Relevant bibliographies by topics / Police psychology

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Police psychology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Police psychology"

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VOLCKENS, JULIE SEAGER. "Police Psychology." Criminal Justice and Behavior 19, no. 3 (September 1992): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854892019003008.

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BARTOL, CURT R. "Police Psychology." Criminal Justice and Behavior 23, no. 1 (March 1996): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854896023001006.

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Silverman, Hirsch Lazaar. "Psychology and the Police." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 38, no. 6 (June 1993): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/033431.

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Blau, George L. "Psychology in police training." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 4, no. 2 (October 1988): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02806552.

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Goodman-Delahunty, J., H. Verbrugge, and M. Taitz. "Complaining to the Police: Insights from Psychology." Policing 7, no. 3 (May 30, 2013): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pat016.

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Sidebottom, A., and N. Tilley. "Evolutionary Psychology and Fear of Crime." Policing 2, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pan022.

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Zelig, Mark. "Ethical dilemmas in police psychology." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 19, no. 3 (1988): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.19.3.336.

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Ostrov, Eric. "Police/law enforcement and psychology." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 4, no. 4 (1986): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2370040402.

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Baumann, Donald J. "Review of Psychology for Police Officers." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 30, no. 8 (August 1985): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/024037.

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Ang, Jansen, Siew Maan Diong, Carolyn Misir, and Jeanice Cheong. "Operations Psychology: The Singapore Police Experience." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 26, no. 2 (January 7, 2011): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-010-9080-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Police psychology"

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Charbonneau, Amanda K. "The Law and Psychology of Suspicion and Police Decision-Making." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13423893.

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Police officers decide to detain and search civilians under uncertainty and risk, and both false positive and false negative errors can be costly. The courts apply the reasonable suspicion standard of proof to evaluate the constitutionality of nonconsensual stops and searches, placing an ambiguous and subjective assessment of a poorly understood psychological state at the center of laws, policies, and trainings on police-civilian contact. The law and psychology of suspicion may have important effects on the frequency, accuracy, and reporting of policing decisions. Investigating those effects requires an understanding of the policy landscape of police decision-making and the basic psychology of suspicion.

In this dissertation, I explore suspicion as a legal concept and as a psychological experience. I describe the role of the reasonable suspicion standard in judicial evaluations of the constitutionality of police practices, and the implications for the guidelines and trainings that agencies provide to officers. I contend that legal and quantitative analyses of policing practices should incorporate an understanding of the psychology of individual decision-making and the incentives created by the regulatory environment. The constitutional analysis assumes that civilian behavior, situational circumstances, and prior knowledge all affect an officer’s experience of suspicion and subsequent actions. Very little is known, however, about the basic psychology of suspicion and how it might affect judgment and decision-making.

I investigate the psychological properties and covariates of interpersonal suspicion as reported by lay participants in a series of studies, establishing a baseline to which I will compare the effects of training and professional experience in future research. Using latent variable models and automated text analyses, I find that during experiences of interpersonal suspicion of a stranger, people tend to question the stranger’s intentions and experience intuition, attentiveness, and wariness. In these situations, distrust is more closely associated with emotional arousal than interpersonal suspicion. On average, female participants report slightly higher situational interpersonal suspicion relative to male participants, and participants who identify as Black or African American report lower suspicion relative to those who identify as White, Latino, or Hispanic.

Relative to participants, the people who are targets of situational suspicion are more often described as male, Black, and Latino. On average, participants report a similar degree of suspicion across perceived target gender and racial categories, but there are significant differences among the associated emotions, inferences, and behavioral responses. Participants describing male and Black targets report experiencing greater fear and believing that the target’s behavior was dangerous. Participants describing male targets are more likely to report inferring that the target’s behavior was criminal, relative to participants describing female targets.

The dispositional tendency toward interpersonal suspicion is associated with neuroticism and low agreeableness in two samples of university students, and these findings are insensitive to variations in measurement instruments. In a simulation where university students take on the role of a police officer and report their suspicion in response to either Black or White male targets, I find that aggregate measures of dispositional interpersonal suspicion are uncorrelated with ratings of situational suspicion in response to the stimuli, which do not differ significantly by race of the target. An exploratory analysis suggests that dispositional suspicion, as measured by a single item, is associated with higher ratings of situational suspicion in response to White targets only.

