Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Police nationale du Burundi'
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Birantamije, Gérard. "La crise de l'Etat et la Réforme du Secteur de la Sécurité: essai d'analyse de l'opérationnalisation de la notion d'appropriation locale dans le contexte de la Réforme de la Police nationale du Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209480.
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Since the 2000s, Security Sector Reform is one of the international public policies advocated by the International community in order to deal with the state crisis and the transition from war to peace. Due to the failure of development aid which emphasized the lack of local ownership as its root cause, the International community calls for a genuine local ownership of the Security Sector Reform. This study analyses the operationalization of the concept of local ownership in the context of the Security sector reform in Burundi. This thesis raises the question of why international actors have come to consider local ownership as a condition of Security sector reform. The analysis is based on three indicators: the conviction of local actors, the formulation and implementation of reforms, and the coordination of actors and reform activities, and is focused on empirical data about the Burundi National police reform process. The study shows that local ownership is a strategy mobilized by international actors to both trivialize their interventions and transfer their reform models while the genuine intentionality of the notion is one of responsibility and sovereignty of local actors. This study concludes that in the context of the crisis of the state, local ownership notion is a discourse that strengthens the international interventionism in giving the illusion of more space given to local actors in the implementation of reforms.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Escoffier, Lionel. "Les missions de police de la gendarmerie nationale." Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE0038.
Full textPortelli, Georges. "Etude socio-culturelle d'un corps de la Police nationale les commissaires de police /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600472b.
Full textPortelli, Georges. "Étude socio-culturelle d'un corps de la police nationale : les commissaires de police." Toulouse 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU10075.
Full textThis study has been led from a set of questions spread to the 2000 superintendents of the French national police. 904 answers have been collected. This research work enabled to find new grounds by tackling topics related to the analysis of the attitudes, the behavior and the opinions of a police official’s body who occupies in the French society a position of outstanding importance. This main topics tackled in this work concern: -the identifying of the superintendents body : demographic study, social and professional origins, social and family surroundings, school, university and professional antecedents, feminization, mobility. . . -their way of life and through, their turns of mind and education, -their motivations and vocation, -their professional behavior within the police body and within their own services, -their behavior within the society and their view of the outside and surrounding world
Buczek, Jacques-Olivier. "Du passage d'une police d'ordre à une police de proximité : une révolution culturelle en marche dans la police nationale." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0048.
Full textFrom 1997, France engaged itself to reform its national police in order to make it closer and in the image of the population, following the examples of other foreign countries. As the police culture, behaviour and working's customs are not based on common principles of a nearness security because, on the contrary, the police is most used to react against social disorder as to act for a nearby and secure way of life, the results of this police reform has not been on equal terms to the French government's ambition. The tag between talking and doing shows a lack of courage and therefore most likely the failure of a better new police strategy. If the rhetoric has been well sustained until 2002, the change for an other direction did wrong to the "police cultural revolution" which was so praised just five years ago. The expression of "community policing" does not any more belong to the police vocabulary. Under such circumstances, it seems to be delusive to confirm nowadays some significant issues which could decrease the delinquency's graph and set the public's mind at ease about it
Piazza, Pierre. "La carte nationale d'identité : enjeux étatiques et identitaires." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010321.
Full textMunyampeta, Munyuzangabo Corneille. "Culture nationale et développement dans la coopération interafricaine les cas du Rwanda, du Burundi et de la Tanzanie." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375949982.
Full textMoreau, de Bellaing Cédric. "La police dans l'Etat de droit : les dispositifs de formation initiale et de contrôle interne de la police nationale dans la France contemporaine." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0002.
Full textCarrillo, Jean-François. "Police judiciaire et renseignement face aux menaces criminelles." Toulouse 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU10045.
Full textThe objective of Criminal Investigation is to repress crimes and offences. In this view, based on the offences which have been notified, or eventually noticed, investigators implement techniques which will enable to gather proof, to identify the perpetrators, and to send them over to the law, for their trial. Thus, criminal intelligence is essential at this stage of investigation. But, besides the everyday criminality, new kinds of threats have occurred or have developed. Thus, the new environment of intelligence and criminal investigation consists in the generalisation of these new threats, the elimination of the distinction between internal and outside security, the creation of new relationship between security and defense, a new apprehension of the notion of border, and the evolution in missions of the police. At the same time, the consequences of the vividness of the terrorist threat refer to the fundamental question of which model of democratic police to be developed. The answer consists certainly in a new approach of the criminal investigation in the frame of a conception which would give an increased role to intelligence, enabling action as soon as the first constituent elements of the offence would be gathered. Nevertheless, this criminal intelligence, which can be qualified as offensive needs to enter a legal frame which reconciles respect for fundamental freedom with a necessary efficacy which is essential for the protection of the society
Leonard, Myriam. "Construire l'expérience collective en situation : l'activité en patrouille des gardiens de la paix de la police nationale." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1278.
