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Weinstein, Flore Saint Louis. "Women's Empowerment as a Policy for Poverty Reduction in Haiti." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7092.
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Women represent more than 50% of the population of Haiti and embody the poorest group due to their lack of socioeconomic development. Numerous nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) including diaspora NGOs (DINGOs) have engaged in the fight to reduce poverty in Haiti by enabling empowerment programs to help women become self-reliant. The programs appear to be ineffective because the level of poverty remains high and there has been little research on the relative effectiveness and sustainability of the programs implemented by the DINGOs. Using the feminist theories of DeBeauvoir and Friedan in conjunction with the empowerment theory of AlMaseb and Julia as the foundation, the purpose of this research was to assess the role of DINGOs in empowering Haitian women and to determine the effectiveness and sustainability of their programs. Research questions focused on the perception of participants of the notion of empowerment and strategies implemented by DINGOs. Data were collected from a purposive sample of 17 participants utilizing e-mail interviews. Interview data were coded using Rubin and Rubin's seven steps for analysis of responsive interviews. Findings indicated that (a) all participants shared similar views that the empowerment of Haitian women is a winning strategy for poverty reduction; (b) Participants believe that DINGOs' programs are effective, but they lack government involvement, partnerships with larger NGOs, and necessary resources to remain sustainable. Implications for social change include using the findings to inform policy creation and implementation of more women-friendly empowerment strategies capable of reducing the level of poverty in Haiti. Policy makers, the country, and Haitian women would benefit from the reduced poverty.
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Lacy, Jenkins Courtney. "Perception, Opportunity, Empowerment, and Policy: Women's Influence in Kentucky Agriculture." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cld_etds/25.
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The number of women farmers in the United States is increasing at a substantial rate. Women are fulfilling various roles on the farm and stepping into formal leadership positions in the agricultural community. This study surveys the perception of women reputational leaders in Kentucky agriculture among traditional agricultural leaders, the opportunities available to women in agriculture, the sources empowering women to serve in leadership capacities in agriculture, and how women reputational leaders influence agriculture and agricultural policy in Kentucky. The research revealed that the dynamic of Kentucky agriculture is shifting. Women have made significant strides in agriculture as farmers and professionals, resulting in women assuming formal leadership posts at all levels. Findings indicate there are ample opportunities for women in agriculture to receive informal training and education that will benefit their farm operation, but the programs should be designed solely with women’s needs in mind to be effective. Recommendations for further research include an intersectionality study of Kentucky’s women leaders in agriculture, a study of the potency of the Cooperative Extension Service and post-secondary educational institutions for grooming women leaders, and research to help determine why women tend to seek out volunteer roles in agricultural organizations rather than leadership positions.
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Sutton-Brown, Camille. "Women's Empowerment in the Context of Microfinance: A Photovoice Study." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/eps_diss/76.
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The assumptions underlying the relationships between microfinance and women’s empowerment are typically rooted in a financial paradigm, wherein the prevailing belief is that increases in economic resources necessarily lead to increases in women’s empowerment. This results in a conceptual erasure of the multi-dimensionality of empowerment and disregards the influences that microfinance has on women that extend beyond the economic sphere. This study explored how 6 women in Mali perceive and experience empowerment in relation to their participation in a microfinance program using photovoice. Photovoice is a qualitative methodology wherein participants document, reflect on, and represent their community and experiences using a specific photographic technique. The photographic collection that the women generated, along with their narratives and oral testimonies, suggest that empowerment is a complex construct that includes, yet extends beyond the financial paradigm. The findings of this indicate that microfinance has positively and negatively impacted various dimensions of the women’s perceived empowerment. At the conclusion of the project, the women participated in a forum and initiated policy changes at the microfinance institution with which they are affiliated.
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Padilla, Herrera Andrea Michelle. "Rural Women's Empowerment Through the Bono de Desarrollo Humano in Loja, Ecuador." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1585909837570404.
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Zvan, Elliott Katja. "Women's rights and reform in provincial Morocco : from disenfranchisement to lack of empowerment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d016ef02-51b6-4745-927a-e286608c8a28.
