Historic Waste Program is a second program that is designed to address low-level radioactive wastes across Canada that are not managed in an appropriate manner for the long-term and for which the current owner can not reasonably be held responsible. These wastes mainly emanate from the refining and use of radium in the 1930s and the very early days of the nuclear industry in Canada when radioactive ores were mined and transported long distances for processing. While the Historic Waste Program has been in place since 1982, the Government of Canada launched the Port Hope Area Initiative in 2001 to deal with the bulk of the waste. Finally, the Government of Canada has entered into two agreements with Canadian provincial governments on roles and responsibilities relating to the decommissioning of uranium mine and mill tailings sites. These agreements, one with the Province of Ontario and one with the Province of Saskatchewan, establish the responsibilities of each level of government to address circumstances where further decommissioning work is required and the producer can no longer be held responsible. The paper will provide an overview of these environmental remediation programs for radioactive waste and will describe recent progress and future challenges.
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Kalra, Jay, Zoher Rafid-Hamed, Chiamaka Okonkwo, and Patrick Seitzinger. "Quality Care and Patient Safety: A Best Practice Model for Medical Error Disclosure." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003478.
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Over recent years, adverse events and medical errors have become topics of increased concern in health care. Despite the efforts of healthcare organizations and providers to prevent medical errors and adverse events, medical errors are still inevitable. Disclosure of an adverse event is essential in managing a medical error's consequences. We have previously reviewed disclosure policies at the provincial level and found no uniform approach to disclosure in Canada. Effective communication between healthcare providers, patients, and their families throughout the disclosure process is vital in supporting and fostering the physician-patient relationship. Given the variability of medical error disclosure policies, comparing the disclosure process between different health authorities may allow us to better understand the best practice model given the proper parameters. Disclosure policies can provide a framework and guidelines for appropriate disclosure, leading to more transparent practices. The purpose of this study is to review and compare the disclosure policies implemented by individual health authorities across Canada. We will evaluate each policy based on the inclusion of the following key points: avoidance of blame; support to the staff; an apology or expression of regret; avoidance of speculation; some form of patient support; education/training to healthcare workers; immediate disclosure; team-based approach; accessibility; and documentation. The clinical significance of the study is to find similarities and differences between various health regions' policies of disclosure as well as report the best practice model for medical error disclosure across Canada. We suggest implementing a uniform national policy that addresses errors in a non-punitive manner and respects the patient's right to an honest disclosure. A prime role exists for the accrediting and regulatory authorities to initiate policy changes and appropriate reforms in the area. Not only should disclosing medical errors be a routine part of medical care to enhance quality improvement, but it would also protect patients' health and autonomy.
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Rondinel-Oviedo, Daniel R., Martha Pomasonco-Alvis, and Naomi Keena. "Future Use Architecture: Connecting housing policy, housing typology, and resource use for housing in Canada." In 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.5.
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This study investigates the potential of residential building material stock in Canadian cities to address Canada’shousing and retrofitting needs. We introduce the concept of Future-Use Architecture (FUA) within a Circular Economy(CE) design approach. Cities are significant contributors to a nation’s material resource use, but they are also banksof materials. In alignment with Canadian government policies and projections, the study addresses the imperative ofretrofitting 600,000 homes annually until 2040 and meeting the demand for 2.3 million new homes between 2021 and2030. FUA involves incorporating recovered materials into new building designs and the early integration of end-of-life building strategies, such as design for disassembly. This approach encompasses a comprehensive evaluation of urban building material stocks and the development of reuse and recycling strategies.This paper builds on prior work by the authors that investigated the potential carbon emission reductions throughmaterial recovery in Canadian housing stocks. Taking this as a starting point, it links this knowledge to current government policies for renovating and building new housing in Canada by 2040. The findings highlight the substantial quantities of building materials embedded in our structures and the considerable potential for reducing environmental impacts, such as carbon emissions, through adopting the Future-Use Architecture (FUA) approach. However, it becomes apparent that substantial shifts in both material supply and construction practices within Canada are imperative to fully unlock the potential of FUA and efficiently utilize the materials stored in our buildings.
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James, Melissa. "The Impact of Government Policy on Higher Education International Student Recruiters." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.10820.