Full textDiscernment is considered an almost natural quality that would be common sense. In the police it is an indispensable individual skill. However, after a prolonged immersion in the professional field of « peacekeepers » and an analysis of the activity on patrol, discernment appears as the product of a collective interpretation activity and a collective interpretative experience. Using an ethnographic approach, this thesis attempts to capture the collective experience that is being developed : by continuously interpreting and reinterpreting the course of things, policemen build situations of action through interpretative consensus, stories and cultures
Jourdan, Julien. "Gendarmerie et pratiques judiciaires." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32000.
Full textInescapable actor of the safety of the French people, the National Gendarmerie is a state police force which insures the law and order of our country for several centuries. However this strength of safety is not alone to hold this role, because the other actors also work in this domain. If various texts govern the organization of these various strengths of safety, their repressive frame of action is governed only by a single code: the Code of criminal procedure, which defines strictly the possibilities of investigations and the coercive powers of these actors, while guaranteeing the respect for the personal freedoms. From then on, if a single code governs the common law, we can wonder to see evoking the specificity of one of the actors, the gendarmerie, in the judicial domain. The object of this study is exactly to establish that while respecting the measures of the Code of criminal procedure, the gendarmerie, because of the peculiarity of its military status, and its territorial presence has a judicial practice which is appropriate for her. So, the gendarmerie practises its mission of Criminal Investigation Department differently from the other repressive actors. This peculiarity enriches the police plurality, and strengthens the autonomy of the justice, while contributing to the separation of the powers. The specificity of the gendarmerie thus joins in a dual police system, and results from its militarité. To understand the militarity of the gendarmerie, and its importance for the judicial level, it is thus necessary to know its history, knowledge that its development was made by taking into account vast territories on which she insures the law and order, to describe her application of the military methods in her missions of police. All this allows then to arrest better the judicial practice of the gendarmerie, while trying hard to put her in perspective with the dual police system, which evolves henceforth within a unique ministry of the internal safety
Oh, Seung-Gyu. "La décentralisation dans le domaine de la police - étude de droit comparé : étude de droit comparé : la Corée et la France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1008.
Full textKorea, which opened the era of democratization in 1987 moves towards democracy in daily life after the implementation of the system of local autonomy in 1995. In a general trend of decentralization and irrevocable and increased autonomy, decentralization in the field of police was under discussion as a means of completing the system of local autonomy. This issue of reform have led to the limited exercise of a decentralized police in Jeju province alone requires a further consideration. To do this, we need to look carefully into a legal system that is easier to receive in Korean law: the French regime. Indeed, France is a traditionally unitary and centralized state which pursues a decentralization process in depth, including the police. It results that the police be decentralized at the municipal level under the leadership of Mayor and under the control of local police committee at provincial level. The autonomous decentralized police has the general duties and is responsible for special police affairs. The National Police assume security in the municipalities that do not have own police service and the coordination and control for municipal police. In addition, the incorporation of the National Police and National Police Board should be changed from the Minister of Public Administration and Security to the Prime Minister. Control over the municipal police would be accomplished administratively by the local police, by national administrative authorities and the national police authorities, or judicially against individual administrative acts
Vazquez, Llana Jordan Diego. "Environnement big data et prise de décision intuitive : le cas du Centre d'Information et de Commandement (CIC) de la Police nationale des Bouches du Rhône (DDSP 13)." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3063.
Full textGodé and Vazquez have previously demonstrated that French Police team operate in extreme contexts (Godé & Vazquez, 2017), simultaneously marked by high levels of change, uncertainty and mainly vital, material and legal risks (Godé, 2016), but also technological. In this context, the notion of big data environment, can affect the police decision-making process. The problematic of this thesis is : "What is the status of intuition in decision-making process in a big data environment?". We explain how the growth of available information volumes, the great diversity of their sources (social networks, websites, connected objects), their speed of diffusion (in real time or near real time) and their unstructured nature (Davenport & Soulard, 2014) introduces new decision-making challenges for National Police forces
Mouhanna, Christian. "Police et justice face au citoyen : le repli bureaucratique." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005IEPP0025.