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Morocco is oftentimes praised by academics, development workers, and women’s rights activists as a trailblazer for the empowerment of women in the Middle East and North African region. Its reforms in the realm of family legislation and progress made in human development place the country at the helm of liberalising Arab Muslim-majority societies, even more so after the Arab Spring and Morocco’s peaceful transition to a ‘new’ constitutional order. However, a closer look at women’s rights discourses, legal reforms, its texts and implementation, and the public attitudes towards the enhancement of women’s rights reveals a less empowering situation. The purported goals of the Family Code, as the extolled document showcasing Morocco’s attempt at ameliorating (married) women’s rights, of ‘doing justice to women’ while ‘preserving men’s dignity’ mask the reformed law’s reconsolidation of patriarchal family relations. Many legal grey areas within this particular law, as well as clashing principles emanating from other laws such as the Penal Code, allow judges and the ʿaduls (religious notaries) to exercise discretion and apply the law as they see fit and, to a large extent, as it conforms to their and the community’s vision of the ideal moral order. Moreover, because ‘doing justice to women’ affects men’s and family’s honour, the project of the enhancement of women’s rights has had as a result retraditionalisation of family relations and hierarchical gender structures. Nowhere is this more poignant than in the status of educated single adult girls from provincial areas. They may be poster girls for the development community, but they are pitied by their own communities because they fail to become complete women––married (non-employed) mothers. The story of Morocco’s professed progress is a story of empowering its citizens, but one which does so on paper only. It is also a story which hides the salient details of poorly written reformed laws, obstructed access to justice, continuing widespread misogyny, material poverty and social marginalisation, and cohesive socio-economic programmes, which are rarely followed through.
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Muoka, Osinachi. "The Leadership Experiences of Immigrant Nigerian Women in New York City." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2418.
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Nigerian women face numerous cultural difficulties in their quest to attain leadership positions in Nigeria, a developing country. They are often overlooked in favor of men due to politics, religious beliefs, education, and bias in gender roles. When Nigerian women emigrate to a new country, the challenges are even greater. Although several United States policies impact the ability of a female immigrant to attain a leadership position 'the Equal Pay Act, Affirmative Action, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Act' little research has examined the challenges that affect their quest to attain leadership positions in the United States. This study explored the experiences of immigrant Nigerian women currently in leadership positions in New York City. Data for this study included interviews with 12 Nigerian female immigrants who responded to flyers placed throughout New York City; participants were also recruited via snowball sampling. Interview data were inductively coded, and then subjected to a modified Van Kaam method of analysis that revealed emergent themes. Many of the respondents reported the needed to change career paths because organizations in New York City did not recognize the equivalent of their careers, work experience, and education from their home country. As a result of this research, new information will be available to policymakers, which may be used to revise existing policies that directly impact immigrant women's career goals. The results may also provide new and useful information to leaders of local organizations that help female immigrants gain meaningful employment.
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Kammah, Jerry Calson. "Legal and Policy Framework for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: a Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal in Liberia." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22834.
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This paper critically analyse the extent to which legal and policy frameworks have contributed in achieving the third Millennium Development Goal (3rd MDG) in Liberia. It explores the feminist theory of Intersectionality by examining the intersection of historical, social and political context which all contribute to social division in Liberia. The paper goes further to examine how these social divisions affects gender equality and women’s empowerment through the indicators associated with the 3rd MDG on education, employment and political participation. It concludes by noting that though 2015 is a year away, much still has to be done to achieve the 3rd MDG, other MDGs as well as promotion of human rights in Liberia.
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Nilsson, Aila. "INCLUDING HERSTORY IN HISTORY -A gender-based policy analysis of Participatory Rangeland Management in relation to Participation, Influence and Empowerment." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-85168.
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This thesis examines how preparatory, policy and review documents of the Participatory Rangeland Management (PRM) in East Africa, problematize and represent the ‘problems’ which resulted in the design of the development program. The focus is on how these problematizations can hinder or facilitate participation, influence and empowerment of women and marginalized groups in decision-making processes. The findings are based on a gender-based policy analysis undertaken of five documents written by the NGOs involved in the planning and implementation of PRM in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. A conceptual framework measuring the level of participation, empowerment and influence was constructed to assess the policies and their possible outcomes. The document analysis showed that the implicit ‘problem’ themes identified appeared to be that communities were unmodern, undeveloped, and had under-representation of women and pastoralists in rangeland management. These problematizations seem to originate from a development discourse characterized by solutions focussing on ‘modernization’ and ‘technical fixes’. These pre-conceived ideas of the ’problems’ call for more communication and inclusion of community groups in problem formulation and program design. The analysis further revealed that expert-assisted and gender-mainstreaming initiatives such as the PRM could have a positive impact on the level of participation, influence, and empowerment of women. When training was carried out for both women and men by the PRM to raise awareness of women’s rights, it resulted in an increased number of women participating in activities. However, gender-mainstreaming should not stop with participation, it should be further developed towards influence and empowerment. The PRM could consider promoting a change of power relations by combining efforts to demonstrate the benefits of meaningful consultations to decision-makers and efforts to enhance the knowledge and skills of marginalized groups so that they can better engage with these decision-makers. Furthermore, there is a need to expand the discussion on how to design gender-mainstreaming policies and practices, without labelling women as one.
