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Journal articles on the topic 'Policy beliefs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Blum, Douglas W. "The Soviet Foreign Policy Belief System: Beliefs, Politics, and Foreign Policy Outcomes." International Studies Quarterly 37, no. 4 (December 1993): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2600837.

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2

Schier, Stephen E., and Andrew Kaufman. "American Foreign Policy Opinion in 2004: Exploring Underlying Beliefs." American Review of Politics 27 (January 1, 2007): 295–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2007.27.0.295-317.

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This analysis identifies some underlying foreign policy beliefs of Americans in 2004 and explores the impact of those beliefs upon attitudes about specific foreign policies. We find, following Wittkopf (1986, 1987, 1990), that there remains a coherence to American mass foreign policy opinion. Americans can be described as clustering into four belief sets about foreign policy— accommodationists, internationalists, isolationists and hardliners. Further, these beliefs explain variation in public responses regarding specific foreign policies, such as the proper U.S. role in world affairs, the choice of multilateral or unilateral approaches, and support of increased defense spending.

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Mercer, Jonathan. "Emotional Beliefs." International Organization 64, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309990221.

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AbstractA belief in alien abduction is an emotional belief, but so is a belief that Iran intends to build nuclear weapons, that one's country is good, that a sales tax is unjust, or that French decision makers are irresolute. Revolutionary research in the brain sciences has overturned conventional views of the relationship between emotion, rationality, and beliefs. Because rationality depends on emotion, and because cognition and emotion are nearly indistinguishable in the brain, one can view emotion as constituting and strengthening beliefs such as trust, nationalism, justice or credibility. For example, a belief that another's commitment is credible depends on one's selection (and interpretation) of evidence and one's assessment of risk, both of which rely on emotion. Observing that emotion and cognition co-produce beliefs has policy implications: how one fights terrorism changes if one views credibility as an emotional belief.

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House, Ernest R. "Race and Policy." education policy analysis archives 7 (April 26, 1999): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v7n16.1999.

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Beliefs about race have played a central role in American history, literature, and education. Racial beliefs are embedded in the national identity in complex and disguised ways. These beliefs attribute presumed character traits to African Americans and other minorities, who are thought of as different in character and ability, especially the ability to govern themselves. These beliefs lead to education policies which separate, differentiate, and mandate different curricula and treatment for minorities, policies justified as being fair and democratic. These beliefs influence not only curriculum content, but how the schools are organized, financed, and administered at a deeper level than is commonly understood.

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Millner, Antony, and Hélène Ollivier. "Beliefs, Politics, and Environmental Policy." Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reep/rew010.

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6

Andolfatto, David, and Paul Gomme. "Monetary policy regimes and beliefs*." International Economic Review 44, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2354.t01-1-00061.

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7

Doshi, P., and P. J. Gmytrasiewicz. "Monte Carlo Sampling Methods for Approximating Interactive POMDPs." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 34 (March 24, 2009): 297–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2630.

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Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provide a principled framework for sequential planning in uncertain single agent settings. An extension of POMDPs to multiagent settings, called interactive POMDPs (I-POMDPs), replaces POMDP belief spaces with interactive hierarchical belief systems which represent an agents belief about the physical world, about beliefs of other agents, and about their beliefs about others beliefs. This modification makes the difficulties of obtaining solutions due to complexity of the belief and policy spaces even more acute. We describe a general method for obtaining approximate solutions of I-POMDPs based on particle filtering (PF). We introduce the interactive PF, which descends the levels of the interactive belief hierarchies and samples and propagates beliefs at each level. The interactive PF is able to mitigate the belief space complexity, but it does not address the policy space complexity. To mitigate the policy space complexity sometimes also called the curse of history we utilize a complementary method based on sampling likely observations while building the look ahead reachability tree. While this approach does not completely address the curse of history, it beats back the curses impact substantially. We provide experimental results and chart future work.

