Journal articles: 'Police nationale du Burundi'

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Nindorera, Willy. "La police nationale, le renforcement démocratique et la consolidation de la paix au Burundi." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 32, no. 1 (March 2011): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2011.583172.

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Djita, Rian, and Ashley Hill. "World Policy Analysis." Iris Journal of Scholarship 1 (May 12, 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15695/iris.v1i0.4633.

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Food is one of the fundamental aspects of human existence. Thus, it important for every country in the world to be able to be food-secure. Providing access to food for its citizens will bring positive long-term impacts ranging from economic growth and job creation, poverty reduction, trade opportunities, increasing global security and stability, and also improving health and healthcare in a nation (National Institute of Food and Agriculture, n.d.). However, not every nation has the capacity to achieve that goal due to several contributing factors such as 1) Drought and other extreme weather events, 2) Pests, livestock diseases and other agricultural problems, 3) Climate change, 4) Military conflicts, 5) Lack of emergency plans, 6) Corruption and political instability, 7) Cash crops dependence, 8) AIDS as it reduces the available workforce in agriculture and puts an additional burden on poor households, 9) Rapid population growth. Yemen, and Burundi were intentionally chosen to be analyzed because of their unambiguous differences in order to show the various needs and solutions of each country. These 2 countries represent different rankings in the Global Food Security Index (GFSI 2018) where Burundi became the lowest ranking country, yet poses an interesting connection to Yemen. Yemen was selected because of the current famine crisis happening. From the analysis conducted, it can be concluded that long-standing conflict, Scarcity of basic needs, blockade of import and export activities are the main factors contributing to Yemen's food insecurity. On the other hand, it was found that Gender inequality especially the role of women in labor force, climate shock, and political instability are the main factors contributing to Burundi's food insecurity.

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Fry, Lincoln J. "Is Hunger Destined to be Perpetual in Burundi?" Food Science and Nutrition Studies 1, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fsns.v1n1p11.

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<p><em>Hunger is a worldwide problem, and Africa is the continent with the world’s highest percentage of hungry persons; Burundi is Africa’s hungriest country. This paper addresses hunger in Burundi and then identifies the factors that predict hunger in that country. Burundi is a rural country and its rural population will receive a great deal of attention in this paper, especially because the study looks closely at literature’s suggestion that farmers may be hungrier than the rest of the population, and gender may be a factor. This study is based on a national probability sample of 1,200 Burundi respondents included in Round 6 of the Afrobarometer survey conducted in 2014. The search is for policy related factors that would help alleviate Burundi’s hunger problem. To preview the findings, this study did not find any light at the end of the tunnel. The factors that predicted hunger were primarily immutable indicators, education, agriculture as an occupation, and wealth, as measured by assets owned. Over 80 percent of the respondents felt the government was not ensuring that people had enough to eat. Eighty-seven percent were unemployed, 86 percent were rural residents and 71 percent of the respondents reported some degree of hunger, about one-fourth reported being hungry all of the time. The gender and hunger relationship was significant at the bivariate level, but that relationship disappeared in the ordered logistical analysis.</em></p>

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Crawshaw, R. "France—The Police Nationale." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 58, no. 2 (April 1985): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x8505800205.

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Parraud, Lucie. "La formation de la Police nationale." Après-demain N°54,NF, no. 2 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/apdem.054.0014.

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Bourgoin, Nicolas. "Le suicide dans la Police nationale." Population (French Edition) 52, no. 2 (March 1997): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1534294.

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Ntagirabiri, R., E. Baransaka, A. Ndayiragije, and T. Niyongabo. "Prévalence du virus de l’hépatite C au Burundi : enquête nationale." Journal Africain d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12157-014-0511-6.

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Pruvost, Geneviève. "Le cas de la féminisation de la Police nationale." Idées économiques et sociales N° 153, no. 3 (2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/idee.153.0009.

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Ntagirabiri, R., T. Niyongabo, A. Ndayiragije, and E. Baransaka. "Prévalence du virus de l’hépatite B au Burundi sur la base d’une enquête nationale." Journal Africain d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie 7, no. 4 (December 2013): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12157-013-0495-7.

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Dunlop, Emily. "Ethnicity, Exclusion, and Exams: Education Policy and Politics in Burundi from the Independent Republics to the Civil War (1966–1993)." Africa Spectrum 56, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00020397211023513.

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Education policy can embed ethnic inequalities in a country. Education in Burundi, with its historically exclusive political institutions and education, represents an important case for understanding these interactions. In this article, I interview twelve Burundians about how they experienced and perceived ethnicity and politics in their schooling from 1966 to 1993. I argue that education contributed to tangible and perceived social hierarchies based on ethnic inequalities. I show that this exclusion reflected both overt and covert policy goals, through proxies used to identify ethnicity in schools and through the exclusive nature of national exams at the time, which promoted members of the Tutsi minority at the expense of the majority Hutus. This study has implications for understanding how perceptions of inequality in education manifest as grievances against the state. It sheds light on the importance of understanding covert education policy as a potential mechanism for generating exclusion and contributing to conflict.

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Nabudere, Harriet, Gabriel L. Upunda, and Malick Juma. "Policy brief on improving access to artemisinin-based combination therapies for malaria in the East African community." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 26, no. 2 (April 2010): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646231000019x.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) since June 1998 has advocated for the use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in countries where Plasmodium falciparum malaria is resistant to traditional antimalarial therapies such as chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and amodiaquine (19;22). In 2006, WHO released evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of malaria backed by findings from various scientific studies (21). During the period between 2002 and 2006, all the five East African states Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi changed their national antimalarial treatment policies to use ACTs as first-line treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria and commenced with deployment of the drugs in the state-managed health facilities (12–15). To scale up the use of ACTs in the East African region to combat malaria and speed up progress toward the sixth Millennium Development Goal, a combination of delivery, financial, and governance arrangements tailored to national or subnational contexts needs to be considered.

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Chrétien, Jean-Pierre. "Les traditionnistes lettrés du Burundi a l'Ecole des Bibliothèques Missionnaires (1940-1960)." History in Africa 15 (1988): 407–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171873.

