Relevant bibliographies by topics / Policy beliefs

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Policy beliefs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Policy beliefs"

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Blum, Douglas W. "The Soviet Foreign Policy Belief System: Beliefs, Politics, and Foreign Policy Outcomes." International Studies Quarterly 37, no. 4 (December 1993): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2600837.

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Schier, Stephen E., and Andrew Kaufman. "American Foreign Policy Opinion in 2004: Exploring Underlying Beliefs." American Review of Politics 27 (January 1, 2007): 295–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2007.27.0.295-317.

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This analysis identifies some underlying foreign policy beliefs of Americans in 2004 and explores the impact of those beliefs upon attitudes about specific foreign policies. We find, following Wittkopf (1986, 1987, 1990), that there remains a coherence to American mass foreign policy opinion. Americans can be described as clustering into four belief sets about foreign policy— accommodationists, internationalists, isolationists and hardliners. Further, these beliefs explain variation in public responses regarding specific foreign policies, such as the proper U.S. role in world affairs, the choice of multilateral or unilateral approaches, and support of increased defense spending.
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Mercer, Jonathan. "Emotional Beliefs." International Organization 64, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309990221.

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AbstractA belief in alien abduction is an emotional belief, but so is a belief that Iran intends to build nuclear weapons, that one's country is good, that a sales tax is unjust, or that French decision makers are irresolute. Revolutionary research in the brain sciences has overturned conventional views of the relationship between emotion, rationality, and beliefs. Because rationality depends on emotion, and because cognition and emotion are nearly indistinguishable in the brain, one can view emotion as constituting and strengthening beliefs such as trust, nationalism, justice or credibility. For example, a belief that another's commitment is credible depends on one's selection (and interpretation) of evidence and one's assessment of risk, both of which rely on emotion. Observing that emotion and cognition co-produce beliefs has policy implications: how one fights terrorism changes if one views credibility as an emotional belief.
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House, Ernest R. "Race and Policy." education policy analysis archives 7 (April 26, 1999): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v7n16.1999.

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Beliefs about race have played a central role in American history, literature, and education. Racial beliefs are embedded in the national identity in complex and disguised ways. These beliefs attribute presumed character traits to African Americans and other minorities, who are thought of as different in character and ability, especially the ability to govern themselves. These beliefs lead to education policies which separate, differentiate, and mandate different curricula and treatment for minorities, policies justified as being fair and democratic. These beliefs influence not only curriculum content, but how the schools are organized, financed, and administered at a deeper level than is commonly understood.
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Millner, Antony, and Hélène Ollivier. "Beliefs, Politics, and Environmental Policy." Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reep/rew010.

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Andolfatto, David, and Paul Gomme. "Monetary policy regimes and beliefs*." International Economic Review 44, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2354.t01-1-00061.

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Doshi, P., and P. J. Gmytrasiewicz. "Monte Carlo Sampling Methods for Approximating Interactive POMDPs." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 34 (March 24, 2009): 297–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2630.

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Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provide a principled framework for sequential planning in uncertain single agent settings. An extension of POMDPs to multiagent settings, called interactive POMDPs (I-POMDPs), replaces POMDP belief spaces with interactive hierarchical belief systems which represent an agent’s belief about the physical world, about beliefs of other agents, and about their beliefs about others’ beliefs. This modification makes the difficulties of obtaining solutions due to complexity of the belief and policy spaces even more acute. We describe a general method for obtaining approximate solutions of I-POMDPs based on particle filtering (PF). We introduce the interactive PF, which descends the levels of the interactive belief hierarchies and samples and propagates beliefs at each level. The interactive PF is able to mitigate the belief space complexity, but it does not address the policy space complexity. To mitigate the policy space complexity – sometimes also called the curse of history – we utilize a complementary method based on sampling likely observations while building the look ahead reachability tree. While this approach does not completely address the curse of history, it beats back the curse’s impact substantially. We provide experimental results and chart future work.
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Stecula, Dominik A., Ozan Kuru, Dolores Albarracin, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. "Policy Views and Negative Beliefs About Vaccines in the United States, 2019." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305828.

