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Journal articles on the topic 'Police, canada'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Roziere, Brendan, and Kevin Walby. "Police Militarization in Canada: Media Rhetoric and Operational Realities." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 13, no. 4 (October 27, 2017): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pax075.

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Abstract This paper examines police militarization in Canada between 2007 and 2017. We contrast media and police accounts of militarization with special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team deployment records disclosed under freedom of information (FOI) law. Discourse analysis reveals a series of armoured vehicle purchases has been justified by police claims about the danger faced by police officers, and the need to keep police officers and the public safe. Media and police accounts thus suggest militarization is limited. However, our FOI research shows planned and unplanned deployment of SWAT teams have risen in major Canadian cities and are higher in some cases than those reported by Kraska on public police militarization in the USA. After revealing this juxtaposition between media rhetoric and the organization and operational reality of police militarization, we reflect on the implications of police militarization in Canada and the challenges that police may face in communications about armoured vehicle purchases as public awareness of SWAT team use rises and police legitimacy is questioned.

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2

Kealey, Gregory S. "Presidential Address: The Empire Strikes Back: The Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Canadian Secret Service." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 10, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030505ar.

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Abstract While the history of the RCMP security service is becoming better known, study of its nineteenth-century predecessors is just beginning. From experiments with a rural police force established in Lower Canada in the aftermath of the 1837 Rebellions, the United Provinces of Canada created two secret police forces in 1864 to protect the border from American invasion. With the end of the Civil War, these forces turned to protecting the Canadas from Fenian activities. The Dominion Police, established in 1868, provided a permanent home for the secret service. The NWMP followed in 1873. Unlike the English, whose Victorian liberalism was suspicious of political and secret police, Canadians appear to have been much more accepting of such organisations and did not challenge John A. Macdonald's creation or control of a secret police. Republicanism, whether in the guise of Quebec, Irish or American nationalism, was seen as antithetical to the new nation of Canada, and a secret police was deemed necessary to protect the nation against it.

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3

Jaccoud, Mylène, and Maritza Felices. "Ethnicization of the Police in Canada." Canadian journal of law and society 14, no. 01 (1999): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100005949.

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AbstractIn this article, the authors carry out a documentary analysis of the stakes and debates surrounding the policies and practices of the recruitment of ethnicized and racialized groups within the Canadian police services. The analysis of the justifications set forth by the proponents of affirmative action in the police services as well as the identification of the questions which have prompted the debates, criticisms and hesitations regarding this policy bring the authors to conclude that the integration of minorized groups in the police services is less concerned with the redressing of inequities than with the development of a new process of racialization.

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4

Popham, James, Mary McCluskey, Michael Ouellet, and Owen Gallupe. "Exploring police-reported cybercrime in Canada." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2019-0128.

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PurposePolice-reported incidents of cybercrime appear to vary dramatically across Canadian municipal police services. This paper explores cybercrime reporting by police services in eight of Canada's largest municipalities, assessing (1) variation over time; (2) variation across jurisdictions; and (3) correlates of reporting volumes.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from a combination of national Uniform Crime Report statistics and annual reports by police services. Two repeated one-way ANOVA tests and a Pearson's r correlation matrix were used to assess variation and correlation.FindingsFindings suggest that police-reported cybercrime varies significantly across jurisdictions but not over time. Moreover, negative relationships were observed between police-reported cybercrime incidents per 100,000 residents and calls for service per 100,000, as well as number of sworn officers per 100,000.Research limitations/implicationsThe study assessed a small sample of cities (N = 8) providing 32 data points, which inhibited robust multivariate analyses. Data also strictly represents calls to police services, therefore excluding alternative resolutions such as public–private interventions.Practical implicationsCanadian provincial and federal governments should consider engaging in high-level talks to harmonize cybercrime reporting strategies within frontline policing. This will mitigate disparity and provide more accurate representations of cybercrime for future policy development. Additionally, services should revisit internal policies and procedures, as it appears that cybercrime is deprioritized in high call volume situations.Originality/valueThis paper introduces previously unreported data about police-reported cybercrime incidents in Canada. Furthermore, it adds quantitative evidence to support previous qualitative studies on police responses to cybercrime.

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O’Connor, Christopher D., Tyler Frederick, Jacek Koziarski, Victoria Baker, and Kaylee Kosoralo. "Auxiliary Police Volunteer Experiences and Motivations to Volunteer in Canada." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 16, no. 1 (November 13, 2021): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/paab071.

