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Mitchell, David Hermann Margaret G. "Making foreign policy Presidential management, advisors and the foreign policy decision-making process /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Qwaka, Prince Siphiwo. "The role of policy management units with particular reference to the PMU in the South African Parliament." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1215_1328706690.
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This study seeks to understand and examine the role of public policy units with a specific focus on the South African National Parliament Policy Management Unit (PMU). The problem being investigated is that of a lack of constructive support and debate in understanding the role and functions of policy management units. Thus, the scope of the study is limited to policy management units with the South African Parliament PMU as a special reference. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the role of policy management units, with particular reference to the PMU in the South African Parliament. The secondary objectives will then be to provide a theoretical perspective of the role and functions of policy management units
and to develop a case of the PMU in Parliament for further analysis and examination. Examples of existing policy units and the support they have with parliaments will be produced, assessed, and explored.
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Tabur, Canan Ezel. "The decision-making process in EU policy towards the Eastern neighbourhood : the case of immigration policy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38671/.
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This thesis investigates the EU policy-making process concerning the external dimension of migration focusing on the EU's eastern neighbourhood. In recent years, there has been an increasing emphasis on integrating a comprehensive migration dimension into the broader external policies of the EU. In 2004, the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was developed as an overarching foreign policy tool integrating the EU's existing policies towards its southern and eastern neighbourhood under a single framework with the objective of ensuring security and stability in the EU's neighbourhood. The management of cross-border movements along the EU's new eastern frontiers in particular has moved up on the EU agenda with the eastern shift of the EU borders following the 2004/2007 eastern enlargements. With the increasing integration of migration policy objectives into the EU's broader neighbourhood policy, the EU has progressively established a more streamlined form of cooperation with its immediate eastern neighbours concerning different dimensions of migration policy. The thesis examines the EU policy-making process with the aim of answering the question of how the EU policy has been shaped in the view of diverging national preferences and institutional roles and influence concerning the external dimension of migration policy. As a salient policy area central to national sovereignty and interest, the EU member states traditionally seek to control the impact of institutional constraints in the area of migration policy and support mechanisms by which they could exert national control over the policy outcomes. On the other hand, the increasing ‘communitarisation' of the policy area since the Amsterdam Treaty has enhanced the role of the EU institutions. Drawing on the new-institututionalist approaches to EU policy-making, the thesis questions a purely intergovernmental understanding of policy-making dominated by the preferences of the member states in the external dimension of EU migration policy.
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Moore, W. S. "The application of the analytic hierarchy process as a decision aid for practitioners and policy makers." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546339.
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Eckerd, Adam Michael. "Equal Partners at Every Level of Decision Making: Environmental Justice and the Policy Process." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306513752.
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Austin, Elizabeth Anne. "Shock and Awe : the foreign policy decision-making process under the Bush administration." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2566/.
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In recent years a growing number of scholars within the field of Foreign Policy Analysis have asserted that an understanding of the interface between national identity and foreign policy is of paramount importance. Indeed one of the driving forces behind the surge of interest in this topic area is the recognition that foreign policy decision-makers are not immune to the effects of national identity, being themselves a product of the society in which they live. This body of work seeks to highlight the role American exceptionalism played in influencing the Bush administration’s foreign policy decision-making process following the events of September 11th. For many Americans, the events of September 11th served as a cruel re-minder that the United States remained vulnerable to outside attack much like it had been prior to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Both events are now indelibly scarred into the American psyche. While each attack left Americans with a sense of vulnerability, they could have at least consoled themselves with the thought that Pearl Harbor was a reaction to the perceived threat that the United States would pose on entering the Second World War. September 11th only lead Americans to the sobering realization that the citizens of other nations took a growing affront to their very ideals and way of life. Sensing this insecurity, the Bush administration seized the opportunity presented by September 11th and began reshaping the identity of the United States, its enemies and the rest of the world in order to justify its foreign policy. This thesis suggests that in the absence of the September 11th terrorist attacks and the resultant shift in identity, the neoconservatives would not have had the same chance to exert their considerable influence on the administration. In order to achieve its objectives, this research notes that the Bush administration employed a foreign policy decision-making process that not only circumvented executive branch proficiency but also often completely disregarded it. Moreover it is also apparent that key foreign policy decision-makers were overconfident in America’s exceptional nature, mainly its economic and military superiority, which consequently clouded its assessment of public diplomacy’s value. Examination of the administration’s defense posture in the wake of September 11th has revealed that many of its early initiatives did not match the threats faced by the United States. One thing is certain, in the absence of the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Bush administration would have been unable to justify a foreign policy doctrine as outlined in the 2002 National Security Strategy. Finally this research seeks to add to the field through an assessment of public opinion in particular that of the Facebook Generation, an up and coming cohort. Appreciation of public opinion is crucial as it provides a perspective through which to understand how the American public sees the nation’s self-image and how it wants the country to act on the international stage. From a foreign policy decision-making perspective, this information is invaluable because it reveals what types of risks the public is willing to take. As a result, it is imperative that researchers begin to understand this generation’s point of view, given the uncertain nature of the international environment that lies ahead.
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Ison, Stephen G. "The policy process and urban road pricing : an incremental approach to decision-making." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7471.
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The issue of urban road pricing is currently receiving a great deal of attention. The subject matter has a long history, stretching back to the economic literature of the mid-19th century with a significant renewal of academic interest during the 1960's. Whilst the theoretical basis for urban road pricing has been cogently put forward, an apparent sound economic rationale does not, of itself, ensure political and public acceptanceH. ow then should decision-makingp roceed if the aim is ultimately one of implementing an urban road pricing scheme in the UK? As such, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the process of decision-making with respect to urban road pricing, to develop a theoretical framework for the subsequent empirical research undertaken on road pricing, and to suggest policy options, thus informing the development of policy and furthering the debate among policy-makers. In effect, an incremental approach to urban road pricing decision-making is proposed, which stresses that decisions are generally taken in small adjustments from the existing state of affairs and invariably necessitatet he attainment of agreementb etweent he various stakeholders. Two empirical methods are used in order to analyse this framework. First, a national survey of key stakeholder groups (most notably decision-makers), who have an interest in urban road pricing; and, second, a local case study based on face-to-face interviews with decision-makers who had first-hand experience of the first ever trial of an urban road pricing scheme in the UK - namely congestion metering in the city of Cambridge. This research finds that an incremental approach to urban road pricing decisionmaking is the most appropriate. In order to increase the acceptance of urban road pricing, schemes should be designed so that the various interest groups can gradually adjust to the changes in an incremental way by starting with policies that are currently in force and then considering only step-by-step change. It is still possible however, for change to take place beyond that envisaged by the incremental approach. For this to occur, it would require factors such as the existence of a policy entrepreneur, in situ, who is able to drive the process forward.
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Matthews, Nicola. "Sport, policy and Europeanisation : process and interest mediation in European Union decision making." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7267.
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The thesis seeks to analyse the implications of the deepening and widening of the European Union for sport and leisure-related policy developments. Firstly, the work seeks to establish an appropriate conceptual framework through which to review how the process of Europeanisation is influencing sport and leisure policies. The term Europeanisation refers to the changing nature of relations between regional, national and supranational tiers of governance. Secondly, the thesis reviews the literature on the progression of EU level sports and leisure policy interventions since 1957. The range of rationales in operation, and the maturation of those rationales over the last forty years, is considered. The capacity for European level intervention has grown significantly through the development of EU socio-political and economic integration policies, the most significant being the four freedoms (the free movement of goods, services, capital and persons) and the associated legislation. The empirical work subsequently reviews the implications the Europeanisation process for three areas of decision-making: sports broadcasting rights, the use of European Structural Funds and the debate on a EU competence for sport. Drawing on both figurational sociology and policy network analysis, the research identifies the key stakeholders involved in the policy process and seeks to illustrate the nature of the policy-making processes. The thesis progresses the argument that the development of economic, social and political inter-dependencies, along transnational rather than national lines, are inevitably leading to questions over the role of the nation state and the institutions of the European Union. Accordingly, the research identifies and evaluates the positions held by the key actors, on central issues, within each of the three areas of policy and reflects on the distribution and management of key resources. The conclusion addresses the issue of whether the strategic alliances formed during the policy process are indicative of the development of a European level sports policy community or whether other forms of policy network operate at the supranational level of governance. With reference to the three areas of policy analysed, the final chapter outlines the ways in which policy networks are changing, or resisting change, in the light of developments at the European level. The evidence suggests that the sub-sectoral nature of the policy studies conducted, militates against the formation of a highly integrated, independent policy community. Consequently, it is appropriate to refer to more disaggregated, issue-specific networks. Nevertheless, the potential for a growing formalisation of the sports policy agenda at the European level is such that policy communities may develop and coalesce at some point in the future.