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Objectives. To determine whether holding vaccine misconceptions, in the form of negative beliefs about vaccines, correlates with opposing governmental action at all levels designed to increase vaccination (e.g., removing personal belief and religious vaccine exemptions). Methods. Drawing on data from a nationally representative survey of 1938 US adults, we assessed the relation between negative beliefs about vaccines and provaccination policies. Results. Beyond sociodemographic and policy-relevant variables, such as gender and partisan affiliation, questionable negative beliefs about vaccines are the strongest predictor of opposition to policies designed to increase vaccination. Conclusions. Negative beliefs about vaccines in the general population may thwart the passage or implementation of policies designed to increase vaccination. Implementing strategies that reduce these negative beliefs should be a priority of educators and public health officials.
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Bayer, Patrick, and Federica Genovese. "Beliefs About Consequences from Climate Action Under Weak Climate Institutions: Sectors, Home Bias, and International Embeddedness." Global Environmental Politics 20, no. 4 (November 2020): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00577.

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Climate policy has distributional effects, and ratcheting up climate ambition will only become politically feasible if the general public believes that their country can win from ambitious climate action. In this article, we develop a theory of belief formation that anchors distributional effects from climate action at the sector level. Specifically, we study how knowing about these impacts shapes public beliefs about collective economic consequences from climate policy—not only in a home country but also abroad. A nationally representative survey experiment in the United Kingdom demonstrates that respondents are biased toward their home country in assessing information about winning and losing sectors: while beliefs brighten for good news and worsen for bad news when the home country is involved, distributional effects from abroad are discounted for belief formation. We also show that feelings of “international embeddedness,” akin to globalization attitudes, make UK respondents consistently hold more positive beliefs that the country can benefit from ambitious climate action. Ruling out several alternative explanations, these results offer a first step toward a better understanding of how distributional effects in one issue area, such as globalization, can spill over to other issue areas, such as climate change.
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Rogers, Todd, Don A. Moore, and Michael I. Norton. "The Belief in a Favorable Future." Psychological Science 28, no. 9 (August 3, 2017): 1290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617706706.

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People believe that future others’ preferences and beliefs will change to align with their own. People holding a particular view (e.g., support of President Trump) are more likely to believe that future others will share their view than to believe that future others will have an opposing view (e.g., opposition to President Trump). Six studies demonstrated this belief in a favorable future (BFF) for political views, scientific beliefs, and entertainment and product preferences. BFF is greater in magnitude than the tendency to believe that current others share one’s views (false-consensus effect), arises across cultures, is distinct from general optimism, is strongest when people perceive their views as being objective rather than subjective, and can affect (but is distinct from) beliefs about favorable future policy changes. A lab experiment involving monetary bets on the future popularity of politicians and a field experiment involving political donations ( N = 660,542) demonstrated that BFF can influence people’s behavior today.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Policy beliefs"

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Wardman, David Tobias. "Doctors' moral beliefs and public policy." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16452.

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In this thesis, I address three related questions: • First, suppose we legalise some controversial medical practice tomorrow. Should we respect the moral objections of those doctors who object to the practice? I argue that we should indeed respect those objections, and I provide two complementary reasons for doing so. • Second, when the objections of doctors conflict with the interests of patients, how do we balance these two demands, and is there scope for compromise? I propose some criteria for resolving this conflict. I also suggest that the conventional compromise — compulsory referral — is morally problematic, and propose that the solution to this problem is to regard referral as ‘just another’ controversial medical practice. • Third, in circumstances where prioritising patients’ interests means that we will eventually decide to overrule doctors’ moral objections, how might we expect doctors to respond to this, and is there anything we can do to reduce the harm to them? In my final chapter, I sketch some possible answers to this question.
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Höckerman, Kasper. "Aktörskoalitioner i svensk säkerhetspolitik : En analys av riksdagspartiernas inställning till Natomedlemskap." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-74503.