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Dans les pays africains sous administration beige l'expression écrite des me'moires collectives qui apparalt dans les années 1940–1950 était inconcevable hors de la sphère d'influence des églises chrétiennes. La presse catholique en particulier a été le premier vecteur de cette forme moderne de l'affirmation des identités culturelles. Au Burundi il s'agit de Rusizira Amarembe, édité à Gitega de 1940 à 1954, et de son successeur Ndongozi, publié de 1954 à 1978. Comme leurs titres l'indiquent ces périodiques étaient rédigés en kirundi, dans le prolongement de la scolarisation assurée par les missions en langue vernaculaire. Le premier signifiait “le semeur de paix”, ou plus exactement “celui qui prépare le terrain de la prospérité”, et le second, plus simplement, “l'éclaireur.”Comme nous l'avons déjà souligné ailleurs, ces publications devaient bénéficier de la double autorité de la chose imprimée et du parler quotidien, de la technologie des colonisateurs et de la culture des ancêtres, faisant écho aux préoccupations d'un nouveau milieu socioculturel, celui des Africains lettrés. C'est dans ce contexte que s'amorga l'écriture d'une histoire nationale, destinée à fixer de manière systématique les “choses du passé” (ivya kera) jusque là seulement narrées localement à l'occasion des veillées des enclos.

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Mouhanna, Christian. "De l'échec de la police nationale a l'avènement incertain des polices municipales." Archives de politique criminelle 33, no. 1 (2011): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/apc.033.0099.

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Saulnier, Guillaume Le. "La police nationale au défi des relations presse. Une information sous contrôle ?" Mots, no. 99 (September 15, 2012): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mots.20700.

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Fortin, Isabelle, and Yves-François Pierre. "La réforme de la police nationale et la construction démocratique en Haïti." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 32, no. 1 (March 2011): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2011.583168.

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16

Encrenaz, G., A. Miras, B. Contrand, M. Séguin, M. Moulki, R. Queinec, J. S. René, et al. "Suicide dans la Police nationale française : trajectoires de vie et facteurs associés." L'Encéphale 42, no. 4 (August 2016): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2015.08.004.

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17

Bagi, Judit. "Female Political Representation in EAC States." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 12, no. 4. (May 22, 2019): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2018.12.4.4.

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Almost all East African Community (EAC) member states have more than 30 percent female MPs in their national parliaments: Rwanda (61.3%), Tanzania (37.2%), Burundi (36.4%), Uganda (34.3%), Kenya (21.8%), and South Sudan (28.5%). What could be the reason for the fact that all EAC countries, except Kenya, are above the so-called ‘critical mass’ in the field of female political representation? In the last decades, both conflict and political transition have emerged in EAC countries. During the post-conflict period, gender norms and values (with a focus on gender quota regulations) have been implemented into national policies. The newly established liberal constitutions and gender policy creation have affected the status of East African women positively, although there is a big difference between the states concerning the effectiveness of gender policy-making. My paper (with the help of my field trips in Arusha and Kigali in 2015 and 2016) intends to contribute to a better understanding of EAC countries in transition, with an emphasis on the changing role of women in society, particularly in the important fields of gender politics and political representation.

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18

Le Saulnier, Guillaume. "De policier à communicant dans la police nationale : les conditions sociales d’une conversion improbable." Revue Communication & professionnalisation, no. 7 (February 1, 2019): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/rcompro.v7i1.18183.

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Cette enquête ethnographique réalisée au sein du Service d’information et de communication de la police (SICoP) se concentre sur les policiers devenus communicants et les conditions de leur conversion professionnelle. Elle interroge leurs profils et leurs parcours, ainsi que la construction de leur compétence et de leur identité. La communication fait l’objet d’une intégration avancée et de processus de professionnalisation dans la police nationale. Si le service observé s’adjoint de plus en plus les compétences de spécialistes, il se compose majoritairement de policiers issus des services actifs et dépourvus d’expérience dans la communication. En découle le rôle crucial de la formation des recrues, par une inculcation formelle et, surtout, informelle des techniques et des normes de travail. Mais les compétences acquises se heurtent au fonctionnement bureaucratique de l’institution, où la communication reste étroitement contrôlée et subordonnée aux préoccupations et aux intérêts du pouvoir politique. De surcroît, les policiers communicants occupent une position marginale au sein de leur groupe professionnel. Pour légitimer leur existence et leur compétence, ils s’efforcent d’établir une continuité entre le rôle de policier et celui de communicant, par des opérations à la fois objectives et subjectives. This ethnographical survey conducted in the Police’s Information and Communication Service (SICoP) focuses on the French policemen who become communication officers and the conditions of their professional conversion. It examines their profiles and their careers, as well as the construction of their competence and identity. Communication is widely integrated and concerned with processes of professionalization in the French police. The service recruits more and more communication specialists, but it consists predominantly of policemen from street-level offices or criminal police who lack of experience in communication. Hence the critical role of the training of recruits, through formal and informal teaching of professional techniques and norms. But the skills acquired are in conflict with the bureaucratic management of the institution, where communication remains highly controlled and subjected to the concerns and the interests of political power. Moreover, the position of police communication officers is marginal within their profession. In order to legitimate their existence and their competence, they try to establish a link between the role of policeman and the role of communication officer, through both objective and subjective means.

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19

Chambron, Nicole. "Les polices municipales en France : concurrence, complémentarité ou coopération avec la police nationale ?" Politiques et management public 13, no. 4 (1995): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/pomap.1995.2080.

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20

Ndayizeye, Gaëlle, Gerard Imani, Jacques Nkengurutse, Rosette Irampagarikiye, Noël Ndihokubwayo, Ferdinand Niyongabo, and Aida Cuni-Sanchez. "Ecosystem services from mountain forests: Local communities’ views in Kibira National Park, Burundi." Ecosystem Services 45 (October 2020): 101171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101171.

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Milolo Nsenda, Martin. "L’ECHEC DE L’ACTION POLICIERE ANTI-KULUNA ET LA TENTATIVE D’UNE NOUVELLE APPROCHE ERADICATRICE EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 7, no. 2 (2020): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2020-2-319.

