Journal articles: 'Police - China'

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Wu, Guangzhen, David A. Makin, Yongtao Li, Francis D. Boateng, and Gassan Abess. "Police integrity in China." Policing: An International Journal 41, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-01-2017-0008.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the contours of police integrity among Chinese police officers. Specifically, this study explores how Chinese police evaluate integrity based on official policy governing interactions, discipline governing infractions, views of seriousness, and willingness to inform when others engage in misconduct. Design/methodology/approach In total, 353 police officers were surveyed representing those attending in-service training program at a Chinese police university in May 2015. Questionnaires containing 11 scenarios describing police misbehaviors were distributed to officers during classes. Findings There was a strong correlation between officers’ perceptions of rule-violation, misconduct seriousness, discipline, and willingness to report. Additionally, preliminary results suggest there exists a code of silence among Chinese officers, and that Chinese officers hold a lenient attitude toward the use of excessive force. Research limitations/implications This study utilizes a convenient sample, which restricts the generalizability of the results. Practical implications The results indicate the existence of code of silence among Chinese officers and their lenient attitude toward the use of excessive force. Originality/value Although there has been a growing body of research examining police integrity in both western democracies and transitional societies, China as the largest developing nation in the world and with a unique police system (falls somewhere between the centralized model and the integrated model) is understudied. This study addresses this gap in previous literature by exploring the contours of police integrity among Chinese police officers.

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Wong, Kam C. "Police scholarship in China." Police Practice and Research 10, no. 5-6 (October 2009): 503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614260903378475.

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Ward, Richard H. "The police in China." Justice Quarterly 2, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418828500088441.

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Liu, Lin, Ivan Y. Sun, and Jianhong Liu. "Police Officers’ Attitudes Toward Citizens in China." International Criminal Justice Review 28, no. 1 (July 10, 2017): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567717717317.

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Although a substantial number of studies have examined public attitudes toward the police, a relatively thin line of research has assessed police attitudes toward the citizenry in China. Using survey data collected from a sample of approximately 200 Chinese police officers, the current study examined the effects of police officers’ demographic characteristics, socialization and experience factors, and role orientations on officers’ attitudes toward citizen virtue, citizen cooperation with the police, and citizen input in police work. Results indicated that background and experience characteristics were ineffective in predicting the three aspects of officer attitudes toward citizens. Crime-fighting and service orientations were found to be related to officers’ attitudes toward the citizenry. Findings of this study enhance our understanding of police occupational attitudes in China and provide valuable implications for policy and future research.

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Scoggins, Suzanne E. "Policing Modern China." China Law and Society Review 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 79–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25427466-00302001.

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The study of policing in China is a small but growing subfield with critical insights for law and society scholars. This article examines the fundamentals of policing, tracing the organization’s history and institutional basics before turning to a review of the emerging literature. Scholars have made headway analyzing topics like policing practices, social control, public relations, and police perspectives, but there is still much work to be done. Partly because research on the police faces methodological challenges, the literature is uneven, leaving gaps in our knowledge about key issues such as police corruption, regional variation, and the relationship between police and private security groups. By outlining what we do and do not know about policing in China, this article parses the field’s best answers to questions of how police officers and the Public Security Bureau enforce state mandates and respond to challenges on the ground.

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Wong, Kam C. "The Police Legitimacy Crisis and Police Law Reform in China: Part II." International Journal of Police Science & Management 7, no. 1 (March 2005): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.7.1.1.63487.

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In 1978 the third plenary session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCCP) set a new course of development for China, ie modernisation by way of economic reform and market opening. The reform movement changed China socially, politically, economically, and culturally. The gongan or public security is a part of that transformation process. This article is a first attempt to investigate and report upon PRC police law reform effort — objectives, process and result — since 1978. In so doing, the article catalogues the past, describes the present, and speculates upon the future. The paper argues that police law reform in China is a reaction to a growing police legitimacy crisis attenuating police-public relationship. In the first part of this article (Wong, 2004) the case was made for police law reform in China using political, historical and doctrinal material. This second part details and discusses the direction, promulgation, actualisation and concluding observations of PRC police law reform.

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Liu, Jianhong, Ivan Y. Sun, Yuning Wu, and Yugang Chang. "Police supervisors' work-related attitudes in China." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 50, no. 3 (March 17, 2016): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865816638907.

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While the past two decades have witnessed a fast growing of policing literature in China, officers' job-related attitudes remain severely under-researched. Using survey data collected from 212 police supervisors in a major Chinese city, this study examined the patterns of Chinese police officers' occupational attitudes toward selective enforcement, legal restrictions, community policing, and use of force, and factors that influence such attitudes. About half the respondents were in favor of legal restrictions, and the majority of officers supported the notions of selective enforcement, community policing, and use of force. Male, older officers, those who had no military experience, and officers who worked at field stations favored selective enforcement than their counterparts, whereas supervisor who were younger and worked at nonfield stations were more supportive for legal restrictions. Supervisors' role orientations toward law enforcement and order maintenance influenced their preference for community policing. Implications for future research and policy were discussed.