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Studien avser att förklara riksdagspartiernas inställning mot Natomedlemskap över tid. Därför utförs en policyanalys inom ramen för ''The Advocacy Coalition Framework'’. Detta genomförs genom att kategorisera riksdagspartierna till relevanta advocacy coalitions utifrån deras beliefs. Studien använder sig av utrikespolitiska debatter för att avgöra respektive riksdagspartis beliefs. Genom att undersöka riksdagspartiernas normative och empirical policy core beliefs över tid kan studien finna likheter och skillnader mellan advocacy coalitions. Vad studien kommer fram till är hur riksdagspartierna tar en annan ställning inom säkerhetspolitiken och hur gemensamma beliefs kan förekomma mellan advocacy coalitions. Med åren går det även att se hur riksdagspartier börjar värna mer om militära medel för svensk säkerhet. Studien erbjuder också ett teoretiskt intressant inlägg genom att lyfta upp hur empirical policy core beliefs binder också advocacy coalitions varifrån tidigare forskning visar hur oftast normative policy core beliefs avgör strukturen i advocacy coalitions. Riksdagspartiers ställningstagande antingen för Natomedlemskap eller mot Natomedlemskap blev relevant för vilken advocacy coalition riksdagspartierna blev kategoriserade inom.
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TenEyck, Amanda. "The personal health practices and beliefs of teachers about school wellness policy." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007teneycka.pdf.

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Hayward, Abbe C. D. "Development of a tool kit to explore risk perceptions for national food risk management." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297488.

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Mai, Angela Marie. "Beliefs Influencing Hiring Agents' Selection of Qualified Autistic Candidates." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5022.

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Qualified and capable working age autistics face an 83% unemployment rate, thus, straining the economy and deteriorating their quality of life. This research examines potential contributing factors by inquiring what hiring agents' beliefs may be influencing their selection of qualified autistic candidates. This quantitatively weighted, concurrent, mixed methods (QUAN > qual), multiple linear regression study measured the influence of hiring agents' control, normative, and behavioral beliefs upon their selection of qualified autistic candidates. Through the theoretical lens of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, conceptually crystallized with other validated theories; a representative, simple, random probability sample of hiring agents throughout the contiguous United States (n = 212) participated in this study. This model statistically significantly identified hiring agents' beliefs influencing their selection of qualified autistic candidates to fill open positions (F(45, 73) = 36.067, p < .001, adj. R2 = .930). The inclusion of autistics in organizational diversity policies and practices (B = 0.266), overcoming dependability stereotypes (B = 0.195), and the fear of embarrassment (B = 0.187) were the most significant (p < .001) quantitative influencers. Participants (30%) qualitatively conveyed a desire for comprehensive autistic education. Future study should explore public policy aimed at organizational education relative to qualified autistic candidates. This increased scientific understanding could help develop expanded public policy leading to decreased unemployment rates for autistics, increased organizational performance for all business types, and improved socioeconomic stability across the nation resulting from increased economic contributions and decreased social service expenditures.
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Gallaher, Samuel Ballou. "Policy Actor Beliefs and Behaviors in Contentious Policy Debates| Examining Policy Actors within the Statewide, Fracking Subsystems of Colorado, Texas, and New York." Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10608223.

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The goal of this dissertation is to address three areas in the policy process literature that require clarification. First, it examines how a policy actor’s deep and policy core beliefs translate into secondary beliefs. To do so, the research models the effect of an individual’s view of government in daily life and their policy belief towards fracking on their secondary belief of which level of government should regulate an issue. Second, the research examines how a policy actor’s policy core beliefs affect a behavior called venue shopping. The research asks how policy actors’ belief towards the policy status quo affects their shopping activity level, and how their beliefs toward decision makers influence venue selection. Third, the research examines local governmental representatives as policy actors in a state-level policy subsystem. Policy process research identifies local government representatives within advocacy coalitions, but little is known about how local governmental actors compare to other advocates in the coalitions. The research uses the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) as an analytical and theoretical foundation and applies other policy process and organizational theories to inform its hypotheses. I use multiple quantitative data modeling techniques to explore each question. Data for the research is from original surveys of policy actors in state-level hydraulic fracturing subsystems in Colorado, Texas, and New York. Findings indicate policy actors’ deep core and policy core beliefs significantly influence their secondary beliefs. However, deep core beliefs have a greater effect on secondary beliefs related to more abstract issues, such as air quality, and less on more concrete issues, such as the distance a well should be from other structures. The venue shopping models indicate policy actors who oppose the policy status quo shop more venues than those who align with the status quo. Additionally, the strongest indicator of which venue a policy actor shops is not their beliefs toward the decision makers, but their other shopping choices. Finally, analyses show local governments are a unique group within and across coalitions because of their network relationships and they align with one another on a set of policy core beliefs, but are also divided among pro and anti-fracking coalitions on other policy core beliefs. Overall, this dissertation shows the ACF provides a theoretical and analytical frame to examine policy actor beliefs and behavior, but additional theories and sub-groupings of policy actors are needed to explain nuances in policy actor dynamics.