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Atkinson, Kelly E. "The Effect of Gender-Based Development Policies on Child Recruitment into Conflict." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1502720301036327.
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Mkhize, Gabisile Promise. "African Women: An Examination of Collective Organizing Among Grassroots Women in Post Apartheid South Africa." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1357308299.
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FERREIRA, Silverli Marcia. "“Mulheres mil” como política pública de inclusão social: uma análise do empoderamento feminino." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18710.
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O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a percepção das beneficiárias do Programa Mulheres Mil acerca do efeito do programa sobre empoderamento feminino. O estudo contextualiza a equidade de gênero e toma como base o conceito e as dimensões de empoderamento psicológica, econômica e legal/política/social. Propõe-se um desenho qualitativo e como instrumento de coleta de dados entrevistas semi-estruturada com 19 mulheres concluintes dos cursos do Programa Mulheres Mil nos Campus Cuiabá – Bela Vista e São Vicente do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso (IFMT), nas cidades de Cuiabá e Jaciara no período compreendido entre 2011 a 2013. A fim de edificar a percepção de empoderamento utilizamos análise de conteúdo com auxílio do software NVivo. Os resultados indicam que na percepção das mulheres beneficiárias do programa, o Mulheres Mil não apresentou efeito sobre o empoderamento feminino. Este trabalho tem o potencial de: (1) contribuir com a teoria de forma a subsidiar pesquisa científica em relação às políticas públicas e sobre empoderamento feminino; (2) fornecer subsídios para a melhoria do programa e contribuir com os processos de tomada de decisão.
The objective of this research is to analyze the perception of the beneficiaries of the Thousand Women Program of the effect of female empowerment on program. The study contextualizes gender equality and builds on the concept and dimensions of psychological empowerment, legal and economic / political / social. We propose a qualitative design and how data collection semi-structured interviews instrument with 19 graduating women of the Thousand Women Program courses in Campus Cuiabá - Bela Vista and Sao Vicente Federal Institute of Education, Science and Mato Grosso Technology (IFMT), in the cities of Cuiabá and Jaciara the period from 2011 to 2013. In order to build the perception of empowerment used content analysis using NVivo software. The results indicate that the perception of women beneficiaries of the program, the Thousand Women had no effect on female empowerment. This work has the potential to: (1) to contribute to the theory in order to support scientific research in relation to public policies and on women's empowerment; (2) provide subsidies to improve the program and contribute to the decision-making processes.
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Påfs, Jessica. "The Quest for Maternal Survival in Rwanda : Paradoxes in Policy and Practice from the Perspective of Near-Miss Women, Recent Fathers and Healthcare Providers." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-306604.
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Rwanda has made significant progress in decreasing the number of maternal deaths and increasing the number of antenatal care visits and childbirths at health facilities. This thesis seeks to illuminate potential barriers for Rwanda’s goal for maternal survival. The studies explore the bottom-up perspective of policies and practices in regards to maternal care in Kigali. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between 2013 and 2016 with women who nearly died (‘near-miss’) during pregnancy, their partners, and with other recent fathers and community members, as well as healthcare providers who work within abortion care. The framework of naturalistic inquiry guided the study design and data collection. Analysis was conducted using framework analysis, thematic analysis and naturalistic inquiry. The findings identify paradoxical outcomes in the implementation of maternal care policies. Despite recent amendments of the abortion law, safe abortion was identified as being non-accessible. Abortion-related symptoms continue to carry a criminalized and stigmatized label, which encourages risk-taking and clandestine solutions to unwanted pregnancies, and causes care-seeking delays for women with obstetric complications in early pregnancy. Healthcare providers had limited awareness of the current abortion law, and described tensions in exercising their profession due to fear of litigation. The first antenatal care visit appeared to require the accompaniment of a male partner, which underpinned women’s reliance on men in their care-seeking. Men expressed interest in taking part in maternal care, but faced resistance for further engagement from healthcare providers. Giving birth at a health facility was identified as mandatory, yet care was experienced as suboptimal. Disrespect during counseling and care was identified, leading to repeated care-seeking and may underpin the uptake of traditional medicine. An enhanced implementation of the current abortion law is recommended. Reconsideration of policy is recommended to ensure equitable and complete access to antenatal care: women should be able to seek care accompanied by their person of choice. These findings further recommend action for improved policy to better address men’s preferred inclusion in maternal health matters. The findings of this thesis promote continued attention to implementing changes to strengthen quality, and trust, in public maternal care.