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Reinke, Guido. "The European information society : governance and decision-making process for ICT policy and standards." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.676905.
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Jørgensen, Hansine Kryhlmand. "Decision-makers’ Use and Abuse of Human Rights - A study into the role of human rights in the political decision-making process leading up to Denmark’s military engagement in Iraq." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21721.
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The thesis critically assesses the decision-making process leading up to the acceptance of bill B 118 which approved Danish military action in the American-led multilateral coalition ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’. The analysis will use coding through a qualitative content analysis to investigate the potential use and abuse of human rights framework by decision-makers, during this process. Theories of just war, activist military politics and the decision-making theory of perception and misperception are used to provide the foundation for the content analysis, as well as positioning the results in the context of the wider political sphere. Though the nature of the investigation does not allow for absolute conclusions, the findings demonstrated how human rights were indeed used as a tool of both persuasion in the hunt for support and as a means to legitimise actions.
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Taylor, Anna. "Urban climate adaptation as a process of organisational decision making." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27554.
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In a world that is increasingly urbanised, cities are recognised as critical sites for tackling problems of climate change, both by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and addressing the impacts of changing climate conditions. Unlike climate change mitigation, adaptation does not have one clear, commonly agreed collective goal. Governing and making decisions on climate adaptation in cities entails contestation over knowledge, values and preferences. Currently, the two dominant conceptualisations of adaptation are as cycles or pathways. Do these models adequately theorise what can be empirically observed in cities as to how climate adaptation is undertaken? Most research on urban climate adaptation emanates from the Global North, where political, scientific, economic and administrative systems are well established and well resourced. There is a dearth of empirical research from cities of the Global South contributing to the development of urban climate adaptation theory. This thesis contributes to addressing this gap in two ways. Firstly, by drawing on both conceptual and methodological resources from the field of organisational studies, notably the streams and rounds models of decision making, organisational ethnography and processual case research. Secondly, by conducting empirical case study research on three processes of city scale climate adaptation in Cape Town, South Africa, a growing city facing many development challenges where the local government began addressing climate adaptation over ten years ago. The three adaptation processes studied are: the preparation and adoption of city-wide sectoral climate adaptation plans; the creation of a City Development Strategy with climate resilience as a core goal; and the inclusion of climate change projections into stormwater masterplans. Data were gathered through interviews, participant observation, focus groups and document review, through embedded research within a formal knowledge co-production partnership between the University of Cape Town and the City of Cape Town government. Processual analysis and applied thematic analysis were used to test models of adaptation and decision making against data from the three case studies. The findings suggest that both the cycles and pathways models of climate adaptation inadequately represent the contested and contingent nature of decision making that prevail within the governance systems of cities such as Cape Town. Based on ethnographic knowledge of how Cape Town's local government undertakes climate adaptation, it is argued that the rounds model of decision making provides conceptual tools to better understand and represent how the process of climate adaptation in cities is undertaken; tools that can be used to enhance the pathways model. The study concludes that progress in adapting cities to a changing climate is currently constrained by both the problems and potential solutions or interventions being too technical for most politicians to deal with and prioritize and too political for most technical and administrative officials to design and implement. It calls for urban climate adaptation to be understood as distributed across a multitude of actors pursuing concurrent, discontinuous processes, and thereby focus needs to be on fostering collaboration and coordination, rather than fixating on single actors, policies, plans or projects.
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Swartz, Dominique Sheronica. "The policy making process : the case of South Africa's Tobacco Amendment Act." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52554.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Policies made by the government of a democratic country affect the lives of all citizens whether directly or indirectly. Policies should therefore represent the values of a democratic society. Since South Africa's transition to democracy in 1994, policymaking processes have promised to be everything that those in the past were not. The new government's ruling policy has promised to maximize opportunities for political participation, especially in terms of citizens being able to influence governmental decision making in cases where it affects their lives. The Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act of 1999 is regarded by many as one of the world's most controversial and regulated tobacco control policies. What makes this case exceptional is the fact that the policy process thereof seems to have caused some concern with regard to issues such as transparency, participation and consultation. The study, therefore, aims to establish the degree of political participation and consultation that one could observe in the making of the new tobacco law. It also gives an overview of what the policy-making process in general is like in South Africa; this is then compared with the case of the Tobacco Amendment Act. The study also focuses on broader aspects of the policy process such as the role of public policy with regard to the problems of the society. This research assignment is intent on describing the nature of the policy process of the Tobacco Amendment Bill and, by doing this, to promote the principles of democracy such as transparency, accountability and legitimacy, to which so many South Africans have dedicated their lives
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Openbare beleid en die daarmee gepaardgaande besluite wat deur die regering van 'n demokratiese land gemaak word, affekteer die lewens van elke burger direk of indirek. Beleid moet dus so geformuleer word dat dit die waardes van 'n demokratiese samelewing reflekteer. Sedert Suid-Afrika se oorgang tot demokrasie in 1994, was die nuwe regering se belofte dat beleidmaking meer inklusief sal wees as die van die verlede. Die nuwe bedeling se regeringsbeleid sou daarvolgens optimale geleenthede vir politieke deelname en seggenskap in belangrike beleidsbesluite skep. Die Wysigingswetontwerp op Tabakprodukte van 1999 word deur vele beskou as een van die mees kontroversiële en streng beheerde tabak beleide in die wêreld. Wat die geval so besonder maak, is die feit dat daar diegene is wat meen dat kwessies soos deursigtigheid, politieke deelname en konsultasie in die parlementêre beleidsproses agterweë gelaat is. Hierdie studie beoog dus om die mate van politieke deelname en konsultasie in die beleidsproses van die Wysigingswetontwerp op Tabakprodukte ondersoek. Die studie verskaf ook 'n oorsig oor hoe die algemene beleidsproses in Suid-Afrika daar uitsien. Dit word dan vervolgens vergelyk met die beleidsproses van die nuwe Tabakwet. Verder fokus dit ook op wyer aspekte van die beleidsproses soos die rol wat openbare beleid in die aanspreek van publieke probleme speel. In geheel, poog dit dus om die aard van die beleidsproses van die Wysigingswetontwerp op Tabakprodukte te beskryf en sodoende die beginsels van demokrasie, onder andere deursigtigheid, verantwoordbaarheid en legimiteit, waaraan so baie Suid-Afrikaners hul lewens toegewy het, te bevorder.
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Li, Tao, and 李濤. "Retirement protection in Hong Kong: a study of the policy-making process 1991-95." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965337.
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Thorhallsson, Baldur. "The role of smaller states in the decision-making process of the Common Agricultural Policy and the regional policy of the European Union." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287030.
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Nixon, Lori, and William Flora. "A Phenomenological Study of School Leaders Decision Making Process when Making Academic Program Placement Recommendations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3030.
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McFall, Shawn. "Foreign Policy by Fiat: An Examination of the United States Decision Making Process on Iraq from 1990-1998." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1906.
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This thesis explores how the United States identified Iraq as a threat to its national interest from 1990 to 1998. The international relations literature is heavily skewed toward exploring the question of why states engage in conflict and neglecting how a country identifies a threat. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the threat identification policy process. This thesis examines two security moves – the Gulf War and the Iraq Liberation Act – and uses primary documents to reveal how the foreign policy apparatus concluded that Iraq was a threat. Through the two cases, I found that foreign policy decisions were made on an ad-hoc basis and government officials were much more likely to inflate the Iraqi threat. Future international relation scholars can use my thesis as a guideline when constructing studies on the threat identification process.
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Schrefler, Lorna Sarah. "The role of economic analysis in the decision-making process of Independent Regulatory Agencies." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3393.