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McCrisken, Trevor David Brammeier. "American exceptionalism and U.S. foreign policy : the influence of traditional beliefs on American foreign policy, 1974 to the present." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302252.

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Johnsen, Kristen Brooke. "The influence of gender on foreign policy beliefs and behavior : a literature review." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53130.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since feminist approaches to international relations (IR) first made their appearance in the late 1980s, efforts to explain the 'gender gap' have proliferated. Gender studies within IR in particular have been focused on foreign policy opinion, seeking to discover whether men and women have different views on foreign policy simply due to the fact that they are of different genders. The correlate of this is that if women believe differently than men, in which way do they believe differently and if this were then taken to its logical end, what would happen if they were more equally responsible for foreign policy decision-making? As an illustration of the varying approaches to feminist IR, this research project undertakes a brief overview of the history of feminist IR, showing how the tools and language of traditional IR do not encompass the needs of feminist IR study. The research article then reviews the literature of gender, feminism and foreign policy beliefs and behavior, examining its research core and evolution to date. Three research questions are covered. Firstly, is gender a relevant variable in foreign policy analysis? Secondly, if yes, does it make a difference to the foreign policy beliefs of women? Thirdly, where women play a significant role in foreign policy decisionmaking, are countries more pacific on the international level? Dealt with separately, foreign policy beliefs are found to have a clear gender-based breakdown. Foreign policy behavior is less simple to approach since the dataset of countries led by women during international disputes is limited. The research project and literature review also looks forward, pointing toward the future, not only of gender and foreign policy studies but also to the implications that future developments in feminist IR may have for the study of IR.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pogings om die geslagsgaping te verduidelik het vermenigvuldig sedert die feministiese benadering tot Internasionale Verhoudinge die eerste keer in die laat 1980's sy verskyning gemaak het. Geslagstudies binne Internasionale Verhoudinge het veral gefokus op opinies oor buitelandse beleid om sodoende vas te stelof mans en vroue verskillende sienings oor buitelandse beleid huldig bloot as gevolg van die feit dat hulle verskillende geslagte is. Die keersy hiervan is dat indien vroue anders glo as mans, op watter manier hulle anders glo, en - indien dit dan tot 'n logiese uiteinde gevoer word - wat sou gebeur indien daar meer gelyke verantwoordelikheid vir buitelandse beleidsbesluite sou wees. As 'n illustrasie van die verskillende benaderings tot feministiese Internasionale Verhoudinge, onderneem hierdie navorsingsprojek 'n oorsig van die geskiedenis van feministiese Internasionale Verhoudinge om sodoende te toon dat die gereedskap en taal van tradisionele Internasionale Verhoudinge nie aan die behoeftes van feministiese Internasionale Verhoudingstudies voldoen nie. Hierdie navorsingsartikel gee dan 'n oorsig oor geslagsliteratuur, feminisme en buitelandse beleidsopinies en -gedrag deur sy navorsingskern en evolusie tot datum te ondersoek. Drie navorsingsvrae word behandel. Eerstens, is geslag 'n relevante veranderlike in buitelandse beleidsanalise? Tweedends, indien ja, veranderdit die buitelandse beleidsopinies van vroue? Derdens, is lande meer passief op internasionale vlak waar vroue 'n wesentlike rol in buitelandse beleidsbesluitneming speel? Afsonderlik beskou, is daar gevind dat daar 'n duidelike geslagsonderskeid in buitelandse beleidsopinies is. Dis egter minder eenvoudig om buitelandse beleidsgedrag te bestudeer, aangesien slegs beperkte inligting oor lande wat gedurende internasionale dispute deur vroue beheer is beskikbaar is. Die navorsingsprojek en literatuuroorsig kyk ook vorentoe met spesifieke verwysing na die toekoms van nie net geslag en buitelandse beleidstudies nie, maar ook na die implikasies wat toekomstige verwikkelinge In feministiese Internasionale Verhoudinge 'n vir die studie van tradisionele Internasionale Verhoudinge kan hê.
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Saberi, Nasseri Robin. "Social capital, environmental policy attitudes and the mediating role of climate change beliefs." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-391067.