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La police nationale congolaise (PNC) a reçus la mission de sécurisation des personnes et de leurs biens en plus du maintien et/ou rétablissement de l’ordre public en République Démocratique du Congo à l’instar des forces armées de la République qui s’occupe de la défense et de l’intégrité du territoire nationale contre les agressions externes et les rebellions internes. Cependant la PNC fait face aux situations inédites et complexes dans la réalisation de sa mission qui lui impose une adaptation ; il s’agit notamment du banditisme urbains mieux connus sous l’appellation « phénomène kuluna ». Les Kulunas sont les criminels majoritairement jeunes qui se trouvent dans les villes congolaises et opèrent le jour comme la nuit en extorquant l’argent et autres bien de valeurs de la populaire. Pour faire à cette insécurité urbaine, le Gouvernement a décrété plusieurs opérations exécutées par la police nationale, notamment « Likofi » et « Ingeta » pour éradiquer le phénomène Kuluna en RDC. Toutes les opérations et initiatives se sont soldées par un échec du fait notamment du manque des matériels de travails nécessaires et d’un mauvais traitement des policiers constituant ainsi la cause de la démobilisation policière. Face à cet échec, la présente étude propose une autre stratégie qui consiste à résoudre les causes de la délinquance des Kulunas notamment la formation aux métiers et l’enrôlement dans les ateliers afin de briser leur précarité financière qui est la première cause ce phénomène.

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BRUNET, JEAN-PAUL. "POLICE VIOLENCE IN PARIS, OCTOBER 1961: HISTORICAL SOURCES, METHODS, AND CONCLUSIONS." Historical Journal 51, no. 1 (March 2008): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006632.

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ABSTRACTFor some years now, the repression of the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) by the Paris police on 17 October 1961 has been a subject of controversy. This is despite the fact that those who have written about this incident are in agreement about its magnitude (more than 14,000 people arrested in two days) and its senseless violence. Yet there remains disagreement over the emotive question of the number of people killed. The recent publication of a study by Jim House and Neil MacMaster provides an opportunity to return to this issue, and to raise important questions about the methodologies and standards of research that have been used.

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Schneiderbauer, Stefan, Daniel Baunach, Lydia Pedoth, Kathrin Renner, Kerstin Fritzsche, Christina Bollin, Marco Pregnolato, et al. "Spatial-Explicit Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments Based on Impact Chains. Findings from a Case Study in Burundi." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 6354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166354.

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Climate change vulnerability assessments are an essential instrument to identify regions most vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change and to determine appropriate adaptation measures. Vulnerability assessments directly support countries in developing adaptation plans and in identifying possible measures to reduce adverse consequences of changing climate conditions. Against this background, this paper describes a vulnerability assessment using an integrated and participatory approach that builds on standardized working steps of previously developed ‘Vulnerability Sourcebook’ guidelines. The backbone of this approach is impact chains as a conceptual model of cause–effect relationships as well as a structured selection of indicators according to the three main components of vulnerability, namely exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. We illustrate our approach by reporting the results of a vulnerability assessment conducted in Burundi focusing on climate change impacts on water and soil resources. Our work covers two analysis scales: a national assessment with the aim to identify climate change ‘hotspot regions’ through vulnerability mapping; and a local assessment aiming at identifying local-specific drivers of vulnerability and appropriate adaptation measures. Referring to this vulnerability assessment in Burundi, we discuss the potentials and constraints of the approach. We stress the need to involve stakeholders in every step of the assessment and to communicate limitations and uncertainties of the applied methods, indicators and maps in order to increase the comprehension of the approach and the acceptance of the results by different stakeholders. The study proved the practical usability of the approach at the national level by the selection of three particularly vulnerable areas. The results at a local scale supported the identification of adaption measures through intensive engagement of local rural populations.

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Tasdoven, Hidayet, and Naim Kapucu. "L'influence des perceptions personnelles et des facteurs organisationnels sur le pouvoir discrétionnaire de la police : le cas de la police nationale turque." Revue Internationale des Sciences Administratives 79, no. 3 (2013): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/risa.793.0563.

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MUHINDO MAGADJU, Pacifique. "« Le rôle de la Police Nationale congolaise dans le contexte de la décentralisation en R.D.Congo »." KAS African Law Study Library 1, no. 3 (2015): 599–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262_2014_3_599.

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Kraef, Christian, Pamela A. Juma, Joseph Mucumbitsi, Kaushik Ramaiya, Francois Ndikumwenayo, Per Kallestrup, and Gerald Yonga. "Fighting non-communicable diseases in East Africa: assessing progress and identifying the next steps." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 11 (November 2020): e003325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003325.

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Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a rapid increase in non-communicable disease (NCD) burden over the last decades. The East African Community (EAC) comprises Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, South Sudan and Uganda, with a population of 177 million. In those countries, 40% of deaths in 2015 were attributable to NCDs. We review the status of the NCD response in the countries of the EAC based on the available monitoring tools, the WHO NCD progress monitors in 2017 and 2020 and the East African NCD Alliance benchmark survey in 2017. In the EAC, modest progress in governance, prevention of risk factors, monitoring, surveillance and evaluation of health systems can be observed. Many policies exist on paper, implementation and healthcare are weak and there are large regional and subnational differences. Enhanced efforts by regional and national policy-makers, non-governmental organisations and other stakeholders are needed to ensure future NCD policies and implementation improvements.

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Babbitt, Eileen F. "Preventive Diplomacy by Intergovernmental Organizations: Learning from Practice." International Negotiation 17, no. 3 (2012): 349–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341236.

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Abstract Conflict prevention is enjoying a renaissance in international policy circles. However, the official machinery of the international community presently offers few institutions with a specific mandate to address the causes of political violence at an early stage. One such multilateral mechanism dedicated solely to the prevention of conflict is the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Over two decades, the office has developed a significant track record of effectiveness against which to examine the preventive efforts of other intergovernmental organizations. In this article, we examine the prevention efforts of the HCNM in Georgia, Macedonia, and Ukraine and compare these with the preventive diplomacy of three other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs): the Organization of American States (OAS) in Guyana, the Commonwealth in Fiji, and the UN in Afghanistan, Burundi, and Macedonia. Our findings offer some useful and surprising insights into effective prevention practice, with implications for how IGOs might improve preventive diplomacy in the future.

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Boutron, Camille. "Rôles et statuts des femmes dans la Policía Nacional del Perú : femmes au travail ou travail de femmes ?" Revue multidisciplinaire sur l'emploi, le syndicalisme et le travail 9, no. 2 (May 4, 2016): 166–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036263ar.