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Abdo, Dina Taha Hussien. "Effects of IMF Conditional Loans on Gender Equality." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu162086139444451.
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Christianson, Stace Hucks. "Mormon Women's Sense of Empowerment." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1997. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTAF,24557.
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Donati, Laura. "Viewing Post-Conflict Gender Equality Through a Vulnerability Lens." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Umeå centrum för genusstudier (UCGS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172604.
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Natural disasters and conflicts are not gender neutral. They have a different impact on women, girls, boys and men, deepening and intensifying already existing, socially constructed, cultural norms and gender roles. However, crisis represents a “turning point” that shakes balances and traditions, unbalancing the fixed social structure, leaving room for women to exit the crisis empowered, rather than wounded. A systemic integration of a gender-sensitive approach into humanitarian and disaster reliefs operations wound tackle pre-existing inequalities, ensuring an effective quality response and recover from disasters.
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Nkhoma, Sydney. "Cash Transfers: Ladders or Handouts? An Analysis of Community Targeted Social Cash Transfers, Machinga District, Malawi." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14624.
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This thesis examines whether, how and to what extent social cash transfers help the poor in reducing poverty; not only in income terms but also in relation to how they build on their capabilities and address gender inequality, risk and vulnerability. The thesis explores these questions through an analysis of a community targeted social cash transfer scheme from Traditional Authority Mlomba, Machinga district in Malawi, using the capability approach as the conceptual framework of analysis. The study is located in the critical realist domain as its underlying research philosophy. The study is qualitative in nature, using semi-structured interviews, observations and life histories. The scheme targets the poorest 10% of the population who are also labour constrained and deemed to be economically unproductive. Thus, the study offers some insights into an area that is not well researched as it is a relatively new concept to target the poor who are also labour constrained and not economically productive. In this thesis, I show that despite the limited resource base compared to the large number of the poor, social cash transfers as low as US$14 per household per month can make a valuable contribution to the reduction of poverty through building capabilities of the poor, empowering women and addressing some of the gendered inequalities, risk and vulnerability. Therefore, social cash transfers are not just handouts but act as ladders that can uplift the absolute poor out of poverty.
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McCleary, Marlee R. "Microfinance and women's empowerment interviews from Kosovo /." Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2010. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/2181957.
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Thesis (Honors paper)--Florida State University, 2010.Advisor: Dr. Will Moore, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Dept. of International Affairs. Includes bibliographical references.
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MariÌn, Rosa Elena Riaño. "Women's empowerment : an avenue to gender equality?" Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427143.
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The aim of this research is to investigate whether and how women's financial contributions to household resources might lead to changes in gender relations. It feeds directly into current concerns about women's empowerment and gender equality which are on the agenda of international and national bodies, scholars and development practitioners and is anchored in the debate about the importance of women's income-earning activities for achieving gender equality. The research focuses on relationships between women and men in a poor rural settlement in northeastern Mexico. The thesis details the negotiating and bargaining processes between women and men in 23 households and examines how these relationships and the identities of the women and men involved are influenced by the context in which they are embedded. This context includes the community itself as well as government policy as experienced through income generating projects, and wider Mexican cultural norms. The research findings support the argument that incomeearning activities alone will not result in the changes often sought by development practitioners and feminists, and now also by governments worldwide. Wider changes in the cultural and economic environment are also needed to change the perceptions of self and others that individuals bring to their gender relations. These changes in perception are central to maintaining or reinforcing changes in gendered power relations. The research findings pointed to no significant changes in women's and men's identities, and motherhood continues to be the only source of power for rural women whose economic contributions are under-valued. The structures of power within which poor rural women, with a limited resource base and limited social networks, carry out their income-earning activities do not create an enabling environment for transformatory changes to occur in their gender relations
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Flores-Martinez, Artemisa. "Women's empowerment and the welfare of children." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59698/.