My findings suggest that during experiences of interpersonal suspicion of strangers, people tend to question the stranger’s intentions and experience intuition, attentiveness, and wariness, and that the type of cognitive arousal associated with suspicion may be context-specific. In the concluding discussion, I also identify findings that could be particularly relevant in the legal context, including the salience of intuition in experiences of suspicion and the variation associated with target race in the correlates of suspicion. I aim to advance the current understanding of suspicion and establish a foundation for future research on its role in legal decision-making.

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Zatwarnitski, Todd A. "Hostage negotiations: A survey of police negotiators trained at the Canadian police college." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10350.

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This thesis explores the interpersonal and situational dynamics of hostage negotiation situations through an analysis of responses to a survey. A brief historical overview is presented which provides the reader with information regarding hostage takings and the various responses employed by authorities in the past. Hostage negotiation tactics in North America were first developed by Frank Bolz and Harvey Schlossberg, veterans of the New York City Police Department. From these beginnings, police departments developed and trained their officers to become hostage negotiators. A review of the academic literature in Canada and the United States provides information on various approaches researchers have employed when studying hostage negotiations. Negotiation processes, efficacy of negotiations, and officer suitability are subjects included in the review. The findings indicate that 70% of hostage-takings are of a domestic nature and that the majority of hostages taken are women and children. The hostage-takers are predominantly male and are normally known or related to the hostage. In cases where poor communications, and/or an escalated threat developed, the outcome usually ended in an assault. In cases where there was a previous association between a hostage-taker and a member of the negotiating party, or when a suspect had a previous criminal record, negotiations had a higher probability of resulting in a peaceful outcome. A central problem in police negotiation strategies consists in identifying and classifying the hostage takers. Once this has been accomplished, an appropriate communication strategy can then be devised and implemented. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the results and recommendations for future negotiation strategies and training in the area of hostage-taking. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Tynan, Patrick Terence. "Stress in the Royal Hong Kong Police Force." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19672081.

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Dowd, Jonathan Mark. "Forensic psychology perpectives of police mental health awareness training : an international study." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417519.

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Radburn, Matthew Stephen. "Crowd policing, police legitimacy and identity : the social psychology of procedural justice." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19118/.

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This PhD was motivated to explore the applicability and explanatory power of procedural justice theory (PJT) in the context of the policing of crowd events. It has been suggested that “questions of social identity lie at the heart of the theory” (Bradford 2016, p. 3). Yet PJT researchers have largely overlooked the insights of the ‘second stage’ of theorising that constitutes the social identity approach – self-categorisation theory (SCT) – and the subsequent application of SCT to collective action within crowds and public order policing. Because of this it is argued that there are certain conceptual and methodological limitations that relate to how PJT can ‘make sense’ of or otherwise explain police–public interactions within the domain of public order policing. Despite PJT being rooted in “in efforts to understand and explain riots and rebellion” (Tyler and Blader 2003, p. 351), there has been a paucity of research focussing specifically on the police’s management of crowds (Stott et al. 2011). This thesis used a mixed methods approach involving online experiments, semi-structured interviews and an online survey. The final empirical chapter then drew on a longitudinal secondary data analysis of a series of ‘real-time’ police-‘public’ interactions across multiple crowd events. The thesis suggests that it is essential that both PJT and its associated research are process and context orientated. A true process model of procedural justice is required to explore the interactive and bi-directional nature of the relationship between social context, identity, police legitimacy and action. It is argued that the current social psychological understandings of procedural justice do not adequately articulate this dynamism. Yet developing the process model of procedural justice is essential to avoid unintentionally ‘desocialising’ people’s experiences of policing and to therefore reaffirm the need to study the social psychological processes of PJT in context.
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Mortimer, Anna Kimberley Olwen. "Cognitive processes underlying police investigative interviewing behaviour." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386953.

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Krahé, Barbara. "Police officers' definitions of rape : a prototype study." Universität Potsdam, 1991. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3392/.