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Cet article s’intéresse au processus de féminisation de la police nationale péruvienne (Policía Nacional del Perú) telle qu’elle peut être observée depuis la fin des années 1970. A partir des résultats d’une enquête de terrain menée entre 2004 et 2005 à Lima dans diverses unités policières, il montre que la modernisation des institutions policières au tournant des années 1990 a représenté un véritable tournant dans la féminisation de la police péruvienne. Officiellement les femmes peuvent ainsi aujourd’hui officiellement aspirer aux mêmes perspectives de carrières que les hommes. L’enquête de terrain a cependant révélé que certaines inégalités de genre persistent, alors que les femmes policières sont par ailleurs exposées à une forme de violence spécifique de la part du public en raison de leur sexe, notamment celle affectée à la circulation. Malgré cela les femmes ont néanmoins réussi à agir sur la transformation des institutions policières péruviennes en en devenant des actrices légitimes. La féminisation de la police péruvienne se présente ainsi comme un reflet de la modernisation du marché du travail mais aussi comme un facteur de mutation des activités de police et de la sécurité publique.

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Adeyemi, Olukemi, Mary Lyons, Tsi Njim, Joseph Okebe, Josephine Birungi, Kevin Nana, Jean Claude Mbanya, et al. "Integration of non-communicable disease and HIV/AIDS management: a review of healthcare policies and plans in East Africa." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 5 (May 2021): e004669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004669.

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BackgroundLow-income and middle-income countries are struggling to manage growing numbers of patients with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), while services for patients with HIV infection are well established. There have been calls for integration of HIV and NCD services to increase efficiency and improve coverage of NCD care, although evidence of effectiveness remains unclear. In this review, we assess the extent to which National HIV and NCD policies in East Africa reflect the calls for HIV-NCD service integration.MethodsBetween April 2018 and December 2020, we searched for policies, strategies and guidelines associated with HIV and NCDs programmes in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. Documents were searched manually for plans for integration of HIV and NCD services. Data were analysed qualitatively using document analysis.ResultsThirty-one documents were screened, and 13 contained action plans for HIV and NCDs service integration. Integrated delivery of HIV and NCD care is recommended in high level health policies and treatment guidelines in four countries in the East African region; Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, mostly relating to integrating NCD care into HIV programmes. The increasing burden of NCDs, as well as a move towards person-centred differentiated delivery of services for people living with HIV, is a factor in the recent adoption of integrated HIV and NCD service delivery plans. Both South Sudan and Burundi report a focus on building their healthcare infrastructure and improving coverage and quality of healthcare provision, with no reported plans for HIV and NCD care integration.ConclusionDespite the limited evidence of effectiveness, some East African countries have already taken steps towards HIV and NCD service integration. Close monitoring and evaluation of the integrated HIV and NCD programmes is necessary to provide insight into the associated benefits and risks, and to inform future service developments.

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Tymejczyk, Olga, Ellen Brazier, Kara Wools-Kaloustian, Mary-Ann Davies, Madeline Dilorenzo, Andrew Edmonds, Rachel Vreeman, et al. "Impact of Universal Antiretroviral Treatment Eligibility on Rapid Treatment Initiation Among Young Adolescents with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 5 (November 4, 2019): 755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz547.

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Abstract Background Young adolescents with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk for poor care outcomes. We examined whether universal antiretroviral treatment (ART) eligibility policies (Treat All) improved rapid ART initiation after care enrollment among 10–14-year-olds in 7 sub-Saharan African countries. Methods Regression discontinuity analysis and data for 6912 patients aged 10–14-years were used to estimate changes in rapid ART initiation (within 30 days of care enrollment) after adoption of Treat All policies in 2 groups of countries: Uganda and Zambia (policy adopted in 2013) and Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, and Rwanda (policy adopted in 2016). Results There were immediate increases in rapid ART initiation among young adolescents after national adoption of Treat All. Increases were greater in countries adopting the policy in 2016 than in those adopting it in 2013: 23.4 percentage points (pp) (95% confidence interval, 13.9–32.8) versus 11.2pp (2.5–19.9). However, the rate of increase in rapid ART initiation among 10–14-year-olds rose appreciably in countries with earlier treatment expansions, from 1.5pp per year before Treat All to 7.7pp per year afterward. Conclusions Universal ART eligibility has increased rapid treatment initiation among young adolescents enrolling in HIV care. Further research should assess their retention in care and viral suppression under Treat All.

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Dujourdy, L., and F. Besacier. "L’héroïne saisie en France. Données statistiques issues de la base nationale des laboratoires de police scientifique." Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 68, no. 2 (March 2010): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2010.02.002.

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Rivard Piché, Gaëlle. "La contribution canadienne à la sécurité et à la stabilité en Haïti, 2004-20141." Études internationales 48, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042353ar.

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Depuis le déploiement de la Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti en 2004, le Canada s’est présenté comme un partenaire clé d’Haïti dans la réforme du secteur de la sécurité. L’intervention canadienne a été significative et a certainement contribué au progrès accompli, notamment en ce qui a trait à la réforme de la Police nationale d’Haïti. Toutefois, l’accent mis sur les aspects techniques de la réforme de la police, l’absence d’une stratégie claire guidant l’intervention canadienne, une redéfinition des priorités guidant la distribution de l’aide internationale par le Canada après 2010 et l’incertitude face à l’avenir de la présence des Nations Unies en Haïti ont ralenti les efforts canadiens. Le Canada doit se doter d’une nouvelle stratégie envers Haïti afin d’assurer les progrès accomplis et d’éviter de commettre à nouveau les erreurs du passé.

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Niyonkuru, Aimé-Parfait. "Commission Nationale des Terres Biens et Cour Spéciale des Terres et autres Biens du Burundi : un Etat sinistré ou une compétence au fondement légal contestable?" Recht in Afrika 23, no. 1 (2020): 56–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6270-2020-1-56.