Full textJobard, Fabien. "L'usage de la force par la police : sur quelques aspects de la mise en oeuvre du monopole de la violence physique légitime par la Police nationale dans la France contemporaine." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998IEPP0012.
Full textPolice is one institution in charge of "monopoly of the use of violence". Numerous studies (in France and elsewhere) consider this proposition as the starting point for the analysis of police. But the first part show how this proposition looks more like an axiomatic as an hypothesis eventually validated by empirical assessments. The second part tries to set up empirical observations of police use of force in France. We present a general picture of the phenomena, based on police sources and press files. But this kind of knowledge about police violence is not completely satisfying. We cross here problems related to the possibility of a quantitative knowledge about hidden events ; but, as well, the social significance of these data (the sense social actors give them) is not brought up by these data. Our third part radically modifies the point of view and wishes to know police violence through those who have been (or pretends to have been) victims of police brutality. Their stories, which we have listened thanks to semi directive interviews, are analysed in a methodological perspective. Namely, we interrogate the possibility for a social researcher to know some clues about a specific reality with people characterised by a tremendous social anomie, often heroin addicts, and who live a very special relationship with the truth, because of their constant familiarity with police and judicial institutions. But these accounts draw a very specific space of contingency, in which police brutalities occur, and whose forms and nature produce strong representation among the victims. Victims bring a very coherent social space, in which police violence show ancient forms of governance, like the use of other's body, territoriality, power. Our last part looks at the homologies between this social space and political actors acts, frames of police work, personal investments by police officers in the use of force, and legal rules. The homologies are finally very numerous, and are validated and reaffirmed by the law. We have to conclude in that sense: our contemporary Weberian mode of domination takes root in what could appear like its true antagonism (personal use of violence by state agents). But this violence is not the antagonism of a Weberian mode of domination: in some very specific social spaces, violence is the means of the goal of any domination : to create obedience
Panel, Louis N. "« Forcer, au besoin, leur obéissance » ? : la Gendarmerie nationale et la Grande Guerre des Français (1914-1918)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040072.
Full textBecause of its long duration as much as because of the vast number of troops engaged, the First World War posed the problem of maintaining order and discipline in the French armies in a particularly acute form. The task fell in a large part to the Gendarmerie, detachments of which were stationed in the armies’ sector since the outbreak of war. On several occasions the Gendarmerie had been reorganized. After having supervised the mobilization, it provided security for army movements and was responsible for traffic control. In the troop encampments the gendarmes of the military police enforced obedience to orders and ensured the implementation of directives from the (army) command. During the battle, they were arranged in roadblocks to repress deserters, whom they pursued up to the inland. Among their duties, there was also the administration and surveillance of military prisons, a task soon recognised to be a ‘nightmare’ for the service. In certain circumstances, when large masses of troops were jam-packed together, the Gendarmerie even assumed responsibility for soldiers’ personal hygiene and welfare. However, by the end of the war, the men’s respect for the Gendarmerie had declined markedly, evidenced by the spreading of the legend of gendarmes hanged by the rank-and-file
Le, Saulnier Guillaume. "La police nationale dans une société médiatisée : Des stratégies médiatiques de l'organisation aux usages et réceptions des médias par la profession." Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020065.
Full textAubé-Vaillant, Marilène. "La coopération policière aux frontières canado-américaines: les enjeux démocratiques." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34286.
Full textCapart, Rémi. "Les pouvoirs de police administrative du préfet de zone de défense et de sécurité." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD003.