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This thesis investigates whether women's empowerment affects children's wellbeing in two developing countries: Mexico and India. The first chapter provides a background on women's empowerment. The second chapter evaluates a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, which provides poor women in Mexico with tools to be better mothers, in terms of its impact on birthweight. The third chapter analyses whether empowered women, referred as those who have progressive gender attitudes, are more likely to have a firstborn girl in Delhi, India. Specifically, the second chapter evaluates PROGRESA-Oportunidades, a program that pays mothers cash in exchange of their investment in their children's human capital: education, health, and nutrition. Using quantile regressions, the chapter finds a positive and significant program effect, but babies at the upper tail of the conditional birthweight distribution seem to have benefited the most. Moreover, maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with a 459-gram decrease on birthweights at the 20th percentile of the conditional distribution, completely wiping out any program benefits. This effect is not picked up by least squares regression estimates, which is the technique used by previous literature on the subject. The third chapter turns to India, a country that has lost millions of girls to sex-selective abortions. The chapter first constructs a women's empowerment (progressivity ) index using a latent factor model, and then assesses whether progressive women are more likely to have a firstborn girl in Delhi. The latter territory has, unlike the Indian average, 'missing' women even among first order births. The results show that a one-standard deviation increase in the progressivity index is associated with a 5.8-percentage point increase in the likelihood of a firstborn girl relative to women who have not yet given birth.
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Subasat, Jasmine Yoko. "Salvadoran women's empowerment : adult literacy as development." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443824.
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Galindo-Arévalo, María Teresa. "Women's empowerment through cooperatives in Latin America." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1387449194.
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Lakwo, Alfred. "Microfinance, rural livelihoods, and women's empowerment in Uganda." Leiden : African Studies Centre, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1887/11945.
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Stewart, Eileen. "Limited empowerment in a South India women's producer organisation, evaluating the economic empowerment approach." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22100.pdf.
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Stewart, Eileen (Eileen Louise) Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Limited empowerment in a South India women's producer organisation; evaluating the economic empowerment approach." Ottawa, 1997.
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Rowlands, Joanna Mary. "Empowerment examined : an exploration of the concept and practice of women's empowerment in Honduras." Thesis, Durham University, 1995. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1424/.
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Arruda, Nancy Ahne. "The politics in popular urban women's organizing, empowerment and women's organizing in Rio's favelas." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ56300.pdf.
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Mironesco, Monique. "Feminist consciousness, voice, and empowerment : Women's Studies in Hawaiʻi." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/3064.
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This dissertation investigates the impact of Women's Studies classes and programs on women adult learners in the University of Hawaiʻi system on Oʻahu with regards to feminist consciousness, voice, empowerment, and identity. I pay special attention to feminist methodological questions as well as my own location as a white researcher from the university researching and interpreting the narratives of (mostly) women of color in Hawaiʻi. Feminism, feminist consciousness and voice are examined through a variety of cultural practices and ethnic lenses. The concept of feminist consciousness is most usefully used as a process, including, but also moving beyond a basic awareness of gender discrimination and stereotypes. Voice and feminist languages are identified in a variety of ways beyond participation in class, allowing for classroom community and feminist pedagogy to play significant roles in voice creation and use. Power and empowerment as facilitated by Women's Studies classes are at the forefront of major life changes for the participants in this study. They provide a springboard for self-definition and self-determination, enabling significant intellectual outcomes. I also examine identity and the (re)production of self, in conjunction with feminist consciousness and empowerment, as processes. There are racial and ethnic differences in the understanding of identity, especially in Hawaiʻi, where colonialism continues to playa role in history and society. The reexamination of their roles as wives/girlfriends, daughters, and mothers is particularly reflective of the sense of agency the participants discussed after having taken a Women's Studies class. Indeed, these, along with many others comprise the specific effects of Women's Studies classes on women adult learners. The conclusion suggests possible methods for further study of the topic. It also offers suggestions as to how Women's Studies programs in Hawaiʻi could further expand their reach and influence on their students.Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 344-350).
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Also available by subscription via World Wide Web
vii, 359 leaves, bound 29 cm
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Sukontamarn, Pataporn. "NGOs, human capital, and women's empowerment : evidence from Bangladesh." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1950/.