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Cao, Liqun. "Book Review: Police Reform in China." International Criminal Justice Review 23, no. 3 (September 2013): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567712475296.

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Hualing, Fu. "Zhou Yongkang and the Recent Police Reform in China." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 38, no. 2 (August 2005): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.38.2.241.

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This article is an attempt to understand the conflicting imperatives of police reform and the underlying constraints affecting it in a one-party state. When China entered the 21st century, police abuse of powers was a conspicuous national problem. Facing mounting public outcry, as crystallised in the series of scandals before 2003, the police, under the leadership of the powerful new Minister, started a nationwide campaign to control police abuses. The article analyses the competing explanations for police abuses in China and the conflicting demands placed on the police in China's social and economic transition. The article concludes that the ultimate restriction on police reform in China is its politicisation. As long as China remains an authoritarian state, which uses police to maintain its political stability, the police will still be unable to be truly responsive and accountable to public need.

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Li, Wen. "Complaints against the Police in China: A Personal View." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 78, no. 2 (June 2005): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2005.78.2.119.

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China does not have an independent police complaints system. Police services are under the control of local governments and police chiefs, and police chiefs have specific responsibility for the supervision of police complaints. Although traditionally the Chinese prosecutors have acted as independent supervisors in the more serious complaints against the police, they are still seen as part of the criminal justice establishment. Recent efforts to change the present system have proved ineffective and inadequate in a modernising and reforming China and there are now calls for an independent element to be introduced into the police complaints system in China. This article discusses the main issues involved and suggests a way forward.

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Chen, Zheng. "An exploratory study of police cynicism in China." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-09-2015-0103.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure police cynicism in China. Design/methodology/approach – Using survey data collected from 382 Chinese police officers training in a Chinese police university, this research empirically described police cynicism and examined the effects of some police subcultural themes (crime fighting role orientation, traditionalism, solidarity, and isolation) and some demographic and work-related variables (gender, education experience, type of police force, and tenure) on police cynicism. Findings – Results suggest that most participants are not cynical. However, they seem to have less confidence in the trust and respect that citizens have for the police. Slightly more officers stated that they do not think that citizens will trust police to cooperate. Crime-fighting role orientation and isolation had significant positive associations with police cynicism. Officers with five to ten years of service were more cynical than were new officers and more tenured officers. Originality/value – This study is one of the first empirical attempts in Chinese policing. It extends the understanding on police perceptions in China. The findings may provide useful implications for Chinese police administrators and instructors to promote the successful implementation of community policing in China.

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Wu, Yuning, Ivan Y. Sun, and Michael A. Cretacci. "A Study of Cadets' Motivation to Become Police Officers in China." International Journal of Police Science & Management 11, no. 3 (September 2009): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2009.11.3.142.

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While a substantial amount of research has examined the motivation for individuals to become police officers, very little is known about why Chinese citizens choose this profession. Using survey data collected from cadets in a Chinese police college, this study attempts to answer three questions: (1) who are the people that decide to become police cadets in China; (2) what are the factors that motivate cadets to choose the police profession, and (3) how do personal characteristics influence cadets' motivations to join the force? The results indicate that Chinese cadets in the sample are largely single, young males from middle-class families. They tended to have some college education while their parents were likely to have attained a lower educational level. Job security and benefits, the opportunity to help people, the desire to enforce the law, and parental influences were important factors that motivated police cadets at this institution to join the force. Cadets' background characteristics only weakly influenced the decision. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.

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Boateng, Francis D., and Guangzhen Wu. "Perception of police officer effectiveness in China: Does organisational support matter?" Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 93, no. 3 (July 21, 2019): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x19862015.

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The primary objective of this study is to examine the influence of officers’ perceptions of organisational support on their perceived effectiveness in China. The study also examined demographic differences in how Chinese police officers perceived the support they receive from the police organisation. To achieve these objectives, the present study surveyed and analysed data obtained from 271 officers who were conveniently selected from one of the two major national police universities in China. Findings from the analysis revealed that officers’ perception of organisational support and their effectiveness were unrelated. However, findings indicated significant demographic differences in perceived organisational support. Officers’ rank, department and the location of their agencies predicted perceptions of organisation support. Policy implications of the study findings are discussed.