Full textThe administrative police skill of the « préfet de zone de défense et de sécurité ».The defense and security area were created in France in 1950 by an a government's decree which concerned the organization of the territory defense. Their first vocation was mainly military. Afterward They became real administrative districts placed under the responsibility of an administrative authority : The "préfet de zone de défense et de sécurité". (There's no equivalent of that administrative authority in other countries). Representative of the central power, this state man is responsible for the preparation and for the execution of the national security measures. He is thus able to of handling crisis situations when these can't be manage by the lower statutory authority (the "préfet" of the department). Industrial or Natural disasters as storms which struck France, floods, etc. even the terrorist risk, are so many threats which concern the public order. The multiplicity of these protean phenomenons requires to adapt tools to their evolutions. This obligation to adapt the French device has these problems was realized in 2008 by a strategic document : "le livre blanc sur la défense et la sécurité nationale". Numerous pieces of the security instrument were modified, amplified, strengthened. The "préfet de zone de défense et de sécurité" saw her skills manifestly strengthened by the attribution of an administrative police power. The administrative police is a cardinal notion of the French organization. She allows to protect the public order and punish its disorder by administrative measures. This power now in the hands of the "prefet de zone de defense et de securité" and it's applied on her same named area. The potentialities offered by this power are immense but they must be understood to be mastered. It is the objective of this thesis : present the contents and the limits of administrative police skill of the "préfet de zone de défense et de sécurité"
Fombonne, Jacques. "L'exercice de la police technique et scientifique par la gendarmerie nationale : une solution rationnelle apportée pour le traitement de l'indice matériel, à la question de la preuve ne matière pénale." Paris 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA020057.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to set out the means that the national gendarmerie has at its disposal in orde to carry on technical and scientific police (or forensic science) : i. E staff, equipment and training ressorces to which must be added matters of use regulations. This presentation goes together with a correlative study of the facilities which are set up for the national police. Forensic science - whose various definitions are specified in the thesis - being based u pon the technical processing of material evidence, the initial developments endeavoured to underscore an analytical approach to the status of that piece of evidence - in ancient civilizations as well as in positive law - as legal evidence for the prosecution. This study was designed to result in an attempt to classify evidence and in the underlining of the necessity of a forensic operating of pieces of evidence as the only solution for the procedure evolution towards rationalism
Sait, Aziz. "Les prévôtés, de « la drôle de guerre » à « l'étrange défaite » (1939-1940). Personnels, missions, représentations." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040240.
Full textFrom the launching of general mobilization, on september 2nd 1939, hundreds of provost detachments are appointed to french units and to allied armies. They are loaded, during the ten months of the campaign of 1939-1940, the maintaining of order in the two fronts of the zone of armies: the North-East and the Alps. Included in the system of constraint which weighs on the five millions French mobilized, the provost gendarmerie is called to complete several missions. It tracks down recalcitrant to the mobilization and it struggles against desertion, irregular absences and soldiers violence. She also assures the management of the military prisons and prisoners' transferences. As assistant helper of the military command, the provost gendarmerie watches in the application of measurements organizing the nation in times of war. It regulates and disciplines the circulation of the soldiers, watches and restrains that of the civilians to allow fluidity on roads borrowed by troops. The fear of a subversive action in armies, also leads provost gendarmerie to warn and to prevent led defeatists. The launching of active operations, on may 10th, 1940, puts the provost gendarmerie in the test of the war of movement. After the shock of Ardennes and the crushing defeat of the armies of the North, it reorganizes itself to answer the most urgent tasks: direct the retirement of troops, check panic and struggle against depredation. Objective is double: commit a "ungrateful" mission and put an end to the «black legend » of the provost gendarmes, inherited from the First World war
Champchesnel, Hélène de. "La gendarmerie en Syrie et au Liban pendant la seconde guerre mondiale." Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040095.
Full textThe French Gendarmerie accompanied the French Army thoughout the duration of the mandates in Lebanon and Syria. The uncovering of the veritable institutional identity of this organisation, the provostship, the colonial or the departmental Gendarmerie, comes within the framework of a more general understanding of the complex relationships of mandated territories. The Syrian campaign, of June 1941, the French fought against French, marking a distinct rupture in the Near East : the Levant and the FFL provostships concerned two different human entities. The engaging of the Gendarmerie in all of the Near East conflicts, particularly in the 1945 uprising, and the evolution of the relationship between the French, Lebanese and Syrian Gendarmeries, are symbolic of the French attitude toward the rising of Arab nationalism
Bisore, Simon. "Mécanisme pour un développement propre (MDP) du protocole de Kyoto: barrières et opportunités pour les pays moins avancés d'Afrique :cas du Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209646.
Full textParmi les problèmes posés par ce mécanisme de compensation, il y a des disparités observées dans la répartition géographique de sa mise en œuvre, alors qu’il est censé contribuer au développement de nombreux pays non-Annexe I. Parmi ceux-ci, les Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) en général et ceux d’Afrique en particulier restent largement sous-représentés. Pourtant, le MDP a été adopté à la fois comme une contribution innovatrice à l’atténuation des changements climatiques et comme un moteur de promotion du développement durable dans les pays en développement.
Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de cette thèse est triple. Primo, elle vise à étudier en profondeur cet instrument en dégageant ses principales caractéristiques, y compris les disparités d’implantation d’activités de projets qui lui sont liées. Secundo, elle en examine les causes par une analyse des barrières ou freins à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP dans ces PMA d’Afrique en général et au Burundi en particulier. Tertio, elle révèle les opportunités (avantages/bénéfices) potentielles qui restent toujours non valorisées par l’implémentation d’activités de projets éligibles au titre du MDP.