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In order to combat the potential threats of climate change, effective policy setting and implementation is crucial. A variable which has been shown to have significant explanatory power on the success of different public policy areas is social capital; a multidimensional concept encompassing social relationships and norms ability to mobilize and facilitate common goals. In the context of climate change related research, the relationship between social capital or some of its components to environmental variables typically is studied in a vacuum. This using factor analysis or SEM, at times in combination with other statistical techniques. In this study a more extensive SEM is investigated, examining the potential effect of social capital on environmental policy attitudes, with the mediating component climate change beliefs. The relationship between all three concepts were found to be significant, with the proportion of the total effect which is due to the indirect effect being 23%. This present study contributes to the literature by introducing the use of more extensive models, taking the complex relationships in the area into account to a higher degree, in order for more efficient policy making.
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Kuzma, Lynn M. "When Hawks are Doves and Doves are Hawks: Reevaluating Elite Foreign Policy Beliefs." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392799193.

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Books on the topic "Policy beliefs"

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Sill, Keith. Exchange rates, monetary policy regimes, and beliefs. Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Economic Research Division, 1999.

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Thomas, Michael Tracy. American policy toward Israel: The power and limits of beliefs. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007.

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American policy toward Israel: The power and limits of beliefs. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007.

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Shaping the preschool agenda: Early literacy, public policy, and professional beliefs. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.

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Ruprecht, Heusinger. The Polish transformation 1989-1997: A story of changing beliefs. Kraków: Cracow University of Economics, 1998.

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Primiceri, Giorgio E. Why inflation rose and fell: Policymakers' beliefs and US postwar stabilization policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Primiceri, Giorgio E. Why inflation rose and fell: Policymakers' beliefs and US postwar stabilization policy. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Fara, Patricia. Sympathetic attractions: Magnetic practices, beliefs, and symbolism in eighteenth-century England. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1996.

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Fuchs, Victor R. Why do economists disagree about policy?: The roles of beliefs about parameters and values. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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Pahāṛa (Association : Nainital, India), ed. The future of large projects in the Himalaya: Overcoming incomplete knowledge and unsound beliefs. Nainital: Pahar, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Policy beliefs"

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Schad, Mareike. "Social Beliefs and Redistributive Politics." In Intergenerational Income Mobility and Redistributive Policy, 95–128. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10465-8_9.

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Pierce, John C., and Brent S. Steel. "The Role of Energy Policy Beliefs." In Environmental Challenges and Solutions, 183–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53414-5_10.

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Luft, Julie A., and Sissy S. Wong. "Connecting Teacher Beliefs Research and Policy." In The Role of Science Teachers’ Beliefs in International Classrooms, 135–47. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-557-1_9.

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Sealey, Clive. "How Can Your Ideological Beliefs Make and Change Social Policy?" In Social Policy Simplified, 196–217. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-36296-4_10.

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Lehr, Brandon. "Market & Policy Responses to Nonstandard Beliefs." In Behavioral Economics, 420–42. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367854072-24.

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Smith, Zachary A. "Changing Cultural and Social Beliefs: From Conservation to Environmentalism." In The Environmental Policy Paradox, 12–57. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315623641-2.

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Anderson, Karen. "How Have Narratives, Beliefs and Practices Shaped Pension Reform in Sweden?" In Narrative Policy Analysis, 141–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76635-5_7.

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Caporal-Ebersold, Eloise. "Language Policy in a Multilingual Crèche in France: How Is Language Policy Linked to Language Acquisition Beliefs?" In Language Policy, 55–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75963-0_4.

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Crichlow, Scott. "The Eyes of Kesteven: How the Worldviews of Margaret Thatcher and Her Cabinet Influenced British Foreign Policy." In Beliefs and Leadership in World Politics, 77–99. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403983497_4.

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Roos, Ulrich. "Beliefs and Loyalties in World Politics: A Pragmatist Framework for Analysis." In Theorizing Foreign Policy in a Globalized World, 176–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137431912_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Policy beliefs"

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Losh, Susan Carol, and Brandon Nzekwe. "The foundations: How education major influences basic science knowledge and pseudoscience beliefs." In 2011 Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acsip.2011.6064476.

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Jeong, Heejin, Clark Zhang, George J. Pappas, and Daniel D. Lee. "Assumed Density Filtering Q-learning." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/362.

