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Vicary, David, Judy Tennant, Jade Santa Maria, and Sarah Wadley. "Children as decision makers." Children Australia 30, no. 4 (2005): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200010853.
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Involving children and young people in planning, decision making and the evaluation of services and programs inevitably raises the eyebrows of adults working in the areas of service delivery, program development and policy formulation. Some adults may question young people’s ability to see the ‘big picture’ and to make decisions, and even their right to be engaged in the first place. In challenging these ideas, the Western Australian Office for Children and Youth established a Children’s Advisory Group (CAG) in 2004 – the first of its kind to be created within the Western Australia Government, and one of the first such groups to be set up in Australia.The current Children’s Advisory Group (CAG) is a diverse group often primary school children aged 9-12 years from the Perth metropolitan area. They are actively involved in all aspects of the Office’s operation. The CAG has been evaluated throughout its inaugural year of operation, both in terms of process and impact, and has been found to have a significant impact upon government policy and practice. This paper will outline the process for the establishment and implementation of a CAG and the evaluation of a CAG on government policy. It will highlight evaluation findings and discuss future directions.
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FitzGerald, Cathal, Eoin O’Malley, and Deiric Ó. Broin. "Policy success/policy failure: A framework for understanding policy choices." Administration 67, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2019-0011.
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AbstractSome policies fail to achieve their goals and some succeed. More often than not, it is unclear whether a policy has been a success or a failure, sometimes because the goal was not clear, or because there were a multitude of goals. In this introduction to this special issue we discuss what we mean by policy success and failure, and assume that policy success or failure is ultimately the result of the decision-making process: policy success results from good policies, which tend to come from good decisions, which are in turn the result of a good decision-making process. We then set out a framework for understanding the conditions under which good and bad decisions are made. Built upon factors highlighted in a broad literature, we argue that a potential interaction of institutions, interests and ideology creates incentives for certain outcomes, and leads to certain information being gathered or prioritised when it is being processed. This can bias decision-makers to choose a certain course of action that may be suboptimal, or in other cases there is an absence of bias, creating the possibility for making successful policy choices.
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Kirichenko, Elina. "Economic Policy Formation: Decision Making Process." США ܀ Канада: Экономика, политика, культура, no. 3 (2019): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032120680004153-2.
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Bager, Torben Eli, Kim Klyver, and Pia Schou Nielsen. "Special interest in decision making in entrepreneurship policy." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 22, no. 4 (November 16, 2015): 680–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-07-2012-0083.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of the special interests of key decision makers in entrepreneurship policy formation at the national level. The core question is: what is the role that special interests play in a situation with significantly improved evidence through a growing number of high-quality international benchmark studies on entrepreneurial performance. Design/methodology/approach – An ethnographic method is applied to analyse in depth the 2005 decision by the Danish Government to shift from a volume-oriented to a growth-oriented entrepreneurship policy. This decision process is an extreme case since Denmark has world-class evidence of its entrepreneurial performance. Findings – Even in such a well-investigated country, which since 2000 has had a pioneering role in the development of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor study and international register-based studies, the special interests of a few top-level politicians and civil servants have significantly influenced the decision to shift the overall policy. These special interests guided the interpretation of the ambiguous evidence provided by these two benchmark studies. Practical implications – Policy makers are made aware of the need to take a critical view on international benchmark studies, asking what is studied and how and realising that “the truth” about a country’s entrepreneurial performance cannot be found in just one study. Originality/value – The theoretical value of this paper is its challenge to the widespread rationality view in the entrepreneurship policy field and a deepened understanding of how the pursuit of special interests is related to ambiguous evidence and system-level rationality.
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Gollust, Sarah E., Jane W. Seymour, Maximilian J. Pany, Adeline Goss, Zachary F. Meisel, and David Grande. "Mutual Distrust: Perspectives From Researchers and Policy Makers on the Research to Policy Gap in 2013 and Recommendations for the Future." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 54 (January 1, 2017): 004695801770546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958017705465.
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The production of health policy-relevant research is necessary, but not sufficient, to promote its utilization in policy. Our objective was to understand the perspectives of United States’ state-level policy makers and health researchers on the barriers and facilitators to the translation of health evidence into the policy process, with a particular focus on issues related to relationship building. We conducted interviews with 215 US health services and health policy researchers and 40 state-level staffers and legislators. Researchers and policy makers faced the same major barrier to research translation: lack of dedicated time to do so. Some policy makers questioned the credibility of research, and researchers questioned policy makers’ authentic desire to use evidence in decision making. For some study participants, a mutual mistrust of the other group challenges stronger relationship formation. Interventions are needed to help both groups understand a broader role that research plays in policy making and to increase personal contact, and ultimately trusted relationships, across various actors in the policy process.
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Ziolo, Magdalena, Iwona Bak, and Katarzyna Cheba. "Environmental taxes - how public policy makers can use them in the decision-making process?" Procedia Computer Science 159 (2019): 2216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.396.
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Baylis, John. "National security policy: the decision-making process." International Affairs 62, no. 2 (1986): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2618453.
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Saba, Katlyn. "The Spanish foreign policy decision‐making process." International Spectator 21, no. 4 (October 1986): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03932728608456601.
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Leebaert, Derek, Robert L. Phaltzgraff, and Uri Ra'anan. "National Security Policy: The Decision Making Process." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 4, no. 4 (1985): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3323784.
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Boukhris, Imen, Raouia Ayachi, Zied Elouedi, Sehl Mellouli, and Nahla Ben Amor. "Decision Model for Policy Makers in the Context of Citizens Engagement." Social Science Computer Review 34, no. 6 (August 3, 2016): 740–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439315618882.