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It is conventional to argue that the autonomy and reputation of regulatory agencies depend on their expertise. Yet the studies on how independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) create and deploy their knowledge capacity are few and far apart. Normatively, the justification for delegating decision-making powers to IRAs is that they operate by using technical analysis and expertise rather than political considerations. But yet again, although delegation has been discussed as a design principle, systematic evidence on the conditions under which IRAs make use of knowledge and how is still scarce. The literature on knowledge utilization portrays a rather complex link between expertise and policy, where relevant knowledge is not always reflected in policy outcomes and plays several functions besides facilitating the solution of policy problems. Unfortunately, scholars of IRAs have not exploited the insights of this literature yet. This dissertation addresses the under-explored question of the usage of economic knowledge by IRAs. We identify four possible uses of expertise: instrumental (i.e., to solve problems); strategic (e.g. to advocate a position); symbolic (e.g., to gain legitimacy), and non-use. Our aim is to explain under which conditions a certain usage is more likely to occur. To do so, we draw on the methodological device of explanatory typologies (Elman 2005). Specifically, we select two explanatory dimensions that reflect both the context and the content of policy: the level of conflict in the policy arena, and the degree problem tractability. We use different combinations of these two dimensions to derive four hypotheses on the possible uses of expertise mentioned above. The elusive nature of knowledge utilization makes the identification and measurement of these different usages highly dependent on an in-depth understanding of the institutional, organisational, and political context in which a regulatory decision is taken. We have thus opted for a qualitative approach based on case studies and process tracing (Bennett 2010; Brady 2010; Freedman 2010) to appraise the four hypotheses. Empirically, we performed three case studies on regulatory policy decisions taken by the UK Office of Communications (Ofcom) between 2005 and 2010. We find that, given certain scope conditions, the prevalent use of economic analysis is instrumental - a finding that contradicts previous research that labelled instrumental learning as extremely rare, if not a sort of technocratic utopia. Other uses still exist however, and given other scope conditions regulators can be strategic and symbolic in their approach to knowledge and expertise. This is not surprising if we accept the notion that regulators operate in a policy environment that is eminently but not exclusively technical: to survive in a (at least partially) political environment, regulators have to deploy usages of knowledge that deviate from the instrumental type.
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Crowley, Louise. "Financial provision and property allocation on divorce : a critical comparative analysis of the Irish decision-making policy and process." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54987/.
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The aim of this thesis is to assess the Irish regulatory approach to asset and wealth distribution upon marital breakdown, and to highlight the implications arising from the failure to articulate the social policy aims of such regulation. Whilst the main body of the thesis considers the regulatory approach of four distinct jurisdictions, it commences with a critical overview of the rules versus discretion debate in order to illustrate the nature and impact of different approaches to law-making. Thus chapter one incorporates both a theoretical examination of rule-based and discretion-based regulation and an examination of the significance of such regulatory approaches in the context of asset distribution on divorce. Chapter two provides a historical account of the elevated status of the marital family under Irish law and the implications for the manner in which the remedy of divorce was eventually enacted. Chapter three provides a critical analysis of the content and workings of the Family Law (Divorce) Act 1996, which in granting extensive and infinite judicial powers to secure justice and proper provision, has evaded the responsibility for identifying the objectives of such state intervention, creating a legal and social policy vacuum and a system which lacks legitimacy, predictability and fairness. In order to fully illuminate these shortcomings and ultimately inform the Irish lawmakers as to the need for, and nature of reform, a detailed and comparative analysis of the governing regimes of three distinct jurisdictions, California, Scotland and New Zealand is presented in chapters four to six respectively. Particular attention will be focused upon the willingness of these law-makers to enunciate the social and legal policy objectives of their governing laws. Ultimately it will be argued that effective governance demands that regulatory processes, howsoever structured, exist within a considered and articulated legal and social policy context.
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Krebber, Daniel. "Europeanisation of regulatory television policy : the decision-making process of the Television without frontiers directives from 1989 & 1997 /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39080843r.
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Boxenbaum, Eva. "The partnership metaphor in Quebec health care policy : the decision-making process with cognitively impaired elderly clients in home care." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33063.
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This research evaluates Quebec's health care policy by analyzing how the partnership metaphor is implemented in policy and practice. The partnership construction is identified in 4 interpretive communities within long-term community services to the elderly population. This analysis focuses on the placement decision for cognitively impaired clients in home care. Interpretive policy analysis is employed to examine 3 policy documents and 3 client files, while grounded theory serves to analyze 13 semi-structured interviews with 2 administrators and 3 open triads of client, caregiver, and case manager. The findings show partnership to be an egalitarian, collaborative ideal widely adopted but with little consensus on the pertinent objects and actors. Important differences emerge in how partnership is applied to the placement decision, indicating a too flexible application. Specific restrictions are recommended on the application of the partnership metaphor in order to improve community services and organizational structures in health care.
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Guevara, Martinez Alfredo Juan. "The dynamic of the United States decision-making process of foreign policy to Cuba : an analysis of the normalization of 2014 /." Marília, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183531.
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Orientador: Luis Fernando AyerbeCo-orientador: Harry Edwin Vanden
Banca: Cristina Soreanu Pecequilo
Banca: Samuel Alves Soares
Banca: Luiza Rodrigues Mateo
Banca: Roberto Moll
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: O anúncio da normalização de relações com Cuba feito pelo Presidente Obama quebrou o caráter de austeridade que a política externa dos Estados Unidos tinha desde a Revolução cubana de 19 5 9. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as dinâmicas que influenciam o processo decisório da política externa dos Estados Unidos observando o fenômeno d a normalização de relações diplomáticas com Cuba iniciado pelo presidente Barack Obama em 17 de dezembro de 2014. Por mais de cinquenta anos Cuba e Estados Unidos se mantiveram sem relações diplomáticas oficiais devido ao antagonismo dos Estados Unidos fre nte o caráter do regime de governo da Revolução cubana. Ao longo das décadas a tradição de políticas austeras para a Ilha foi construída, abrangendo diversos setores e instituições do governo dos Estados Unidos e se enraizando em interesses políticos. Mesmo com o fim da Guerra Fria as práticas de antagonismo com Cuba foram mantidas e o embargo econômico à Ilha, iniciado durante o conflito bipolar, foi intensificado e transformado em Lei. A manutenção de práticas de enfretamento originadas de um contexto já ultrapassado leva ao questionamento acerca de quais são os elementos que justificam a continuidade de uma política externa para Cuba que pode ser considerada anacrônica. Assim, est e estudo se propõe a compreender a complexidade do processo decisório que levou à quebra dessa tradição e a iniciativa de normalizar as relações entre Estados Unidos e Cuba. Utilizando o caso da normalizaçã... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The announcement of normalization of relations with Cuba made by President Obama broke with the austerity aspect that the United States Cuban Foreign Policy had since the Cuba Revolution of 1959. This study aims to analyze the dynamics that influence the United States foreign policy decision making process, observing the normalization of diplomatic relations with Cuba initiated by Barack Obama on December 17 of 2014. For more than fifty year s Cuba and the United States remained without official diplomatic relations due the United States antagonism to the government regime originated from the Cuban Revolution. Through the decades a tradition of austere policies to the Island was built, including several sectors and institutions of the United States government rooting political interests in it. Even with the end of the Cold Wars, the antagonist practices to Cuba were kept and the economic embargo to the Island that was initiated during the bipolar conflict was intensified and turned into law. The maintenance of those practices originated from a n outdated context leads to questioning which are the elements that justify the continuity of a foreign policy to Cuba that can be considered anachronical. Thus, this study seeks to understand the complexity of the decision making process that led to the break in such tradition and to the initiative of normalizing relations between the United St ates and Cuba. Using the normalization case, we present a conceptual discussion about mapp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Chang, Yuet-mei Marky, and 張月薇. "Policy formulation process: a case study of the Electronic Road Pricing Scheme of Hong Kong in the 1980s." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965143.
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Voegel, Jacob Andrew. "AN EXPLORATORY EXAMINATION OF THE ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS OF ENTREPRENEURS THROUGH THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEAHAVIOR LENS: A POLICY-CAPTURING APPROACH." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1232.
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Entrepreneurs face constraints that more mature organizations may not. These constraints cause unique pressures within entrepreneurship. Although ethics and entrepreneurship have individually received much attention in the academic literature, not enough research has investigated ethics within entrepreneurship. This study addresses the need of ethics research within entrepreneurship. Utilizing the theory of planned behavior, this research investigates the ethical decision making process of entrepreneurs. Not all ethical situations are created equally, and not all entrepreneurs are created equally. The ethical environment of any situation can be financially concerned or socially concerned. Likewise, entrepreneurs can be motivated by a private financial gain or a social impact. A multi-scenario approach known as policy-capturing is used to examine the relative importance entrepreneurs place on attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and self-identity when faced with a financial and a social ethical decision. The findings suggest that the environment does affect the ethical decision making process as defined by the relative importance of the variables. Within each environment, personal demographic variables of entrepreneurs were also found to affect their ethical decision making process. Such variables included entrepreneurial orientation, gender, love of money, financial security, spirituality/religiosity, idealism, and relativism. By considering the effects of the ethical environment along with the demographics of the entrepreneur, potential investors may be able to more accurately gauge investment opportunities. Implications of the findings, limitations of the study, and future research areas are discussed.