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Han, Ziqiang, Ivan Y. Sun, and Rong Hu. "Social trust, neighborhood cohesion, and public trust in the police in China." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2016-0096.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the influences of social trust and neighborhood cohesion on public trust in the police in China. Design/methodology/approach This study used survey data collected from roughly 5,600 respondents by the 2012 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). Multivariate regression was employed to analyze the effects of two forms of social trust, generalized trust and particularized trust, and three types of neighborhood cohesion, neighbor solidary, support and interaction, on public trust in the Chinese police, controlling for personal background characteristics. Findings Both generalized trust and particularized trust exerted a significant positive effect on trust in the Chinese police. Greater neighborhood cohesion also enhanced public trust in the police. Elderly, women, less educated and people with rural hukou and higher perceived social class were more likely to trust the police. Research limitations/implications The CGSS data contained only a single item that could be used to measure public trust in the police. Future studies should consider using multiple survey items to reflect Chinese people’s trust from different conceptual dimensions, such as procedural- and outcome-based trust and police legitimacy. The CGSS data also did not contain information on some relevant predictors, such as victimization and fear of crime, personal and vicarious contact experiences with the police, and news and social media usage and exposure. Future studies, if possible, should incorporate these theoretically relevant and empirically proven variables into the analysis. Practical implications Improving neighborhood cohesion is a clear path to cultivate stronger public trust in the police. Policy-makers and officials must bring the neighborhood-centered approach back to local governance by working closely with police leaders and other private and parochial social institutions to launch programs that can effectively stabilize and strengthen local communities and actively promoting positive interactions and social bonds among residents. Policies and programs aimed at enhancing public trust in the police should target at younger, better educated and urban Chinese who are more likely to be critical of the police. Originality/value Despite their high relevance, social trust and neighborhood cohesion have received only limited attention in past research on Chinese attitudes toward the police. This study represents one of the first attempts to examine different forms of social trust and neighborhood cohesion on public trust in the police in China.

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15

Lee, George Chak man. "Police corruption: a comparison between China and India." Journal of Financial Crime 25, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 248–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-10-2017-0096.

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Purpose There is no comparative research into the Chinese (PSB) police and the Indian police generally and none on police corruption in particular. This paper aims to show what police corruption and malpractices look like in China and India and offer up some suggestions as to why wide spread malpractices persists. Design/methodology/approach Horses’ mouth qualitative research is supported by primary public and police survey data. Findings There are many similarities in corruption “tricks of the trade” in both the countries, as well as in the reasons for its persistence. However, petty police corruption is more pervasive and less subtle in India. But both the forces suffer from politicization of policing, criminalization of politics, culture of tolerance towards substantive justice over procedural justice and master/servant attitude towards the public. In China, the police have administrative powers beyond criminal legislation, and Indian corruption is underscored by the culture of “Jugaad”. Research limitations/implications This is largely a qualitative research, so the usual arguments regarding limitations on its generalization applies. However, the insights in this article may provide some understanding of this under-researched topic and may stimulate further research in this field. It may also offer pointers to potential solutions for practitioners and policymakers. Practical implications By providing data on what corruption looks like and why it persists, policymakers can use the findings of this study to develop measures to address them. In so doing they would create a police service in India and China that is less prone to corruption and misconduct, thereby increasing public trust in these institutions. Social implications Peace and security is a prerequisite condition for economic and social modernization through the rule of law. Reform of the police is a critical success factor in this process. Therefore, by reforming the police, India and China stand a better chance of eradicating poverty and reducing inequality. Originality/value There is little in the way of research into the Chinese Police and none into Chinese police corruption. There is also no comparative study of the Chinese and Indian police generally and none on police corruption in particular.

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Zhu, Kuibin, and David M. Siegel. "The Law and Policy of Police and Prosecutorial Control of Detention in China." Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 21, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718158-02101006.

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In China, police control of street protests can be accomplished under existing law both directly, through administrative penalties including detention that police can impose on their own authority, and indirectly, through the threat of detention as part of the ordinary criminal process. In the ordinary criminal process Chinese law provides police and prosecutors extensive discretionary authority to detain suspects and defendants for periods of six months or more without judicial review. While the structure of these detention provisions superficially resembles that in Western countries, their operation is wholly subject to internal policies and practices of police and prosecutors. In addition to providing an overview of these provisions, we review here a recent prosecutorial policy change in decision-making on extended detention (dàibǔ, 逮捕) that places the same prosecutor in charge of both this decision and the ultimate presentation of the case. We conclude that this may encourage individual prosecutors to assess their cases more thoroughly and realistically at an earlier stage and may alter the litigation dynamics of detention during the investigative phase, but it does not reduce the threat of detention as a means of deterring protests. At most, the change may provide negotiation opportunities for defence counsel. Until a Chinese criminal case is formally presented to a court, control over detainees remains firmly in the hands of the police and prosecutors.

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Wong, Kam C. "The Police Legitimacy Crisis and Police Law Reform in China: Part I." International Journal of Police Science & Management 6, no. 4 (November 2004): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.6.4.199.54137.

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Jiang, Shanhe, Ivan Y. Sun, and Jin Wang. "Citizens’ satisfaction with police in Guangzhou, China." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 35, no. 4 (November 2, 2012): 801–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639511211275733.

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Mason, L. "Keith, R. C. and Lin, Z. (2006). * NEW CRIME IN CHINA: PUBLIC ORDER AND HUMAN RIGHTS." Policing 1, no. 4 (November 7, 2007): 524–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pam059.