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The study investigates police officers' definitions of different rape situations. On the basis of the concept of 'cognitive prototypes' a methodology is developed which elicits consensual feature lists describing six rape situations: the typical, i.e. most common rape, the credible, dubious, and false rape complaints as weil as the rape experiences that are particularly hard vs. relatively easy for the victim to cope with. Qualitative analysis of the data allows the identification of the characteristic features defining the prototype of each rape situation, as weil as comparisons between the situations in terms of their common and distinctive features. It is shown that police officers, while sharing some of the widely held stereotypes about rape, generally perceive rape as a serious crime with long-term negative consequences for the victim. The quantitative analysis of prototype similarity between the six situations corroborates this conclusion by demonstrating a high similarity between the prototypes of the typical and the credible rape situation: In addition, subjects' general attitude towards rape victims is measured to compare the prototypes provided by respondents holding a positive vs. negative attitude towards rape victims. Findings for the two groups, however, reveal more similarities than differences in their descriptions of rape prototypes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the feasibility of the prototype approach presented in this study as a strategy for investigating implicit or common-sense theories of rape.
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Barker, Kymberli Copeland. "Police Culture and Perceived Service Value: Officer Perspectives on Psychological Services Utilization." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7114.

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There is a noted discrepancy between police psychological services offered and services utilized. It is important to understand reasons for underutilization when creating services for officers. The purpose of this study was providing empirical evidence from the officers-perspectives to answer this question. The conceptual foundation was officers may refuse participation due to police culture. The conceptual framework was represented in research questions focused on officers- perspectives regarding psychological services provided by psychologists without law enforcement (LE) experience. The participants were employed law enforcement officers (LEOs) from regions across the United States. Officer participation from all 50 states was targeted to assist in ensuring demographic variability. Phenomenological methods were employed. Samples were gathered by contacting 2 police departments (PDs) per state, in arbitrarily chosen cities and rural areas. One questionnaire with pre-addressed, stamped envelopes was sent to each department indicating the research post office box. Data were analyzed by applying qualitative research data software, open coding, in-margin notetaking procedures, and individual recognition of themes. Ten to 25 participants were required and 10 were achieved. Two categories, 6 subcategories, 2 themes, and 3 subthemes emerged from the data analyses. Data analyses aligned with previous findings in 2 aspects and did not support others. Positive social change will be affected through identifying reasons for low service utilization. Agencies may begin restructuring program policies, developing more effective training, and other psychological protocols for LEOs and providers.
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Gallo, Frank Joseph. "A self-report approach to screening police candidates' aggressive tendencies /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3206250.

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Perrott, Stephen B. (Stephen Blair). "Social identity patterns in the police : attitudinal and performance implications." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70263.

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The present research examined the social identity pattern of a sample of urban police officers by making a direct assessment of the officers' relative degree of alienation from other police officers, police managers, and several community groups. Results from two questionnaires showed that police peers were a clearly defined ingroup, and that social nearness to community groups was determined both on the basis of race and social class. In spite of significant between group differences, those officers closest to their peers were also socially nearest to the community groups. This finding, in conjunction with unremarkable levels of authoritarianism and stress in the sample, tend to refute the ethnocentric and stressed stereotype of police officers. The second questionnaire also elicited attitudes and behavioral intentions in response to police situation vignettes. Results showed the officers were most satisfied, and perceived most support from the public, when acting in a crime fighting capacity.
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Books on the topic "Police psychology"

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M, Peters James, ed. Police psychology. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2010.

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Kitaeff, Jack, ed. Handbook of Police Psychology. Revised Edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429264108.

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1924-, Kurke Martin I., and Scrivner Ellen M, eds. Police psychology into the 21st century. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.

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W, More Harry, and Unsinger Peter C, eds. Police managerial use of psychology and psychologists. Springfield, Ill., USA: C.C. Thomas, 1987.

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I, Kurke Martin, and Scrivner Ellen M, eds. Police psychology into the twenty-first century. Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum, 1995.

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NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Police and Psychology" (1985 Skíathos, Greece). Police selection and training: The role of psychology. Edited by Yuille John C and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.