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Citizens’ engagement is considered as one of the important dimensions for the development of smart cities since, in the vision of a city of the future (smart city), citizens will be more and more involved in the decision-making process of different issues related to the development of a city. In this context, policy makers face a decision problem where they have to integrate a new dimension, which is the voice of the citizens’ decision. This article proposes a tool based on multicriteria decision making methods to provide decision makers with the best alternative(s) that are based on citizens’ opinions. In order to tackle the potential interdependencies between criteria and also between alternatives in the selection process, we apply a hybrid model integrating the analytical network process and an extended version of technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution to support group decision-making. The proposed model is applied in the context of participatory budgeting (PB) where citizens decide on the projects in which the money can be invested. This process is complex since it encompasses multiple interdependent criteria that may be conflicting with each other and that are used to take decisions. To illustrate our approach, we will apply the proposed technique for the case study of La Marsa, a city in the north of the capital Tunis (Tunisia) that adopted, since 2014, a PB strategy in which citizens proposed alternatives on how an amount of money can be used to lighten specific streets in the city.
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Mason, Susan G. "Decision Making at the State and Local Level: Does Science Matter?" PS: Political Science & Politics 49, no. 01 (January 2016): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096515001183.
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ABSTRACTScience is believed to be an important part of public policy decision making because of its inherent characteristics of measurability, rigor, objectivity, replication, and peer review. The purpose of this research was to explore the linkage of science to public policy decision making. The research explores what state and local public officials know about science and how much they actually use science in their decision making. Interview results with public officials in the State of Idaho demonstrate that policy makers ultimately see science as only one element in the mix. Findings suggest that equal attention and debate should be given to how science interacts with all of the other factors that affect the public policy making process.
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NITZ, TRACEY, and A. L. BROWN. "SEA MUST LEARN HOW POLICY MAKING WORKS." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 03, no. 03 (September 2001): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433320100073x.
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The concept of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) has developed rapidly in recent years and has been extensively promoted by environmental assessment (EA) practitioners. SEA has been the focus of considerable dialogue, increasing regulatory attention and emerging evidence of application. This paper seeks to advance the potential for the adoption of SEA in policy making by focusing attention on policy making processes themselves, and on the need for SEA procedures to be moulded to these existing policy making activities. We argue that widespread adoption of SEA concepts is unlikely unless EA practitioners become much more cognisant of the policy making process. Too much of the literature on SEA to date is insular — EA practitioners communicating amongst themselves. Dialogue on SEA development must be between EA proponents and policy makers/theorists if SEA of policy is to fulfil its promise. In order to make SEA of policies effective, SEA must influence the decisions that are intrinsic in policy making. We provide a simplified policy making model and demonstrate that it is necessary, and possible, for SEA to provide environmental input throughout the stages of policy formulation and decision making. The policy making context must drive the form and process of the SEA. In effect, this is an extension of Brown & Hill's (1995) notion of decision scoping, originally developed to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of project-based EIA, to the environmental assessment of policies.
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Brighouse, Harry, Helen Ladd, Susanna Loeb, and Adam Swift. "Good education policy making: Data-informed but values-driven." Phi Delta Kappan 100, no. 4 (November 26, 2018): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721718815671.
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In this article, based on their book Educational Goods: Values, Evidence and Decision Making, Harry Brighouse, Helen Ladd, Susanna Loeb, and Adam Swift encourage education decision makers to give careful thought to the values that underlie the data they collect and use to inform policy. Rather than basing decisions entirely on what improves academic achievement, the authors call for attention to a wider array of values, which they call educational goods. These include the capacities to function in the labor market, to participate effectively in the democratic process, to make autonomous judgments about key life decisions such as occupation or religion, to develop healthy interpersonal relationships, to seek personal fulfilment, and to treat others with respect and dignity. Thinking in terms of these values can broaden the conversation about education priorities and bring clarity to decisions involving trade-offs and conflicting aims.
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SAWE, NIK. "Adapting neuroeconomics for environmental and energy policy." Behavioural Public Policy 3, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.2.
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AbstractNeuroimaging methods provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying the decision process, characterizing choice at the individual level and, in a growing number of contexts, predicting national- and market-level behavior. This dual capacity to examine heterogeneity while forecasting aggregate choice is particularly beneficial to those studying environmental decision-making. To effectively reduce residential energy usage and foster other pro-environmental behaviors, policy-makers must understand the effects of information frames and behavioral nudges across individuals who hold a diverse array of attitudes toward the environment and face a broad range of barriers to action. This paper articulates the potential of neuroeconomic methods to aid environmental policy-makers interested in behavior change, especially those interested in closing the energy efficiency gap. Investigation into the roles of affect, eco-labeling and social norms will be discussed, as well as personal identity and climate change beliefs. Combining neuroimaging with behavioral economics experiments can inform the development of effective messaging, characterize the influence of individual differences on the decision process and aid in forecasting the efficacy of policy interventions at scale.
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Lee, Chulwon. "Trends and Perspectives of PRC's Energy Policy Making Institutions and Policies." International Area Review 12, no. 2 (September 2009): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590901200206.
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The future direction of China's approach to energy policy making is, of course, difficult to predict. This is due not only to the opaque and fragmented nature of Chinese energy policy decision-making, but also to the fact that energy policy is a new topic for China's leaders and the individuals they rely on for advice to master that impinges on the interests of actors throughout the Chinese bureaucracy. The wide range of participants in the energy policy debate indicates that more diversified views on it probably reach the top leadership. The impact of the multiplicity of opinions is two-fold. It can result in more informed decision-making, but it can also delay the process as decision makers must assess a larger number of competing and sometimes contradictory views.
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Gallego, Gisselle, Sandra Fowler, and Kees van Gool. "Decision makers' perceptions of health technology decision making and priority setting at the institutional level." Australian Health Review 32, no. 3 (2008): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah080520.
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This study describes health care decision makers? perceptions about decision making processes for the introduction, diffusion and prioritisation of new health technologies at the regional and institutional level. The aim of the study was to aid the design of a new process of technology assessment and decision making for the Northern Sydney and Central Coast Area Health Service (NSCCAHS). Twelve in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior health service managers, nurse managers and senior medical clinicians in the NSCCAHS. Interviewees described prioritisation and decision-making processes as ?ad hoc?. Safety and effectiveness were considered the most important criteria in decision making but budgetary consideration often drove decisions about the uptake and diffusion of new technologies. Current dissatisfaction with decision- making processes creates opportunities for reform, including the introduction of consistent local technology assessments.