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Stecula, Dominik A., Ozan Kuru, Dolores Albarracin, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. "Policy Views and Negative Beliefs About Vaccines in the United States, 2019." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305828.

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Objectives. To determine whether holding vaccine misconceptions, in the form of negative beliefs about vaccines, correlates with opposing governmental action at all levels designed to increase vaccination (e.g., removing personal belief and religious vaccine exemptions). Methods. Drawing on data from a nationally representative survey of 1938 US adults, we assessed the relation between negative beliefs about vaccines and provaccination policies. Results. Beyond sociodemographic and policy-relevant variables, such as gender and partisan affiliation, questionable negative beliefs about vaccines are the strongest predictor of opposition to policies designed to increase vaccination. Conclusions. Negative beliefs about vaccines in the general population may thwart the passage or implementation of policies designed to increase vaccination. Implementing strategies that reduce these negative beliefs should be a priority of educators and public health officials.

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Bayer, Patrick, and Federica Genovese. "Beliefs About Consequences from Climate Action Under Weak Climate Institutions: Sectors, Home Bias, and International Embeddedness." Global Environmental Politics 20, no. 4 (November 2020): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00577.

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Climate policy has distributional effects, and ratcheting up climate ambition will only become politically feasible if the general public believes that their country can win from ambitious climate action. In this article, we develop a theory of belief formation that anchors distributional effects from climate action at the sector level. Specifically, we study how knowing about these impacts shapes public beliefs about collective economic consequences from climate policy—not only in a home country but also abroad. A nationally representative survey experiment in the United Kingdom demonstrates that respondents are biased toward their home country in assessing information about winning and losing sectors: while beliefs brighten for good news and worsen for bad news when the home country is involved, distributional effects from abroad are discounted for belief formation. We also show that feelings of “international embeddedness,” akin to globalization attitudes, make UK respondents consistently hold more positive beliefs that the country can benefit from ambitious climate action. Ruling out several alternative explanations, these results offer a first step toward a better understanding of how distributional effects in one issue area, such as globalization, can spill over to other issue areas, such as climate change.

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Rogers, Todd, Don A. Moore, and Michael I. Norton. "The Belief in a Favorable Future." Psychological Science 28, no. 9 (August 3, 2017): 1290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617706706.

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People believe that future others’ preferences and beliefs will change to align with their own. People holding a particular view (e.g., support of President Trump) are more likely to believe that future others will share their view than to believe that future others will have an opposing view (e.g., opposition to President Trump). Six studies demonstrated this belief in a favorable future (BFF) for political views, scientific beliefs, and entertainment and product preferences. BFF is greater in magnitude than the tendency to believe that current others share one’s views (false-consensus effect), arises across cultures, is distinct from general optimism, is strongest when people perceive their views as being objective rather than subjective, and can affect (but is distinct from) beliefs about favorable future policy changes. A lab experiment involving monetary bets on the future popularity of politicians and a field experiment involving political donations ( N = 660,542) demonstrated that BFF can influence people’s behavior today.

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Marks, Harry M. "Cancer Beliefs." Health Affairs 20, no. 6 (November 2001): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.20.6.304.

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12

Kemmerling, Achim. "The end of work or work without end? How people’s beliefs about labour markets shape retirement politics." Journal of Public Policy 36, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x14000324.

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AbstractThis article argues that public opinion on retirement is related to people’s causal beliefs about how labour markets work. Whereas voters do not think that there is an employment trade-off between older and younger workers in some European countries, in others, this is a dominant paradigm. When they believe this trade-off exists, people are more hostile to reforms that lead to longer working lives. The article uses Eurobarometer data to investigate the determinants of this belief – for instance, more people being led to believe in such a trade-off under high levels of labour market regulation. The article then goes on to show that this belief is related to policy preferences about early retirement. Finally, the article illustrates the political consequences of this belief and shows that it affects many policy areas even beyond early retirement.