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Abstract Policing has become a shared endeavour among a variety of community stakeholders. Citizens are expected to take on a more active role in securing their own safety. Volunteers are one particular group that has been marshalled to become an essential part of policing. In Canada, volunteers work alongside police officers as auxiliary members and assist in a wide range of activities, such as victim support, safety campaigns, community events, and patrol. Despite auxiliary members actively participating in policing duties, we know little about their experiences or motivations for volunteering. This article presents the results of a survey conducted with auxiliary police personnel at a police service in Canada and discusses their roles and tasks, perceived quality of and ways to improve their experiences, and motivations to volunteer. We conclude by discussing how police services could enhance auxiliary members’ experiences and better integrate this group into regular police officer recruitment efforts.

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6

Normandeau, André, and Barry Leighton. "Police et société au Canada." Canadian Journal of Criminology 33, no. 3-4 (October 1991): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.33.3-4.241.

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7

Normandeau, André, and Barry Leighton. "Police and society in Canada." Canadian Journal of Criminology 33, no. 3-4 (October 1991): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.33.3-4.251.

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8

Valcour, Lance. "Improving police transparency in Canada." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 6, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.206.

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The path to improved police transparency in Canada includes the use of advanced technology with capabilities such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, “cloud” enabled services, and an ever-increasing number of data collection and management tools. However, these innovations need to be closely linked with a national—not federal—stakeholder review of current legal, legislative, and privacy frameworks. This article provides readers with a high-level overview of the issue of police transparency in Canada. It then outlines a number of key challenges and opportunities for improving this transparency. It concludes with a call to action for key Canadian stakeholders to work collaboratively to improve police transparency in Canada.

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9

Ruddell, Rick, and Christopher O’Connor. "What do the Rural Folks Think? Perceptions of Police Performance." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 16, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/paab063.

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Abstract Several highly publicized incidents have drawn the public’s attention to the problem of rural crime in Canada, and this focus is appropriate given that rates of rural crime in most provinces are higher than in urban areas. This study reports the results of an examination of urban and rural residents’ perceptions of the police in Saskatchewan, Canada. Controlling for their socio-demographic characteristics, prior victimization, perceptions of crime, and contact with the police, the results of 1,791 phone surveys reveal that rural residents are less likely than their urban counterparts to indicate their police do a good job of enforcing the laws, promptly responding to calls for service, providing them with crime prevention information, ensuring their safety, or cooperating with them to address their concerns. We also found that both urban and rural residents who felt their communities were unsafe or neutral (neither safe nor unsafe) were less likely to indicate the police did a good job in all the seven categories of police performance examined in this research. Implications for rural policing practice and research are identified considering these findings.

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Greene, Carolyn, Marta-Marika Urbanik, and Kanika Samuels-Wortley. "“It Stays with You for Life”: The Everyday Nature and Impact of Police Violence in Toronto’s Inner-City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 10503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710503.

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In recent years, police violence has amassed notable international attention from the public, practitioners, and academics alike. This paper explores experiences and perceptions of police violence in Canada, documenting the impacts of direct and vicarious experiences of police violence on inner-city residents. The study employed semi-structured interviews with 45 community members across three Toronto inner-city neighbourhoods. Using a general interview prompt guide, participants were asked a range of questions about their experiences with and perceptions of police, and particularly, of police violence in their community. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, thematically coded, and analyzed. All participants reported direct and/or vicarious experiences of police violence, and most described experiencing long-standing, and continual fear that police contact would result in harm to them. Further, participants described a variety of serious and negative outcomes associated with experiencing and/or witnessing police violence. Police violence in Canada is a public health issue that requires an integrated public health policy approach to address the negative outcomes associated with direct and vicarious police violence exposure.

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Bucerius, Sandra, Harvey Krahn, Kevin Haggerty, Luca Berardi, and Rebekah McNeilly. "Policing the Overdose Crisis." Kriminologisches Journal, no. 3 (September 11, 2023): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3262/kj2303180.