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Blagojevic, Bosko, Zorica Srdjevic, Atila Bezdan, and Bojan Srdjevic. "Group decision-making in land evaluation for irrigation: a case study from Serbia." Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, no. 3 (October 22, 2015): 579–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.141.
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Presented in this paper is a methodology for a spatially based multi-criteria evaluation of land suitability for irrigation (IR). A group of experts use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the consensus convergence model (CCM) to define weights of factors relevant in validating areas of land as suitable for IR and to develop IR suitability maps in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. Then, using those maps, a group of policy-makers apply voting methods to identify districts with priorities for installing new IR systems. The presented methodology has several benefits. Group decision can aggregate the wisdom of the different domain experts involved in the process while effectively coping with the risk inherent in any decision problem. In CCM, cooperation among experts is rewarded and non-cooperation yields the risk of being excluded from the process or having very little impact on the group decision. The presented methodology is more precise than previously published methodologies, which is more helpful for policy-makers. Finally, sometimes experts’ opinions are not comprehensive enough to formulate an objective decision, as they are based on scientific facts whereas real-life decision-making is often based on economic or political factors. Owing to that, policy-makers are included in the presented methodology.
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Manshur, Abdullah. "Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Proses Kebijakan Daerah." Jurnal Desentralisasi 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37378/jd.2012.2.163-177.
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Public policy is a decision to deal with a particular problem situation, that identifies the objectives, principles, ways, and means to achieve them. The ability and understanding of policy makers in the policy-making process is very important for the realization of public policy of rapid, accurate and adequate. The product to suit the needs of the public policy, public participation in the policy process is needed in the policy cycle, from policy formulation to policy evaluation. This paper attempts to review the importance of community participation and other forms of public participation in the policy process, in particular, policy areas.
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Mencinger, Jernej, Polonca Kovač, Tina Jukić, and Mirko Vintar. "Public Policy Design and Implementation in Slovenia." Central European Public Administration Review 15, no. 3-4 (January 4, 2018): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/ipar.2017.3-4.01.
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Public policy design and implementation is a complex process, and so decision makers try to monitor all of the policy lifecycle stages in a particular policy domain. However, the question of coherent integration of various policy activities arises, including agenda-setting, ex-ante evaluation, formulation, decision-making, implementation, ex-post evaluation of individual policies, sector-specific ones, and even horizontal ones. Therefore, it is important to investigate and understand the reasons why an individual country, such as Slovenia, does not exploit all potential aspects of carrying out policy activities in a systematic and coherent manner. This article explores and analyzes Slovenian practice in policy design based on an in-depth empirical study among key public policyholders and decision makers. Furthermore, the authors identify the key success factors that facilitate or inhibit the development and progress of public policies, programs, and projects (PPPP) in Slovenia. The key findings indicate a particular lack of a professional policy unit to monitor the process holistically and the absence of ex-post evaluation. A need for a systemic solution in public policy design is established, which would merge different authorities’ efforts, epistemic communities, and the public in developing a structural multilevel model for good public governance.
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Jaksa, Ashley, James Wu, Páll Jónsson, Hans-Georg Eichler, Sarah Vititoe, and Nicolle M. Gatto. "Organized structure of real-world evidence best practices: moving from fragmented recommendations to comprehensive guidance." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 10, no. 9 (June 2021): 711–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cer-2020-0228.
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Decision-makers have become increasingly interested in incorporating real-world evidence (RWE) into their decision-making process. Due to concerns regarding the reliability and quality of RWE, stakeholders have issued numerous recommendation documents to assist in setting RWE standards. The fragmented nature of these documents poses a challenge to researchers and decision-makers looking for guidance on what is ‘high-quality’ RWE and how it can be used in decision-making. We offer researchers and decision-makers a structure to organize the landscape of RWE recommendations and identify consensus and gaps in the current recommendations. To provide researchers with a much needed pathway for generating RWE, we discuss how decision-makers can move from fragmented recommendations to comprehensive guidance.
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Blanpain, Jan E. "Transfer of Technology Assessment to Health Policy Makers." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, no. 1 (January 1986): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230000283x.
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The role and the place of technology assessment, in relation to health policy making, are gradually changing. These changes have implications for the transfer of assessment findings to the parties involved in the process of policy making.
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Carneiro, Maria José, and Teresa da Silva Rosa. "The use of scientific knowledge in the decision making process of environmental public policies in Brazil." Journal of Science Communication 10, no. 01 (March 21, 2011): A03. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.10010203.
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The way policy makers mobilize scientific knowledge in order to formulate environmental policies is important for understanding the developmental process of environmental policies. Some biodiversity conservation policies, such as those establishing the conservation units and laws on the regulation of land use in protected areas, were selected as objects of analysis. The aim was to see whether political decision makers are supported by scientific knowledge or not. Based on interviews with technical staff from governmental institutions, politicians and scientists, this study analyzed the way the knowledge is mobilized by policy makers concerning measures related to biodiversity conservation in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). We have concluded that environmental policy makers do not normally use the knowledge produced by scientific and academic institutions. Rather than being based on a systematic bibliographic research on environmental issues, the decisions are supported either by personal experience or by expert advice. The measures under analysis were not supported by evidence based on knowledge but motivated by political or economic interests. Paradoxically, policy makers consider themselves sufficiently well informed to make decisions concerning the policy to be implemented.
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Tonmyr, Lil, Susan Jack, Sandy Brooks, Betty Kennedy, and Peter Dudding. "Utilization of the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect in First Nations Child Welfare Agencies in Ontario." First Peoples Child & Family Review 4, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069348ar.
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The goals of this study are: to examine the awareness and utilization of the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS) and the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (OIS) by First Nations child welfare decision-makers in the child welfare policy development process in the Province of Ontario and; to identify ways of making the CIS/OIS more useful to First Nations decision makers. No previous study has focused on assessing the influence and impact that the CIS/OIS data have on policy development with this specific population.
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Cheung, Kei Long, Silvia M. A. A. Evers, Hein de Vries, and Mickaël Hiligsmann. "MOST IMPORTANT BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS REGARDING THE USE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, no. 2 (2017): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317000290.