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While off-policy temporal difference (TD) methods have widely been used in reinforcement learning due to their efficiency and simple implementation, their Bayesian counterparts have not been utilized as frequently. One reason is that the non-linear max operation in the Bellman optimality equation makes it difficult to define conjugate distributions over the value functions. In this paper, we introduce a novel Bayesian approach to off-policy TD methods, called as ADFQ, which updates beliefs on state-action values, Q, through an online Bayesian inference method known as Assumed Density Filtering. We formulate an efficient closed-form solution for the value update by approximately estimating analytic parameters of the posterior of the Q-beliefs. Uncertainty measures in the beliefs not only are used in exploration but also provide a natural regularization for the value update considering all next available actions. ADFQ converges to Q-learning as the uncertainty measures of the Q-beliefs decrease and improves common drawbacks of other Bayesian RL algorithms such as computational complexity. We extend ADFQ with a neural network. Our empirical results demonstrate that ADFQ outperforms comparable algorithms on various Atari 2600 games, with drastic improvements in highly stochastic domains or domains with a large action space.
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Russenberger, M., H. Bjornlund, and W. Xu. "Exploring links between policy preferences for water reallocation and beliefs, values, attitudes, and social norms in Alberta, Canada." In WATER AND SOCIETY 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws110101.

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Villata, Serena. "Artificial Argumentation for Humans." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/818.

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The latest years have seen an increasing interest in the topic of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the challenges it is facing, and the recent advances it has achieved, e.g., intelligent personal assistants. Differently from the past, where research on AI was mainly confined in research labs, the topic is now attracting interest from a wider audience, including policy-makers, information technology companies, and philosophers. Alas, these advances have also raised a number of concerns on AI’s social, economic, and legal impact. Hence, the definition of design principles and automated methods to support transparent intelligent machine deliberation is highly desirable. Argumentation is important for handling conflicting beliefs, assumptions, opinions, goals, and many other mental attitudes. Argumentation pervades human intelligent behavior, and I believe that it is a mandatory element to conceive autonomous artificial machines that can exploit argumentation models and tools in the cognitive tasks they are required to carry out. Results in this area will allow reducing the gap between humans and machines towards a good AI hybrid society.
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Castelao-Lawless, Teresa, and William Lawless. "Informing Science (IS) and Science and Technology Studies (STS): The University as Decision Center )." In 2001 Informing Science Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2416.

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Students of history and philosophy of science courses at my University are either naive robust realists or naive relativists in relation to science and technology. The first group absorbs from culture stereotypical conceptions, such as the value-free character of the scientific method, that science and technology are impervious to history or ideology, and that science and religion are always at odds. The second believes science and technology were selected arbitrarily by ideologues to have privileged world views of reality to the detriment of other interpretations. These deterministic outlooks must be challenged to make students aware of the social importance of their future roles, be they as scientists and engineers or as science and technology policy decision makers. The University as Decision Center (DC) not only reproduces the social by teaching standard solutions to well-defined problems but also provides information regarding conflict resolution and the epistemological, individual, historical, social, and political mechanisms that help create new science and technology. Interdisciplinary research prepares students for roles that require science and technology literacy, but raises methodological issues in the context of the classroom as it increases uncertainty with respect to apparently self- evident beliefs about scientific and technological practices.
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Pakravan, Mohammad H., and Nordica MacCarty. "An Agent-Based Modeling Approach for Clean Technologies Adoption Using Theory of Planned Behavior Based Decision-Making." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97670.

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Abstract Technology adoption in low-income regions is among the key challenges facing international development projects. Nearly 40% of the world’s population relies on open fires and rudimentary cooking devices exacerbating health outcomes, deforestation, and climatic impacts of inefficient biomass burning. Clean technology alternatives such as clean cookstoves are among the most challenging technologies to approach their target goals through sustainable adoption due to lack of systematic market-driven design for adoption. Thus, a method is needed to provide insight regarding how target customers evaluate and perceive causes for adopting a clean technology. The holistic approach of this study captures the three main aspects of technology adoption through lenses of social networks, individual and society scale beliefs, and rational decision-making behavior. Based on data collected in the Apac region in Northern Uganda, an Agent-Based Model is developed to simulate emerging adoption behavior in a community. Then, four different scenarios investigate how adoption patterns change due to potential changes in technology or intervention strategy. These scenarios include influence of stove malfunctions, price elasticity, information campaigns, and strength of social network. Results suggest that higher adoption rates are achievable if designed technologies are more durable, information campaigns provide realistic expectations for users, policy makers and education programs work toward women’s empowerment, and communal social ties are recognized for influence maximization. Application of this study provides insight for technology designers, project implementers, and policy makers to update their practices for achieving sustainable and to the scale clean technology adoption rates.
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Aslinda, Dr, Muhammad Guntur, and Muhammad Akmal Ibrahim. "Policy Core Belief in Policy Change." In International Conference on Administrative Science (ICAS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icas-17.2017.9.