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Webster, Wayne P. "The Influence of Philanthropy and Administrative Decision-making Models on a Liberal Arts College's Strategic Planning Process| A Case Study." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3609047.
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Private liberal arts colleges are uniquely American institutions whose very existence is due to the philanthropic generosity of individuals and organizations (Thelin, 2004). They receive little direct government support and rely on tuition revenues, endowment earnings, and philanthropy to balance their budgets, making them susceptible to shifts in the economy (Balderston, 1995). How these institutions plan for the future and how philanthropy factors into these plans was an important question to examine (Connell, 2006). This study addressed deficiencies in the literature by providing an in-depth view of how the constituencies of a singular four-year, private liberal arts college believed that philanthropy affected a strategic planning process and how administrative decision-making models were used during this process.
The following research questions were addressed: a.) How did philanthropy affect planning for capital projects within a strategic plan? b.) How did philanthropy affect the focus of current and future academic offerings of an institution? c.) How did philanthropic considerations affect the organizational structure which supports the fulfillment of the strategic plan? A total of 23 key informants were interview for this study and 58 pages of materials were reviewed. Using case study methodology provided practitioners and scholars with a deeper understanding of how philanthropy and strategic planning have a mutual influence upon one another. Also, exploring how decision-making models were utilized in this process provided an important insight into the practice of shared governance and decision-making at a liberal arts college.
It was evident during the case study of Selective College that philanthropy did play a role in facility planning, and the implementation of new value-added academic and co-curricular programs. The core mission, values, and academic focus of Selective College were not altered due to the influence of philanthropy during the strategic planning exercise. In addition, new administrative positions were created to increase philanthropic revenue. There was also a focus on increasing revenue through tuition and fees leading to investments in admissions and marketing efforts. A new form of institutional decision-making emerged during this study which allowed for feedback, but resulted in institutional leadership making final decisions with a focus on increasing revenues.
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Smith, Anne. "Kampen för ökad tillgänglighet : - om enskilda aktörer, policynätverk och förhandlingsarenor i utarbetandet av EU:s bussdirektiv." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17119.
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The Motor Group of the European Council was commissioned in the autumn of 1997 to prepare a proposal for a new European Bus and Coach Directive. In the beginning, most of the Member States did not have the accessibility requirements as their main concern; still a smaller network with actors from the National delegations from Britain, Germany and Sweden would influence the other National delegations in the Council group to finally agree to retain the requirement of accessibility of the Directive. Within the EU decision process, the European Disability movement acted as a strong player during the whole negotiation process using the proposal to a new Bus and Coach Directive as a tool to influence key actors to go towards a Directive with a strong approach for accessibility. Policy Transfer and Policy Transfer Network are used as analytical tools to understand and structure the transfer of the question of accessibility during the negotiation process. Actors understanding how the bureaucratic process works within the EU decision system have a chance to contributing for the changes in the directions they wishes for within a range of policy areas. The principal aim of the Directive was to guarantee the safety of passengers and to provide technical prescription in particular to wheelchair users. In the end it turned out to be one of the most successful achievements for the European Disability movement in history.
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Moffatt, Rowena. "An appeal to principle : a theory of appeals and review of migration status decision-making in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:95a2afbc-835e-4de9-84b4-2e65598bfd4b.
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The question asked by this thesis is when and why, as a matter of principle, should there be judicial scrutiny on the merits of administrative decisions on migration status ('migration status decisions') in the United Kingdom? It argues that this is a moral question, engaging concerns of fair treatment. The first two chapters examine the question theoretically. It is argued that access to justice is not a gift of citizenship and that migration status decision-making should be reviewable on the merits to avoid the appearance and/or occurrence of injustice in the light of the effects of migration control on individual migrants and the nature of migration status decision-making as 'very imperfect procedural justice' (save where a decision is not based on the judgment discretion of an administrator). The latter five chapters apply the normative claims to the United Kingdom constitutional context, including the relevant European regimes (European Convention on Fundamental Rights and European Union). First, as background to the argument, a history of recourse from migration status decision-making in the UK from the initial establishment of a review system in 1905 is sketched out. The history demonstrates the absence of a coherent or principled account of migration status appeals. The history is followed by a three-part critique of the current system of recourse in the UK. First rights of appeal in three case studies (deportation, offshore visitors and students) are examined. Secondly, the three standards of review available under judicial review (rationality, anxious scrutiny and proportionality) are critiqued, and thirdly, the contribution of European and international norms is considered. In general terms the thesis concludes that the current UK system of recourse is deficient in certain respects and suggests reform to the current appeals system.
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Di, Matteo Francesca. "Decolonising Property in Kenya? : Tracing Policy Processes of Kenyan Contemporary Land Reform (1990s - 2016). A Study of the Politicization of Decision-Making in Historical Perspective." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0068.
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En se concentrant sur les processus de fabrication des politiques publiques, cette thèse met en lumière le fonctionnement de l'Etat, les liens entre les politiques et la politique et les conditions du changement politique. Cette étude explore les dispositions les plus cruciales de la réforme foncière contemporaine au Kenya. Celle-ci tente de décoloniser la propriété en résolvant les injustices historiques aux racines coloniales, en émancipant les institutions foncières du système bureaucratique centralisé d'administration foncière (lui-même hérité de la période coloniale). La thèse analyse les processus décisionnels qui sous-tendent les dispositions de la Politique Foncière Nationale (document parlementaire n° 3 de 2009) et de la Constitution de 2010 qui, toutes deux, reconnaissent les « terres communautaires » comme « les terres [qui] appartiennent et sont détenues par les communautés » (article 63, paragraphe 1, Republic of Kenya, 2010:44). Il est également établi une Commission Foncière Nationale afin de réformer les institutions de gouvernance foncière (article 46, idem: 46). La première partie de la thèse reconstitue, depuis l'époque coloniale, les processus de l'élaboration des politiques foncières et des structures de gouvernance foncière au Kenya. Les parties suivantes retracent les processus contemporains de fabrication des innovations juridico-institutionnelles de la réforme foncière en étudiant les interactions entre les acteurs. L’analyse du fonctionnement des réseaux transnationaux illustre les processus de circulation des idées et leur institutionnalisation dans les arènes politiques. L'analyse des processus politiques met en lumière le rôle des bailleurs de fonds dans l'impulsion des réseaux transnationaux et la promotion de certains répertoires d'actions des mouvements sociaux kenyans afin d'influencer la prise de décision. Pourtant, l'analyse du processus dans sa globalité démontre l'importance des luttes de pouvoir partisanes ainsi que celle des processus contingents de traduction des intérêts et des positions idéologiques des acteurs lorsqu'ils s'affrontent dans l’arène politique. La politisation de ces traductions consiste à requalifier les relations sociales en termes de transactions politiques qui déterminent la trajectoire du changement politique. Les intérêts économiques et politiques dominent la phase de promulgation de la législation, bien que l'arbitrage final qui aboutit à l'acceptation de la notion de propriété communautaire comme traduction ultime de la « terre communautaire » illustre également le poids des pratiques institutionnelles, des normes sociales et des cartes mentales produites historiquement, et donc un certain échec du projet de décoloniser la propriété au KenyaBy focusing on processes of manufacturing of public policies this study sheds light on the functioning of the state, the links between policies and politics, the conditions of policy change, and ultimately of the relations between state, ‘civil society organizations’ and donors and more generally the governanceof an African country. It explores the most crucial provisions of contemporary land reform in Kenya as they attempt to decolonize property bysolving historical injustices that have colonial roots, emancipating land instituions from the centralized bureaucratic and politically porous land administration system that is itself a colonial legacy. The dissertation analyzes decision-making processes underlying provisions of the National Land Policy (Sessional Paper No.3 of 2009) and 2010 Constitution acknowledging “community land” as “land [that] shall vest in and be held by communities” (Art.63 (1), RoK, 2010:44) and establishing National Land Commission in order to reform land governance structures (Art. 46, Idem: 46). Part I of the dissertation reconstructs historical processes dating back to colonial times (with few insights into pre-colonial configurations) of making of land policies and land institutionsin Kenya. Part II and Part III trace contemporary processes of fabrication ofland reform’s legal-institutional innovations by analyzing actors’ interactions. The study empirically illustrates the functioning of transnational networks and exemplifies processes of ideas’ circulation and their institutionalization in policy arenas. Analysis of participatory processes within the policy-making illustrates the process of politicization of community land claims translating into the interest of elitist groups, representatives of ‘imagined’ communities, in acquiring absolute and exclusive proprietorship of so-called ancestral territories. Analysis of policy processes delves into the role of donor agencies in thrusting transnational networks, imprinting repertoires of actions upon Kenyan social movements with the intent of influencing decision-making. Yet multi-stream analysis demonstrates the importance of partisan power struggles and relevance of contingent processes of translations of actors’ interests and ideological stances as they confront each other within policy arenas. The politicization of these translations consists in the requalification of social relations in terms of political transactions ultimately determining the trajectory of policy change. Economic and political interests are strikingly dominant during the enactment phase of legislation making (studied in Part III of the dissertation), though the final arbitration resulting in the acceptance of the notion of community ownership as ultimate translation of ‘community land’ exemplifies the weight of historically produced institutional practices, social norms and mental maps. Against this particular background, the process of policy change is better understood via the analysis of the interlocking of scales positing historical and political production of community ownership in Kenya. This notion is better understood by the concomitant action of emergence and consolidation of localized struggles historically produced by Kenyan land politics promoting territorial control and dispossessions, on one side, and national processes of legal land reforms politicizing and endorsing community land claims, on the other side
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Wellman, Caroline E. "Negotiated Regulation: The Ohio Livestock Care Standards Board As a Model Regulatory Process." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1302375241.