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Objectives: Several studies have reported multiple barriers to and facilitators for the uptake of health technology assessment (HTA) information by policy makers. This study elicited, using best-worst scaling (BWS), the most important barriers and facilitators and their relative weight in the use of HTA by policy makers.Methods: Two BWS object case surveys (one for barriers, one for facilitators) were conducted among sixteen policy makers and thirty-three HTA experts in the Netherlands. A list of twenty-two barriers and nineteen facilitators was included. In each choice task, participants were asked to choose the most important and the least important barrier/facilitator from a set of five. We used Hierarchical Bayes modeling to generate the mean relative importance score (RIS) for each factor and a subgroup analysis was conducted to assess differences between policy makers and HTA experts.Results: The five most important barriers (RIS > 6.00) were “no explicit framework for decision-making process,” “insufficient support by stakeholders,” “lack of support,” “limited generalizability,” and “absence of appropriate incentives.” The six most important facilitators were: “availability of explicit framework for decision making,” “sufficient support by stakeholders,” “appropriate incentives,” “sufficient quality,” “sufficient awareness,” and “sufficient support within the organization.” Overall, perceptions did not differ markedly between policy makers and HTA experts.Conclusions: Our study suggests that barriers and facilitators related to “policy characteristics” and “organization and resources” were particularly important. It is important to stimulate a pulse at the national level to create an explicit framework for including HTA in the decision-making context.
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Sharif, Amir M., and Zahir Irani. "People, process and policy perspectives on food security." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 10, no. 3 (August 15, 2016): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-01-2016-0008.
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Purpose This paper aims to identify a wider holistic view of the inter-relationships relating to food security from a people, process and policy perspective. This is so that decision and policy makers can identify relevant alignments between disparate and conflicting priority elements in the field. Noting the complexity of inter-related challenges posed by food security, food supply chains and growing concerns over food waste, this paper also seeks to identify cross-cutting themes relative to shared energy and water security objectives also. The authors develop and adapt an existing food security framework to encapsulate the above culminating in a systems archetype that defines the intimate feed-forward relationship. Design/methodology/approach As a viewpoint piece, there is no empirical work to report in this paper. An exploratory review of the literature has allowed for the extraction of food security concerns that need the attention of stakeholders across the enterprise to ensure robust food supply chains can be created, maintained and sustained through a better understanding and usage of information, knowledge and data. Findings The authors present an adaptation of an existing food security framework to include dimensions of people, process and policy through the inclusion of a number of broad thematic areas including (amongst others): management best practices; sustainable business operations; consumption rights, behaviours and trading policies; lifecycle management; recovery and extraction; regulatory changes and policy reform; environmental and climate change impacts. The authors outline an overarching systems archetype based upon a combination of the Limits of Growth, Tragedy of the Commons and Attractiveness Principle archetypes. In doing so, providing decision and policy makers to identify and explore a range of food security scenarios and potential outcomes. Research limitations/implications This paper is a position paper that provides strategic directions on the impact of people, process and policy aspects on the development of food security policies from the perspective of local and central government decision makers. Practical implications This paper provides a holistic worldview on key aspects of the global and national food security debate that seeks to assist decision and policy makers frame their decisions and policy interventions across dimensions of people, process and policy. Social implications Noting the impact of securing and maintaining the production, supply, consumption, health benefits and waste recovery aspects of food this paper provides a perspective on the inter-relationships that exist within the topical area and the socially mediated inter-relationships which exist and should be considered when engaging with the food security and food supply chain topical area. Originality/value The paper raises awareness and highlights inherent inter-relationships within the food debate for the benefit of decision and policy makers present at the organisational level, specifically around people, process and policy.
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Prykhnenko, Maksym. "Particularities of Tony Blair’ governments’foreign policy decision-making process." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 33-34 (August 25, 2017): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2016.33-34.321-327.
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The present article is devoted to the problem of particularities of Tony Blair’ governments’ foreign policy decision-making process. The aim of the paper is to analyze the decision-making model formed by Tony Blair as well as to identify key factors which impacted the process of creation and implementation of foreign policy decisions in the framework of Tony Blair’ leadership model. It was concluded that Tony Blair had formed tree level decision-making system. Rolls of the Parliament and the Government in the deliberation process were frustrated. On the other hand, special advisers and so called selective committees impacts were strengthened. This institutes played the role of consulting bodies on specific issues of the agenda. Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs were the driving force of all process. But usually the second one was like the executor of Prime Minister’ decision.
Keywords: Leadership model, decision-making process, blairism
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Oliva, Nereida, and Enrique Alemán. "A Muxerista Politics of Education: Latina Mother Leaders Enacting Educational Leadership and Policy Advocacy." Educational Policy 33, no. 1 (December 13, 2018): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904818807323.
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This article presents findings from a qualitative research study conducted with and for Latina mother leaders. Using a muxerista (womanist) framework, we demonstrate how Latina mother leaders articulate forms of leadership to advocate for their children and utilize leadership strategies in the development of educational policy such as playground discipline policy. The process in which Latina mothers create and implement school policy is what we understand as a muxerista politics of education. A muxerista politics of education can help educators and educational policy makers include Latina mother leaders in the school policy decision-making process.
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Ion, Georgeta, Simona Iftimescu, Carmen Proteasa, and Elena Marin. "Understanding the Role, Expectations, and Challenges That Policy-Makers Face in Using Educational Research." Education Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9020081.
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This study provides an insight into the challenges faced in establishing a closer collaboration between educational research and its use in the policy-making process. It aims to identify the factors influencing transfer from research to policy-making and the policy-makers’ needs, expectations, and perception on the use of educational research. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of Romanian national and local institutions. Specific software was used to facilitate data management and coding. The results indicate that there is a disconnect between policy-makers’ expectations and the input they receive from the research community, as well as a lack of an institutional framework to facilitate communication and interaction between them. There are systemic blockages on both sides: politics and the cost of opportunity for decision-making, a high level of bureaucracy, limited resources and accessibility of results, a lack of financing and of institutionalized communication, as well as a lack of consultation and cooperation between the two parties. The results indicate a willingness on the policy-makers’ side to acknowledge the importance of using research to inform decisions and their role in facilitating this process. This implies that researchers have limited control over the subsequent stages and could indicate the early point in the research process when other actors should be involved in order to ensure the potential or actual impact of research on policy.