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Liu, Siyu, Yuning Wu, Ivan Sun, and Feng Li. "Neighborhood context, police legitimacy and willingness to help the police in Shanghai, China." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 6 (October 23, 2020): 947–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-05-2020-0073.

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PurposeFollowing social disorganization theory and the process-based model of policing, the present study aims to examine how characteristics of communities are meaningful in shaping citizens' willingness to work with the police in urban China.Design/methodology/approachBased on survey data from Shanghai, China, the study adopts a generalized hierarchical linear modeling (GHLM) approach to examine the effects of both individual- and neighborhood-level predictors on the outcome, while taking into consideration the unobserved additional neighborhood-level variations.FindingsResults suggest potential need of the process-based model to be modified in a Chinese context in that while police presence matters, measures on legitimacy are nonsignificant in shaping willingness to help the police, after controlling for neighborhood characteristics. More importantly, collective efficacy at the neighborhood level is related positively to residents' willingness to work with the police. Constant attention should be paid to the promotion of a collaborative and collectively caring environment, which can contribute to better coordination with the police, and greater willingness to be part of the larger cause of public safety.Originality/valueThe paper advances the scholarship with multi-level modeling and the role of communities in building stronger relationship with the police.

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Shiu-Hing Lo, Sonny. "The Influence of Hong Kong's Policing on China." Asian Survey 51, no. 4 (July 2011): 770–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2011.51.4.770.

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Police cooperation includes joint anti-crime campaigns, intelligence sharing, evidence collection, as well as mutual exchanges and training. Mainland police have been impressed by the Hong Kong police's practices of operating in accordance with the Police Order, their use of handbooks, the rotation of offcers, and the services of psychological counseling. Knowledge transfer in policing has taken place from Hong Kong to Mainland China.

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Wu, Guangzhen, and Ming Wen. "Predicting three dimensions of police officer stress: does rural or urban setting matter?" Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 3 (November 6, 2019): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-03-2019-0042.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the disparities in stress between rural and urban police officers in China. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study were collected from a national police university in China in 2017. In total, 608 Chinese police officers were surveyed representing those attending in-service training program in the university. Findings Results showed that rural police officers exhibited a higher level of somatization compared to their urban counterparts, whereas no rural–urban differences were detected for other stress dimensions – anxiety and depression. Additionally, this study suggests that perceived constraints in resources and training partially mediate the observed rural–urban disparities in somatization. Research limitations/implications This study is based on a convenient sample of Chinese police officers, which restricts the generalizability of the results. Practical implications To reduce stress among police officers, China needs to make more investments in resources and training programs in its rural policing. Originality/value A review of literature reveals that studies comparing police stress between rural and urban areas are rare. Additionally, China, as the largest developing nation in the world, remains under-studied with respect to stress among its police officers.

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Chan, Ray. "Police powers and accountability in China and Hong Kong: a comparative perspective." Asian Education and Development Studies 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-08-2014-0036.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study police powers and accountability from a comparative perspective in both China and Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approach – This paper compares and contrasts police powers and accountability. Findings – The implications are many, including different political systems in which China is more authoritarian or paternalistic whereas Hong Kong is more pluralistic; checks and balances mechanisms in Hong Kong are far greater than in China; and the concept of accountability to the public is different in that Hong Kong police are accountable to members of the public but the mainland Chinese police force has a limited and top-down concept of accountability. Originality/value – An original comparative approach to policing in Hong Kong and China.

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Bracey, Dorothy H. "Police Professionalism in The People's Republic of China." Anthropology of Work Review 6, no. 4 (December 1985): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/awr.1985.6.4.50.

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Wong, Kam C. "Govern Police by Law (Yifa Zhijing) in China." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 37, no. 1_suppl (December 2004): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00048658040370s106.

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Light, Matthew, Mariana Mota Prado, and Yuhua Wang. "Policing following political and social transitions: Russia, Brazil, and China compared." Theoretical Criminology 19, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 216–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480614568742.

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This is a comparative analysis of policing in three countries that have experienced a major political or social transition, Russia, Brazil, and China. We consider two related questions: (1) how has transition in each country affected the deployment of the police against regime opponents (which we term “repression”)? And (2) how has the transition affected other police misconduct that also victimizes citizens but is not directly ordered by the regime (“abuse”)? As expected, authoritarian regimes are more likely to perpetrate severe repression. However, the most repressive authoritarian regimes such as China may also contain oversight institutions that limit police abuse. We also assess the relative importance of both transitional outcomes and processes in post-transition policing evolution, arguing that the “abusiveness” of contemporary Brazilian police reflects the failure to create oversight mechanisms during the transition, and that the increasing “repressiveness” of Chinese police reflects a conscious effort by the Chinese Communist Party to reinforce the police in an era of economic liberalization. In contrast, Russian police are both significantly abusive and repressive, although less systematically “repressive” than Chinese police, and less “abusive” (or at least violent) than Brazilian police. Also, abuse and repression are less distinct in Russia than in the other cases. These results reflect the initial processes of decay and fragmentation, and subsequent partial recovery and recentralization, which Russian police have experienced since the Soviet collapse.