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This thesis studies the effects of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on human capital investment and women's empowerment in Bangladesh. Chapter Two studies how the entry of NGOs in primary education has affected educational outcomes of girls and examines the mechanisms which account for the relative performance of NGO versus state schools in improving female educational outcomes. The results show that the entry of NGO schools has significantly increased girls' enrollment as compared to boys. The two most prominent characteristics of NGO schools that encourage girls' enrollment are the high percentage of female teachers and having Parent-Teacher Associations. NGO schools show strong effects in improving children's test scores. Chapter Three analyzes the factors which affect teacher presence, student attendance, and community participation in primary schools in Bangladesh. The results show that, after controlling for other factors, NGO school teachers are more likely to be present in school, NGO schools are associated with higher student attendance rates, and guardians of NGO school students, in particular mothers, are more likely to participate in school meetings. Motivation appears the most important factor explaining teacher presence among NGO school teachers. Teacher attendance rate and other factors relating to curriculum and school facility explain student attendance in NGO schools. Chapter Four investigates the effects of having the Grameen Bank in the village of residence on fertility decisions and women's empowerment. The results suggest that the Grameen Bank affects fertility decisions in the direction towards lower fertility. The changes include a reduction in women's ideal number of children and the number of births in the year prior to the survey, and an increase in husband's approval rate, and actual use, of family planning methods. Having the Grameen Bank in the village shows positive relationship with women's empowerment as measured by contribution to family support and mobility.
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Wakoko, Florence. "Microfinance and women's empowerment in Uganda a socioeconomic approach /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1064325172.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 196 p.; also contains graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Linda M. Labao, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-196).
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Taghvatalab, Sara. "Essays on Women's Empowerment and Economic Development in Iran." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82235.
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This dissertation consists of three essays on women empowerment in Iran. In the first two chapters, we examine the impact of the rapid expansion of electricity to rural areas of Iran after the 1979 revolution on two important determinants of women's empowerment, fertility and female literacy. We use the timing of provision of electricity to villages to identify its impact on the child-woman ratio and the literacy rate of adult women and men. We use difference-in-differences (DID) method as well as instrumental variables (IV) to account for the potential endogeneity of electrification. Our findings for the impact of electricity on fertility is highly sensitive to the method of identification. The DID results imply that electrification lowers fertility whereas the IV estimates suggest the opposite. The results on literacy are consistent across estimation methods, both showing that electrification increases female literacy.
In the third chapter, we focus on the role of education in the empowerment of women. The positive effects of education on female empowerment through lower fertility and greater labor force participation are well known. Female empowerment is also closely identified with greater participation in market work and access to an independent source of income. In the past two decades Iranian women have increased their education, lowered their fertility, but their labor force participation remains low. In this chapter we examine the role of education in the empowerment of Iranian women through their allocation of time between domestic work, child education, and market work.
We find evidence that more educated women spend more time in market related activities and child education, but less in domestic work. The behavior of women in time allocation to market work and childcare exhibits similar patterns and both are quite different from house or domestic work. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that education empowers women by increasing their ability to earn more income as well as through their ability to invest in the education of their children.Ph. D.
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Chaney, Kathryn Elise. "Work and Women's Empowerment: An Examination of South Asia." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1514051407055113.
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Rörström, Rosanna. "Men's Perspective on Women's Empowerment in Babati District, Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9946.
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This study aims to define men’s perspective on women’s agency and entrepreneurship, and the gender changing roles within the household in Babati district, Tanzania. Women’s empowerment is a notion recently put into practice in several African states today. The notion has transpired from women’s collective ability to organize, act and demand in patriarchal societies in recent decades, resulting in their increased influential and politicized roles. This has further led to constitutional law amendments in Tanzania as well as the establishment of local microfinance institutions, promoting women’s social mobilization. The study is based on semi-structured interviews and secondary sources. The interviews include local men from Babati district, whose wives are active in organizations and/or own a business, as well as a Social Welfare Officer from Babati Development Town Council. The theoretical framework is mainly composed of literature focusing on African pre-colonial gender roles and stereotypical ideas of gender that have affected how gender roles are perceived today. The results emerged as generally positive attitudes towards women’s empowerment. Most men stated that women have ascertained a position of increased influence both within and outside the household in the past decade. However, the positive results have been interpreted through different aspects. Unemployment is discussed as a large societal issue in Babati district, and most men interviewed were unemployed, which could have affected the results and perceptions of women’s social roles. Additionally, this disempowers the traditional role of men as head of the household, also interpreted as a consequence due to women’s empowerment.