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Singh, Minerva. "Design of a system to support policy formulation for sustainable biofuel production." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:db054d43-6359-45cd-af82-a71abd2b288b.
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The increased demand for biofuels is expected to put additional strain on the available agricultural resources while at the same time causing environmental degradation. Hence, new energy policies need to be formulated and implemented in order to meet global energy needs while reducing the impact of biofuels farming and production. This research focuses on proving a decision support system which can aid the formulation of policies for the sustainable biofuel production. The system seeks to address policy formulation that requires reconciliation of the qualitative aspects of decision making (such as stakeholder’s viewpoints) with quantitative data, which often may be imprecise. To allow this, based on: Fuzzy logic and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) in the form of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Using these concepts, three software functionalities, “Options vs. Fuzzy Criteria Matrix”, “Analytical Hierarchy Process” and “Fuzzy AHP” were developed. These were added within the framework of pre-existing base software, Compendium (developed by the Open University, UK). A number of case study based models have been investigated using the software. These models made use of data from the Philippines and India in order to pinpoint suitable land and crop options for these countries. The models based on AHP and Fuzzy AHP were very successful in identifying suitable crop options for India by capturing both the stakeholder viewpoints and quantitative data. The software functionalities are very effective in scenario planning and selection of policies that would be beneficial in achieving a desired future scenario. The models further revealed that the newly developed software correctly identified many of the important issues in a consistent manner.
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Lam, Wing-chiu Jessie. "An analysis of the decision making process of the public crisis management in Hong Kong: 2003 SARSoutbreak." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012520.
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Fairchild, Lisa M. "The influence of stakeholder groups on the decision making process regarding the dead zone associated with the Mississippi river discharge." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001052.
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Uslu, Merve. "The Development Of Common European Security And Defence Policy (cesdp): Before And After Saint Malo Declaration." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605361/index.pdf.
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This study examines the evolution of the Common European Security and Defence
Policy (CESDP) of the European Union before and after the Saint Malo
Declaration of December 1998. The co-operation in foreign policy and security
matters has always been a corollary element to the economic co-operation since the
beginning of the European Integration process. Within this context this study argues
that the conducting of co-operation in this field within the framework of European
Community/European Union (EC/EU) was dependent on the national actors, the
internal community/union factors, and the external dynamics. It is also asserted that,
the European political co-operation is based on, on the one hand, the
intergovernmentalist method of decision-making and implementation process, and on
the other to the incrementalism through which the Member States could reconcile
their diverging interests, which represent continuity within the EC/EU. The Saint
Malo constitutes one of the momentous events in the trajectory of European foreign
policy, security and defence co-operation, which launched the essentials of the
CESDP. Within this framework, this study will analyse how a legally unbinding
document has been incorporated into the legal framework of the European Union and
consequently became the part of the acquis. Furthermore, the policies of France,
Britain, and the United States within the process of establishment of the CESDP will
be examined. Then, this thesis argues that, Saint Malo has initiated a ground for
renegotiation of the terms of transatlantic relationship, which culminated in the
redefinition of global roles and responsibilities of Americans and Europeans.
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Nilsson, Erik. "Examining The Explanatory Potential Of Poliheuristic Theory In The Foreign Policy Decision-Making Of Small States : The Case Of Sweden’s Participation In Operation Unified Protector." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-5837.
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This paper seeks to conduct a first test of the explanatory potential of the poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision-making in the context of small states. The case studied is the Swedish decision to contribute to the UN-sanctioned and NATO-led Operation Unified Protector in 2011. The paper conducts a theory-testing Causal Process Tracing (CPT) study drawing on a variety of different sources including news articles, parliamentary records, government bills, official statements and remarks made by key individuals, and secondary sources. The result of the analysis demonstrate the potential validity of the poliheuristic understanding of the decision- making process operating in a small state, but fall short of demonstrating actual validity. The final results are thus more akin to results typically found in a plausibility probe case study, and future research is deemed merited based on the potential validity found.
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Flores, Paulo César da Silva. "A política da política de salário mínimo no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-26052017-125934/.
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Na presente dissertação, tenho como objetivo examinar os fatores políticos que explicam a recente trajetória de valorização salário mínimo no Brasil. Trata-se de um esforço em apontar os interesses e estratégias adotadas por atores envolvidos no processo de negociação e fixação do salário mínimo que foram determinantes para os rumos dados à política entre 1995 e 2016. Por meio da análise do processo decisório, demonstro como a dinâmica de pressão dupla constrangimento fiscal e incentivo eleitoral provoca convergência de preferências entre os partidos. Nesse cenário, partidos do governo utilizam dispositivos institucionais para promover reajustes do salário mínimo em níveis que não comprometam as contas públicas e trabalham para vetar a aprovação de (i) projetos de lei da oposição e (ii) emendas parlamentares que promovam reajustes superiores aos determinados pelo Poder Executivo. Ao longo do tempo, a estratégia se mostrou constante tanto em governos de centro, como os dois primeiros mandatos de FHC, quando de centro-esquerda, nos mandatos de Lula e Rousseff. Identifico três momentos distintos da trajetória do salário mínimo. No primeiro (1996 a 2001), após a derrota parlamentar da coalizão em 1995, o governo FHC emitia Medidas Provisórias e a coalizão bloqueava a tramitação de Projetos de Lei da oposição. No segundo (2002 2005), com a obrigatoriedade de tramitação das Medidas Provisórias, o governo trabalhou para alinhar os interesses da coalizão no Legislativo e garantir a aprovação da lei de acordo com as preferências do governo. No terceiro (2006 2016), o acordo entre governo e centrais sindicais estabeleceu critério de reajuste a longo prazo baseado na variação do INPC e PIB, regra institucionalizada no início do governo Rousseff.In this thesis, I examine the political factors that explain the recent trajectory of minimum wage growth in Brazil. It is an effort to point out the interests and strategies adopted by actors involved in the process of negotiating and fixing the minimum wage that were decisive for the directions given to the policy between 1995 and 2016. Through the analysis of the decision-making process, I demonstrate how a dual political pressure fiscal constraint and electoral incentive leads to convergence of preferences among parties. In this scenario, government parties use institutional arrangements to promote minimum wage readjustments at levels that do not compromise public accounts while working to veto the approval of (i) opposition bills and (ii) parliamentary amendments that promote growth rates above the Executive Branch\'s proposal. Over time, the strategy has been constant both in center-wing governments, with the first two mandates of FHC (PSDB), and in center-left governments, with the mandates of Lula and Rousseff (PT). I identify three distinct moments in the trajectory of the minimum wage policy. In the first (1996 2001), after a coalition proposal suffered a defeat in Congress in 1995, the FHC government issued Decrees and its coalition blocked the passage of parliamentary bills of the opposition. In the second (2002 - 2005), with the requirement of voting and passing Decrees in parliament, governments worked to align the interests of their coalitions in the legislature and ensure passing of the law according to their preferences. In the third (2006- 2016), an agreement between the PT governments and labor unions established a longterm adjustment criterion based on the variation of the inflation and GDP, a rule institutionalized in 2011 (Rousseff\'s government).
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Bowman, Gary. "An empirical analysis of a scenario-informed strategic planning process : a public sector case." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1978.