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Neil, Brewer, and Wilson Carlene, eds. Psychology and policing. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.

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K, Pease, ed. Police work. London: British Psychological Society and Methuen, 1987.

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Vincent, Claude L. Police Officer. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1994.

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Jerusalem), IDENTA-'85 (1985. Anti-terrorism ; Forensic science ; Psychology in police investigations. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Police psychology"

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Craig, Robert J. "Police psychology." In Personality-guided forensic psychology., 55–80. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10829-003.

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Nietzel, Michael T. "Police psychology." In Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 6., 223–26. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10521-070.

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Pozzulo, Joanna, Craig Bennell, and Adelle Forth. "Police Psychology." In Forensic Psychology, 25–51. New York: Psychology Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315665153-2.

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Ainsworth, Peter B., and Ken Pease. "The Police and Psychology." In Police Work, 1–8. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003376330-1.

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Gerber, Gwendolyn L. "Police Personality." In Handbook of Police Psychology, 477–93. Revised Edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429264108-22.

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Caldero, Michael A., Jeffrey D. Dailey, and Brian L. Withrow. "The Social Psychology of Cops’ Values." In Police Ethics, 85–105. Fourth Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | Revised edition of Police ethics, c2011.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315162591-5.

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Pozzulo, Joanna, Craig Bennell, and Adelle Forth. "The Psychology of Police Investigations." In Forensic Psychology, 52–79. New York: Psychology Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315665153-3.

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McCutcheon, Jeni L. "Ethical Issues in Police Psychology." In Handbook of Police Psychology, 94–114. Revised Edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429264108-4.

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Hongguang, Liu, and Liu Qinyi. "Police Psychological Training." In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1–2. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6000-2_623-1.

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Gallo, Frank J. "Police Use of Force." In Handbook of Police Psychology, 377–401. Revised Edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429264108-17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Police psychology"

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Zulaikha, Siti, Muhammad Nasir, and Iyulen Pebry Zuanny. "The Relationship between Adversity Quotient and Work Family Conflict on Police Women in Mapolda based in Aceh." In International Conference on Psychology. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009438401120118.

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Rahmah, Nur Arifah, Muhammad Tamar, and Elvita Bellani. "The Intention to be Police Officer." In 8th International Conference of Asian Association of Indigenous and Cultural Psychology (ICAAIP 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaaip-17.2018.7.

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Muhambetova, Kuralay. "FEMALE POLICE OFFICERS: LIFE PLANS AND VALUES." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY, SOCIOLOGY AND HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b12/s2.041.

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Gaojie. "Positive education significance analysis of educational psychology on armed police officers and soldiers." In 2012 First National Conference for Engineering Sciences (FNCES). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nces.2012.6543736.

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Gao, Jie. "Positive education significance analysis of educational psychology on armed police officers and soldiers." In 2013 Conference on Education Technology and Management Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icetms.2013.244.

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Boiko-Buzy, Yuliia, Liudmyla Piankivska, and Ihor Pampura. "Factor Structure of Basic Personality Characteristics of Police Patrol Officer." In International Conference on Social Science, Psychology and Legal Regulation (SPL 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211218.018.

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Kisil, Zoriana, Viacheslav Blikhar, and Halyna Katolyk. "Professional Stress of the National Police of Ukraine: Psychological Dimension." In International Conference on Social Science, Psychology and Legal Regulation (SPL 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211218.020.

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Grobler, Anton, and Renier Steyn. "A Psychometric Evaluation of the Integrity Profile 200 (IP 200) and the Adaptation Thereof for Use in the South African Police Service." In International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/qvsy9218.