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Shearer, Nelma Beth Crawford. "Facilitators of health empowerment in women." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289115.
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The purpose of this study was to test a theoretical model of the process of health empowerment in women. The proposed model examined empowerment from a theoretical perspective based upon a Rogerian framework and Parse's simultaneity paradigm. The model examined interpersonal factors (social support and professional support) and contextual factors (age, income, years of education, number of children, and number of years currently married). Women's health empowerment was indexed using Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile Instrument. A convenience sample of 133 women between the ages of 21 and 45 years with children were obtained from the Arizona State University College of Nursing sponsored Community Health Services Clinic to test the theory. Hierarchical multiple regression technique was used to explain women's health empowerment. Results indicated a 38% of the variance in health empowerment measured as knowing participation in change was explained by a significant beta weight for social support. In addition, a significant 43% of the variance in health empowerment, measured as lifestyle behaviors, was explained by significant beta weights for education and social support.
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Tripodi, Francesca. "Empowermetrics evaluating metrics for women's empowerment and exploring new alternatives /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/649702725/viewonline.
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Brown, Andrea M. "Democratisation in Tanzania, women's associations and the potential for empowerment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0017/NQ45771.pdf.
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Prasilowati, Sri Lestari. "An analysis of women's education in Indonesia, empowerment and barriers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ56719.pdf.
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Poole, Megan Shaffner Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "The role of power in regard to women's sexual empowerment." Ottawa, 1995.
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Djossou, Agboadannon Koumagnon Alfred. "African women's empowerment : a study in Amma Darko's selected novels." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA3008/document.
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Cette thèse entreprend une analyse des romancières africaines qui ont un avis différent sur la question de la description des personnages féminins et un point de vue différent du rôle de leurs fictions qui peuvent être utilisées pour promouvoir les femmes. La thèse examine l'influence de la culture et des coutumes africaines dans les romans de l'écrivaine ghanéenne, Amma Darko. Ses écrits, de la 3e génération, partent de l'hypothèse générale de l'existence de groupes minoritaires au sein de la littérature parmi lesquels se trouve celui de l'écrivaine, dont les textes ont un écho de plus en plus fort dans le champs littéraire. La thèse pose un problème de refondation du paradigme, culturel et à cet effet Amma Darko propose des solutions de règlement de la crise homme/femme. Finalement, mis à part le point de vue esthétique, la thèse montre combien Darko est aux avant-postes de la littérature engagée au service de la société et d'une idéologie féministeThis thesis adresses the question of wether African female novelists have a different view in portraying their female characters ans it investigates on wether their fiction can inspire women'e empowerment. It examines the influence of culture and customs in the selected novels by Amma Darko. Focusing on thse novels of the third generation, the thesis explores mods of memories, trauma and history writing and highlights the way she represents, reaffirms ans re-positions women in her creative writings to empower them in society.It analyses the solutions o issues raised through the novelist's choracters. This thesis finally shows how much Amma Darko' is at the forefront of a committed African litterature written by African women with an ideological point of view
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Johnstone-Louis, Mary. "Women's empowerment through entrepreneurship : an examination of theory and practice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:88664900-5e03-469b-829d-bec642c9d904.
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Corporate-led programs aimed at increasing women's entrepreneurship are rapidly proliferating across many industries. The gendered nature of this phenomenon suggests that feminist approaches may bring much to bear on analysis of management theory and practice. In particular, I argue that insights from feminist economics regarding the historically prevalent - but narrow and gendered - definition of work, which artificially separates production from reproduction, provide fruitful tools for theory building and analysis of practice. Through a systematic literature review of the entrepreneurship literature, I demonstrate that the gendered separation of production and reproduction is typically taken as given in mainstream management theory. Findings from two organizational cases, both featuring industry-embedded approaches to women's empowerment, support the conclusion that unpaid/care work and market work are typically framed as forms of activity that are gendered, dichotomous, and existing in ontological conflict with one another in management practice. I present a conceptual framework of what is to be gained by examining management theory and practice in this light, and suggest how scholars and practitioners might use this framework for future work and research.
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Jolosheva, Aida A. 1984. "Entrepreneurship and Microfinance: Economic Development and Women's Empowerment in Kyrgyzstan." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10650.