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Wulandari, Chandrawati Putri. "Designing Decision Support System for Midwifery Students’ Tuition Fees Problem." International Journal of Innovation in Enterprise System 5, no. 02 (July 31, 2021): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/ijies.v5i02.101.
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Education is an essential need and an important element to create a broad-minded youth. While in Indonesia, the rate of tuition fees is still imbalanced with the economic rate. Thus, many people decided to discontinue their higher education. Decision making plays an important role to manage organizations, including in educational institutions, as one of the main duties in managerial is making decisions. This study took place in a midwifery academy in Malang. In response to this situation, the academy has a policy to alleviate students by paying the tuition fees in instalments. However, many students are in arrears as the result of this policy. Thus, management needs to take some consideration before making a decision toward the problem. Those considerations require high accuracy and time consuming to process information that support decision making. Currently, the decision-making process in this academy is still semi-automated, in which some processes are still done manually, which affect longer time to make decisions, and the accuracy of calculations could not be fully guaranteed. According to this condition, the purpose of this research is to design a decision support system that enables us to process information for decision making and to offer decision alternatives for decision makers. This research employs Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with a decision table as a method to create decision alternatives. The prototype was developed using Visual Studio C#.Net. The result shows that by using the proposed prototype of DSS, decision makers can reduce 5-10 minutes of decision making process compared to the old semi-automated system which still required manual calculation and data collection and analysis before making the decision. A complete data and more detailed parameters for decision criteria are required to implement the proposed prototype of DSS in the institution with more objective consideration in the decision making process as the future work.
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Posner, Stephen M., Emily McKenzie, and Taylor H. Ricketts. "Policy impacts of ecosystem services knowledge." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 7 (February 1, 2016): 1760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502452113.
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Research about ecosystem services (ES) often aims to generate knowledge that influences policies and institutions for conservation and human development. However, we have limited understanding of how decision-makers use ES knowledge or what factors facilitate use. Here we address this gap and report on, to our knowledge, the first quantitative analysis of the factors and conditions that explain the policy impact of ES knowledge. We analyze a global sample of cases where similar ES knowledge was generated and applied to decision-making. We first test whether attributes of ES knowledge themselves predict different measures of impact on decisions. We find that legitimacy of knowledge is more often associated with impact than either the credibility or salience of the knowledge. We also examine whether predictor variables related to the science-to-policy process and the contextual conditions of a case are significant in predicting impact. Our findings indicate that, although many factors are important, attributes of the knowledge and aspects of the science-to-policy process that enhance legitimacy best explain the impact of ES science on decision-making. Our results are consistent with both theory and previous qualitative assessments in suggesting that the attributes and perceptions of scientific knowledge and process within which knowledge is coproduced are important determinants of whether that knowledge leads to action.
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Scholten, Peter. "Leadership in Policy Innovation: A Conceptual Map." Nature and Culture 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2010.050103.
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Policy innovation is necessary for many environmental issues such as climate change and water management. Highly motivated individuals, who are both willing and able to take the lead and press home innovative proposals and as such transform existing policy, are vital in this process. This article focuses on such individuals. An exploration of the literature is confronted with the findings of an empirical study among local policy makers with a reputation for daring. The result is a conceptual map that can be used to further explore and understand the role of leadership and particularly daring decision making in environmental policy innovation.
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Adams, William M., and Chris Sandbrook. "Conservation, evidence and policy." Oryx 47, no. 3 (May 10, 2013): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001470.
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AbstractA growing literature argues for evidence-based conservation. This concept reflects a wider approach to policy-making and follows thinking in medicine, in which rigorous, objective analysis of evidence has contributed to widespread improvements in medical outcomes. Clearly, conservation decisions should be informed by the best information available. However, we identify issues relating to the type and sources of evidence commonly used and the way evidence-based conservation studies frame policy debate. In this paper we discuss two issues; firstly, we ask ‘what counts as evidence?’ (what is meant by evidence, and what kind of evidence is given credibility). We conclude that evidence-based conservation should adopt a broad definition of evidence to give meaningful space for qualitative data, and local and indigenous knowledge. Secondly, we ask ‘how does evidence count?’ (the relationship between evidence and the policy-making process). We conclude that there should be greater recognition that policy-making is a complex and messy process, and that the role of evidence in policy making can never be neutral. In the light of these issues we suggest some changes to build on developing practice under the title evidence-informed conservation. The change in terminology is subtle, yet it has profound implications in that it calls for a re-positioning and re-understanding of conservation science as one source of information among many for decision-makers.
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Ølholm, Anne Mette, Kristian Kidholm, Mette Birk-Olsen, and Janne Buck Christensen. "HOSPITAL MANAGERS’ NEED FOR INFORMATION ON HEALTH TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENTS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 31, no. 6 (2015): 414–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462315000665.
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Objectives: There is growing interest in implementing hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA) as a tool to facilitate decision making based on a systematic and multidisciplinary assessment of evidence. However, the decision-making process, including the informational needs of hospital decision makers, is not well described. The objective was to review empirical studies analysing the information that hospital decision makers need when deciding about health technology (HT) investments.Methods: A systematic review of empirical studies published in English or Danish from 2000 to 2012 was carried out. The literature was assessed by two reviewers working independently. The identified informational needs were assessed with regard to their agreement with the nine domains of EUnetHTA's Core Model.Results: A total of 2,689 articles were identified and assessed. The review process resulted in 14 relevant studies containing 74 types of information that hospital decision makers found relevant. In addition to information covered by the Core Model, other types of information dealing with political and strategic aspects were identified. The most frequently mentioned types of information in the literature related to clinical, economic and political/strategic aspects. Legal, social, and ethical aspects were seldom considered most important.Conclusions: Hospital decision makers are able to describe their information needs when deciding on HT investments. The different types of information were not of equal importance to hospital decision makers, however, and full agreement between EUnetHTA's Core Model and the hospital decision-makers’ informational needs was not observed. They also need information on political and strategic aspects not covered by the Core Model.
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Bell, Erica. "Influencing Holistic Health Policy." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 1544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.205.