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Squicciarini, Anna Cinzia, William McGill, Giuseppe Petracca, and Shuo Huang. "Early Detection of Policies Violations in a Social Media Site: A Bayesian Belief Network Approach." In 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks - POLICY. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/policy.2012.19.

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Tae, Lidwina Felisima, Zulmi Ramdani, Galih Albara Shidiq, Silmi Amrullah, and Bagus Hary Prakoso. "THE ADAPTATION OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE FOR SCIENCE TEACHING EFFICACY BELIEF INSTRUMENT (STEBI) IN INDONESIAN CONTEXT." In International Conference on Educational Assessment and Policy. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/iceap.v0i0.203.

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Lopcu, Kenan. "Taylor Rule in an Open Economy: Has the Conduct of Monetary Policy Changed in Turkey?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01000.

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This paper studies whether the conduct of monetary policy has changed in Turkey since 1990s by investigating structural changes in a Taylor type of policy rule. Using recently developed econometric techniques (Kejriwal and Perron, 2010), I first test whether structural breaks have occurred in the policy rule. If the tests corroborate the existence of breaks, then I test whether the relevant variables are indeed cointegrated, following Arai and Kurozumi (2007) and Kejriwal (2008). Finally, I estimate the Taylor-type policy rules for each era to see how the conduct of monetary policy may have changed over time. Contrary to a common belief, the results indicate that no significant changes have occurred in the conduct of monetary policy in Turkey since the 1990s.
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Reports on the topic "Policy beliefs"

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Dávila, Eduardo, and Ansgar Walther. Prudential Policy with Distorted Beliefs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28879.

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Bianchi, Francesco, and Cosmin Ilut. Monetary/Fiscal Policy Mix and Agents' Beliefs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20194.

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Primiceri, Giorgio. Why Inflation Rose and Fell: Policymakers' Beliefs and US Postwar Stabilization Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11147.

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McCormack, Caitilin, Steve Jennings, and Linda Kenni. Gender and LGBTQI+ Policy and Programming in Vanuatu: Opportunities, challenges, capacity, and tools for change. Oxfam, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6508.

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In 2016 the government of Vanuatu introduced a National Gender Equality Policy. A second phase of the policy will be implemented in 2020–2024. Insights from key informants working on gender in Vanuatu reveal that there have been some positive developments in the first policy phase. A number of challenges remain, however, including limited capacity in a number of key institutions, and resistance to progress caused by prevailing conservative and patriarchal values and beliefs in Vanuatu. In the absence of other legal instruments for LGBTQI+/SOGI equality, perspectives vary on whether this aspect of gender equality should be included in the revised policy.
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Scrivens, Ryan, Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich, Thomas W. Wojciechowski, and Richard Frank. Detecting Extremists Online: Examining Online Posting Behaviors of Violent and Non-Violent Right-Wing Extremists. RESOLVE Network, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.21.remve.

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Like most of us, violent extremists often leave a digital footprint behind. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers raise questions about whether violent individuals can be identified online prior to their attacks offline based on their online posting behaviors. Despite ongoing concerns, few empirically grounded analyses have identified which online users have engaged in violent extremism offline and then assessed their digital footprints, and fewer analyses have identified differences in posting behaviors of those who share extreme ideological beliefs but are violent or non-violent in the offline world. This policy note highlights the importance of both identifying and examining the online behaviors of violent and non-violent extremists in preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) and provides researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with a number of recommendations for detecting and analyzing the online behaviors of violent and non-violent extremists in the future.
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Horgan, John. Deradicalization Programs: Recommendations for Policy and Practice. RESOLVE Network, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.18.vedr.