L’analyse menée montre que les disparités susmentionnées jouent essentiellement en faveur des grands pays émergents d’Asie et d’Amérique latine, ce qui va à l’encontre du principe d’équité. En effet, en décembre 2011, le Brésil, la Chine et l’Inde détenaient 72,7 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 75,8 % de crédits-carbone attendus en 2012. A l’opposé, les PMA ne disposaient dans le même temps que de 1,3 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 1,2 % de leurs crédits attendus d’ici 2012. Les PMA d’Afrique ne restent qu’avec des parts de l’ordre de 0,8 % et 0,9 % respectivement. Cette situation reste si drastiquement critique qu’il importe d’en déceler les raisons.
Des caractéristiques de l’instrument, des expériences menées jusqu’ici et de la situation dans des pays hôtes, il ressort que les barrières sont de deux types. D’une part, les barrières endogènes, c'est-à-dire les barrières liées à l’organisation interne des pays. D’autre part, les barrières exogènes qui sont liées essentiellement à l’organisation générale du processus du MDP. L’étude a permis ainsi de montrer que les barrières endogènes constituent le nœud du problème en termes de visibilité des pays hôtes dans le marché du MDP. Celle-ci reste largement limitée dans ce marché international du carbone.
Les barrières identifiées dans ce travail, en particulier les barrières endogènes, risquent de se révéler difficiles à lever, car elles exigent des réformes structurelles au sein de l’organisation politique, institutionnelle, économique, et juridique du pays hôte. En outre, l’intégration de ces barrières dans un système unique d’interrelations constitue un des points originaux du travail. Ces interrelations ne sont pas négligeables et complexifient l’application du mécanisme, car, dans la plupart des cas, une action amorcée pour lever une barrière peut s’avérer inefficace si d’autres barrières associées ne sont pas prises en compte.
L’étude s’est également attachée à évaluer les retombées potentielles liées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au Burundi. Les principales opportunités perdues jusqu’ici se situent dans quelques secteurs socioéconomiques du pays, essentiellement dans la gestion des déchets et l’énergie. L’étude en a ainsi retenu des options technologiques susceptibles de contribuer à des solutions à la problématique de la gestion des déchets et de l’approvisionnement énergétique au Burundi, tout en favorisant la stabilisation d’émissions de GES. Il s’agit de technologies adaptées de compostage et de bio-méthanisation dans le secteur de la gestion des déchets et les technologies de production d’énergies à partir de sources renouvelables (hydro, solaire, biogaz) et d’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de la biomasse (foyers améliorés, carbonisation) dans le secteur de l’énergie.
Ces opportunités ont également été analysées suivant des critères et indicateurs de durabilité (matrice de développement durable du Gold Standard). Les résultats montrent que ces options technologiques peuvent apporter une contribution au développement durable du pays. En effet, les opportunités se rencontrent à la fois dans le développement social (création d’emplois, moyens de subsistance des pauvres, accès aux énergies propres, renforcement des capacités), le développement écologique (réduction des émissions de GES, amélioration de la qualité de l’air, de l’eau et du sol, sauvegarde de la biodiversité), et le développement économique et technologique (rémunération d’emplois créés, augmentation des investissements, transfert et autonomie technologiques).
Afin de faire bénéficier le pays des retombées des activités de projets du MDP, il est proposé des solutions qui peuvent contribuer à une levée/atténuation de ces barrières. Ces propositions forment une combinaison d’actions à mener au niveau international, régional et surtout local/national. Au niveau international, des organes habilités devraient apporter des réformes profondes au MDP. Au niveau régional, le renforcement des capacités par des actions de coopération pourrait favoriser l’échange d’expériences en la matière. Au niveau local/national, l’adoption des réformes profondes aux niveaux institutionnel, législatif et juridique, dans une logique d’améliorer les politiques de planification du développement socioéconomique et environnemental, rendrait le pays naturellement plus attractif. En particulier, la mise en place et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie nationale du MDP pourrait contribuer à relever le défi.