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Beliefs that health policy-making is an inherently ‘ideological’ or ‘irrational’ process appear to have worked to prevent researchers from developing better understandings of the kind of evidence that does work to influence policy. Without a model of policy-making that positions policy decision-makers as capable of being informed by specific forms of evidence that speak to policy contexts, it is difficult for research to begin to shape health policy. Recent years have seen the development of a research industry that focuses on developing and describing research approaches for shaping health and social services policy. This analysis paper offers a highly selective overview of generic features of policy-relevant research for holistic health. It aims to support efforts to develop better evidence for health policy by exploring elements of the genre of policy-relevant research, particularly as it applies to the challenges of holistic health policy-making. First, it offers a conceptual definition of holistic health policy-making, as well as research evidence for this kind of policy making, identifying some of the generic features of policy-relevant research. Second, it outlines some of the key practices for delivering sound evidence for health policy, in ways that highlight the salient differences between doing research for holistic health policy, and doing academic research in health. The paper concludes with directions for developing better evidence for holistic health policy-making that question the assumptions of quality which often inform elite funding agencies, calling for their diversification.
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Chalkidou, Kalipso, Danielle Whicher, Weslie Kary, and Sean Tunis. "Comparative effectiveness research priorities: Identifying critical gaps in evidence for clinical and health policy decision making." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, no. 03 (July 2009): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309990225.
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Background:In the debate on improving the quality and efficiency of the United States healthcare system, comparative effectiveness research is increasingly seen as a tool for reducing costs without compromising outcomes. Furthermore, the recent American Recovery and Reinvestment Act explicitly describes a prioritization function for establishing a comparative effectiveness research agenda. However, how such a function, in terms of methods and process, would go about identifying the most important priorities warranting further research has received little attention.Objectives:This study describes an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality-funded pilot project to translate one current comparative effectiveness review into a prioritized list of evidence gaps and research questions reflecting the views of the healthcare decision makers involved in the pilot.Methods:To create a prioritized research agenda, we developed an interactive nominal group process that relied on a multistakeholder workgroup scoring a list of research questions on the management of coronary artery disease.Results:According to the group, the areas of greatest uncertainty regarding the management of coronary artery disease are the comparative effectiveness of medical therapy versus percutaneous coronary interventions versus coronary artery bypass grafting for different patient subgroups; the impact of diagnostic testing; and the most effective method of developing performance measures for providers.Conclusions:By applying our nominal group process, we were able to create a list of research priorities for healthcare decision makers. Future research should focus on refining this process because determining research priorities is essential to the success of developing an infrastructure for comparative effectiveness research.
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Juma, Pamela Atieno, Nancy Edwards, and Denise Spitzer. "Kenyan Nurses Involvement in National Policy Development Processes." Nursing Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/236573.
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The aim of this study was to critically examine how nurses have been involved in national policy processes in the Kenyan health sector. The paper reports qualitative results from a larger mixed method study. National nonnursing decision-makers and nurse leaders, and provincial managers as well as frontline nurse managers from two Kenyan districts were purposefully selected for interviews. Interviews dealt with nurses’ involvement in national policy processes, factors hindering nurses’ engagement in policy processes, and ways to enhance nurses’ involvement in policy processes. Critical theory and feminist perspectives guided the study process. Content analysis of data was conducted. Findings revealed that nurses’ involvement in policy processes in Kenya was limited. Only a few nurse leaders were involved in national policy committees as a result of their positions in the sector. Critical analysis of the findings revealed that hierarchies and structural factors as well as nursing professional issues were the primary barriers constraining nurses’ involvement in policy processes. Thus, there is need to address these factors both by nurses themselves and by nonnursing decision makers, in order to enhance nurses engagement in policy making and further the contribution to quality of services to the communities.
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Skrentny, John D. "Policy Making Is Decision Making: A Response to Hattam." Studies in American Political Development 18, no. 1 (April 2004): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x04000057.
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How should we explain politics and policymaking in one of the most tumultuous and active periods in the history of the American state? Victoria Hattam and I approach the same topic from different starting points and with different goals. While she argues for attention to grass roots mobilization, I look to the policymaking process. I believe the study of policy change should begin at the center of power, where policy decision-making takes place, and should assume nothing about the relevance or role of the political grass roots. Policymakers themselves are always part of the story of policymaking. Grass roots groups are sometimes key actors, yet their impact on policymaking must be demonstrated, not assumed. Assessing this impact and understanding policy development also requires examining cases of failure along with cases of success, and I believe Hattam's neglect of the comparative framework in my book leads her analysis astray.
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Berger, Kavita, James Wood, Bonnie Jenkins, Jennifer Olsen, Stephen Morse, Louise Gresham, J. Root, et al. "Policy and Science for Global Health Security: Shaping the Course of International Health." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020060.
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The global burden of infectious diseases and the increased attention to natural, accidental, and deliberate biological threats has resulted in significant investment in infectious disease research. Translating the results of these studies to inform prevention, detection, and response efforts often can be challenging, especially if prior relationships and communications have not been established with decision-makers. Whatever scientific information is shared with decision-makers before, during, and after public health emergencies is highly dependent on the individuals or organizations who are communicating with policy-makers. This article briefly describes the landscape of stakeholders involved in information-sharing before and during emergencies. We identify critical gaps in translation of scientific expertise and results, and biosafety and biosecurity measures to public health policy and practice with a focus on One Health and zoonotic diseases. Finally, we conclude by exploring ways of improving communication and funding, both of which help to address the identified gaps. By leveraging existing scientific information (from both the natural and social sciences) in the public health decision-making process, large-scale outbreaks may be averted even in low-income countries.
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Hobbs, Heidi H., and Dario V. Moreno. "“Bureaucratic Bargaining”: An American Foreign Policy Simulation." Political Science Teacher 1, no. 1 (1988): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896082800000052.