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Hu, Kang, Rong Hu, Ivan Sun, and Yuning Wu. "Social capital and public willingness to cooperate with the police in China." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 2 (January 3, 2020): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2019-0143.

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Purpose Public cooperation with the police is of great significance in the maintenance of social security and social harmony, but studies investigating the mechanisms of public cooperation with the police in China are scarce. Using survey data obtained from Xiamen, China, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of social capital on willingness to cooperate with the police and their mediating mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach Data with 938 respondents were used in this study. Ordinary least squares regression models were used to test the influence of social capital on the willingness of the Chinese public to cooperate with the police and its mediating mechanisms. Findings The results show that associational life participation, social trust and neighborhood cohesion can all enhance public willingness to cooperate with the police by cultivating public spirit or trust in government, whereas participation in community collective resistance is negatively correlated with willingness to cooperate with the police. Theoretical explanations are offered to understand different effects of social capital elements on public cooperation with the police, and possible ways to foster such cooperation are discussed. Originality/value This paper takes the lead in examining the effects of social capital on willingness to cooperate with the police and their mediating mechanisms in China.

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Sun, Ivan, Rong Hu, and Yuning Wu. "Social capital, political participation, and trust in the police in urban China." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 45, no. 1 (March 16, 2012): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865811431329.

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Trust in the police has emerged as a critical issue in China where the police have experienced a crisis of legitimacy. Only a small number of studies, however, have empirically assessed Chinese citizens’ trust in the police. Moreover, the effects of citizens’ participation in social and political activity on evaluations of the police have rarely been investigated. Using survey data collected from over 3,500 Chinese citizens in eight cities, this study examines the impact of social capital and political participation on trust in the police, controlling for demographic characteristics, sense of safety, and locality. Trust in the leaders of neighborhood committees increased the likelihood of trust in the police. A sense of safety also raised the odds of trust in the police. Citizens’ trust in the police is also predicted by trust in neighbors, participation in political activity, and gender. Trust in the police varies across cities and is explained by some common and distinctive variables.

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Shi, Haitao. "Book review: Measuring Police Subcultural Perceptions: A Study of Frontline Police Officers in China." Criminology & Criminal Justice 18, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895817719797.

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Wu, Guangzhen, and Francis D. Boateng. "Police perception of citizens and its impact on police effectiveness and behavior." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 5 (October 10, 2019): 785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2018-0099.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences in police officers’ attitudes toward citizens between China and Ghana, and explore the extent to which officers’ perceptions of citizens influence their effectiveness and behavior.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 271 Chinese police officers were surveyed representing those attending in-service training program at a national police university in China in 2014, and a random sample of 145 Ghanaian police officers was surveyed in 2013, representing those from five police districts in the Accra region of Ghana Police service.FindingsResults revealed significant perceptual variations across the two countries. While Ghanaian officers were found to have more favorable perceptions of citizens’ cooperation and recognition, Chinese officers reported greater levels of citizens’ compliance and disrespectfulness. Moreover, results indicated significant relationships between officers’ attitudes and their sense of effectiveness and behavior in the two countries.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is based on a convenient sample of Chinese police officers, which restricts the generalizability of the results.Practical implicationsFindings offer insights for police administrators to reform the police with a focus on improving police perceptions of citizens.Originality/valueAlthough there are a few comparative studies that compare police attitudes toward citizens between developing and developed countries, and between western democracies, there is a profound lack of studies comparing these attitudes between developing/transitional countries. This study is an initial attempt to identify variations in officers’ perceptions of the public between two developing/transitional countries.

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Ye, Ning. "Institutional interaction in traffic law enforcement in China: Resistance and obedience." Semiotica 2017, no. 216 (May 24, 2017): 451–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0039.

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AbstractOn-site law enforcement is routine work for Chinese traffic police to effectively control a congested city. Misunderstanding, confusion, and even conflict frequently occur between traffic police and offenders about traffic offence penalties. Based on an analysis of digital recordings, the present study investigates institutional interaction from a semiotic perspective. The institutional discourse, taken as a sign, creates an interpretant in the language of traffic police, which works as representamen to be interpreted by offenders. By examining the meaning construction in the interaction, the study reveals the way police impose penalties exploiting the impact of their linguistic, professional and social background. The findings indicate that the resistance or obedience to penalties is a reflection of the interpretant produced by the offenders in the process of mediation. As China has recently made great progress in the creation of rules of law, police organizations have established many new clauses, covering every aspect of police routine. However, the clauses relating to the use of legal language for police officers encountering offenders can, to some degree, result in different interpretations of the obscure language and conventional procedures, which can thus impede effective communication between two participants. Apart from the rigid limitation on and strict observance of legal language choices, the imbalanced distribution of legal knowledge between professionals and laymen, the complexity of identity construction and historical and social cultures may impose constraints on the institutional discourse. This study suggests that the police should be aware of institutional discourse as a semiotic process and should modify their linguistic strategy to effect positive interaction.