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Miller, Lisa, and Martin E. P. Seligman. "Beliefs about Responsibility and Improvement Associated with Liberal-Conservative Justice Beliefs." Psychological Reports 84, no. 1 (February 1999): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.329.

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This study investigated the association between belief in the possibility of human improvement, beliefs about responsibility, and liberal-conservative beliefs about justice. 510 predominantly middle-class subjects were administered the Attributions of Responsibility Questionnaire and asked to respond to a series of policy-related issues concerning either distributive justice or retributive justice. Analyses indicated that liberal-conservative beliefs about justice were associated with beliefs about the possibility of human improvement and beliefs about responsibility. Findings may be interpreted to suggest that self-identified liberals and conservatives may hold differing pragmatic views about the anticipated effectiveness of reform, rehabilitation, and re-allocation of resources.

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Best, Gabriela. "POLICY PREFERENCES AND POLICY MAKERS' BELIEFS: THE GREAT INFLATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, no. 8 (May 24, 2016): 1957–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516000079.

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The literature has proposed two potential channels through which monetary policy played a role in the Great Inflation in the United States. One approach posits that the Federal Reserve held misperceptions of the economy. An alternative explanation contends that policy makers shifted preferences from an output gap stabilization goal toward inflation stabilization after 1979. This paper develops a medium-scale macroeconomic model that incorporates real-timelearningby policy makers as well as a (potential) shift in policy makers' preferences. The empirical results show that combining both views—distorted policy makers' beliefs about the persistence of inflation and the inflation-output gap trade-off, accompanied by a stronger preference for inflation stabilization after 1979—illuminates the role played by monetary policy in propagating and ending the Great Inflation.

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Olive, Andrea, Vagisha Gunasekara, and Leigh Raymond. "Normative Beliefs in State Policy Choice." Political Research Quarterly 65, no. 3 (July 14, 2011): 642–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912911408110.

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Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, Daniel R. Biggers, and David J. Hendry. "Self-Interest, Beliefs, and Policy Opinions." Political Research Quarterly 70, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912916684032.

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Research on how economic factors affect attitudes toward immigration often focuses on labor market effects, concluding that, because workers’ skill levels do not predict opposition to low- versus highly skilled immigration, economic self-interest does not shape policy attitudes. We conduct a new survey to measure beliefs about a range of economic, political, and cultural consequences of immigration. When economic self-interest is broadened to include concerns about the fiscal burdens created by immigration, beliefs about these economic effects strongly correlate with immigration attitudes and explain a significant share of the difference in support for highly versus low-skilled immigration. Although cultural factors are important, our results suggest that previous work underestimates the importance of economic self-interest as a source of immigration policy preferences and attitudes more generally.

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Schuldt, Jonathon P., Y. Connie Yuan, Yunya Song, and Kai Liu. "Beliefs about whose beliefs? Second-order beliefs and support for China's coal-to-gas policy." Journal of Environmental Psychology 66 (December 2019): 101367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101367.

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18

Earnshaw, Valerie A., Lisa A. Eaton, Seth C. Kalichman, Natalie M. Brousseau, E. Carly Hill, and Annie B. Fox. "COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support." Translational Behavioral Medicine 10, no. 4 (August 2020): 850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa090.

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Abstract Conspiracy theories have been proliferating during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence suggests that belief in conspiracy theories undermines engagement in pro-health behaviors and support for public health policies. Moreover, previous work suggests that inoculating messages from opinion leaders that expose conspiracy theories as false before people are exposed to them can help to prevent belief in new conspiracies. Goals of this study were to: (a) explore associations between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine intentions, cooperation with public health recommendations, and support for public health policies among U.S. adults and (b) investigate trusted sources of COVID-19 information to inform strategies to address conspiracy beliefs. A cross-sectional, online survey was conducted with 845 U.S. adults in April 2020. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance and multivariable regressions. One-third (33%) of participants believed one or more conspiracies about COVID-19. Participants who believed conspiracies reported that their intentions to vaccinate were 3.9 times lower and indicated less support for COVID-19 public health policies than participants who disbelieved conspiracies. There were no differences in cooperation with public health recommendations by conspiracy belief endorsement in the multivariable regression analysis. Although there were some key differences in trusted sources of COVID-19 information, doctor(s) were the most trusted source of information about COVID-19 overall with 90% of participants trusting doctor(s). Doctor(s) may play a role in addressing COVID-19 conspiracy theories before people are exposed to them to promote COVID-19 prevention efforts.