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The opioid overdose crisis in Canada continues to claim the lives of people who use drugs (PWUD). Historically, Canadian crime policy has prioritized crime control forms of surveillance, interdiction and punishment in response to drug use. More recently, harm reduction measures have gained traction, including safe consumption sites (SCS) and police officer use of Naloxone to assist PWUD who have overdosed on opioids. The effectiveness of harm reduction efforts, however, is to some degree contingent on their embrace or acceptance by police agencies and officers. This paper is based on research conducted on the two largest city-level police services in Alberta, Canada. We conducted 94 interviews with officers and had 1,406 officers complete a quantitative survey on issues relating to illicit drugs, overdoses, and fentanyl. Our findings show that police officers generally see opioid use as a serious problem and are concerned about the dangers they face when dealing with PWUD. There is also considerable confusion about the nature and severity of these dangers. Even so, attitudes appear to be shifting and some police officers are changing their practices. In general, our research documents a softening of police attitudes in Canada towards SCS facilities and harm reduction more generally. This greater embrace of a public health orientation could improve the lives of PWUD and their interaction with law-enforcement in Canada. Given the prospect that fentanyl and related synthetic opioids will continue their global spread, these findings should be of interest to an international audience of scholars, police, and healthcare officials.

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12

Gill, Carmen, and Chief Leanne Fitch. "Developing and delivering a National Framework for Collaborative Police Action to Intimate Partner Violence in Canada." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 1, no. 3 (November 18, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.26.

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The National Framework for Collaborative Police Action to Intimate Partner Violence is a document designed to provide police services across Canada with a guide to leading practices to address intimate partner violence (IPV) and to help police leaders better inform policy development and subsequent police action. The National Framework espouses the importance of a multi-agency, multi-pronged collaborative model designed to keep individuals, families, and communities safe. The document provides a shared language and understanding of IPV that can be used among police agencies and with community partners. The National Framework is the result of collective efforts involving subject matter experts from policing, academia, and community organizations, and was rooted in research funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada made available to the Canadian Observatory on the Justice System’s Response to Intimate Partner Violence at the University of New Brunswick. In August 2016, the National Framework (NF) was officially endorsed by the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police.

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13

Walby, Kevin, and Crystal Gumieny. "Public police’s philanthropy and Twitter communications in Canada." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 5 (September 4, 2020): 755–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-03-2020-0041.

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PurposePolice services, police associations and police foundations now engage in philanthropy and these efforts are communicated using social media. This paper examines social media framing of the philanthropic and charitable work of police in Canada.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from discourse and semiotic analyses, the authors examined the ways that police communications frame contributions to charity and community’s well-being. Tweets were analyzed for themes, hashtags and images that conveyed the philanthropic work of police services, police associations as well as police foundations.FindingsThe authors discovered four main forms of framing in these social media communications, focusing on community, diversity, youth and crime prevention. The authors argue that police used these communications as mechanisms to flaunt social capital and to boost perceptions of legitimacy and benevolence.Research limitations/implicationsMore analyses are needed to examine such representations over time and in multiple jurisdictions.Practical implicationsExamining police communications about philanthropy not only reveals insights about the politics of giving but also the political use of social media by police.Originality/valueSocial media is used by organizations to position themselves in social networks. The increased use of social media by police, for promoting philanthropic work, is political in the sense that it aims to bolster a sense of legitimacy.

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14

Laming, Erick, and Grant Valentine. "Police governance in Canada: Variations and disparities among police services boards." Canadian Public Administration 65, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/capa.12448.

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15

Hayes, Colin. "The Relationship between Police Boards and Chiefs of Police in Canada." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 74, no. 2 (April 2001): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x0107400206.

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16

Linden, Rick. "The Impact of Evaluation Research on Policing Policy in Canada and the United States." Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation 6, no. 1 (March 1991): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.06.002.

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Abstract: Over the past 15 years, a number of evaluation studies have had a great impact on police policy. This research has helped to bring about a shift from a largely reactive policing style that involves the police working on their own, to a proactive style that involves the community. This article reviews some of the research done on police-based strategies and programs, community-based crime prevention programs, and community policing programs.