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Wang, Xinting, Brittany E. Hayes, and Hongwei Zhang. "Correlates of Chinese Police Officer Decision-Making in Cases of Domestic Violence." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 11 (May 21, 2019): 1556–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719850502.

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The purpose of the current study is to uncover whether extralegal factors play a significant role in Chinese police officers’ decision-making in response to a hypothetical incident of domestic violence (DV). Data were collected from a sample of Chinese police officers located in southwestern China. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between the attitudes and beliefs of police officers and their decision-making in DV (i.e., recommend putting suspect into custody, victim into custody, and mediation; N = 514). The results suggest extralegal factors associated with culture do exert a significant effect on police officers’ decision-making in cases of DV, but the extent may be minimal. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.

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Chen, I.-Hua, Chung-Ying Lin, Xia Zheng, and Mark D. Griffiths. "Assessing Mental Health for China’s Police: Psychometric Features of the Self-Rating Depression Scale and Symptom Checklist 90-Revised." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082737.

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Police mental health is important because police officers usually encounter stressors that cause high levels of stress. In order to better understand mental health for Chinese police, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) are commonly used in mainland China. Unfortunately, both the SDS and SCL-90-R lack detailed information on their psychometric properties. More specifically, factor structures of the SDS and SCL-90-R have yet to be confirmed among the police population in mainland China. Therefore, the present study compared several factor structures of the SDS and SCL-90-R proposed by prior research and to determine an appropriate structure for the police population. Utilizing cluster sampling, 1151 traffic police officers (1047 males; mean age = 36.6 years [SD = 6.10]) from 49 traffic police units in Jiangxi Province (China) participated in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to decide the best fit structure. In the SDS, the three-factor model (first posited by Kitamura et al.) had the smallest AIC and outperformed other models. In the SCL-90-R, the eight-factor model had the smallest AIC and outperformed the one-factor and nine-factor models. CFA fit indices also showed that both the three-factor model in the SDS and the eight-factor model in the SCL-90-R had satisfactory fit. The present study’s results support the use of both SDS and SCL-90-R for police officers in mainland China.

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Zhang, Hongwei, Jihong Zhao, Ling Ren, and Ruohui Zhao. "Social bonds, traditional models and juvenile attitudes toward the police in China." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 37, no. 3 (August 12, 2014): 596–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-10-2013-0106.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of juvenile attitudes toward the police (JATP) in Chinese social settings. More specifically, this study borrows from the wisdom of social bond theory and relevant literature developed in the USA to explain juvenile ratings of the police on specific job functions. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected from a multi-stage cluster sample of 2,704 high school students in a city with a population of 3.8 million located in the southwest region of China. The analysis includes variables derived from social bond theory as well as traditional models commonly employed in US studies, such as demographic background and contact with the police. Findings – The findings suggest that both social bonds and traditional models have their respective utility to explain the variation in juvenile evaluations of the police. Originality/value – This study expands the scope of the investigation on JATP in China, a distinctively different cultural environment from the USA. More specifically, it explores the utility of the respective explanatory power of the social bond model and traditional models in relation to juveniles’ ratings of the police in China.

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Wu, Yuning, Margarita Poteyeva, and Ivan Y. Sun. "Trust in police: A comparison of China and Taiwan." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 36, no. 3 (August 2012): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2012.699794.

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Chen, Zheng. "Measuring police role orientations in China: An exploratory study." International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 44 (March 2016): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2015.05.001.

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Tang, Ligang, Zhe Liu, Yan Xue, Leilei Zhang, Dongdong Zhao, Lijiang Diao, Yigang Zhang, Faming Teng, and Peng Zhao. "Application of virtopsy in the police activities in China." Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine 7, no. 1 (2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_68_20.

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Wu, Yuning, Ivan Sun, Feng Li, and Siyu Liu. "Group position, consciousness and perception of police fairness among urban residents in China." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 640–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-09-2018-0135.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of group position and consciousness in predicting people’s perceptions of police fairness in China. Design/methodology/approach This study used survey data collected from 1,095 respondents in Shanghai. Multivariate regression was used to analyze the effects of group positions and group consciousness variables on perceived police fairness, controlling for personal, experiential and neighborhood factors. Findings Regardless of their own hukou status, individuals who live in high migrant areas expressed less favorable attitudes toward police fairness. Meanwhile, people who displayed greater degrees of sensitivity to bias in law rated police fairness less favorably, whereas people who expressed higher levels of moral alignment with the law and belief in no choice but to obey the police rated police fairness more favorably. Lower levels of neighborhood disorder and higher degrees of cohesion were also associated with more positive evaluations of police fairness. Research limitations/implications The authors’ measure of migrant concentration was constructed based on respondents’ own assessments of this neighborhood feature. Future studies should consider using objective measures to supplement the construction of migrant concentration variables. The authors’ group consciousness variables are limited as they are general, non-residential status specific and only capture part of the traditionally conceptualized variable of group consciousness. Future study should employ better-worded items that can tap precisely into people’s various dimensions of social consciousness based on their group status. Practical implications Training officers has to give a high priority to the principles of both procedural and distributive justice, and implement performance and evaluation policies that support fair and responsive police behavior, particularly during situations where citizens report crime to and seek help from the police. Originality/value Despite their high relevance, variables reflecting group position have received marginal attention in previous research on public evaluations of the police in China. This study represents a first attempt to examine how the interactions between residence status and the level of neighborhood migrant concentration influence Chinese attitudes toward police fairness.