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19

Maffioli, Elisa M., Manoj Mohanan, Indrani Saran, and Wendy Prudhomme O’Meara. "Does improving appropriate use of malaria medicines change population beliefs in testing and treatment? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa010.

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Abstract A major puzzle in malaria treatment remains the dual problem of underuse and overuse of malaria medications, which deplete scarce public resources used for subsidies and lead to drug resistance. One explanation is that health behaviour, especially in the context of incomplete information, could be driven by beliefs, pivotal to the success of health interventions. The objective of this study is to investigate how population beliefs change in response to an experimental intervention which was shown to improve access to rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) through community health workers (CHWs) and to increase appropriate use of anti-malaria medications. By collecting data on individuals’ beliefs on malaria testing and treatment 12 and 18 months after the experimental intervention started, we find that the intervention increases the belief that a negative test result is correct, and the belief that the first-line anti-malaria drugs (artemisinin-based combination therapies or ACTs) are effective. Using mediation analysis, we also explore some possible mechanisms through which the changes happen. We find that the experience and knowledge about RDT and experience with CHWs explain 62.4% of the relationship between the intervention and the belief that a negative test result is correct. Similarly, the targeted use of ACTs and taking the correct dose—in addition to experience with RDT—explain 96.8% of the relationship between the intervention and the belief that the ACT taken is effective. As beliefs are important determinants of economic behaviour and might guide individuals’ future decisions, understanding how they change after a health intervention has important implications for long-term changes in population behaviour.

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Peled, Zimra, Elad Peled, and Gad Alexander. "A Taxonomy for Computer Software Adoption Policy." Journal of Educational Computing Research 8, no. 1 (February 1992): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6kh9-deb1-kfn0-qyr6.

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This article proposes a taxonomy to aid decision makers in selecting computer software that is consistent with the their values and preferences for instruction. It builds on two interrelated arguments: 1) the nature of instruction and the use of information technology derive from a conceptual framework that is embedded in an explicit or implicit belief about the nature of human development and learning, and 2) due to the value nature of instruction, the instructional beliefs embedded in software should be congruent with the decision maker's beliefs underlying instruction. The taxonomy consists of three components: characteristics of patterns of instruction, properties of software, and the congruence between them. These components are interrelated in a mapping sentence [1] that maps characteristics of instruction onto properties of software. The taxonomy refers to two types of educational decision makers. Believers, whose decisions are predetermined by a belief commitment and orchestrators, whose decisions are heuristically taken. Decisions for believers are straight forward; decisions for orchestrators are more complicated and depend on contextual factors represented in the mapping sentence. Links between research findings and the taxonomy are presented and illustrate the taxonomy's use and its utility in predicting real world decisions.

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Bolsen, Toby, James N. Druckman, and Fay Lomax Cook. "Citizens’, Scientists’, and Policy Advisors’ Beliefs about Global Warming." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 658, no. 1 (February 8, 2015): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214558393.