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17

Cheng, Hongming. "Factors influencing public satisfaction with the local police: a study in Saskatoon, Canada." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, no. 4 (November 16, 2015): 690–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-11-2014-0125.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore determining factors that account for variation in public satisfaction with the local police in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Design/methodology/approach – An integrated method was used to gather the data for this study, including official survey data conducted by Insightrix, and interviews with citizens in Saskatoon. Findings – This research found that demographic factors including age, race (in this study, Aboriginal status in particular), education, and income, perception of neighborhood safety, citizen-police interaction, and learning about crime from news media all have impact on public attitudes toward the police, to different degrees. The gap or distance between the police and the Aboriginal community was highlighted as a major factor. Research limitations/implications – Further research should be done to compare statistical patterns in other same-level cities in Canada. Practical implications – This paper indicates that Saskatoon Police Service in the future should provide a more structured avenue for citizen participation in establishing safe neighborhoods, more structured cultural sensitivity training, and create a wider channel through which community residents with various social backgrounds can demand some measure of accountability for police work in their area. Originality/value – The paper is of value to law enforcement policy-makers and academic researchers with interest in policing and police-community relationship.

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18

O'Connor, Christopher D. "Citizen attitudes toward the police in Canada." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 31, no. 4 (November 7, 2008): 578–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510810910571.

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19

Boivin, Rémi, and Maude Lagacé. "Police Use-of-Force Situations in Canada." Police Quarterly 19, no. 2 (October 27, 2015): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611115613953.

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20

Schneider, Christopher J. "Police presentational strategies on Twitter in Canada." Policing and Society 26, no. 2 (June 4, 2014): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2014.922085.

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21

Halpenny, Andrew. "The Governance of Military Police in Canada." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.60082/2817-5069.1117.

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22

Prévost, Lionel. "Une vision de l’avenir de la police au Canada: Police-défi 2000." Canadian Journal of Criminology 33, no. 3-4 (October 1991): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.33.3-4.577.

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23

International Labour Law Reports On, Editors. "CANADA: Supreme Court Mounted Police Association of Ontario v. Canada (Attorney General)." International Labour Law Reports Online 35, no. 1 (November 21, 2017): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116028-90000139.

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Stelkia, Krista. "An Exploratory Study on Police Oversight in British Columbia: The Dynamics of Accountability for Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Municipal Police." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824401989908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899088.

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Independent oversight of Canadian police has increased over the past decade in response to a number of high-profile cases of police misconduct and public dissatisfaction with internal police investigations. To date, however, the dynamics of the oversight process have not been subjected to critical analysis. This study examines the benefits and challenges of the oversight systems for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and municipal police in British Columbia, Canada, as well as the role of oversight in increasing police accountability, improving public confidence, and modifying police behavior. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with persons ( n = 13) from oversight agencies, police unions, special interest groups, and professional standards units, the study found that despite having one of the most progressive oversight models in Canada, the system faces major challenges. These include slow processing of complaints, the administrative burden of minor complaints, the difficulty in determining return on investment, and the two-tier complaint model.

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Cyr, K., Rosemary Ricciardelli, and Dale Spencer. "Militarization of police: a comparison of police paramilitary units in Canadian and the United States." International Journal of Police Science & Management 22, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355719898204.

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In comparison with Canada, the more pronounced ability to acquire special weapons and tactics (SWAT) equipment in the United States suggests the resulting proliferation of SWAT teams with adequate material resources is likely to continue. This proliferation has stimulated media and public discourses against the “militarization” of police. In Canada, however, the amalgamation of SWAT teams has led to increased standardization in SWAT training, member specialization and protocols of applied practice. We argue that, in comparison with the United States, the proliferation of paramilitary activity is limited in the Canadian policing landscape by public safety governance structures, acquisition processes, and judicial scrutiny. In consequence, Canadian police services are better positioned than their counterparts in the United States to withstand the public scrutiny tied to police tactical responses.

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Murphy, Christopher. "The current and future state of police research and policy in Canada." Canadian Journal of Criminology 41, no. 2 (April 1999): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.41.2.205.

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Lithopoulos, Savvas, and George S. Rigakos. "Neo‐liberalism, community, and police regionalization in Canada." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 28, no. 2 (June 2005): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510510597942.

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Adorjan, M., R. Ricciardelli, and D. C. Spencer. "Youth perceptions of police in rural Atlantic Canada." Police Practice and Research 18, no. 6 (August 18, 2017): 556–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2017.1363961.

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Kiedrowski, John, Rick Ruddell, and Michael Petrunik. "Police civilianisation in Canada: a mixed methods investigation." Policing and Society 29, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2017.1281925.