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This thesis lies at the nexus of scenario planning and strategy. Scenario planning is a foresight activity used extensively in strategic planning and public policy development to imagine alternative, plausible futures as means to understand the driving forces behind the uncertainties and possibilities of a changing environment. Despite significant application in both private and public sectors, and a growing body of academic and practitioner-orientated literature, little empirical evidence exists about how organisations actually use scenario planning to inform strategy. Moreover, the emerging Strategy-as-Practice (S-as-P) perspective, which has exposed strategy to more sociological pursuits, presented a way of conceiving and studying strategy not as something an organisation has, but rather as something people do. By examining the activities of scenario planning, understanding its use as an example of episodic, interactive strategizing, S-as-P provides a theoretical lens through which to perform a much-needed empirical analysis of the scenario-to-strategy process. A second goal of the thesis is to advance understanding of the S-as-P perspective by addressing recent criticisms as well as contributing to the growing body of practice-based research. The central research question which guides the thesis is, how does an organisation use scenario planning to inform the strategic planning process? To answer this question, the research vehicle is a single, in-depth case study of community planning in Fife, which extends from 1999 until April 2008. A detailed, longitudinal narrative of Fife’s scenario planning and strategy process is presented before using empirical evidence from the case to understand how an organisation manages the scenario planning process, how scenario planning affects policy development, and how cognitive processes manifest physically in an organisation. The thesis concludes that scenario planning created a sensemaking/sensegiving framework that provided structural and interpretive legitimacy which facilitated communicative activities and helped the Fife Partnership understand and improve the interconnectedness of Fife’s public services and community planning process. While contributing to the S-as-P research agenda, the investigation of the scenario-to-strategy process also revealed, and solidified, a number of criticisms that challenge the theoretical, conceptual, and empirical validity of the strategy-as-practice perspective.
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Teater, Barbra A. "Residential mobility and the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program factors predicting mobility and the residential decision-making process of recipients /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1164641312.
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Liljekrantz, Jhimmy. "EU:s kamp mot terrorismen : Ett hot mot dess egna värdegrunder?" Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-567.
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The aim of this study is through a policy analysis to illuminate the decisions that the EU has taken to respond to the terrorist attacks in the US, Madrid and London and through this analysis try to explain the problem of each decision and find out if these decisions might risk the individual rights of the European Union’s citizens.
In order to reach this purpose the following questions are to be answered: In what way has the EU’s decision-making process, regarding its fight on terrorism, been affected by the terrorist attacks in Madrid and London? What consequences may the EU’s decisions against terrorism have on the individual rights?
The method that has been used is qualitative studies of literature and the main material is overarching policy documents from the EU.
The conclusions are that the bombings in Madrid and London have increased the speed of the decision-making process and more areas have been included in the union’s fight against terrorism. If individual rights are at risk by the union’s decisions there are reasons to be concerned. But my conclusion is that the European Union has to have strong and effective instruments to answer to the threat of terrorism.
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Sá, Jessica Espíndola de. "A decisão brasileira de participar da MINUSTAH." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2575.
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CAPES
This dissertation aims to describe and to analyze the Brazilian decision to participate of MINUSTAH and the factors that have influenced it. It is the UN peacekeeping operation that most projects Brazil’s image in the International scenario due to the leading role assumed by the country, and also for being the main contributor of troops. The political decision of a state, concerning a foreign policy, is a complex process that involves several stakeholders and important factors to be evaluated and pondered in order to reach a final decision. Brazil’s participation in Haiti is assumed to be motivated by various factors, ranging from solidarity to a “brother country” and humanitarian assistance to pragmatic interests, such as the power projection. To define this process of decision-making, it will be analyzed some important factors, such as internal and external conjuncture, the domestic and international stakeholders involved, national and collective interests and the values and beliefs defended by decision makers.
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo central descrever e analisar a decisão brasileira de participar da MINUSTAH e os fatores que a influenciaram. Trata-se da operação de paz da ONU que mais projeta a imagem do Brasil no cenário internacional devido ao papel de liderança assumido pelo país, como também por ser o principal contribuinte de tropas. A decisão política de um Estado, no âmbito da política externa, se constitui em um processo complexo e que envolve uma série de atores essenciais e fatores relevantes a serem avaliados e ponderados para que se chegue a uma decisão final. Acredita-se que a participação do Brasil no Haiti foi motivada por diversos fatores, que abrangem desde a solidariedade a um país irmão e a prestação de assistência humanitária, até interesses pragmáticos, como a projeção de poder. Para delinear o processo de tomada desta decisão pretende-se abordar em sua construção fatores imprescindíveis à análise, como a conjuntura interna e externa do momento; os atores envolvidos, tanto domésticos quanto internacionais; os interesses nacionais e coletivos e os valores e crenças defendidos pelos atores.
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Clark, Colette Bronwen. "Social dialogue through the rationalisation and redeployment policy process in education post 1994 : an analysis of perceptions and experiences of key policy actors within the Gauteng province.'." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53592.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since 1995, despite the consultative processes with regards to Rationalisation and Redeployment, many stakeholders did not accept, nor understand the rationale behind the government's drive to redistribute human resources. It is widely known that there existed immense tensions and conflicts between educators and bureaucrats on the issue, which played itself out in the Grove Primary School case, as well as the withdrawal of regulations because of a 'threatened strike', due to government's disregard for participatory democracy. Using a case study, within the Gauteng province, this research investigated the experiences and perceptions of key policy actors on the policy planning and implementation processes by tracking the development of social dialogue during this process. The conceptual framework for this study was provided in the work of Cheng and Cheung (1995), who provided a generic empirical education policy analysis model, which tracks the policy processes within linear phases. Fifty indicators were identified, which were used to measure the efficacy of the policy-making process, as well as the evolution of social dialogue in the policy discourse. This study argues that in an endeavour to implement redress and equity, the policy employed had its inherent weaknesses. The researcher used a structured questionnaire to measure key policy actors (formulators and implementers), experiences and perceptions of the process employed. The qualitative methodology, which was supported by the quantitative data analysis approach, exposed that bureaucratic attitude towards socio-political participation, a technocratic approach to educational imperatives, strong union organisation, empowered parents, and the lack of capacity at certain levels of administration to deal with resistance directly and indirectly, contributed to the ambiguous success of this policy intervention. The purpose of this research was to assist in improving the efficacy of the policy pathways, by proposing a modified strategy, which includes dialogue with all relevant role players. In focusing primarily on the analysis of the Rationalisation and Redeployment Policy process, the findings of this empirical research have therefore shown how opinions and perceptions about the efficacy of a policy process are directly linked to the experiences of policy actors with regards to social dialogue during the process. As any interventionist policy is a negotiated responsibility of all educational role players, in order to promote an enabling educative environment, the consultative, as well as the policy processes proposed in this study, are based on principles grounded in research which makes optimal use of existing structures.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert 1995, ten spyte van die konsultatiewe proses rakende rasionalisasie en her-ontplooing, het min van die rolspelers die proses aanvaar, of die rasionaal agter die regering se poging om menslike hulpbronne te herversprei verstaan. Dit is alombekend dat daar reuse spanning en konflik tussen opvoeders en burokrate, gesentreer rondom die Grove Primêre Skool saak, bestaan het. Dit het saamgegaan met die ontrekking van regulasies -as gevolg van 'n beoogde staking weens die regering se miskenning van deelnemende demokrasie. Hierdie studie maak gebruik van 'n gevalle studie in die Gauteng provinsie. Hiervolgens is daar 'n ondersoek na die ervarings en persepsies van sleutel beleidsrolspleers ten opsigte van beleidsbeplanning en implementeringsprosesse. Die hoofidee is om die ontwikkeling van die sosiale dialoog binne die provinsiale onderwys na te spoor. Die konsepsuele raamwerk word verskaf deur Cheng and Cheung (1995), wie se werk 'n generiese empiriese onderwysbeleidsontleding model voortgebring het. Hierdie model volg die beleidsproses binne liniêre fases. Vyftig aanwysers word geïdentifiseer, wat gebruik word om die effektiwiteit van die beleidsformuleringproses sowel as die evolusie van sosiale dialoog te meet. Hierdie studie voer aan dat in die poging om herverspreding en gelykberegtiging te implementeer, die rasionalisasie en her-ontplooing proses opsigself inherente swakhede gehad het. "n Gestruktueerde vraelys, om sleutel rolspelers se ervarings en persepsies van die beleidsproses te meet, is gebruik. Hierdie navorsing bring na vore die feit dat burokratiese houdings jeens sosiopolitiese deelname, "n tegnokratiese benadering tot opvoedkundige imperatiewe, sterk vakbondorganisasie, bemagtigde ouers, en bestuursvlak se onvermoë om weerstand te hanteer, bygedra het tot die dubbelsinnige sukses van hierdie beleidsintervensie. Die doel van die navorsing is om die effektiwiteit van die beleidsweë te verbeter. Dit word gedoen deur die voorstel van 'n gewysigde strategie, wat die dialoog van alle relevante rolsplers insluit. Deur primêr te fokus op die rasionalisasie en her-ontplooing proses, wys die navorsing dat opinies en persepsies rondom die effektiwiteit van 'n beleidsproses direk gekoppel is aan die ervarings van beleidsrolspelers met betrekking tot sosiale dialoog. Die konsultatiewe sowel as die beleidsprosesse wat voorgestel word in hierdie studie is gebaseer op beginsels wat opsigself gefundeer is in navorsing wat van die bestaande strukture optimaal gebruik maak.