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The complexities of the governmental machinery and personal perceptions involved in the formulation of American foreign policy are difficult for students to comprehend from the confines of the classroom. Beginning students often enter the study of international relations/political science with a simplistic view of policy making. They tend to accept a priori what Graham Allison (1971) calls the “rational actor model” in which students “package the activities of various officials of a national government as action chosen by a unified actor, strongly analogous to an individual human being.” Students often believe that foreign policy is set by a cohesive group of individuals who share common goals and preferences. The additional tendency to anthropomorphize the state leads undergraduates to write papers in which nation-states are portrayed with such diverse human qualities as sympathy, cruelty, greed, and aggression.Modern scholarship on decision making has expanded beyond this traditional view to encompass differing variables. There is an ongoing debate in the discipline as to what is the most potent variable in American foreign policy. One group of scholars contends that the bureaucratic or role variable is more important. While agreeing that role is a powerful restriction, particularly at the lower levels of the bureaucracy, other scholars argue that the individual perceptions and beliefs of policy makers are more important in the decision-making process.Given the complicated nature of this debate, a creative way to expose beginning students to American foreign policy decision making is through a simulation. Simulations are useful for the study of the decision-making process because the standard lecture-discussion format, which provides a linear overview of the subject, does not adequately communicate the complex structure and multiplicity of factors in operation.
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Pokharel, Tej Raj. "Power Approaches to Policy-Making." NCC Journal 4, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nccj.v4i1.24751.
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Society is the mixture of mass and elite group. Elite group of society remains in apex and forcefully take the space in decision making process, direct and instruct the mass as well as administrators and drag the power in their own hands. Elites manipulate mass opinion and sentiments. They rule masses of people. Elite theories introduce not only elites, but also new important subjects like power, and raise questions for example on oligarchic tendencies in democracy.
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Grummel, John A. "Using Simulation to Teach Decision-Making within the Policy Process." PS: Political Science & Politics 36, no. 4 (October 2003): 787–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096503003147.
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Fattah, Omed Rafiq. "Thought Centers and their Impact on Public Policy Making in the Kurdistan Region (Critical Study)." Journal of University of Human Development 2, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v2n3y2016.pp77-93.
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Today, think tanks and research centers are the most important indictors to assess the state development and expect the possibilities for the future. According to academic and scientific perception, these think tanks offer scientific research and analysis for all the issues and problems facing the state. From this perspective, the think tanks deals with the causes of the problems, offer recommendations and solutions.
This research is mainly an attempt to investigate the obstacles and opportunities of the think tanks in Kurdistan region. By doing this, we can determine the capability of Kurdistan in terms of research, and also we can inform the Kurdish decision makers in Kurdistan that in today's world the process of making decision is not related with the personal mood or personalization, but rational. For instance, the policy makers in the modern countries such as the United States, in their decisions and public policy largely depend on the recommendations and solutions that are given by think tanks, which is why the United States allocates large amounts of money for think
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Suminski, Richard R., Rachel I. Blair, Laura Lessard, Michael Peterson, and Richard Killingsworth. "Physical education teachers’ and principals’ perspectives on the use of FitnessGram." SAGE Open Medicine 7 (January 2019): 205031211983151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312119831515.
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Objectives: FitnessGram is commonly used to measure physical fitness and improve physical activity and health in youth. However, little is known about its use for informing physical activity and health promotion policy within schools and school districts, especially from the perspective of key decision-makers like principals. Therefore, this study examined physical education teachers’ and principals’ perceptions of FitnessGram use and its relationship with school and district efforts to promote physical activity. Methods: Principal and physical education teacher surveys were developed, converted to an online format, and then emailed along with a project description and instructions to all Delaware public and charter school physical education teachers (N = 183) and principals (N = 193) with a valid email. Results: Completed surveys were received from 35.5% of the teachers and 21.2% of the principals. All teachers and 95.1% of the principals reported their school used FitnessGram the past academic year. FitnessGram was significantly more likely to be used if FitnessGram results better aligned with school/district policies (r = 0.39) and were considered important in the school’s decision-making process (r = 0.53). Significantly more principals than teachers said that FitnessGram results were important in their school’s decision-making process and that FitnessGram results were used to inform policy-/decision-making. Conclusion: Use of FitnessGram was correlated with how well it related to school/district policy. Unfortunately, most of the physical education teachers and principals did not think FitnessGram was adequately integrated into the policy-/decision-making process.
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Brdarić, Dario, Senka Samardžić, Ivana Mihin Huskić, Giorgos Dritsakis, Jadran Sessa, Mariola Śliwińska-Kowalska, Małgorzata Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska, Ioannis Basdekis, and George Spanoudakis. "A Data-informed Public Health Policy-Makers Platform." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093271.
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Hearing loss is a disease exhibiting a growing trend due to a number of factors, including but not limited to the mundane exposure to the noise and ever-increasing size of the older population. In the framework of a public health policymaking process, modeling of the hearing loss disease based on data is a key factor in alleviating the issues related to the disease and in issuing effective public health policies. First, the paper describes the steps of the data-driven policymaking process. Afterward, a scenario along with the part of the proposed platform responsible for supporting policymaking are presented. With the aim of demonstrating the capabilities and usability of the platform for the policy-makers, some initial results of preliminary analytics are presented in the framework of a policy-making process. Ultimately, the utility of the approach is validated throughout the results of the survey which was presented to the health system policy-makers involved in the policy development process in Croatia.
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Skees, Jerry R. "Relevance of Policy Analysis: Needs for Design, Implementation and Packaging." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 1 (July 1994): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800019131.
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AbstractThis article challenges the traditional model of the economist as a humble technocrat who simply provides analysis given the preferences of policy decision-makers. Since decision-makers rarely reveal their preferences, it is important that the would-be policy research/analyst know the political economy and be willing to identify potential performance goals for society. Researchers who are willing to incur the transaction cost associated with becoming involved in useful policy research must learn to work within the imperfect policy process. Policy research that considers the importance of implementation and that acknowledges the institutions and the history will have the highest chance of being useful to policy-makers.
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Poder, Thomas G., Christian A. Bellemare, Suzanne K. Bédard, Jean-François Fisette, and Pierre Dagenais. "IMPACT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT REPORTS ON HOSPITAL DECISION MAKERS – 10-YEAR INSIGHT FROM A HOSPITAL UNIT IN SHERBROOKE, CANADA: IMPACT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ON HOSPITAL DECISIONS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, no. 4 (2018): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318000405.