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This paper discusses the jurisdiction of Burundi’s Commission Nationale des Terres et autres Biens (National Commission on Land and other Assets) and of the Cour Spéciale des Terres et autres Biens (Special Court on Land and other Assets) where the State of Burundi, directly or indirectly, is involved. Considering that the double mechanism (i.e. the National Commission on Land and other Assets and the Special Court on Land and other Assets) is meant to deal with disputes opposing either the sinistrés or the sinistrés to third parties, public or private services, the paper particularly questions the jurisdiction rationae personae of the abovementioned mechanism and the receivability of some of the cases. For the purposes of Burundi’s law on the CNTB promulgated in December 2013, the term “sinistré” (literally “disaster victim”) “refers to the individual or legal person, among others the association or [the] company under private law, the person repatriated, displaced, regrouped or dispersed, widow, orphan, as well as any other person despoiled of his/her goods as result of the tragic events that occurred in (Burundi) since [its] independence” (see art.2, below). Compared to its predecessor, the 2019 Law on the National Commission on Land and other Assets is somewhat restrictive. For the persons listed above to be “sinistrés”, the condition is that they could not make their claims or could not obtain an appropriate follow-up to their request as a result of the socio-political context (see art. 2 in fine). Basically, this paper suggests the lack of jurisdiction of both the Commission and the Court where they did not conclude that one of the parties to the dispute was sinistré in accordance to the definition of this term in each relevant law governing Burundi’s Commission on Land and other Assets. The paper further argues that, unless the author of a request before the Commission claims that he/she is a sinistré, his/her case should be declared non-receivable. All these issues are addressed in the light of three cases among those which received significant publicity in media, namely, the so-called RUGOFARM, RUZIZI and KIGERI cases.

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Clark, Alice, Andrew Gilbert, Deepa Rao, and Lorraine Kerr. "‘Excuse me, do any of you ladies speak English?’ Perspectives of refugee women living in South Australia: barriers to accessing primary health care and achieving the Quality Use of Medicines." Australian Journal of Primary Health 20, no. 1 (2014): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py11118.

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Reforms to the Australian health system aim to ensure that services are accessible, clinically and culturally appropriate, timely and affordable. During the reform consultation process there were urgent calls from stakeholders to specifically consider the health needs of the thousands of refugees who settle here each year, but little is known about what is needed from the refugee perspective. Access to health services is a basic requirement of achieving the quality use of medicines, as outlined in Australia’s National Medicines Policy. This study aimed to identify the barriers to accessing primary health care services and explore medicine-related issues as experienced by refugee women in South Australia. Thirty-six women participated in focus groups with accredited and community interpreters and participants were from Sudan, Burundi, Congo, Burma, Afghanistan and Bhutan who spoke English (as a second language), Chin, Matu, Dari and Nepali. The main barrier to accessing primary health care and understanding GPs and pharmacists was not being able to speak or comprehend English. Interpreter services were used inconsistently or not at all. To implement the health reforms and achieve the quality use of medicines, refugees, support organisations, GPs, pharmacists and their staff require education, training and support.

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Caroly, S. "Activité collective et réélaboration des règles comme ressources pour la santé psychique : le cas de la police nationale." Le travail humain 74, no. 4 (2011): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/th.744.0365.

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Beauvois, Roger. "Le contrôle de la déontologie des forces de police par la commission nationale de déontologie de la sécurité." Archives de politique criminelle 33, no. 1 (2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/apc.033.0049.

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Douillet, Anne-Cécile, Jacques de Maillard, and Mathieu Zagrodski. "Une centralisation renforcée par le chiffre ? Les effets contradictoires des indicateurs chiffrés dans la police nationale en France." Politiques et management public 31, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 421–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/pmp.31.421-442.

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YÉO, Siriki Emmanuel. "PROTECTION SOCIALE EN COTE D IVOIRE: LES OBSTACLES DU FONDS DE PREVOYANCE DE LA POLICE NATIONALE (FPPN) DANS LA PRISE EN CHARGE MEDICALE DES AGENTS DE POLICE." Journal of International Social Research 13, no. 70 (April 30, 2020): 602–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2020.4119.

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Fernagu, Solveig. "Le développement des compétences des formateurs de la police nationale : une évaluation à partir de l’approche par les capabilités." Recherche & formation, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rechercheformation.2761.

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Mulone, Massimiliano, and Benoît Dupont. "Saisir la sécurité privée : quand l’État, l’industrie et la police négocient un nouveau cadre de régulation." Criminologie 41, no. 1 (July 10, 2008): 103–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/018421ar.

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RésuméL’accroissement substantiel de l’industrie de la sécurité a profondément changé la manière dont la sécurité est gouvernée aujourd’hui. Une récente proposition législative de la province de Québec sur la sécurité privée –Loi sur la sécurité privée– nous a servi de point de départ pour répondre à deux objectifs, soit tenter de définir l’objet « sécurité privée » et comprendre les liens qu’entretient cette sécurité privée avec l’État et la police. Une analyse de la littérature grise accompagnant cette loi (mémoires déposés à l’Assemblée nationale du Québec et consultations particulières de la Commission des institutions) nous a permis de décrire les divers morcellements de la sécurité privée, ainsi que la difficulté à la circonscrire clairement, les frontières l’entourant étant larges et poreuses. En outre, notre analyse a mis en lumière certaines spécificités de l’État dans la gouvernance de la sécurité – soit sa capacité à légiférer et à légitimer – qui continuent à peser sur l’industrie. Enfin, il est observé que l’industrie de la sécurité privée ne tente pas tant de se substituer à la police que de se construire une place à part, qui lui soit propre et, si est possible, libre de toute contrainte.

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Kabiri, Stella. "Carbon footprint of fertilizer imports to the East African Bloc and policy recommendations for decarbonization." AAS Open Research 3 (May 28, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13065.1.

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Background: Almost all nitrogenous (N) fertilizers are fixed on an enormous scale using the Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process via a reaction of Nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. This process is a leading global polluter, emitting 830 megatons of CO2 to the atmosphere annually. On the other hand, the global transport sector emits 7.5 gigatons of CO2 yet the fraction of emissions from freight transportation of N fertilizers from exporting countries to the East African (EA) Bloc is not known. This study examined the carbon footprint from freight transportation of N fertilizers. The findings are useful in the regions’ nationally determined contributions (NDCs) as per the Paris Agreement of December 2015 regarding downsizing emissions from the transport sector. Methods: The study area included five EA Community (EAC) countries namely, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. Statistics of fertilizers were obtained from https://africafertilizer.org/. The carbon footprint calculator (CFC) for fertilizer production (obtained from https://www.fertilizerseurope.com/), certified by the Carbon Trust Standard, was used. Results: Over 93% of fertilizers imported to the EA Bloc are N fertilizers, leaving a carbon footprint of 4.9 megatons CO2-eq. Of these emissions, 1.1 megatons CO2-eq were contributed by imports from Saudi Arabia and 0.8 megatons CO2-eq from China. The ‘dirtiest’ of N fertilizers that accounted for the highest carbon footprint on the EA bloc were urea ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, nitrophosphates and ammonium sulphate. Conclusions: Every metric ton of N imported results in a carbon footprint of 4.5 metric tons CO2-eq. The Ammonia production process of exporting countries, freight distance, choice and number of N fertilizers imported are significant determinants of greenhouse gas emissions to East Africa’s NDCs. To reach net-zero emissions the EA community needs to invest in new processes, circular economy and decarbonization pathways.