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Involvement in violent extremism is not a one-way street. People can, and do, leave violent extremist movements. Understanding how and why they leave (or want to leave) constitutes actionable knowledge that brings immense practical benefits. Such knowledge may help in designing initiatives aimed at persuading people to leave violent extremist groups as well as reducing the risk of re-engagement in violent extremism in the future. Deradicalization programs have much to offer but they are not a magic solution to a highly complex, fluid problem. Not everyone who engages in violent extremism is necessarily going to benefit from such interventions, and no program can ever expect to produce complete success. Yet, they continue to show promise. Deradicalization programs can be effective for some and, if subjected to greater evaluation efforts, may prove far more beneficial than is currently believed. Despite an abundance (and apparent increase) in programming, a continued lack of evaluation work both fuels skepticism and hinders our ability to believe that there is a strong future for these programs.
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Oosterom, Marjoke, and James Sumberg. Are Young People in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa Caught in Waithood? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.039.

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The idea that large numbers of young people in sub-Saharan Africa are stuck in waithood – trapped between childhood and adulthood – dominates international development policy discourse. The belief is that because there are no jobs, young people cannot attain social markers of adulthood. Waithood has proved itself to be a very attractive way to frame debates and promote youth employment interventions. But research challenges two aspects of the waithood story: that young people are inactive; and that work is the only route into adulthood. Caution and nuance are required to prevent waithood becoming another catchy term that does little to improve policy.
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Suleman, Naumana. Experiences of Intersecting Inequalities for Christian Women and Girls in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.013.

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In Pakistan, where gender-based discrimination is already rampant, women and girls belonging to religious minority or belief communities face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination over and above those faced by an average Pakistani woman and girl. This policy briefing shares findings from a study on the situation of socioeconomically excluded Christian women and girls in Pakistan. During the research, they discussed their experiences of different forms of discrimination, which predominantly took place within their workplace (largely sanitary, domestic and factory work) and educational institutes, particularly in government schools. They described being restricted in their mobility by their families and communities who are fearful of the threats of forced conversion, and both poor and affluent women relayed experiences of harassment at healthcare and education facilities once their religious identity is revealed.
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Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.

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This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.
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Lavadenz, Magaly, Sheila Cassidy, Elvira G. Armas, Rachel Salivar, Grecya V. Lopez, and Amanda A. Ross. Sobrato Early Academic Language (SEAL) Model: Final Report of Findings from a Four-Year Study. Center for Equity for English Learners, Loyola Marymount University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.seal2020.

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The Sobrato Early Academic Language (SEAL) Model Research and Evaluation Final Report is comprised of three sets of studies that took place between 2015 and 2019 to examine the effectiveness of the SEAL Model in 67 schools within 12 districts across the state of California. Over a decade ago, the Sobrato Family Foundation responded to the enduring opportunity gaps and low academic outcomes for the state’s 1.2 million English Learners by investing in the design of the SEAL Model. The SEAL PreK–Grade 3 Model was created as a whole-school initiative to develop students’ language, literacy, and academic skills. The pilot study revealed promising findings, and the large-scale implementation of SEAL was launched in 2013. This report addresses a set of research questions and corresponding studies focused on: 1) the perceptions of school and district-level leaders regarding district and school site implementation of the SEAL Model, 2) teachers’ development and practices, and 3) student outcomes. The report is organized in five sections, within which are twelve research briefs that address the three areas of study. Technical appendices are included in each major section. A developmental evaluation process with mixed methods research design was used to answer the research questions. Key findings indicate that the implementation of the SEAL Model has taken root in many schools and districts where there is evidence of systemic efforts or instructional improvement for the English Learners they serve. In regards to teachers’ development and practices, there were statistically significant increases in the use of research-based practices for English Learners. Teachers indicated a greater sense of efficacy in addressing the needs of this population and believe the model has had a positive impact on their knowledge and skills to support the language and literacy development of PreK- Grade 3 English Learners. Student outcome data reveal that despite SEAL schools averaging higher rates of poverty compared to the statewide rate, SEAL English Learners in grades 2–4 performed comparably or better than California English Learners in developing their English proficiency; additional findings show that an overwhelming majority of SEAL students are rapidly progressing towards proficiency thus preventing them from becoming long-term English Learners. English Learners in bilingual programs advanced in their development of Spanish, while other English Learners suffered from language loss in Spanish. The final section of the report provides considerations and implications for further SEAL replication, sustainability, additional research and policy.
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