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This paper explores higher education actors involved in the recruitment of internationalstudents and their perceptions of their home country’s government policy on their practice. It examines case study institutions from three countries Canada, Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom. This study shows higher education institutions do not exist in a vacuum and regardless of their location, government policy shapes perceptions for international student recruiters who believe that government policies contribute or hinder their practice. All of the participants, regardless of location, show a high level of awareness of government policy that greatly shapes their strategies. More specifically, recruiters find tensions arising from these policies with government shaping recruitment priorities and restricting or instigating competitive responses, while their institutions do not challenge government policy (enough). The findings suggest that government policies establish the “playing field” for recruiters as they attempt to navigate an increasingly competitive environment but at the same time, these perceptions are highly localized and need to be understood in their individual settings.Keywords:internationalization; government policies; recruiters; students
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Vincent, Bruce D., and Indra L. Maharaj. "Evolving Standards of Indigenous Peoples Engagement and Managing Project Risk." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78319.
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The standards for Indigenous engagement are evolving rapidly in Canada. The risks to project approvals and schedules, based on whether consultation has been complete, have been recently demonstrated by the denial of project permits and protests against projects. Indigenous rights and the duty to consult with affected Indigenous groups is based on the Constitution Act, 1982 and has been, and is being, better defined through case law. At the same time, international standards, including the International Finance Corporation Performance Standards and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, are influencing government and corporate policies regarding consultation. The Government of Canada is revising policies and project application review processes, to incorporate the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada; that Commission specifically called for industry to take an active role in reconciliation with Canada’s Indigenous peoples. Pipeline companies can manage cost, schedule and regulatory risks to their projects and enhance project and corporate social acceptance through building and maintaining respectful relationships and creating opportunities for Indigenous participation in projects.
Reports on the topic "Police, canada"
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Castets-Renard, Céline, Émilie Guiraud, and Jacinthe Avril-Gagnon. Cadre juridique applicable à l’utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les forces de police dans l’espace public au Québec et au Canada Éléments de comparaison avec les États-Unis et l’Europe. Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l’intelligence artificielle et du numérique, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.61737/tnps5755.
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L’Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l’IA et du numérique, en partenariat avec la Chaire de recherche de l’Université d’Ottawa sur l’intelligence artificielle responsable à l’échelle mondiale, présente un rapport sur le cadre juridique applicable à l’utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les forces de police dans l’espace public au Québec et au Canada: Éléments de comparaison avec les États-Unis et l’Europe. Ce rapport, préparé sous la supervision de la Pr Céline Castets-Renard, présente les principaux enjeux de l’utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les forces de police dans l’espace public au Québec et au Canada et le cadre juridique applicable, en comparaison l’Europe et les États-Unis. Dans un contexte où cette technologie est déployée de plus en plus largement, il convient de mener une réflexion en amont de son déploiement afin d’éliminer ou minimiser les risques encourus, en particulier pour les droits et libertés individuelles. Ce rapport vise ainsi à éclairer les législateurs et les décideurs sur ce que sont les technologies de reconnaissance faciale et les risques encourus, en particulier les risques d’atteinte aux droits et libertés individuelles protégés par les Chartes du Canada et du Québec, et de présenter les solutions déjà mises en œuvre pour envisager celles qui minimisent les risques et l’intrusion de cette technologie sur la vie privée, afin de poser les conditions d’une transparence et meilleure acceptabilité sociale. Outre le support analytique aux décideurs publics, la production de ce rapport a pour objectif d’engager la discussion et les échanges avec toutes les parties prenantes au Québec et au Canada
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Castets-Renard, Céline, Émilie Guiraud, and Jacinthe Avril-Gagnon. Cadre juridique applicable à l’utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les forces de police dans l’espace public au Québec et au Canada Éléments de comparaison avec les États-Unis et l’Europe : sommaire exécutif et recommandations. Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l'IA et du numérique, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.61737/ebuf7752.