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Gautier, Frédéric. "L'entretien de recrutement des gardiens de la paix dans la Police nationale. Paradoxes de l'épreuve et prime à la « compétence interactionnelle »." Formation emploi, no. 124 (December 31, 2013): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/formationemploi.4088.

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Pasquet-Marinacce, Laurent, and Frédéric Deurien. "La loi n° 95.73 du 21 janvier 1995 d'orientation et de programmation relative à la sécurité : le blason nouveau de la Police nationale." Revue juridique de l'Ouest 9, no. 3 (1996): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/juro.1996.2313.

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Van Niekerk, Dewald. "Disaster risk governance in Africa." Disaster Prevention and Management 24, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-08-2014-0168.

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Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to provide a retrospective assessment of progress in disaster risk governance in Africa against the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) since 2000. This assessment of progress achieved in disaster risk governance in Africa aims to identify achievements, good practices, gaps and challenges against selected HFA indicators (in particular Priority 1). Design/methodology/approach – This study mainly followed a qualitative methodology although quantitative data were interpreted to achieve the research objectives. Available literature (scientific articles, research and technical reports) on disaster risk governance was used as primary research data. This research used a selected number of African countries as its basis for analysis (Burundi, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Swaziland and South Africa). By investigating literature on disaster risk governance an analytical framework was developed which guided the assessment of the achievements, good practices, gaps and challenges in implementing disaster risk governance on the African continent since the inception of the HFA in 2005. Findings – The research found that African countries have been making steady progress in implementing disaster risk governance against theoretical indicators. The continent contains a few international best practices which other nations can learn from. Certain gaps and challenges are, however, still hampering better progress in the reduction of disaster risks. There is the need for multi-layered ownership and understanding of disaster risks and their cross-sectoral nature, with strong community engagement. Originality/value – An assessment of progress in disaster risk governance in Africa can assist greatly in shaping future international and national policy, legislation and implementation. The research provided input to the Global Assessment Report for 2015 and identified opportunities in disaster risk governance beyond 2015.

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Wacjman, Claude. "L’autisme en France, début 2019." psychologie clinique, no. 48 (2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/psyc/201948174.

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Les lignes qui suivent sont basées sur le recueil des données écrites recueillies entre le mois de janvier et le mois de mai 2019. Elles reflètent les intérêts professionnels de l’auteur, ce qui les fait apparaître biaisées, à juste titre. Cette compilation se situe après de nombreux travaux dont : « La fabrication de l’”autiste handicapé” : chronique d’un passage à l’acte », [avec Olivier Douville], Psychologie clinique, no 2, 1996, p. 105-134, repris dans Figures de la psychanalyse. Logos-Anankè, no 24, 2012/2, p. 99-129; Travailler avec des enfants malades mentaux, Paris, Dunod, 1997; « Que nous enseigne la controverse sur l’autisme ? », Psychologie Clinique, no 36, 2013/2; « Enfants anormaux, inadaptés, handicapés : une continuité idéologique ? », Vie Sociale, 4/2013; Clinique institutionnelle des troubles psychiques. Des enfants autistes à ceux des ITEP, Toulouse, Èrès, 2013, p. 9-100; « L’autisme depuis 2012, année grande cause nationale », Psychologie Clinique, no 38, 2014/2, p. 8-29; « Vers une police de l’autisme (2013-2014) », Psychologie Clinique, no 39, 2015/1, p. 7-24; Le grand imbroglio de l’autisme, Nîmes, Champ social éditions, 2018.

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Martin, Aran. "International mediation in low intensity conflicts." International Journal of Conflict Management 27, no. 4 (October 10, 2016): 505–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-07-2015-0043.

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Purpose Success and failure in mediation are widely understood to determine whether a state will receive positive or negative reputation outcomes from undertaking a mediation role in an international conflict. Research from mediation in domestic settings contradicts this view, finding that peer mediators in school and community settings received positive mediator outcomes from undertaking their role, even when they failed to facilitate an agreement between disputants. This paper aims to test this assumption and argues that mediation success and failure are only weakly correlated with observable reputation outcomes for mediating states and proposes an alternative explanatory framework. Design/methodology/approach The hypothesis was inductively generated through a comparative analysis of single-state mediation attempts selected from the Uppsala Conflict Database Project MILC data set. The cases selected were South Africa’s mediation attempts in Côte d’Ivoire from 2004 to 2005 and Comoros from 2003 to 2004, and Mexico’s mediation attempts in Colombia (National Liberation Army) in 2004 and Guatemala (Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity) between 1994 and 1996. To contextualise the findings and develop the explanatory framework, South African mediation attempts in Burundi and the DRC are discussed in the closing sections of the paper. Findings This paper finds that mediation success and failure are only weakly correlated with mediator outcomes. Mediator outcomes are explained by the activity level of the mediating state in providing mediation services; the positive intention of the mediator to assist in resolving the conflict; the scale of the conflict mediated; the severity of spill over effects from the conflict in question; the regional importance of the conflict; the proximity of the government which a mediating state looks to develop relations with to the conflict; the importance of the mediation attempt within the peace process; the level of contestation of the mediation attempt, meaning the extent to which mediation attempts are themselves sites of regional or global international power politics; and the success or failure of the mediation attempt. Originality/value An explanatory framework for state mediator outcomes in which the outcome of a mediation attempt for the third-party state is not determined solely, or even primarily, by mediation success or failure bridges mediation research applying to international and domestic issue areas and provides additional information for policy makers regarding the costs and benefits of committing their state to processes of mediation in conflicts with low probabilities of resolution. This is particularly important for state policy makers, given that mediation is successful on average in only one out of every three attempts.