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Crow, Stephen M. (Stephen Martin). "Dominant Decision Cues in Labor Arbitration; Standards Used in Alcohol and Drug Cases." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331930/.
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During the past twenty years, extensive research has been conducted concerning the judgmental processes of labor arbitrators. Previous research, sometimes referred to as policy capturing, attempted to identify the criteria or standards used by arbitrators to support their decisions. Much of the research was qualitative. Due to the categorical nature of the dependent variables, log-linear models such as logit regression have been used to examine decisional relationships in more recent studies.
The decision cues used by arbitrators in 249 published alcohol- and drug-related arbitration cases were examined. The justifications for arbitrators' decisions were fitted into Carroll Daugherty's "seven tests" of just cause. The dominant cues were proof of misconduct, the appropriateness of the penalty, and the business necessity of management's action. Foreknowledge of the rule by the grievant and the consequences of a violation, equal treatment of the grievant, and an appropriate investigation by management were also important decision cues.
In general, grievants in alcohol and drug arbitration cases fared as well as grievants in any other disciplinary arbitrations. However, when the cases were analyzed based on the legal status of the drug, illicit drug users were at a considerable disadvantage.
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Stone, Harry James. "THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH: ANALYZING THE “TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD” PROCESS IN THE UPPER MILL CREEK (CINCINNATI)." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1082567599.
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Júnior, Haroldo Ramanzini. "O Brasil e as negociações no sistema GATT/OMC: uma análise da Rodada Uruguai e da Rodada Doha." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-14032013-121719/.
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A presente Tese de Doutorado tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento do Brasil nas negociações comerciais multilaterais no sistema GATT/OMC, mediante o estudo do processo decisório doméstico que estruturou a atuação do país nas negociações agrícolas na Rodada Uruguai (1986-1994) e, na Rodada Doha (2001 2008), com foco no entendimento do processo de formulação das posições apresentadas, no Grupo de Cairns e, no G-20, respectivamente. A partir desses dois estudos de caso e da análise comparada do processo decisório, incorporando parte da literatura de Análise de Política Externa, pretendemos analisar, em dois momentos, no mesmo tema, a receptividade da política externa brasileira às pressões domésticas. O trabalho procura suprir certa lacuna da literatura sobre coalizões no sistema GATT/OMC, pois, a maior parte dos estudos tem dificuldade em incluir aspectos que se localizam, no interior dos sistemas decisórios nacionais, enquanto variáveis relevantes que ajudam a entender o comportamento dos países em coalizões.The objective of this thesis is to analyze Brazilian behavior in multilateral trade negotiations in the GATT/WTO system, through the study of the domestic decision making process that structured the country positions in the agricultural negotiations during the Uruguay Round (1986 1994) and the Doha Round (2001 2008). Our focus is to understand the domestic decision making process that structured the positions presented by Brazil in the Cairns Group and in the G-20, respectively. From these two case studies, the comparative analysis of the decision making process and incorporating the Foreign Policy Analysis literature, we intend to analyze at two different moments on the same issue, the openness of the Brazilian Foreign Policy to domestic pressure. The work seeks to fill the gap in the literature on coalitions in the GATT/WTO since most studies do not include aspects related to the national decision making process as important variables useful to understand countries behavior in coalitions.
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Normann, Christine. "The influence of EU member states upon the European Neighbourhood Policy : a comparative analysis of Germany, France and Poland and their respective regional concepts and modes of interaction in the European decision-making process." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0076.
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Ce projet de recherche aborde „L'influence des Etats membres de l'UE sur la Politique Européenne de Voisinage : Une analyse comparative de l'Allemagne, la France et la Pologne avec leurs concepts régionaux et leurs modes d'interaction dans le processus décisionnel européen ». Il analyse d'abord l'identité européenne et régionale de ces pays. Ensuite, il met l'accent sur les concepts régionaux – l'Ostpolitik Européenne de l'Allemagne, l'Union Méditerranéenne de la France et le Partenariat Oriental de la Pologne – ainsi qu'au modes d'interaction – selon les attentes soit de l'institutionnalisme du choix rationnel soit de l'institutionnalisme sociologique – pendant les négociations européennes entre 2006 et 2009. Enfin, l'analyse des effets de ce débat sur la PEV est intégrée dans les discussions actuelles du contexte plus large de l'approfondissement et l'élargissement de l'UE, des modèles d'intégration différenciée et d'une politique étrangère européenne. Combinant les théories du constructivisme, du nouvel institutionnalisme et de l'européanisation et étant basé sur une triangulation méthodologique de l'analyse du discours et d'interview d'experts, ce projet de recherche met en évidence l'importance d'analyser non seulement l'interaction entre le niveau européen et le niveau national (nouvel institutionnalisme), mais aussi l'interaction entre les Etats membres. Ainsi, l'approche théorique de l'Européanisation – qui n'inclut pas seulement le « uploading » et le « downloading » mais aussi le « crossloading » - devrait évoluer, par exemple par la différentiation entre « forced crossloading » et « voluntary crossloading » développé dans ce projet de rechercheThe main objective of this research project is to analyse “The influence of EU member states upon the European Neighbourhood Policy: A comparative analysis of Germany, France and Poland with their respective regional concepts and modes of interaction in the European decision-making process”. Hence, it firstly studies the European and regional identities of these selected EU member states. Secondly, it focuses on their different regional concepts – the European Ostpolitik of Germany, the Mediterranean Union of France and the Eastern Partnership of Poland – and their modes of interaction – according to the assumptions of rational choice or sociological institutionalism - during the European negotiations taking place between 2006 and 2009. Thirdly, it considers the effects of this debate upon the ENP taking into account also ongoing discussions in the broader European context of deepening and widening the EU, of models of differentiated integration and the question of a European foreign policy. Combining the theories of constructivism, new institutionalism and Europeanisation and being based on a methodological triangulation of discourse analysis and expert interviews, this research project comes to the conclusion that besides the analysis of the interaction between the European and the national level (new institutionalism), the study of the interaction among the EU member states is important. Hence, Europeanisation as a theoretical approach including not only the mechanisms of uploading and downloading but also of crossloading needs to be further developed, for instance by differentiation into forced and voluntary crossloading elaborated in this research project
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Junior, Haroldo Ramanzini. "Processo decisório de política externa e coalizões internacionais: as posições do Brasil na OMC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-02032010-174055/.
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O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em analisar a atuação da coalizão G-20, no âmbito da Rodada Doha, da OMC, tendo como foco principal o entendimento das posições brasileiras na coalizão. Procuramos compreender a receptividade da política externa brasileira às pressões domésticas, no caso da atuação do país, no G-20, bem como a influência dos atores domésticos, governamentais e não governamentais, no processo de formulação e de implementação da estratégia brasileira na coalizão. Argumentaremos que a forma como o Brasil atua, no G-20, relaciona-se, tanto com o processo interno de construção da posição negociadora do país, quanto com os limites que a própria lógica das negociações estabelece. A unidade de decisão que estrutura a posição brasileira é uma variável importante para o entendimento da postura do país e para manutenção da coalizão.The objective of this text is to analyze the performance of the G-20 at Doha Round in the WTO, having as main focus the brazilian position in the coalition. We will try to comprehend the receptiveness of the brazilian foreign policy to the domestic pressures considering the countries positions in the coalition. We argue that the brazilian positions, in the G-20, are related to the domestic decision making structure, as well as to the limits of the negotiations logic. The decision unit that structures the country position is an important variable to understand brazilian positions and the maintenance of the coalition.
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Antunes, Karoline da Cunha. "Democratização, liberalização econômica e processo desisório em política externa: um estudo de caso sobre o papel do congresso mexicano nas legislaturas de 1994 a 2006." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-07052010-113420/.