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Integrity is an essential element of orderly co-existance and an important facet of professional policing. The objective of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Integrity Profile 200 (IP 200), an instrument widely used in South Africa, to assess its utility as an integrity measure for use in the South African Police Service. Although the literature indicates that the constructs measured with the IP 200 are sound, an exploratory investigation in the South African Police Service reveals poor reliability and unacceptable inter-item correlations. This suggests poor factorial validity (model fit). Subsequently an exploratory factor analysis (N = 1457) was done to adapt the scale and improve the model fit. Four factors were extracted and analysed, and satisfactory psychometric properties were found for these factors, including the absence of race-based item bias. The factors are: (i) Integrity restricting orientation; (ii) Moral conscientiousness and accountability; (iii) Organisational/management integrity, and (iv) Lie scale. The results account for a significant deviation and simplification from the original instrument structure. It is recommended that the original IP 200 should not be used in this context but that the adapted scale be used.
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Kurniawati, Rizka. "Job Stress, Self-Efficacy, and Job Satisfaction in Police." In Proceedings of the 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.055.

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Delano, Devario, and Pius Heru Priyanto. "The Dynamics of Depressive Symptoms on Criminal Investigators in Semarang (North Central Java) Police." In – The Asian Conference on Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences 202. The International Academic Forum(IAFOR), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/issn.2187-4743.2020.16.

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Reports on the topic "Police psychology"

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Daniellou, François, Marcel Simard, and Ivan Boissières. Human and organizational factors of safety: a state of the art. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/429dze.

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This document provides a state of the art of knowledge concerning the human and organizational factors of industrial safety. It shows that integrating human factors in safety policy and practice requires that new knowledge from the social sciences (in particular ergonomics, psychology and sociology) be taken on board and linked to operational concerns.
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Harrison, Reema, Maha Pervaz-Iqbal, Laurel Mimmo, Steve Mears, and Elizabeth Manias. Measuring clinician experience of providing care. The Sax Institute, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/avvb8536.

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This Evidence Check examines how clinicians’ experience of providing healthcare has been defined and measured. The review was conducted within the context of substantial change and innovation within NSW Health, focusing on the clinical and supportive care aspects of the clinician role. The research found was limited and mainly qualitative. Clinician experience was either defined inconsistently or not defined at all. However, the research did show that clinician experience was complex, involving both individual psychology and organisational outcomes. Few survey questionnaires had been developed to measure clinician experience, and those that had were either focused on the situation in a particular time and place rather than being suitable for use across a wide variety of contexts in healthcare, or focused only on a narrow aspect of clinician experience. Overall, the review shows a relatively underdeveloped area of research, in need of more focus to enable policy-makers to better understand clinician experience.
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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4

Luoto, Jill, and Katherine Grace Carman. Behavioral Economics Guidelines with Applications for Health Interventions. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009206.

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Chronic diseases have risen in prominence in recent years and are now the major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The rise in rates of obesity and aging populations are two primary drivers of this global trend, which is predicted to continue to rise in the absence of effective interventions. Notably, much of this disease burden is due to individual behaviors such as physical inactivity, tobacco use, poor eating habits, and lack of proper preventive care. The growing field of behavioral economics combines the fields of psychology and economics to present a potentially promising new understanding of the causes for when and why people's short term decisions often undermine their long-term interests, and people's behavior deviates from a fully rational model. This paper shows how, by incorporating these insights, behavioral economics may be used to inform the design of more effective health policies and projects.
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Burnett, Cathy. Scoping the field of literacy research: how might a range of research be valuable to primary teachers? Sheffield Hallam University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu-working-papers/2201.

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Literacy research has an important role to play in helping to shape educational policy and practice. The field of literacy research however is difficult to navigate as literacy has been understood and researched in many different ways. It encompasses work from psychology, sociology, philosophy and neuroscience, literary theory, media and literacy studies, and methodologies include a range of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. In mapping this complex field, I draw on a systematic ‘scoping survey’ of a sample of peerreviewed articles featuring literacy research relevant to literacy education for children aged 5-11. Studies were deemed relevant if they: addressed literacy pedagogies and interventions; and/or provided pertinent insights (e.g. into children’s experiences of literacy); and/or offered implications for the range and scope of literacy education. The results of this survey are important in two ways. Firstly they help to articulate the range of literacy research and the varied ways that such research might speak to literacy education. Secondly they challenge easy distinctions between paradigms in literacy research. Recognising this complexity and heterogeneity matters given the history of relationships between literacy policy and practice in countries such as England, where polarised debate has often erased the subtle differences of perspective and confluence of interest that this survey illuminates. Based on the results of this survey I argue that an inclusive approach to literacy research is needed in educational contexts. Otherwise alternative and/or complementary ways of supporting children’s literacy learning may be missed, as will important possibilities for literacy education and children’s current and future lives.
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Rheinberger, Christoph, and Nicolas Treich. Catastrophe aversion: social attitudes towards common fates. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/882rpq.