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Bell, Colleen, and Kendra Schreiner. "The International Relations of Police Power in Settler Colonialism: The “civilizing” mission of Canada's Mounties." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 73, no. 1 (March 2018): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702018768480.

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In contrast to narratives by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the United Nations, and some scholars that international police assistance is a relatively recent phenomenon, we argue that Canada's Mounties have always been international. To develop this argument, we examine three dimensions of police power in international relations historically and with respect to the role of the Mounties specifically. First, we discuss the concept of police power and its central role in giving rise to another concept: civilization. The concept of civilization gained considerable traction as a rationale for police power in Britain's colonies, including Canada. Second, we turn to a discussion of imperial policing in the colonial settlement of Canada involving an elaborate array of “civilizing” techniques, some of which are still in operation today. Since Confederation, the Mounties have been involved in wide-ranging state-building missions with the purpose of securing Canadian sovereignty, in part through land and resource acquisition, and the denial of Indigenous sovereignties. Third, we show that the Mounties' contributions to settler colonialism played a role in shaping international relations from the twentieth century. In particular, the Mounties were central in constituting Canada as a member of the globally dominant Anglo-Saxon community of states. In conclusion, we suggest that current international policing practices in the global periphery are not novel phenomena, but are rooted in international police powers that made possible the colonial settlement of Canada.

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Barrett, Betty Jo, Amy Peirone, and Chi Ho Cheung. "Spousal Violence and Evaluations of Police Performance in Canada: Does Police Contact Matter?" Journal of Family Violence 34, no. 3 (November 8, 2018): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-018-0017-x.

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Clark, Marnie, Rebecca Davidson, Vanessa Hanrahan, and Norman E. Taylor. "Public trust in policing: A global search for the genetic code to inform policy and practice in Canada." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 2, no. 3 (December 22, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.57.

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The Executive Global Studies Program is an experiential and research-driven learning model for succession-ready police leaders and related executives across Canada, operating since 2003. Its research themes for each cohort are assigned by the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police (CACP). Nominees are each named and funded by their respective agencies with a view to informing domestic public policy and practice, while also providing a developmental framework for building global networks, shared geo-political awareness, and advanced executive competencies among the police leadership community. The program’s tenth cohort completed a 15-country study on the subject of public trust in policing, and they recently presented their summarized research results to the CACP for consideration and action. In this paper, these results are summarized and discussed for their potential implications for policy, practice, and continuing study. The primary focus of these authors, all of whom are Global 2017 team members, is to trace and explain the qualitative research process applied by their full cohort as they uncovered and conceived what the team ultimately characterized as ‘the genetic code of public trust’, a new grounded theory meant to inform and guide those continuing policy and practice considerations in Canada and beyond.

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이훈재. "A Study on the Municipal Police System in Canada." Police Science Journal 5, no. 2 (November 2010): 419–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.16961/polips.2010.5.2.419.

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Jain, Harish C. "Recruitment of Racial Minorities in Canadian Police Forces." Articles 42, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 790–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050364ar.

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Reviewing existing police recruitment and selection policies across Canada, the author identifies systemic barriers faced by visible minorities in entering police forces and makes recommendations in order to increase the representation of such minority persons in Canadian police departments.

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Taylor Griffiths, Curt, and Peter Clark. "Building police legitimacy in a high demand environment: the case of Yukon, Canada." Policing: An International Journal 40, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2016-0088.

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Purpose Police legitimacy has emerged as a core concept in the study of twenty-first century policing. The purpose of this paper is to contribute new knowledge by examining the dynamics surrounding policing legitimacy in a high demand environment in Northern Canada. Design/methodology/approach A case study approach was used to explore the historical and contemporary factors that contributed to the challenges surrounding the police-First Nations relations, how these challenges affected public confidence in, and trust of, the police, and how the communities, police, and government took action to address these issues. Findings The findings reveal that it is possible for the police, First Nations, and government in high demand environments to implement reforms and to create the foundation for police-community collaboration. The development of relationships based on trust and a continuing dialogue is important components in building police legitimacy. Research limitations/implications The study was conducted in one northern jurisdiction. The findings may apply to other jurisdictions where the police are involved in policing indigenous peoples. Practical implications The case study provides insight into the processes required to fundamentally alter the police-First Nations relations, to improve police service delivery in high demand environments, and to ensure that reforms are sustained. Originality/value Police legitimacy has been examined primarily in urban environments where police services have considerable capacities and there re-extensive networks of support from various agencies and organizations. The dynamics of policing in northern communities are appreciably different and present challenges as well as opportunities for improving police legitimacy.