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Ce rapport, préparé sous la supervision de la Pr Céline Castets-Renard, présente les principaux enjeux de l’utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les forces de police dans l'espace public au Québec et au Canada et le cadre juridique applicable, en comparaison l’Europe et les États-Unis. Dans un contexte où cette technologie est déployée de plus en plus largement, il convient de mener une réflexion en amont de son déploiement afin d’éliminer ou minimiser les risques encourus, en particulier pour les droits et libertés individuelles. Ce rapport vise ainsi à éclairer les législateurs et les décideurs sur ce que sont les technologies de reconnaissance faciale et les risques encourus, en particulier les risques d’atteinte aux droits et libertés individuelles protégés par les Chartes du Canada et du Québec, et de présenter les solutions déjà mises en œuvre pour envisager celles qui minimisent les risques et l’intrusion de cette technologie sur la vie privée, afin de poser les conditions d’une transparence et meilleure acceptabilité sociale. Outre le support analytique aux décideurs publics, la production de ce rapport a pour objectif d’engager la discussion et les échanges avec toutes les parties prenantes au Québec et au Canada
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Castets-Renard, Céline, Pierre-Luc Déziel, and Lyse Langlois. Observations sur le document d'orientation sur la protection de la vie privée à l'intention des services de police relativement à la reconnaissance faciale. Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l’intelligence artificielle et du numérique, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.61737/axib9435.
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Les autorités fédérale, provinciales et territoriales du Canada, dont la Commission d’accès à l’information du Québec, ont lancé en juin 2021 un avis de consultation et appel aux observations en lien avec le document d’orientation à l’intention des services de police fédéraux, provinciaux, régionaux et municipaux visant à définir les obligations de ces dernières en matière de protection de la vie privée relativement à l’utilisation de la technologie de reconnaissance faciale (RF), afin de garantir que toute utilisation de celle-ci ne contrevient pas à la loi, limite les risques d’atteinte à la vie privée et respecte le droit à la vie privée. Dans le cadre de cet avis de consultation et appel aux observations, trois chercheuses et chercheurs de l'OBVIA ont apporté des observations pour aider à l'amélioration du document. Ils considèrent en particulier que l'utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les services de police doit faire l'objet d'un meilleur encadrement légal et éthique au-delà du respect des lois de protection des renseignements personnels qu'ils estiment insuffisantes pour faire face aux nombreux enjeux sociaux. Ils estiment aussi que les services de police doivent être formés aux enjeux liés notamment aux risques d'erreur, biais, discrimination et surveillance de masse. Ils soulignent enfin le fait que l’atteinte à la vie privée s’accompagne ici le plus souvent de l’atteinte à d’autres droits fondamentaux. Ils recommandent l'élaboration d'un référentiel de valeurs visant à éclairer les interventions en matière de sécurité publique et mieux soutenir la réflexion des professionnels. Ces recommandations ont été déposées conjointement par l'Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l'IA et du numérique (OBVIA) et la Chaire de recherche sur l’IA responsable à l’échelle mondiale auprès du Commissariat à la protection de la vie privée du Canada et de la Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec.
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Hart, Michael M. Implementing Freer Trade: The Canadian Experience 1986 - 1995. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008398.
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Between 1986 and 1995, the government of Canada negotiated and implemented three major international trade agreements: the 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA), the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the 1995 World Trade Organization Agreement (WTO). Individually, each marked a major venture; together, the three agreements constituted a revolution in Canadian trade policy making.
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot, and Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.
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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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Dudoit, Alain. European common data spaces: a structuring initiative that is both necessary and adaptable to Canada. CIRANO, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/skhp9567.