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Numerous factors shape citizens’ beliefs about global warming, but there is very little research that compares the views of the public with key actors in the policymaking process. We analyze data from simultaneous and parallel surveys of (1) the U.S. public, (2) scientists who actively publish research on energy technologies in the United States, and (3) congressional policy advisors and find that beliefs about global warming vary markedly among them. Scientists and policy advisors are more likely than the public to express a belief in the existence and anthropogenic nature of global warming. We also find ideological polarization about global warming in all three groups, although scientists are less polarized than the public and policy advisors over whether global warming is actually occurring. Alarmingly, there is evidence that the ideological divide about global warming gets significantly larger according to respondents’ knowledge about politics, energy, and science.

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Fives, Helenrose, and Michelle M. Buehl. "Teachers’ Beliefs, in the Context of Policy Reform." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 12, 2016): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732215623554.

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Teachers’ beliefs shape their practice. Beliefs, conceptions held with enough personal conviction to be considered true, serve as helpful heuristics for teachers embedded in the complex, ever-changing contexts of classrooms and schools. Three sets of beliefs appear essential to teaching practice, namely, beliefs about teaching, knowledge (epistemic beliefs), and students’ ability. Empirical research about these beliefs is reviewed in light of current U.S. policy documents of curriculum standards, the Common Core State Standards initiative and the Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. Teachers’ beliefs filter, frame, and guide their perceptions and implementation of the new curriculum standards. Recommendations to policy makers, educational leaders, and teacher educators include allowing teachers to examine and reflect on their beliefs in light of reforms.

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Hartley, Lisa K., Joel R. Anderson, and Anne Pedersen. "Process in the Community, Detain Offshore or ‘Turn Back the Boats’? Predicting Australian Asylum-seeker Policy Support from False Beliefs, Prejudice and Political Ideology." Journal of Refugee Studies 32, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 562–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey048.

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Abstract Over the past few decades, there has been a progressive implementation of policies designed to deter the arrival of people seeking protection. In Australia, this has included offshore processing and towing boats of asylum seekers away from Australian waters. In a community survey of 164 Australians, this study examined the predictive role of false beliefs about asylum seekers, prejudice and political ideology in support of three policies. Multiple hierarchical regression models indicated that, although political ideology and prejudice were significant predictors of policy support, false beliefs was the strongest predictor. For the policy of processing asylum seekers in the community, less endorsement of false beliefs was a significant predictor, while, for the policy of offshore processing, more endorsement of false beliefs was a significant predictor. For the boat turn-back policy, an increase in false-belief endorsement was the strongest predictor; although increases in prejudice and a prejudice–political ideology interaction (i.e. the predictive value of prejudice was stronger for participants who identified as politically conservative) also independently predicted support. Practical implications and future research avenues are discussed.

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Smith, Adrian. "Policy Networks and Advocacy Coalitions: Explaining Policy Change and Stability in UK Industrial Pollution Policy?" Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 18, no. 1 (February 2000): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c9810j.

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Policy network analysis (PNA) and the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) are relatively recent additions to the toolbox of policy analysis. The author explores the strengths and limitations of each through comparative application. The two frameworks are used to analyse policy change and stability in the UK industrial pollution sector over a period of more than twenty-five years. Innovations derived from policy-oriented learning generated in the 1970s were initially rejected before being implemented fourteen years later. The case study illustrates the limits of both theories. Change was not an open competition between advocates of different core policy beliefs. Nevertheless the ACF analysis of contrasting, broadly defined, beliefs can help explain some events beyond policy networks. Resource interdependencies in the policy network provide a good explanation for the stabilities exhibited in the case study. PNA can also explain why some actors were excluded from the policy process whereas others exercised decisionmaking and nondecisionmaking power. In combination, the more fundamental agency-oriented and structure-oriented emphases on beliefs and resources associated with the ACF and PNA, respectively, can enrich policy analysis.

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Murray, Shoon Kathleen, Jonathan A. Cowden, and Bruce M. Russett. "The convergence of American elites’ domestic beliefs with their foreign policy beliefs." International Interactions 25, no. 2 (July 1999): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050629908434947.