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Saulnier, Alana, and Scott N. Thompson. "Police UAV use: institutional realities and public perceptions." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 680–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-11-2015-0136.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore institutional realities and public perceptions of police use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in Canada in relation to each other, drawing attention to areas of public misunderstanding and concern. Design/methodology/approach Public perceptions data are drawn from a national survey (n=3,045) of UAV use. Institutional realities data are drawn from content analyses of all Special Flight Operation Certificates issued by Transport Canada from 2007 to 2012 and flight logs of a regional service kept from 2011 to 2013. Officer interviews (n=2) also provide qualitative insights on institutional realities from this same regional service. Findings The data reveal disparities between institutional realities and public perceptions. Although federal, provincial and regional services currently use UAVs, awareness of police use of UAVs relative to traditionally piloted aircraft was low. Further, support for police use of UAVs was significantly lower than traditionally piloted craft; but, support also varied considerably across UAV applications, with the greatest opposition tied to tasks for which police do not report using UAVs and the greatest support tied to tasks for which police report using UAVs. Originality/value This research provides previously unknown descriptive data on the institutional realities of police use of UAVs in Canada, positioning that knowledge in relation to public perceptions of police use of the technology. The findings raise concerns over how UAVs may negatively shape police/civilian relations based on procedural justice literature which demonstrates that a lack of public support for the technology may affect the police more broadly.

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Saini, Rajnish. "Systemic Discrimination in Policing: Four Key Factors to Address." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 6, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.179.

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Canada’s demographic landscape is comprised of a breadth of cultures and religious beliefs, racialized groups, Indigenous persons, and genders and sexual orientations. In contrast, the demographic composition of many police services in Canada does not reflect the communities they serve. While efforts of police services across Canada to diversify have led to a proliferation of racial minorities, women, and Indigenous persons gaining employment within police organizations, serious obstacles of exclusion, racism, and discrimination remain. This paper will critically analyze four factors that accentuate and contribute to systemic discrimination in policing and provide recommendations to identify, mitigate, and address this issue.

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Saulnier, Alana, Jason Bagg, and Bradley Thompson. "Canadian Policing and Body-Worn Cameras: Factors to Contemplate in Developing Body-Worn Camera Policy." Canadian Public Policy 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-096.

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Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are increasingly being used by police worldwide. This study demonstrates that, as of 2019, at least 36 percent of Canadian police services have considered or trialed BWCs. News reports suggest that this number continued to rise in 2020. In this article and the accompanying appendices, we strive to provide a comprehensive summary of all topics that Canadian police services should address in a BWC policy. These topics fall into six general categories: BWC program, users, supervisors, data management and retention, video disclosure, and other expectations. The summary was produced by situating the contents of existing Canadian BWC policies in relation to key international content (e.g., BWC research and policy guidelines) and Canadian content (e.g., domestic BWC research, policy recommendations, and legislation) relevant to BWC policy. The summary we present is not prescriptive on topics that require further evidence or that would be best established by practitioners working in conjunction with key stakeholders (e.g., Canadian privacy organizations). We advocate for standardizing police BWC policy across Canada.

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Smele, Sandra, Andrea Quinlan, and Curtis Fogel. "Sexual Assault Policing and Justice for People With Developmental Disabilities." Violence and Victims 34, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 818–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-18-00041.

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The Services and Supports to Promote Social Inclusion of Persons With Developmental Disabilities Act that passed in 2008 was intended to improve services and supports for persons with developmental disabilities in Ontario, Canada. This legislation introduced a new mandatory police reporting policy for any suspected abuse, including sexual assault. While heralded as a significant advancement, questions remain about the policy and the Canadian criminal justice system's capacity to effectively respond to abuse of people with developmental disabilities. Drawing on qualitative interview data with police investigators and Victim Crisis Services employees in Ontario, this article examines how police respond to these reports. The findings highlight the need for more clearly defined protocols and training on these types of sexual assault investigations and increased provision and coordination of appropriate support for victims/survivors with developmental disabilities.

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Chu, Doris C., and John Huey‐Long Song. "Chinese immigrants' perceptions of the police in Toronto, Canada." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 31, no. 4 (November 7, 2008): 610–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510810910599.