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O presente trabalho analisa o papel desempenhado pelo Congresso Mexicano em temas de política externa no período de 1994-2006 (LVI a LIX Legislaturas), correspondente aos mandatos de Ernesto Zedillo e Vicente Fox, à luz dos processos de liberalização econômica e política experimentados pelo país nas últimas décadas. Adotando como referencial os indicadores nível de atividade e nível de divergência, a hipótese formulada é que, durante o período estudado, o Congresso mexicano apresentou um elevado grau de ativismo, mas sua assertividade foi baixa. Nos momentos de maior confronto com o Executivo, o Congresso demonstrou uma reduzida capacidade institucional de impor suas preferências. As limitações dos congressistas para atuar no domínio da política externa estariam relacionadas a fatores estruturais, como os custos de rejeição de um tratado internacional, e conjunturais, a exemplo da dificuldade de construir consensos no interior das Casas Legislativas a respeito de qual seria o papel do Congresso nesta seara.This work analyses the role of Mexican Congress in foreign policy issues during the period of 1994-2006 (LVI-LIX Legislature), corresponding to the presidencies of Ernesto Zedillo and Vicente Fox, based on the processes of economic and political liberalization faced by the country in the last decades. Taking into account indicating levels of activity on foreign policy issues and disagreement over foreign policy, the hypothesis formulated is that, during the period studied, the Mexican Congress has shown a high level of activism, however its assertiveness was low. In the moments of confrontation with Executive, the Congress has shown little institutional capacity to impose its preferences. The congressmen limitations to act in the realm of foreign policy could be related to structural factors, such as the costs of an international treaty´s rejection, or conjunctural, such as the difficult of constructing consensus in the Upper and Low chambers about what Congress´s role in foreign affairs issues should be.
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Frank, Adam Harrison. "Inclusive Deliberation (ID): A Case Study Of How Teachers Experience The Decision-Making Process For Change Initiatives Within A School Committee." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1573900707645968.
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Steinecke, Tim. "National oil companies and state actors : an assessment of the role of Petronas and ONGC in the foreign policy decision-making process of Malaysia and India using the example of overseas investments in Sudan and South Sudan." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7765.
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The thesis addresses the role of national oil companies and their overseas engagement in the foreign policy decision-making process of states. Over the past 40 years, national oil companies have gained importance in the international oil industry and currently control around 90 per cent of the global oil reserves. A number of political and economic factors – depleting domestic reserves, economic growth – have resulted in an increasing expansion of Asian national oil companies to Africa. Through the use of two Asian national oil companies – Malaysia's Petronas and India's Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) – and their overseas engagement in Sudan and South Sudan as case studies, the thesis assesses three aspects: factors and motives that influence the relationship between government institutions and Petronas and ONGC, the connection between this domestic relationship and the overseas engagement of both companies, and the implications of the overseas engagement of Petronas and ONGC in both Sudans for the foreign policy decision-making process of Malaysia and India. This set of questions is analysed through a comparative case study design that is supported by in-depth interviews and based on Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA), proposing a four-level theoretical framework. This thesis thus seeks to demonstrate how FPA can help assess the connection between the domestic decision-making process and the international engagement of the companies. In doing so, it not only argues that process and engagement are in fact connected, but also critically addresses conventional assumptions about the overseas engagement of national oil companies. Furthermore, this thesis questions the idea that government institutions and national oil companies act in a coherent and coordinated manner when operating abroad.
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Pasquarelli, Bruno Vicente Lippe. "Política externa, partidos políticos e relações executivo/legislativo nas democracias presidencialistas do Brasil e do Chile." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7689.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
This study analyzed the decision-making process in foreign policy from the presidential messages sent by the Executive Branch to the National Congress, examining comparatively the center-left governments of the Workers Party (2003-2010) in Brazil, and the Socialist Party (2000-2009) in Chile, investigating how the decision-making process of international acts may be the object of legislative and partisan action and, most important, that is subject to conflict/consensus between government and opposition from the ideological structure of coalitions that affects the negotiation of the agreement at the international level and especially in domestic context. Therefore, the ideological factor present in coalitions is a variable that affects the decision-making process in foreign policy. The higher the ideological heterogeneity and the size of the coalition, the greater the partisan conflict in foreign policy. On the other hand, the greater the ideological homogeneity and the smaller the size of the coalition, the lower the partisan conflict in international acts. In Chile, the role of the Socialist Party in foreign policy, based on the continuity of international integration paradigms, occurred in an environment marked by moderation and by partisan commitment and building consensus around government objectives, namely, trade agreements and free trade agreements, emphasizing the partnership with Latin America. The party activity in this way was guided by consensus, with few changes in trade agreements and FTA's, seeking to speed up the decision-making process of international acts. In Brazil, in turn, the Workers Parties undertook to form broad and heterogeneous coalitions and not as stable as the Chilean ones, considering various partisan and ideological preferences and increasing therefore the conflicted component of the decision-making process showing the largest internal ideological fight, in the coalition, and external, in relation to the opposition parties. In short, due to the importance of the domestic component in international agreements, the findings of this study are important to articulate an explanation of the reasons why countries administered by center-left political parties to act differently/similarly in foreign policy, considering previous governments and even the countries themselves in similar periods, because there were important differences between the two styles of government, considering the overall and partisan objectives in foreign policy of each one, as well as the composition and ideological preferences of the government coalition government.
O presente estudo analisou o processo de tomada de decisão em política externa a partir das mensagens presidenciais enviadas pelo Poder Executivo ao Congresso Nacional, examinando comparativamente os governos de centro-esquerda do Partido dos Trabalhadores (2003 a 2010), no Brasil, e do Partido Socialista (2000 a 2009), no Chile, investigando como o processo decisório de atos internacionais pode ser objeto de atuação legislativa e partidária e, mais importante, que está sujeito ao conflito/consenso entre governo e oposição a partir da estruturação ideológica de coalizões que influenciam a negociação do acordo no plano internacional e principalmente no contexto doméstico. Por conseguinte, o fator ideológico presente nas coalizões é uma variável que afeta o processo decisório em política externa. Quanto maior a heterogeneidade ideológica e o tamanho da coalizão, maior o conflito partidário em política externa. Por outro lado, quanto maior a homogeneidade ideológica e quanto menor o tamanho da coalizão, menor o conflito partidário em atos internacionais. No Chile, a atuação do Partido Socialista em política externa, baseada na continuidade de paradigmas de inserção internacional, ocorreu em um ambiente pautado pela moderação e pelo compromisso partidário e construção do consenso em torno dos objetivos governamentais, quais sejam, os acordos comerciais e os tratados de livre-comércio, enfatizando a parceria com a América Latina. A atuação partidária, dessa maneira, ocorreu pautada pelo consenso, com poucas modificações em acordos comerciais e tratados de livre-comércio, e procurando acelerar o processo de tomada de decisão dos atos internacionais. No Brasil, por sua vez, o Partidos dos Trabalhadores obrigou-se a formar coalizões amplas e heterogêneas e não tão estáveis quanto as chilenas, considerando diversas preferências partidárias e ideológicas e aumentando, por conseguinte, o componente conflituoso do processo de tomada de decisão, evidenciando o maior combate ideológico interno, na própria coalizão, e externo, em relação aos partidos oposicionistas. Em suma, devido à relevância do componente doméstico em acordos internacionais, as conclusões desse estudo são importantes para articular uma explicação das razões que levam países administrados por partidos políticos de centro-esquerda a atuarem de maneira diferente/similar em política externa, considerando governos anteriores e até mesmo os próprios países em períodos semelhantes, pois houve diferenças importantes entre os dois estilos de governo, considerando os objetivos gerais e partidários de política externa de cada um, assim como a composição e preferências ideológicas das coalizões de governo.
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Burr, Timothy Allen. "Administrators as policy makers of an autonomous government corporation : who manages the United States Postal Service? /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1985.
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Ozdoglar, Mehmet Rasit. "Assessment Of Criteria-rich Rankings For Decision Makers." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611509/index.pdf.
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Environmental policymaking is a difficult issue for governments. It is desirable to have the decisions based on the results of quantitative and analytical studies. On the other hand, by their very nature, many such decisions have political aspects, whose subtleties are difficult to be captured by quantitative approaches alone. It is left to the political establishments to decide how best to allocate the efforts to improve environmental conditions. In this respect, evaluating the countries by generating environmental indices and the subsequent ranking of the countries with respect to those indices is a common practice. Perhaps the best known environmental sustainability index, the Environmental Performance Index-2008 (EPI-2008), is a composite index that comprises 6 core policy categories and 25 indicators.
While recognizing the qualitative aspects of such decision making, in order to support and guide the policymaking process, we develop analytical tools to assist the process. We carefully delineate our models to be limited only to the provable quantitative properties of the available objective data. However, such data are processed into more meaningful statements concerning the available options. Specifically, using EPI-2008, meaningful mathematical models that shed further light onto the country sustainability measures are developed.