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Hayakawa Casas, José. "Léo Orellana." Devenir - Revista de estudios sobre patrimonio edificado 3, no. 6 (August 19, 2018): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/devenir.v3i6.306.

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Léo Orellana, arquitecto chileno-francés con más de 35 años de experiencia en la dirección y realización de proyectos innovadoresen las áreas de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Patrimonio Cultural; becario del gobierno francés en 1979, obtiene el diploma deposgrado en Dirección de Proyectos y se perfecciona en la École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées.Trabaja en Rwanda, Burundi, Mali y Costa de Marfíl, y durante 14 años participa de los estudios y la realización del proyecto delParque de La Villette (París), primer parque urbano cultural de gran extensión (55 Ha.), del arquitecto Bernard Tschumi.En 1997, crea y desarrolla los Seminarios Internacionales sobre la Revitalización de los Centros Históricos de América Latina y elCaribe (SIRCHAL) en la Dirección de Arquitectura y Patrimonio del Ministerio de Cultura y Comunicación de Francia, asociadoal Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Francia, la Maison de América Latina, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), laOrganización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) y la Unión Internacional de Arquitectos(UIA). Desde 2006 evoluciona como estructura independiente y amplía su campo de intervención, incluyendo en su programala revitalización de centros urbanos con una perspectiva de desarrollo compartido y sostenible, una metodología participativa,talleres de concertación y un polo de competencias.Realiza misiones para UNESCO, BID, la Unión Europea (UE), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), y diversasfundaciones y alcaldías, referentes a la problemática del patrimonio, el desarrollo urbano, y la revitalización de los centrosurbanos e históricos.Ha sido miembro de diversos jurados internacionales, profesor invitado en el Instituto de Altos Estudios de América Latina (IHEAL),la Universidad de La Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris III. Fue nombrado Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres en París, el 14 de julio de 2000,por su compromiso con “la promoción de la arquitectura y del patrimonio cultural, así como con el desarrollo de proyectos decooperación bilateral entre Francia y América Latina”. Es director general y fundador de SIRCHAL.

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Orem, J., H. Ddungu, F. Karsan, S. Nafuna, F. Okuku, D. Kanyike, A. Kavuma, I. Luutu, and S. Bolouki. "Challenges of Building and Sustaining Radiation Therapy Capacity in Low-Resource Settings: A Case of the Breakdown of Cobalt 60 Teletherapy in Uganda and Lessons Learned." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 168s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.23500.

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Background and context: The use of radiotherapy in developing countries is slowly gaining momentum but the gains are accompanied by some pitfalls. The breakdown of a teletherapy (cobalt 60) machine in Uganda is an example of the challenges to be considered while expanding access to treatment. It was a major test for the country and the Uganda Cancer Institute the agency of government responsible for provision of cancer services. It attracted a national and international outcry. This unprecedented response was based on the importance a seemingly old equipment in Kampala was playing in the entire region (Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and southern Sudan). However, the manner in which the crisis was handled demonstrated clearly how to turn a misfortune into an opportunity given the many lessons learnt. Aim: In this paper we aim to highlight how the breakdown of the equipment triggered a major crisis and the response to the crisis resulting in the restoration of services within a reasonable time frame. We also want to show the long-term service modernization and expansion drive this has triggered within Uganda and the entire region. Strategy/Tactics: The restoration process comprised planning, decommissioning, renovation, security and safety systems, procurement of new machine, installation and commissioning. As this was ongoing there was the need for care provision for patient in need. Concurrently undertaken was public reassurance through building confidence and trust in the capacity for speedy restoration of services. Program/Policy process: All these steps were taken collaboratively within country, region and internationally. In the region there was support from the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi and internationally, technical support from the IAEA. Outcomes: Service has been fully restored, a new teletherapy cobalt machines installed and commissioned. The machine has modern capabilities compared with the previous. So far more than 200 patients have been treated. The numbers of patients are steadily increasing hence the government has embarked on modernization and expansion of the radiotherapy services in the country. What was learned: The breakdown of Uganda's radiotherapy machines has provided lessons that are important for handling health system operational crisis which may occur as we try to build complex delivery systems. It provided lessons that are important in the drive for expansion of radiotherapy services in developing countries. In particular that benefit of investments in modern equipment transcends national boundaries. Secondly how to limit potential impact of major crisis through regional and international collaboration. Further that the needs of patients is central in crisis management. Finally need to consider pooling infrastructure investments in tackling NCD's such as the East Africa's centre of excellence for skills and tertiary education project of the East African community.

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As'adi, Mohamad Hasan. "Media Tradisional Sebagai Media Komunikasi Pembangunan Masyarakat Titidu Gorontalo." Kalijaga Journal of Communication 2, no. 1 (June 21, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/kjc.21.01.2020.