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Hilbers, Julieanne, Abby S. Haynes, and Jennifer G. Kivikko. "Spirituality and health: an exploratory study of hospital patients' perspectives." Australian Health Review 34, no. 1 (2010): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09655.

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The relationship between spirituality/religion and health is receiving increasing academic interest, but few studies have explored the experience of Australians. This paper presents data from an exploratory survey of patients and families in a public teaching hospital in Sydney. The findings show that the majority of hospital service users: •believe there are links between spirituality/religion and health; •believe that rituals and customs can help people when they are sick/suffering; •have valued practices associated with their beliefs; •feel it is helpful for health staff to know their patients’ beliefs; •are willing to be asked about their beliefs; or •want hospital staff to respect and support the beliefs and practices of all patients. Spirituality and religion, and the beliefs and practices associated with them, were found to be eclectic, individualised and evolving in response to life events such as loss and health crises. This paper concludes that a person-centred framework of health practice includes attention to the religious/spiritual dimension of patients and their families. What is known about the topic?There is a rapidly developing body of research that demonstrates an increasing awareness of the important links between religion and health, but is limited in Australian application. What does this paper add?This paper provides contextually relevant qualitative and quantitative data on patient perspectives, including how patients wish to be treated by health staff in relation to their beliefs and practices. The Australian perspective also provides a valuable counterpoint to US-dominated research in the global community. What are the implications for practitioners?The research findings indicate that practitioners need to recognise and respond to the role of religious and spiritual beliefs and practices in patients’ health journeys. The discussion suggests some practical ways of doing this which sit comfortably within the patient-centred approach.

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Blissett, Richard S. L. "Proving I’m Right: Charter School Policy and Selective Exposure to Information." Educational Policy 34, no. 6 (October 2, 2018): 894–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904818802102.

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Research suggests that individuals may make choices about the information they consume that are influenced by what they already believe. In this study, I investigate this process in a particularly contentious policy arena: charter schools. What kinds of information are important to people as they evaluate charter school policy? Are their choices shaped by their prior beliefs? Overall, I find that indeed people tend to seek out information that aligns with their prior beliefs. Altogether, the results of this study suggest that the dynamics of selective exposure present in the political arena more broadly also exist within education policy.

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Koohang, Alex, Kevin Floyd, Neil Rigole, and Joanna Paliszkiewicz. "Security policy and data protection awareness of mobile devices in relation to employees’ trusting beliefs." Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management 6, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36965/ojakm.2018.6(2)7-22.

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This paper builds a research model to examine the impact of security policy awareness and data protection awareness of mobile devices on employees’ trust belief. A survey instrument was administered to a sample in various organizations in the United States (US). Collected data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results using 222 participants showed that the security policy awareness of mobile devices positively and significantly contributes to employees’ trusting beliefs. Likewise, the data protection awareness of mobile devices positively and significantly contributes to employees’ trusting beliefs. The findings are discussed.

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Lau, Richard R., Richard A. Smith, and Susan T. Fiske. "Political Beliefs, Policy Interpretations, and Political Persuasion." Journal of Politics 53, no. 3 (August 1991): 644–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2131574.

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Mertens, Elmar. "Managing Beliefs About Monetary Policy Under Discretion." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2009, no. 11 (August 2009): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2010.11.

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MERTENS, ELMAR. "Managing Beliefs about Monetary Policy under Discretion." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 48, no. 4 (May 17, 2016): 661–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12314.

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32

Kirkland, Lynn. "Special Publications: Childhood Education Research Policy Beliefs." Childhood Education 89, no. 3 (May 2013): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2013.793090.

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Bianchi, Francesco, and Cosmin Ilut. "Monetary/Fiscal policy mix and agents' beliefs." Review of Economic Dynamics 26 (October 2017): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2017.02.011.

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34

Millner, Antony, Hélène Ollivier, and Leo Simon. "Policy experimentation, political competition, and heterogeneous beliefs." Journal of Public Economics 120 (December 2014): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.08.008.