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Faced with the acceleration of the digital economy, the governance and effective sharing of data have become fundamental issues for public policy at all levels of jurisdictions and in all areas of human activity. This paper reviews the initiatives and challenges associated with data governance, with a particular focus on the European Common Data Spaces (ECDS) and their direct relevance to the Canadian context. It explores the inherent complexity of data governance, which must reconcile sector-specificities with more horizontal governance principles. In doing so, it highlights the importance of strategic and coordinated action to maximize the social and economic benefits of data. The Burgundy Report, published by CIRANO in July 2023, calls for the creation of a common data space in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Strategic Trade Corridor by 2030. This proposal builds in particular on three separate policy reports published in 2022 by the National Supply Chain Task Force, the Council of Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety (COMT) and the House of Commons Standing Committee on Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities. The findings and recommendations of these reports raise fundamental questions that are central to the critical issues of governance, organizational culture, execution capacity, public and private stakeholder engagement, and data underutilization within the Canadian government machinery strained by years of delay and exacerbated by recent disruptions related to anticipated climate disasters. The creation of a common data space is envisaged as a structuring investment in Canada's essential infrastructure for intermodal transport and the supply chain. This working paper on European Common Data Spaces (ECDS) extends the synthesis and recommendations published last July 2023 by providing an operational analysis of the transformative initiative currently underway within the European Union (EU). This major policy development stems from the 2020 European Data Strategy and seeks to establish twelve common data spaces in strategic sectors, including mobility and transport. The document is divided into three main parts. The first part provides an overview of data-related public policies in Canada and the EU between 2018 and 2023. The second part focuses on the implications and lessons learned from the impact assessment supporting the adoption of data governance legislation by the European institutions. This directive establishes a regulatory framework for the creation of common data spaces in the EU. The third section discusses the current deployment of ECDSs, highlighting key milestones and ongoing processes. The paper highlights notable similarities between the EU and Canada in the identification of data issues and the formulation of public policy objectives. It also highlights differences in optimizing data sharing between jurisdictions and stakeholders. A fundamental difference between these two strategic partners is the absence of an effective and sustained pooling of resources within the Canadian intergovernmental machinery in pursuit of common objectives in the face of major shared challenges such as data accessibility and sharing. This situation is in stark contrast to the EU's groundbreaking deployment of the ECDS in pursuit of identical objectives of positioning itself as a world leader in the data economy. This lack of consideration, let alone joint action, by Canada's intergovernmental machinery to implement a common data strategy in Canada is damaging. To be effective, the Canadian response must be agile, results-oriented, and interoperable across jurisdictions. The rigorous management, responsible use, and organized sharing of data within and between jurisdictions are crucial to addressing the complex challenges and major risks facing Canada. Neither the federal nor provincial governments are currently well positioned to treat data as a shared strategic asset. The resolution of regulatory, legal, and technical obstacles to data exchange between jurisdictions and organizations cannot be achieved without the creation of a common data space. This can only be achieved by combining the necessary tools and infrastructures, and by addressing issues of trust, for example by means of common rules drawn up for this purpose. “The barriers that prevent the establishment of robust health data sharing systems are not technical, but rather fundamentally political and cultural.”
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Dudoit, Alain. The urgency of the first link: Canada’s supply chain at breaking point, a national security issue. CIRANO, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/cxwf7311.
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The creation of an intelligent supply chain is now an urgent national security priority that cannot be achieved without the joint mobilization of various stakeholders in Canada. It is not, however, an end in itself: the achievement of a single, competitive, sustainable, and consumer-focused domestic market should be the ultimate outcome of the national taskforce needed to collaboratively implement the recommendations of three complementary public policy reports published in 2022 on the state of the supply chain in Canada. The supply chain challenge is vast, and it will only become more complex over time. Governments in Canada must act together now, in conjunction with collaborative efforts with our allies and partners, notably the United States and the European Union, to ensure supply chain resilience in the face of accelerating current and anticipated upheavals, geopolitical conflicts and natural disasters. Québec's geostrategic position is a major asset, and gives it a critical role and responsibility in implementing not only the Final Report of the National Supply Chain Task Force ("ACT"), but also of the recommendations contained in the report published by the Council of Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety (COMT) and those contained in the report of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure and Communities published in Ottawa in November 2022, "Improving the Efficiency and Resilience of Canada's Supply Chains". The mobilizing approach towards a common data space for Canada's supply chain is inspired by Advantage St. Lawrence's forward-looking Smart Economic Corridor vision and builds on and integrates experience gained from various initiatives and programs implemented in Canada, the U.S. and Europe, as appropriate. Its initial implementation in the St. Lawrence - Great Lakes trade corridor will facilitate the subsequent access and sharing of data from across the Canadian supply chain in a reliable and secure manner. The accelerated joint development of a common data space is a game-changer not only in terms of solving critical supply chain challenges, but also in terms of the impetus it will generate in the pursuit of fundamental Canadian priorities, including the energy transition. This Bourgogne report offers a four-part synthesis: - An overview of a background characterized by numerous consultations, strategy announcements, measures, and mixed results. - A cross-analysis of the recommendations of three important and complementary public policy reports at federal level, as well as the Quebec strategy, “l'Avantage Saint-Laurent”. - An analysis of the fundamental issues of mobilization capacity, execution, and under-utilization of data. - Some operational solutions for moving into « Action, Collaboration and Transformation » (ACT) mode.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Feminist Foreign Policy: Contributions and Lessons. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.110.