Les propositions de solutions pour réduire les barrières à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP sont susceptibles de stimuler l’investissement en général. Ainsi, toute stratégie adoptée dans cette logique peut contribuer non seulement à la participation du pays au processus du MDP, mais aussi à favoriser la mise en œuvre d’autres projets conventionnels de développement au niveau national. Finalement, la considération de ces différentes opportunités associées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au niveau du pays par des instances habilitées (décideurs politiques, acteurs institutionnels et économiques) conduirait à faire de ce mécanisme une contribution utile au développement du pays/The Kyoto Protocol has established a series of targets for reducing GHG emissions. The fulfilment of these objectives may result in heavy costs for the economies of developed countries engaged in the fight against climate change. To minimize the costs imposed by these targets, economic instruments were developed, notably with the creation of carbon markets. The three flexible mechanisms of Kyoto Protocol are involved in this, one of which being the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
Among the problems posed by this offset mechanism, disparities can be observed in regional distribution after it has been implemented, when it ought to be contributing towards the development of a number of Non-Annex I countries. Among these countries, the least developed ones (LDCs) in general and Africa ones in particular are largely under-represented. However, the CDM was adopted both as an innovative solution to mitigate climate change and as an engine to promote sustainable development in developing countries.
Within this context, the overall objective of this thesis is threefold. First of all, it aims to study this instrument in depth, by picking out its main characteristics, including the disparities in project activities implementation related to it. Secondly, it examines the causes for these disparities by analyzing the barriers or restrictions preventing implementation of CDM project activities in these African LDCs in general and in Burundi in particular. Its third purpose is to reveal the potential opportunities (advantages/benefits) which have yet to be developed by setting up eligible CDM project activities.
The analysis carried out shows that the aforementioned disparities come out in favor of the large emerging countries in Asia and Latin America primarily, which goes against the principle of equity. In fact, in December 2011, Brazil, China and India held 72.7% of all CDM project activities and 75.8% of carbon emission credits expected in 2012. On the contrary, for the same time period, the LDCs had only 1.3% of all CDM project activities and 1.2% of their carbon emission credits expected up until 2012. The African LDCs are left only with shares of 0.8% and 0.9% respectively. This situation is extremely critical. It is crucial to discover the reasons for it.
The instrument’s features, experiments carried out so far and the situation in host countries all reveal that the barriers fall into two categories. On the one hand, there are endogenous barriers, i.e. barriers related to the internal organization of countries. On the other hand, exogenous barriers are related to the general running of the CDM process especially. The study has thus revealed that the endogenous barriers are the crux of the problem where the presence of host countries is concerned in the CDM market. The visibility of host countries is rather limited in this international carbon market.
The barriers identified in this thesis, particularly endogenous ones, may be difficult to remove because they demand structural reforms in the political, institutional, economical and legal organization of the host country. In addition, the integration of these barriers into a single system of interrelationships is one of the original points of this thesis. These interrelationships are not insignificant and complicate the mechanism’s application, because in most cases, initiating an action to remove a barrier may be ineffective if other associated barriers are not taken into account.
The study has also focused on evaluating the potential impacts linked to the implementation of CDM project activities in Burundi. The main opportunities lost up to date are in some socioeconomic sectors in the country, particularly in the waste management and energy sectors. The study has therefore identified technological options that are likely to bring solutions to the question of waste management and energy supply in Burundi, while at the same time contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions. These options are notably composting and anaerobic digestion technologies in the area of waste management, and energy generation technologies from renewable sources (hydro, solar, biogas) and improved energy efficiency of biomass (better households, carbonization) in the energy sector.
These opportunities were also analyzed in accordance with sustainability criteria and indicators (Gold Standard sustainable development matrix). The results show that these technological options may contribute to sustainable development in the country. Indeed, the opportunities can be seen at the same time in social development (job creation, means of subsistence for the poor, clean energy access, capacity building); ecological development (reducing GHG emissions, improvement in quality of air, water and soil, preservation of biodiversity) and economic & technological development (better pay for jobs created, increased investment, technology transfer and technological autonomy).
In order to allow the country to take advantage of these opportunities through CDM project activities, it has been proposed solutions that can help raise/mitigate these barriers. These proposals are a combination of actions to be taken at international and regional levels and above all at a local/ national level. In the international arena, authorized bodies should make major reforms to the CDM. At a regional level, capacity building through joint actions could encourage the exchange of expertise in the field. Locally/nationally, adopting major reforms at institutional, legislative and legal levels, with a view to improving planning policies in socioeconomic and environmental development, would make the country naturally more attractive. In particular, establishing and implementing a national CDM strategy could also contribute towards taking up the challenge.
Proposals of solutions for mitigating barriers to implement CDM project activities are likely to stimulate investment in general. Thus, any strategy adopted along these lines can contribute not only to the country’s participation in the CDM process, but also to favoring implementation of other conventional projects for development at national level. Finally, considering these different opportunities associated with implementing CDM project activities in the country via authorized bodies (policymakers, institutional and economic actors) would lead to this mechanism being a useful contribution towards national development.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Zhao, Weiqing. "Pouvoir et espace - la censure cinématographique dans les concessions de Shanghai (1927-1943)." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0917.