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Wang, Xinting, Jia Qu, and Jihong Zhao. "The link between police cadets' field training and attitudes toward police work in China: a longitudinal study." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 4 (June 24, 2020): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-01-2020-0014.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect and duration of supervised field training on police cadets' worldview of police work in China.Design/methodology/approachThe four-wave longitudinal data were collected from graduate students who were pursuing their master's degree in a national Chinese police university from 2016 to 2018. Independent variables including demographic characteristics and knowledge along with experience gained from the internship were used to explain police cadets' attitudes toward police work. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression models were used in the current study.FindingsFindings derived from multiple regression analyses suggest that police cadets' attitudes toward police work are conducive to the “shock” of the real-world experience after three-month field training. However, the effect of the field training on police cadets' attitudes toward police work is temporary, not enduring.Research limitations/implicationsThe data for this study were collected from one national police university, and the findings reported here may not be generalized.Practical implicationsPolice field training is important for cadets to develop positive view of police work. It provides practical knowledge for police training and socializes cadets before entering into the law enforcement filed, avoiding the financial cost of resignation. However, the influence of field training is temporal. Hence, it is more appropriate for police administrators to arrange police cadets' field training close to their graduation date, the third year of their college education.Originality/valueThis study can be considered as an extension of relevant research on law-enforcement-related field training reported in the United States. However, it goes beyond the existing literature by using longitudinal data to answer a long-overdue question: Does supervised field training change the worldview of cadets concerning police work?

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Tanner, Murray Scot, and Eric Green. "Principals and Secret Agents: Central versus Local Control Over Policing and Obstacles to “Rule of Law” in China." China Quarterly 191 (September 2007): 644–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007001634.

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AbstractThis article extends the enduring debate over the balance of central versus local government control to China's cornerstone of state coercive control: the public security (civilian police) system. A recent series of studies argues that during the 1990s central authorities made terrific progress in regaining influence over local officials across a wide variety of issue-areas. This study, by contrast, argues that each policy sector in China has developed its own historical and institutional set of “lessons” that help structure power in that sector. Likewise, the particular issues in each policy sector create unique challenges for “principals” trying to monitor their “agents.” Regarding internal security, the historical lessons the Party has derived from past security crises combine with the uniquely difficult challenges of monitoring police activities to create a system in which local Party and government officials have tremendous power over policing. The many institutions intended to help central authorities control, oversee and monitor local policing actually provide weak control and oversight. These obstacles to central leadership create tremendous additional challenges to building rule by law in China.

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Baikady, Rajendra. "Book review: Police Corruption in Comparative Perspective: Building Trust in the Police in India and China." China Information 35, no. 1 (March 2021): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x21992707c.

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Wu, Guangzhen, and David A. Makin. "The Quagmire that is an Unwillingness to Report: Situating the Code of Silence Within the Chinese Police Context." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 4 (February 28, 2019): 608–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819831732.

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This study examines the individual, organizational, and ecological factors influencing police officers’ adherence to the code of silence, while accounting for their evaluation of the seriousness of each identified behavior. This study collected 353 responses from a sample of police officers receiving in-service training at a national police university in China. Results show salient influences for several individual and ecological factors contributing to the extent of the code of silence and those influences varied based on the type of behavior. In addition, this study lends further support to an emerging body of research suggesting Chinese police display a strong code of silence, although the existence and perpetuation of that code must take into consideration unique cultural practices within China.

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Sun, Ivan Y., Jianhong Liu, and Ashley K. Farmer. "Chinese police supervisors’ occupational attitudes." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-04-2015-0048.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess factors that influence Chinese police supervisors’ attitudes toward police roles, community policing, and job satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected from police supervisors in a major Chinese city. Multivariate regression was used to assess the effects of officers’ background characteristics and assignments on their occupational attitudes. Findings – Ethnic minority supervisors were more likely to have a broader order maintenance orientation, a narrower crime fighting orientation, and supportive attitudes toward quality of life activities. Less experienced supervisors were more inclined to favor the order maintenance role. Supervisors with a stronger order maintenance orientation tended to support problem solving activities and have a greater level of job satisfaction. Officers with military service experience also expressed a higher degree of job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – Survey data collected from a single Chinese city may not be generalizable to officers in other regions and departments. Practical implications – Police administrators should screen all applicants on attitudes that reflect departmental work priorities and styles of policing during the initial selection process. Desirable attitudes can be further molded into officers during their academic training, field officer training, and in-service training. Police administrators should continue their recruiting efforts targeting former military personnel. With adequate training in fulfilling civilian tasks and displaying proper outlooks, these individuals could become effective members of the forces. Originality/value – Despite a growing number of studies on crime and justice in China, empirical research on policing in general and on officers’ occupational attitudes in particular remains very limited. This study represents one of the first attempts to assess factors related to police occupational outlooks in China.