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A relatively small number of countries have an explicit “Feminist Foreign Policy” (FFP). Those most often cited are Sweden, Canada, France, Mexico, and Spain. In theory, an FFP moves beyond gender mainstreaming in foreign development assistance to include: (1) a wider range of external actions, including defence, trade and diplomacy (2) a wider range of marginalised people, not just women. Within foreign development assistance, it implies a more coherent and systematically institutionalised approach to gender mainstreaming. In practice, those countries with an explicit FFP implement it in different ways. Canada currently focuses on development assistance, France on development assistance and formal diplomacy, Sweden more comprehensively covers the trade and defence policy arenas. Mexico and Spain are yet to produce detailed implementation plans. There is increasing academic interest in FFP, but most analyses found during the course of this rapid review focus on narrative content of policies rather than impact. Policy advocacy and advice is provided by several high-profile advocacy organisations. National government agencies in Sweden, France and Canada have produced some evaluations of their FFP, but the evidence is weak. There are many international institution evaluations of gender mainstreaming for many different sectors that are context-specific.
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Sandford, Robert, Vladimir Smakhtin, Colin Mayfield, Hamid Mehmood, John Pomeroy, Chris Debeer, Phani Adapa, et al. Canada in the Global Water World: Analysis of Capabilities. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/vsgg2030.
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This report critically examines, for the first time, the capacity of Canada’s water sector with respect to meeting and helping other countries meet the water-related targets of the UN’s global sustainable development agenda. Several components of this capacity are examined, including water education and research, investment in water projects that Canada makes internally and externally, and experiences in water technology and governance. Analysis of the water education system suggests that there is a broad capability in institutions of higher learning in Canada to offer training in the diverse subject areas important in water. In most cases, however, this has not led to the establishment of specific water study programmes. Only a few universities provide integrated water education. There is a need for a comprehensive listing of water-related educational activities in universities and colleges — a useful resource for potential students and employers. A review of recent Canadian water research directions and highlights reveals strong and diverse water research capacity and placed the country among global leaders in this field. Canada appears to be within the top 10 countries in terms of water research productivity (publications) and research impact (citations). Research capacity has been traditionally strong in the restoration and protection of the lakes, prediction of changes in climate, water and cryosphere (areas where water is in solid forms such as ice and snow), prediction and management of floods and droughts. There is also a range of other strong water research directions. Canada is not among the top 10 global water aid donors in absolute dollar numbers; the forerunners are, as a rule, the countries with higher GDP per capita. Canadian investments in Africa water development were consistently higher over the years than investments in other regions of the global South. The contributions dropped significantly in recent years overall, also with a decline in aid flow to Africa. Given government support for the right business model and access to resources, there is significant capacity within the Canadian water sector to deliver water technology projects with effective sustainable outcomes for the developing world. The report recommends several potential avenues to elevate Canada’s role on the global water stage, i.e. innovative, diverse and specific approaches such as developing a national inventory of available water professional capacity, and ranking Universities on the strength of their water programmes coordinating national contributions to global sustainability processes around the largest ever university-led water research programme in the world – the 7-year Global Water Futures program targeting specific developmental or regional challenges through overseas development aid to achieve quick wins that may require only modest investments resolving such chronic internal water challenges as water supply and sanitation of First Nations, and illustrating how this can be achieved within a limited period with good will strengthening and expanding links with UN-Water and other UN organisations involved in global water policy work To improve water management at home, and to promote water Canadian competence abroad, the diverse efforts of the country’s water sector need better coordination. There is a significant role for government at all levels, but especially federally, in this process.
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French, Robert, and Philip Oreopoulos. Applying Behavioral Economics to Public Policy in Canada. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22671.
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