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35

Chittick, William O., and Keith R. Billingsley. "The Structure of Elite Foreign Policy Beliefs." Western Political Quarterly 42, no. 2 (June 1989): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/448352.

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Chittick, W. O., and K. R. Billingsley. "The Structure of Elite Foreign Policy Beliefs." Political Research Quarterly 42, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591298904200203.

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37

Sill, Keith, and Jeff Wrase. "Exchange rates, monetary policy regimes, and beliefs." International Advances in Economic Research 5, no. 2 (May 1999): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295084.

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Chen, Chi-Jen, and Victor W. Liu. "Investment policy with heterogeneous beliefs of investors." Economics Letters 94, no. 3 (March 2007): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.08.019.

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39

Chowdhury, Rafi M. M. I. "Personal Values and Consumers’ Ethical Beliefs: The Mediating Roles of Moral Identity and Machiavellianism." Journal of Macromarketing 40, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146720917431.

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This study constitutes a theoretically grounded exploration of the factors that mediate the relationship between consumer values and ethical beliefs. An online survey of US consumers was conducted to explore potential mediators of the effects of personal values on consumers’ ethical beliefs. The results show that moral identity and dimensions of Machiavellianism (amoral manipulation, desire for control) mediate the effects of self-transcendence orientation (the importance of self-transcendence values relative to that of self-enhancement values) and conservation orientation (the importance of conservation values relative to that of openness-to-change values) on beliefs about unethical consumer actions. Furthermore, moral identity mediates the effects of self-transcendence orientation and conservation orientation on beliefs about pro-social actions. These results demonstrate that personal values, moral character, and belief systems all influence consumer ethics. Macromarketing implications for public policy, particularly education policy, are discussed.

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Romer, Christina D., and David H. Romer. "The Most Dangerous Idea in Federal Reserve History: Monetary Policy Doesn't Matter." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.55.

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Monetary policy-makers' beliefs about how the economy functions are a key determinant of the conduct of policy. That monetary policy has little impact under the prevailing circumstances is a belief which has resurfaced periodically over the Federal Reserve's 100-year history. In both the 1930s and the 1970s a belief in the ineffectiveness of monetary policy led to policy inaction and poor economic outcomes. For some of the recent period, the same view appears to have limited the policy response to prolonged high unemployment in the presence of low inflation.

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Harris, Michael S. "From policy design to campus: Implementation of a tuition decentralization policy." education policy analysis archives 15 (July 30, 2007): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v15n16.2007.

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This study analyzes the implementation of a tuition decentralization policy in North Carolina. Concepts of organizational culture served as a guiding framework for an interpretive analysis. Qualitative case study data for the research was collected from interviews with key policy makers within the University of North Carolina as well as an extensive collection of documents. The findings demonstrate the importance of shared norms and beliefs in achieving successful policy implementation through a case study where incongruence of stakeholder values, beliefs, and goals created institutional conflict.

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Ben-Zadok, Efraim. "Understanding policy learning and change through policy beliefs: Florida smart growth." International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 10, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2018.1481854.

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Clarke, Valerie, Sally Savage, Barbara Hanna, and Helen Cox. "Self-reported health beliefs of government housing tenants." Australian Health Review 25, no. 4 (2002): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020132.

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Our aim was to provide a description of the self-reported health beliefs of a sample of Victorian public housing tenants, and to identify how gender, age and geographic location relate to these beliefs. Telephone interviews were conducted with a stratified random sample of 360 tenants, asking questions such as what they believe are the major health problems for men and women, what they do to keep healthy, and what makes it difficult to keep healthy. There were many differences in the beliefs held by older participants compared with those of younger participants. By asking about health in general, rather than specific aspects of health, this research identified the views about health which are most salient to participants, rather than those prompted by a survey on a particular disease or health behaviour. The health promotion implications of these findings are discussed.