Full textThis study at the crossroad of power and space focuses on the control of films the authorities of the foreign settlements implemented in Shanghai, the intervention of competing powers in the field of cinema and the activities of the film industry under their control between 1927 and 1943. In the 1920s, Shanghai, and particularly its settlements, became the capital of cinema in China. In 1927, the authorities of the International Settlement and the French Concession both established a system of film censorship that drew on the experience of their metropolitan states or their colonies and began to cooperate in its implementation. To maintain a sound moral environment and public order, the censors examined the films based on criteria such as morality, crime prevention, national sensitivity or politics. Movies were not only a means of entertainment, but also a major issue in the growing struggle among various authorities. In order to take hold of the right of censorship in settlements, the Chinese authorities took advantage of nationalism by manipulating popular emotion and succeeded in provoking campaigns of “spontaneous” protests. In such a context, Japan, a key player in modern Chinese history, also played an important role. After the occupation of the Chinese territory of Shanghai in 1937, the Japanese army, considering that movies were a means of propaganda, tried to control the film industry in Shanghai. The settlements’ authorities had to adapt their censorship criteria to political, social and cultural changes in order to maintain social stability and ensure their own interests. These measures influenced the film industry which had to find a balance between the control by various powers and market forces. A specific film culture thus emerged. This study aims at analysing both the evolution of the film censorship system and its influence on the film industry in the historical, cultural, ethnic, economic and political context of Shanghai between 1927 and 1943
Alfano, Nicolas. "De l'autorité au soutien : rôles et usages des rôles dans le commandement en gendarmerie départementale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0595.
Full textThe Gendarmerie nationale is a military institution and one of the two French national police forces, with responsibilities regarding population security in rural and suburban areas. Due to public management reforms and several social movements, this institution is currently experiencing important changes in people management. As a result, the set of game rules that applies to command itself is subject to modifications. The gendarme condition – meaning the entire scale of rights, obligations and missions attached to the position – is evolving and traditional postures, based on disciplinary attitudes and availability standards, are weackened. This study focuses on the day-to-day work of officers in command positions and how these chiefs handle their new situation. Based on an ethnographic approach, the research process analyzes chief-work throught a set of roles, which are discused as means for action in a strategy-based approach. It shows how certain officers in command position choose to reshape the way they make use of their roles, adopting a support based posture rather than a more traditional authority based posture
Le, Saux Nicolas. "Privatisation des activités de sécurité privée et de défense : la fin des Etats ?" Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0022.
Full textOver the last two centuries, economic and democratic development has been closely linked to the consolidation of the Statemonopoly on legitimate violence. If the private sector has long been confined to the margins of security issues, the landscape has been considerably modified over the last two decades. Many industrial countries have now more private security officers than public law enforcement resources. In 2008, in Irak there were more private security contractors than US soldiers. Following mutation towards State control, the development of democracy, the rise of international safeguards such as UNO or EU, combined with the globalisation of a liberal economic model, appear to facilitate a move back towards the privatisation of security and defence activities. Mirroring the fall of the Roman Empire, is the increasing use of private security and military forces by the modern State a forewarning of its own demise? Are modern States “moving back to the future” and private interests overwhelming the general good? In a global liberal economic order, can France maintain its hold on security and defence when its fiduciary powers, and soon may be its fiscal ones as well, are controlled by Europe? Using an historical and comparative approach, this research is organised around the analysis and an attempt to answer the following question: are security and defence activities similar to any others or do they require a special treatment?
Belomo, Essono Pélagie Chantal. "L'ordre et la sécurité publics dans la construction de l'État au Cameroun." Bordeaux 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR40005.
Full textSecurity and order are the foundation of the Cameroonian political order; The emergence, the "establishment" and the "restoration" of order are the quintessential missions of the State. Consequently, the aim of this thesis is to understand how these two concepts built the Cameroonian State and how their breakdown have simultaneously deconstructed and constructed this State. From these perspective, the production of security and order, and through them of the State, can be divided into three stages. Firstly, it is formed from the collision and collusion between endogeneous and exogenous factors. On the one hand, colonial history (followed by the colonial pact) structured the constitution. From this point of view, the military cooperation between France and Cameroon (through cognitive structures in terms of doctrine and military training, the French security system) is the backbone of defence and security of that country. On the other hand, the security of Cameroon is constructed due to international parameters : "war against terrorism", strategic and geostrategic stakes of powers at work in the Guinea Gulf and the Congo Basin, and the national and domestic security of these powers. Finally, on the regional scale, the wars in progress in Central Africa have a fundamental impact on the way in which methods of security actions are undertaken in the Cameroon : the formulation and formalization of the Cameroonian foreign policy and military thinking are permeated by the "conflictual pattern" that models Central Africa
Monnier, Franck. "L'Opéra de Paris de Louis XIV au début du XXe siècle : régime juridique et financier." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020072/document.