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White, Cameron L. "Pixels, Police, and Batons." Film Quarterly 74, no. 3 (2021): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2021.74.3.9.

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The 2019 Hong Kong protests witnessed not only sustained physical demonstrations by locals, but also a swell of online digital media that recorded and remixed conflicts between protestors and police. By documenting key moving images that circulated throughout social media and the film festival circuit, White’s essay reorients Hong Kong film studies’ relationship with the digital. Although cinema played a secondary role in the 2019 protests compared to digital media, numerous intertextual linkages demonstrate the productive potential of considering the two together. Special attention is given to the cops-and-robbers genre, a linchpin in local film history and a frequent form of choice for Hong Kong-mainland China coproductions. While the troubled representation of police in 2019 and beyond suggests that the future of the genre is unstable, the ingenuity of recent digital media demonstrates Hong Kong’s enduring potential for moving image innovation.

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Qu, Jia, Liang Wang, and Jihong Zhao. "Correlates of Attitudes Toward Dating Violence Among Police Cadets in China." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 16 (September 30, 2018): 4888–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18801552.

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Scholars have highlighted that incidents of dating violence are quite frequent among college students, and subsequent consequence can be devastating. A key factor that has been singled out in most studies on dating violence concerns an individual’s attitudes toward dating violence. It is assumed that there is a link between one’s attitudes and associated behaviors. The purpose of this study is to investigate correlates of attitudes toward dating violence among police cadets in a 4-year university in China. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that police cadets were the subjects of research on this important topic. Besides several commonly adopted variables in the analysis in the United States, we incorporated three variables that were unique to this study (the assistance-oriented police strategy, internship experience, and knowing anti-domestic violence law). The findings revealed that preference of gender-role, perceptions of the nature of dating, and police strategies have significant effect on cadets’ sentiment of dating violence. We also discussed the limitations of this study and highlight several areas that future research needs to focus on.

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Cyranoski, David. "China expands surveillance of sewage to police illegal drug use." Nature 559, no. 7714 (July 2018): 310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05728-3.

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Luo, Fei, Ling Ren, and Hongwei Zhang. "Educational tracking and juvenile confidence in the police in China." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 43, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2018.1509013.

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Zhang, Hongwei, Ruohui Zhao, Jihong Solomon Zhao, and Ling Ren. "Social Attachment and Juvenile Attitudes toward the Police in China." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 51, no. 6 (June 4, 2014): 703–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427814538034.

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Huang, Guangzhi. "Policing Blacks in Guangzhou: How Public Security Constructs Africans as Sanfei." Modern China 45, no. 2 (July 19, 2018): 171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700418787076.

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This article looks at the role of Guangzhou’s Public Security Bureau in constructing Africans in the city as “triple illegal,” or sanfei 三非. The term refers to those who enter, stay, and work in China illegally. While many scholars have written about the racial profiling of Africans by the Chinese police, little is known about how police officers on the ground enforce the law and why they act the way they do. Failure to tackle these questions, combined with a more or less exclusive focus on Africans’ strategies of survival, not only undermines the effectiveness of criticizing the emerging institutional racism in China but also risks reinforcing the negative image of Africans as lawbreakers. This article attempts to fill this gap by approaching the topic from the perspective of police officers. It argues that the way the police system is set up makes Africans vulnerable targets of police officers, who are under great pressure to improve performance statistics and are motivated by monetary incentives.

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Sun, Ivan Y., Mingyue Su, and Yuning Wu. "Attitudes Toward Police Response to Domestic Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26, no. 16 (February 28, 2011): 3289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260510393008.

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Domestic violence has emerged as a worldwide concern since the 1970s. Although a substantial amount of efforts have been devoted to assessing various aspects of domestic violence, a relatively small number of studies have empirically examined factors that shape public attitudes toward police response to such incidents. Even rarer is investigating the topic from an international, comparative perspective. Based on survey data gathered from approximately 550 college students in China and the United States, this study analyzes the effects of background characteristics, personal and vicarious experiences of crime, and perceptions of gender roles and violence on attitudes toward proactive and traditional police response to domestic violence. Compared to their American counterparts, Chinese students were less likely to favor proactive response and more likely to support traditional response. Chinese and American students’ attitudes toward police response to domestic violence were shaped by some different and common factors. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Police - China'

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