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Murray, Tonita. "Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Ottawa, Canada." Police Practice and Research 5, no. 4-5 (September 2004): 327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1561426042000281819.

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Roziere, Brendan, and Kevin Walby. "The Expansion and Normalization of Police Militarization in Canada." Critical Criminology 26, no. 1 (October 23, 2017): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-017-9378-3.

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Ricciardelli, Rosemary, Michael Adorjan, and Dale Spencer. "Canadian Rural Youth and Role Tension of the Police: ‘It’s Hard in a Small Town’." Youth Justice 20, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473225419872406.

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This article presents findings from a case study examining youth perceptions of the police in rural areas of Eastern Canada. A total of 20 semistructured focus group discussions were conducted with 60 youth from Canadian rural Atlantic areas, who were purposively recruited, with groups stratified by age and gender. Discussions centered on role tension regarding the police’s role, that is, along a continuum between law enforcement and public protection versus community policing and crime prevention. Our discussions highlight the arguably ironic view that it is harder to maintain trust when there are strong personal relations with the police. Discussions highlight the ‘pros and cons’ of informal familiarity with police officers, especially the presence of school resource officers and policing in the context of monitoring youth on modes of transportation germane to rural Atlantic Canada (i.e. skidoos). Implications from this study suggest that when dealing with youth, identifying and addressing youth perceptions of the police role can help improve police–youth interactions.

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Dodge, Alexa, and Dale C. Spencer. "Online Sexual Violence, Child Pornography or Something Else Entirely? Police Responses to Non-Consensual Intimate Image Sharing among Youth." Social & Legal Studies 27, no. 5 (August 21, 2017): 636–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663917724866.

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Due to child pornography laws, non-consensual intimate image sharing among youth is subjected to complex legal landscapes in a variety of jurisdictions such as Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. While a growing number of scholars have problematized the use of child pornography charges to respond to these cases, there remains little understanding regarding how the police that enforce these laws conceptualize this issue and how this influences responses to these cases. Drawing from interviews with members of sex crime–related units in police service organizations from across Canada, this article examines how police conceptions of non-consensual intimate image sharing among youth correspond with and/or diverge from legal and critical understandings of this issue. While it is widely understood that online and digitally enabled forms of sexual violence pose unique challenges for police, our research fills a gap in the literature by examining how police themselves understand and respond to these challenges.

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Kiedrowski, John, Michael Petrunik, and Mark Irving. "Why Indigenous Canadians on reserves are reluctant to complain about the police." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 6, no. 3 (August 24, 2021): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.201.

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Recent widespread protests and intensive media coverage of actual and alleged acts of police misconduct against members of vulnerable populations (e.g., Indigenous and racialized persons, mentally ill and/or addicted persons) overrepresented in the criminal justice system have renewed interest internationally in the factors influencing civilian complaints against police. In Canada, a major concern exists regarding how Indigenous persons who feel improperly treated by the police perceive and confront barriers to making formal complaints about such treatment. This study focuses on the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the police agency providing services to the majority of rural and northern reserve communities. Our survey and interviews with influential “community informants” (in this instance community court workers) with intimate knowledge of such local communities, shared culture and language, and vicarious appreciation of the experiences of community members support the view that Indigenous persons do encounter significant barriers to launching formal complaints and are consistent with other research literature. We discuss our findings, raise policy considerations for decision makers such as police leaders and police complaints bodies, and outline implications for future research.

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Konina, Anastasia. "Privatization of Law Enforcement." McGill GLSA Research Series 1, no. 1 (November 22, 2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/glsars.v1i1.134.