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Objectives:The overarching goal of this research was to (i) evaluate the impact of reports with recommendations provided by a hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA) unit on the local hospital decision-making processes and implementation activities and (ii) identify the underlying factors of the nonimplementation of recommendations.Methods:All reports produced by the HB-HTA unit between December 2003 and March 2013 were retrieved, and hospital decision makers who requested these reports were solicited for enrolment. Participants were interviewed using a mixed design survey.Results:Twenty reports, associated with fifteen decision makers, fulfilled the study criteria. Nine decision makers accepted to participate, corresponding to thirteen reports and twenty-three recommendations. Of the twenty-three recommendations issued, 65 percent were implemented, 9 percent were accepted for implementation but not implemented, and 26 percent were declined. In terms of the utility of each report to guide decision makers, 92 percent of the reports were considered in the decision-making process; 85 percent had one or more recommendations adopted; and 77 percent had recommendations implemented. The most frequently mentioned reasons for nonimplementation were related to contextual factors (64 percent), production/diffusion process factors (14 percent), content/format factors (14 percent), or other factors (9 percent). Among the contextual factors, the complexity of the changes (i.e., administrative reasons), budget and resources constraints, failure to identify administrative responsibility to carry out the recommendation, and nonpriority status of the HTA recommendation, were provided.Conclusions:This study highlights that although HB-HTA reports are useful to hospital managers in their decision-making processes, certain barriers such as contextual factors need to be better addressed to improve HB-HTA efficiency and usefulness.
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Greenberg, Dan, Joseph S. Pliskin, and Yitzhak Peterburg. "DECISION MAKING IN ACQUIRING MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ISRAELI MEDICAL CENTERS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 19, no. 1 (January 2003): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462303000187.
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Objectives: This preliminary study had two objectives: a) charting the considerations relevant to decisions about acquisition of new medical technology at the hospital level; and b) creating a basis for the development of a research tool that will examine the function of the Israeli health system in assessment of new medical technologies.Methods: A comprehensive literature review and in-depth interviews with decision makers at different levels allowed formulation of criteria considered by decision makers when they decide to purchase and use (or disallow the use) of new medical technology. The resulting questionnaire was sent to medical center directors, along with a letter explaining the goals of the study. The questionnaire included 31 possible considerations for decision making concerning the acquisition of new medical technology by medical centers. The interviewees were asked to indicate the relevance of each consideration in the decision-making process.Results: The most relevant criteria for the adoption of new technologies related to the need for a large capital investment, clinical efficacy of the technology as well as its influence on side effects and complication rates, and a formal approval by the Ministry of Health. Most interviewees stated that pressures exerted by the industry, by patients, or by senior physicians in the hospital are less relevant to decision making. Very small and usually not statistically significant differences in the ranking of hospital directors were found according to the hospitals' ownership, size, or location.Conclusions: The present study is a basis for a future study that will map and describe the function of hospital decision makers within the area of new technology assessment and the decision-making process in the adoption of new healthcare technologies.
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Romanowski, Michael H., Hissa Sadiq, Abdullah M. Abu-Tineh, Abdou Ndoye, and Mofed Aql. "Principal selection for Qatar’s government schools: Policy makers’, principals’ and teachers’ perspectives." Educational Management Administration & Leadership 48, no. 5 (July 4, 2019): 893–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143219859006.
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Research indicates that principals are critical in school reform since the implementation of policies and practices is to a large extent determined by the role that principals play in educational change. This study examines the principal selection process used in Qatar for the government schools and identifies knowledge and skills necessary for effective principals from the perspectives of policy makers, principals and teachers working in these schools. Qualitative interviews were held with three policy makers, 21 principals and 82 teachers in focus groups. Findings provide insight into the principal selection process and demonstrate that principals should develop their decision-making skills, should advance as instructional leaders and, since government schools are very diverse, principals must be able to manage issues of nationality, culture and equality. Recommendations are offered to improve the principal selection process for principals working in Qatar or other countries in the Gulf Region.
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Gingerich, James D. "Voting Rights Litigation And The Arkansas Judiciary: Getting What You Didn’t Ask For." American Review of Politics 10 (January 1, 1990): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1989.10.0.43-57.
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Many authors and researchers have commented about the role of courts, both federal and state, as public policy makers (Dahl, 1958; Grossman and Wells, 1966 and 1980; Shubert, 1974; Horowitz, 1977; Jacob, 1983). Others have studied the process of implementing judicial decisions and their effect upon public policy and other political institutions (Wasby, 1970; Baum, 1976, 1977, and 1985; Tarr, 1977; Johnson and Canon, 1984). Public policy analysts have shown that the longrecognized uncertainties in public policy-making frequently result in unintended consequences (Lindblom, 1968). Such unintended results are even more likely in the judicial decision-making setting, given the questioned authority and ability of courts to make policy, the lack of sufficient enforcement mechanisms, and the diverse nature of the implementing populations (Johnson and Canon, 1984).
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Wilkinson, Katy. "Organised Chaos: An Interpretive Approach to Evidence-Based Policy Making in Defra." Political Studies 59, no. 4 (November 16, 2010): 959–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00866.x.
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The Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has been heavily criticised for its handling of disease outbreaks in recent years by analysts who compare the conduct of officials with the model of evidence-based policy making, finding fault in their use of advisers or decision-making processes. In this article, I take an alternative approach to policy analysis, based on ethnographic research in the department. I explore the day-to-day interactions between scientific experts and policy makers in Defra to understand why policy making takes the form it does and how scientists negotiate their position within this process. I argue that policy making in Defra is organised by socially constructed narratives that help officials and advisers to make sense of their roles in the policy-making process. Drawing on insights from organisational sociology, I analyse the ways in which Defra officials talk about their responsibilities and understanding of their roles. These narratives act as ‘modes of ordering’ that bring about organisational realities by structuring their relationships, influencing the way they use scientific advice and consequently affecting policy outcomes. I outline three modes of ordering that can be identified in Defra – rationalism, bureaucracy and expediency – and demonstrate that they correspond to three complementary images of evidence-based policy making.