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Friman, H. Richard. "From Policy Beliefs to Policy Choices: The Resurgence of Tariff Retaliation in the U.S. Pursuit of Fair Trade." Journal of Public Policy 13, no. 2 (April 1993): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00001008.

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AbstractPolicymakers hold and seek to act on beliefs concerning trade strategies as well as those concerning trade tactics and instruments. In contrast to prominent hypotheses in the literature, this article argues that constraints placed on specific dimensions of trade policy by societal groups and state institutions appear to play a greater role in shaping the impact of beliefs on policy choices than overall shifts in discretion accorded to policymakers. Insights into the resurgence of the retaliatory tariff in U.S. trade policy during 1985–88 are at the interaction of policy beliefs and variation in executive discretion. Although lending support to scholarship focusing on the interaction of ideas and institutions, these findings raise questions concerning prominent claims about the significance of policy beliefs.

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Christiansen, Andreas, and Bjørn Gunnar Hallsson. "Democratic Decision Making and the Psychology of Risk." Dossier : Public Participation, Legitimate Political Decisions, and Controversial Technologies 12, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 51–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042278ar.

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In many cases, the public (or large parts of it) want to restrict an activity or technology that they believe to be dangerous, but that scientific experts believe to be safe. There is thus a tension between respecting the preferences of the people and making policy based on our best scientific knowledge. Deciding how to make policy in the light of this tension requires an understanding of why citizens sometimes disagree with the experts on what is risky and what is safe. In this paper, we examine two highly influential theories of how people form beliefs about risks: the theory that risk beliefs are errors caused by bounded rationality and the theory that such beliefs are part and parcel of people’s core value systems. We then discuss the implications of the psychological theories for questions regarding liberal-democratic decision making: (1) Should policy be responsive to the preferences of citizens in the domain of risk regulation? (2) What risk-regulation policies are legitimate? (3) How should liberal-democratic deliberation be structured?

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Kim, Soon-yang. "Policy Actors’Beliefs and Interests in the Healthcare Policy Process: The Debate on the Privatization of Medical Services." Korean Journal of Local Government Studies 21, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 405–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20484/klog.21.2.17.

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Li, Mingchuan, Boyang Yu, Bin Zheng, and Lan Gao. "Collection of Non-Timber Forest Products in Chinese Giant Panda Reserves: The Effect of Religious Beliefs." Forests 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010046.

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Religious belief play an irreplaceable role in the protection of natural resources. This paper explores the influence of religious beliefs on the Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) collection behaviors of farmers, in order to provide new ideas on how to rationally use natural resources for nature reserves. Based on survey data of giant panda reserves in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces in China, we analyze the differences of NTFPs collection between farmers with or without religious beliefs and those with different religious beliefs. Our results show that: (i) The SUR-Probit method can be used to overcome the endogeneity problem of the model and test the causal effect between religious belief and NTFPs collection; (ii) farmers with religious beliefs collect NTFPs to a lesser extent; and (iii) the collection of NTFPs by farmers with different religious beliefs can be distinguished. The important role of religious belief in the use of natural resources has often been neglected in previous studies. In our research, we find that religious belief can indeed guide the individual choice of resource utilization behavior, to a certain extent, ultimately achieving the mutual co-ordination of ecological protection and economic development, which can also be used as a reference for policy-making.

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Wolsink, Maarten. "Policy Beliefs in Spatial Decisions: Contrasting Core Beliefs Concerning Space-making for Waste Infrastructure." Urban Studies 41, no. 13 (December 2004): 2669–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000294619.

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Chang, Hsin-Li, and Pin-Chuan Chen. "Exploring senior officials’ policy beliefs regarding sustainable transportation." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 14, no. 4 (June 2009): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2009.01.008.

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Farrell, T. S. C., and S. T. K. Kun. "Language Policy, Language Teachers' Beliefs, and Classroom Practices." Applied Linguistics 29, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 381–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amm050.

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