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The year 2020 ushered in growing calls to defund the police. In Canada, as in other countries where the movement to defund the police has gained momentum, activists demand transferring money from police departments to social workers, reducing the number of police officers, and increasing police departments’ democratic accountability. This last group of reform initiatives is, perhaps, the least controversial one because it calls for improving the familiar structures of democratic oversight over police departments, such as municipal councils, independent police oversight boards and complaints bodies, and others. The demands for greater accountability of police departments to the public are a symptom of a deeper problem - there is a growing discrepancy between the goals of policing and the consequences of the police’s actions. This discrepancy materializes when the police’s attempts to ensure public safety result in the marginalization of racialized communities, particularly in larger cities across Canada. In order to understand why laudable policy goals lead to deeply problematic consequences, it is necessary to analyze the policing process in our cities. While it has traditionally been assumed that this process is left to the discretion of separate police departments, this paper demonstrates that externalities, such as data generated by private technologies, play an important role in undermining the goals of policing. Reliance on private data and technology does not absolve the police of accountability for resulting human rights violations. However, it has important implications for the reform of public oversight over the police. In an era when non-governmental actors are taking part in law enforcement through procurement contracts, democratic control over the exercise of the police’s contracting powers is an important, albeit often overlooked, instrument of police reform. Relying on contracts for predictive policing technologies as a case study, this paper argues that communities should condition the funding of police procurement on ex ante assessment procedures, technical specifications, and contract enforcement rights. Also, local elected representatives should have an opportunity to approve any data and technology sharing arrangements as well as federal standing offer arrangements that extend predictive policing to their communities.

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Sanders, Carrie B., and Debra Langan. "Collaboration Consequences: New Public Management and Police-Academic Partnerships." Journal of Applied Social Science 15, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1936724420984378.

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With increasing pressure on public organizations to demonstrate accountability, police services and public universities are being tasked with demonstrating how their institutional strategies are effective and economically efficient. In this paper, we draw on our own research collaborations with two different Canadian police services (Bluewater and Greenfield) on a similar community crime prevention strategy, Situation Tables. We illustrate how new public management practices are embedded in the political, economic, and organizational contexts that have inspired police-academic partnerships and invigorated the evidence-based policing movement in Canada. Our analysis illustrates how our partnerships were influenced by the performance strand of new public management that prioritizes the quantification of measures of outputs over qualitative evaluations of impact. We argue that these practices, if not interrogated, can jeopardize the integrity of evidence-based practice and policy development. Academic freedom must be retained when partnering with the police to ensure an examination of the implications of police practices.

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Glasbeek, Amanda, Mariful Alam, and Katrin Roots. "Seeing and Not-Seeing: Race and Body-Worn Cameras in Canada." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i3.13259.

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This paper explores the racial dimensions of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) in Canada and the contested politics of seeing that they raise. By drawing on interview data with four Canadian police services and analyzing them through the work of anti-racist and anti-colonialist scholars, we argue that BWCs are engaged in the act of not-seeing the state violence that makes racialized communities vulnerable to police brutality in the first place. To include the politics of not-seeing in the story of BWCs changes our understandings of policing’s new visibility and the potential promise of “policing on camera.”

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Tereszowski, Adam. "Securing Canada’s Sovereignty In The Arctic." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 2 (October 1, 2010): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v2i0.4378.

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As demonstrated by this summer’s OP Nanook, the Arctic continues to be of strategic importance to Canada due to its wealth of natural resources and the importance of its position to the defence of the country. This policy brief contends that Canada should strengthen its patrol capacity in the Arctic and its exclusive economic zones by using Arctic/offshore patrol ships that belong to an armed Canadian Coast Guard. If Canada is serious about defending its North, the Canadian Forces will need to enhance its search and rescue capabilities in the region. Furthermore to counter illegal activity in the North, the Canadian Forces should share responsibility with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and an armed Canadian Coast Guard. Lastly, unmanned aerial vehicles may be of strategic importance to Canada, as they can monitor remote areas while Canadian Rangers provide support on the ground to better protect the region. A Canadian policy that places importance on the Arctic will need to contain elements that develop the capabilities of the Canadian Forces and the Canadian Coast Guard.

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Samuels-Wortley, Kanika. "To Serve and Protect Whom? Using Composite Counter-Storytelling to Explore Black and Indigenous Youth Experiences and Perceptions of the Police in Canada." Crime & Delinquency 67, no. 8 (January 24, 2021): 1137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128721989077.

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Research based in the US and Britain have established that perceptions of the police are particularly low among youth and racialized communities. However, by contrast, little is known about racialized youth perceptions of the police within Canada. Due to formal and informal bans on the collection of race-based data, Canada maintains its international reputation as a tolerant multicultural society. Using the critical race methodology of composite counter-storytelling, this paper will highlight the perspectives of Black and Indigenous youth and explore their experiences with law enforcement. This aims to counter Canada’s international status as a multicultural utopia and demonstrate how legal criminal justice actors, such as the police, perpetuate the marginalized status of Black and Indigenous youth through the process of criminalization.

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