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In light of climate change and other existential threats, policy commentators sometimes suggest that society should be more concerned about catastrophes. This document reflects on what is, or should be, society’s attitude toward such low-probability, high-impact events. The question underlying this analysis is how society considers (1) a major accident that leads to a large number of deaths; (2) a large number of small accidents that each kill one person, where the two situations lead to the same total number of deaths. We first explain how catastrophic risk can be conceived of as a spread in the distribution of losses, or a “more risky” distribution of risks. We then review studies from decision sciences, psychology, and behavioral economics that elicit people’s attitudes toward various social risks. This literature review finds more evidence against than in favor of catastrophe aversion. We address a number of possible behavioral explanations for these observations, then turn to social choice theory to examine how various social welfare functions handle catastrophic risk. We explain why catastrophe aversion may be in conflict with equity concerns and other-regarding preferences. Finally, we discuss current approaches to evaluate and regulate catastrophic risk, with a discussion of how it could be integrated into a benefit-cost analysis framework.
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Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.

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Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).
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Aguiar Borges, Luciane, Lisa Rohrer, and Kjell Nilsson. Green and healthy Nordic cities: How to plan, design, and manage health-promoting urban green space. Nordregio, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2024:11403-2503.

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This handbook is the culmination of the NORDGREEN project, which develops and implements smart planning and management solutions for well-designed, high-quality green spaces that promote health and well-being. Researchers and practitioners worked alongside one another in six Nordic cities: Aarhus (Denmark), Espoo and Ii (Finland), Stavanger (Norway), and Täby and Vilhelmina (Sweden). Together, the researchers and practitioners applied methods including GIS data analysis, statistical analysis, PPGIS surveys and analysis, policy document analysis, interviews, and evidence-based design models. The handbook uses an innovative framework based on the multi-disciplinary approach of the project, using epidemiological studies, environmental psychology, policy and management, and citizen participation. These fields of study and their respective methodologies are divided into the four so-called NORD components—NUMBERING, OBSERVING, REGULATING, and DESIGNING—which, accompanied by a BACKGROUND section reviewing the evidence linking green space and human health, form the bulk of the handbook. Some key take-away messages from these chapters include: There is a fairly broad consensus that access to, and use of, natural and green areas have a positive influence on people’s health and well-being. Both perceived and objective indicators for access to green space and for health are needed for making a more comprehensive evaluation for how people’s health is influenced by green space. Citizens’ experiential, local knowledge is a vital component of urban planning, and PPGIS can offer practitioners the opportunity to gather map-based experiential knowledge to provide insights for planning, designing, and managing green spaces. Alignment, both vertically across the political, tactical, and operational levels, as well as horizontally across departments, is critical for municipal organisations to foster health-promoting green spaces. Evidence-based design models can provide important categories and qualities for diagnosing the gaps in existing green spaces and designing green spaces with different scales and scopes that respond to the various health and well-being needs of different people. Based on the research and lessons learned from the six case study cities, the handbook provides practitioners with a TOOLBOX of adaptable methods, models, and guidelines for delivering health-promoting green spaces to consider in their own contexts. By reading this handbook, planners and policymakers can expect to gain (1) a background on the evidence linking green spaces and health, practical tools for planning, designing, and managing green spaces, (2) tips from researchers regarding the challenges of using various methods, models, and guidelines for delivering health-promoting green space, and (3) inspiration on some success stories emerging from the Nordic Region in this area of study. The handbook covers a wide range of health and urban green space topics. Landscape architects will find evidence-based design models for enhancing existing green space design processes. Planners will find methods and guidelines for identifying, collecting, and analysing both qualitative and quantitative green space and health data from statistical databases, national citizen surveys, and map-based participatory surveys. And all practitioners will find guidelines for achieving programmatic alignment in their work for delivering health-promoting green space.
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