Full textSince the eighteenth century, the Paris Opera has been considered to be a “public service corporation”. Many missions were assigned to the theatre: the Opera should traditionally offer the viewer lyrical opuses in a national genre, but it’s role was also to represent the authorities, serve foreign affairs and support a section of the craft industry. The functioning of the "public service of the Opera” raises questions of public order and management. A legal framework was implemented. The police for the theatres was reformed and adapted to the peculiarities of the activity: censorship, police surveillance and fire fighting arrangements were organized by specific measures. The administration of the Opera underwent several upheavals. The authorities hesitated between an ambiguous system of delegation to subsidized contractors and direct state control (or local government control). These institutional reforms had an impact on the legal status of the artists, on the development of their careers and on the organization of their pension fund. All the information necessary for the development of this work is not to be found in the legal regulations. Our method was to cross the legal sources with administrative records and balance sheets, in order to compare the actual running of the theatre with it’s "ideal" functioning, planned in offices, far from the material difficulties of the actual execution. This study reveals the normative force of customary uses in administration, as well as the phenomenon of diversion of the rules by the administrators and the staff. This mode of functioning, often unknown to the bureaucracy, remains the only element of stability in the Opera, since the reign of Louis XIV until the Third Republic
Herran, Thomas. "Essai d'une théorie générale de l'entraide policière internationale." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU2010.
Full textDue to the several sources and its implementation, the international mutual help between the polices tends to be a concept difficult to understand. The different ways to set up the cooperation in the different part of the world and the several evolutions known, are increasing the difficulties to understand its complexity. This study wants to show and give a clearer vision of this mutual help. Basically, there are two kinds of mutual helps: the assistance and the cooperation. The result appears after a notional study and is consolidated by the establishment of a framework. Despite a commom definition, the study of the notion reveals a duality in the international mutual help between the polices. This duality has an impact on the legal framework, as two types of frameworks are appearing: the assistance relates on the common law system and the cooperation tends to be a specific framework. Finally, it appears the international mutual helps between the polices borrows from the criminal proceedings and from the international rights their caracteristics and their influences
Righi, Silvia. "La lutte contre la criminalité et la sauvegarde des droits et des libertés fondamentales dans l'Union européenne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAA013.
Full textThe research aims to verify whether and how, at the EU level, the fight against crime (particularly organized crime) is perpetuated in full respect of fundamental rights and freedoms, and whether cooperation among Member States in this field can promote high and homogeneous standards of protection.The historical reluctance of Member States to give the relative competences to the Union has strongly obstructed the development of an equilibrated “area of freedom, security and justice”. However, the Lisbon Treaty has provided important tools. After firstly presenting security in the EU, I discuss judicial cooperation in criminal matters. Both the rich normative production aimed at repression, and the more recently adopted measures finalized at guarantying and promoting individual rights are analyzed. Then, I pass to police cooperation and EU financial / patrimonial intervention, together with the right to protection of personal data and the right to property - the two most at stake
Cartier, Renée. "Étude de la métacognition dans une démarche d'apprentissage expérientiel à l'école nationale de police du Québec." Thèse, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1320/1/D1668.pdf.
Full textVazquez, llana Jordan Diego. "Environnement big data et prise de décision intuitive : le cas du Centre d'Information et de Commandement (CIC) de la Police nationale des Bouches du Rhône (DDSP 13)." Thesis, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3063/document.
Full textGodé and Vazquez have previously demonstrated that French Police team operate in extreme contexts (Godé & Vazquez, 2017), simultaneously marked by high levels of change, uncertainty and mainly vital, material and legal risks (Godé, 2016), but also technological. In this context, the notion of big data environment, can affect the police decision-making process. The problematic of this thesis is : "What is the status of intuition in decision-making process in a big data environment?". We explain how the growth of available information volumes, the great diversity of their sources (social networks, websites, connected objects), their speed of diffusion (in real time or near real time) and their unstructured nature (Davenport & Soulard, 2014) introduces new decision-making challenges for National Police forces