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Communication media as a means to convey information is traditional and modern. The rapid development of communication technology in modern media by some communication experts is allegedly able to change the traditional form of communication found in Indonesia. The author is interested to know the benefits of the implementation of the Gorontalo tribal tradition as a traditional communication media play a role in development in the village of Titidu? By using the method of observation and in-depth interviews with 34 sources obtained from purposive sampling techniques. This study was also complemented by a literature review to deepen data and data processing using descriptive qualitative analysis. The findings show the existence of traditional media that still survive in the village of Titidu aims to preserve the traditions of the Gorontalo tribal people who place the tradition based on syara 'and syara' based on the book of God as a way of life, so that the culture of Gorontalo people highly values traditions especially those with Islamic nuances. The tradition is related to customs in the form of wedding ceremonies, coronation and reception of officials, funerals, hair cutting and weighting. Art in the form of remembrance (obeyed), burdah (buruda), funds and zamrah. Dance movements or sports such as langga, longgo, and literature in the form of prose and poetry. By implementing interpersonal, group, free and social communication to socialize regional development in the fields of innovation (health, education, national defense, arts, development), government policy, program accountability in the village head's remarks.Media komunikasi sebagai sarana untuk menyampaikan informasi bersifat tradisional dan modern. Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi komunikasi pada media modern oleh beberapa pakar komunikasi disinyalir dapat merubah bentuk komunikasi tradisional yang terdapat di Indonesia. Penulis tertarik untuk mengetahui manfaat pelaksanaan tradisi suku Gorontalo sebagai media komunikasi tradisional berperan dalam pembangunan di Desa Titidu. Dengan menggunakan metode observasi dan wawancara mendalam terhadap 34 narasumber yang di dapat dari teknik sampling purposive. Penelitian ini juga dilengkapi dengan kajian pustaka untuk memperdalam data serta pengolahan data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Temuan menunjukkan keberadaan media tradisional yang masih bertahan di Desa Titidu bertujuan untuk melestarikan tradisi masyarakat suku Gorontalo yang menempatkan adat bersendikan syara’ dan syara’ bersendikan kitab Allah sebagai pandangan hidup, sehingga secara kultural masyarakat Gorontalo sangat menghargai tradisi-tradisi terutama yang bernuansa Islami. Tradisi tersebut berhubungan dengan adat istiadat berupa upacara pernikahan, penobatan dan penyambutan pejabat, pemakaman, pengguntingan rambut serta pembeatan. Kesenian berupa dzikir (diikili), burdah (buruda), dana-dana dan zamrah. Gerak atau olahraga tarian seperti langga, longgo, dan sastra berupa prosa maupun puisi. Dengan menerapkan komunikasi antar pribadi, kelompok, bebas dan sosial untuk mensosialisasikan pembanguan daerah pada bidang inovasi (kesehatan, pendidikan, bela negara, kesenian, pembangunan), kebijakan pemerintah, pertanggungjawaban program dalam sambutan kepala desa.

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Verwaest, Rik. "De ‘greep naar de macht’ van de oorlogsburgemeesters als voorhoede van de Nieuwe Orde in Vlaanderen." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 67, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 300–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v67i4.12503.

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De voorbije jaren groeide in het Vlaamse historische onderzoek naar de bezettingsgeschiedenis van de Tweede Wereldoorlog een sterke tendens om het belang van de figuur van de oorlogsburgemeester te herwaarderen. De klassieke VNV-oorlogsburgemeester was voor de bevolking immers één van de meest zichtbare en actieve elementen van de Nieuwe Orde en het bezettingsbestuur.Lier werd bestuurd door een katholieke meerderheid. De stad kende een bijzonder rijk cultureel leven en een lange Vlaams-nationalistische traditie. Na de Duitse bezetting zou zittend burgemeester Van Cauwenbergh verplicht worden af te treden ten voordele van provinciaal ambtenaar Alfred Van der Hallen, een VNV'er met een lange staat van dienst in zowel de culturele als de politieke activiteiten van de Lierse Vlaams-nationale zuil. Ook twee katholieke schepenen werden tot ontslag gedwongen, één op basis van de Duitse ouderdomsverordening en één na beschuldigingen van vakbondagitatie tegen de Nieuwe Orde. Zij werden vervangen door Nieuwe Ordegezinden.Door het verwerven van de meerderheid in het schepencollege kon ook de politiecommissaris en verschillende sleutelposities in het gemeentelijk ambtenarenapparaat ingevuld worden door Nieuwe Orde-aanhangers.Alfred Van der Hallen zou o.a. de stadsdiensten, de gemeentepolitie en het cultuurbeleid ingrijpend hervormen. De laatste twee van deze hervormingen kenden weinig succes: het Lierse politiekorps raakte intern sterk verdeeld door de aanstelling van enkele Nieuwe Ordegezinden en een deel ervan zou betrokken raken bij het gewapende verzet. De ambitieuze Cultuurdienst, waarbij ttonaangevende kunstenaars als Felix Timmermans bij betrokken werden, bloedde dood door persoonlijke animositeit en te verregaande politisering.Van der Hallen had als oorlogsburgemeester de verdienste een noodzakelijke modernisering en uitbreiding van de gemeentewerking te hebben doorgevoerd, maar op veel andere terreinen was zijn beleid een mislukking. Tegenwerking door de vooroorlogse ambtenarij en de SS-afdeling van Lier met haar radicale voorman Alfons Lanens, was één van de verklaringen. Het was echter vooral de ongebreidelde politisering van het ganse bestuursapparaat en de zeer expliciete politieke profilering van de oorlogsburgemeester als Nieuwe Ordegezinde die zorgde voor een te grote verdeeldheid om tot een performant beleid te komen.________The 'seizure of power' by the wartime burgomasters as the advance guard of the Nieuwe Orde (New Order) in FlandersOver the past years Flemish historical research into the history of the occupation during the Second World War developed a strong tendency to re-evaluate the importance of the person of the wartime burgomaster. The population considered the classical VNV (Flemish National Union) wartime burgomaster to be one of the most visible and active elements of the Nieuwe Orde and of the administration by the occupying forces.Lier was ruled by a Catholic majority. The city had a particularly rich cultural life and a long Flemish-Nationalist tradition. After the German occupation burgomaster in office Van Cauwenbergh was forced to resign to the benefit of the provincial civil servant Alfred Van der Hallen, a VNV member with a long record of service to cultural as well as political activities of the Flemish National Group in Lier. Two Catholic aldermen were also forced to resign, one on the basis of the German old-age regulation and one after allegations of trade union agitation against the Nieuwe Orde. They were replaced by Nieuwe Orde partisans.By acquiring a majority on the Bench of Aldermen the partisans of the Nieuwe Orde could also appoint the Chief of police and fill several key positions on the Bench of Aldermen.Alfred Van der Hallen was to carry out major reforms in the urban services, the municipal police and the cultural policy. The last two proved to be unsuccessful: the police force of Lier became much divided because of the appointment of a few Nieuwe Orde partisans and a part of the force was to become involved in armed resistance. The ambitious Cultural Service, involving leading artists such as Felix Timmermans fizzled out because of personal animosity and far-reaching politicisation. As wartime burgomaster Van der Hallen could take credit for a necessary modernisation and expansion of the operation of the municipality, but in many other areas his policy was a failure. One of the explanations for this fact was the opposition by the pre-war civil service and the SS-department of Lier with its radical leader Alfons Lanens. However, it was in particular the uncontrolled politicisation of the entire administrative machinery and the very explicit political characterisation of the wartime burgomaster as a Nieuwe Orde partisan that caused too much dissension to be able to achieve a successful policy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Police nationale du Burundi'

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