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xi, 105 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.This thesis focuses on microfinance in Kyrgyzstan as a response to the initiation of economic, social and political reforms following Kyrgyzstan's independence in 1991. These reforms accelerated Kyrgyzstan's transition from a centrally-planned to a liberal market-based economy. Microfinance became a favored mechanism for encouraging individual entrepreneurship and thus economic development. Based on field research I conducted in Kyrgyzstan during the summer of 2009, this thesis examines the economic impact of these reforms on women entrepreneurs, as women were particularly vulnerable to the social fallout from such reforms. Through participatory observation, small focus groups and semi-structured interviews, I analyze myriad aspects of the lives of women entrepreneurs who have participated in a microfinance project. I argue that microfinance provides an empowering, sustainable path for them. However, the historical occupational divisions encouraged by the Soviet Union affect how people use microcredit. I conclude with suggestions on improving microfinance practices in Kyrgyzstan.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Anita M. Weiss, Chair; Dr. Laura Leete; Dr. Shankha Chakraborty
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Choudhury, Gias Uddin Ahmed. "Impact of Microcredit Program on Women's Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-80192.
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Background – This study is an attempt to explore the relationship between microcredit and the socio-economic empowerment of women in rural Bangladesh. Microcredit is simply the extension of a small amount of collateral-free institutional loans to jointly liable poor group members to generate employment and income enhancing activities. As it is too difficult for poor members to get loan from the formal credit institutions, Grameen Bank (GB) or other Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) provide small loans to vulnerable groups of the society by which they are expected to empower over his counterparts. Research questions – RQ1: How does micro-credit affect different indicators of women empowerment in the rural areas of Bangladesh? RQ2– Is the impact different from the male counterparts in the sample households? Purpose – This study is an effort to find the impact of microcredit on a number of indicators of women’s empowerment in the rural areas in Bangladesh. Methodology – Quantitative Regression Techniques such as Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Instrumental Variable (IV) method have been applied to get the relationship between microcredit and women empowerment. Conclusion – Applying nationally representative cross-section survey data, Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) 2015, this thesis is intended to find the causal linkage between microcredit and women empowerment’s with different dimensions of women’s decisions are taken as empowerment indicators: production, resources, income, leadership, savings and time. The analysis has been conducted at the household level. The study assumes that women empowerment is endogenous. After controlling for endogeneity in the estimation by using an instrumental variable (IV) ‘distance to the market’ this study finds a significant relationship between microcredit and different dimensions of women’s empowerment. Participation in the microcredit program is found to be significant in explaining some of the outcome indicators of empowerment for the sampled households.
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Lawson, Aleta Mae. "Freedom to Be One's Self: Appalachian Women's Perspectives on Empowerment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33214.
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This study explores what constitutes empowerment among a small group of Appalachian women and the developmental and cultural factors that they believe contribute to such empowerment. Twelve women completed in-depth interviews and questionnaires about their lifespan development with regard to cultural context and progression through Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development. The purpose of the study was to explore women's perceptions of what empowerment is for them and how this is influenced by their developmental histories. This study is a unique contribution to the literature in that it focuses on empowerment from a developmental perspective and seeks to identify factors in lifespan development and cultural context that affect empowerment, focusing on a frequently marginalized population, Appalachian women. The data were examined within an Eriksonian framework in relationship to how successful development through Erikson's psychosocial stages affects empowerment.Qualitative analysis of the results indicated that the participants felt that developmental and cultural factors did contribute to the degree of empowerment women experience as adults. The results also indicated that the Appalachian environment and culture supported their empowerment. The findings also reveal a positive relationship between the degree of empowerment experienced by the women and their successful resolution through the eight psychosocial stages of development. The findings further indicate that the experience and definition of empowerment may be as diverse as women themselves. However, the consistent theme found for all of the women in this study was that the essence of empowerment is experienced as a form of inner strength. The conclusion of this study is that, whether one perceives empowerment to come from internal or external factors, from one's upbringing, one's culture, one's God, or one's spirit, the essence of empowerment is experienced as the freedom to be one's self, in all one's glory.Master of Science
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Kou, Aune Kajsa. "Women's Empowerment and Gender-based Violence in Post-Conflict Liberia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323541.
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Previous research on empowerment of women has tried to show a correlation between empowerment and a reduction of gender-based violence. Some studies confirm that correlation and it is argued that especially economic empowerment is key to such a correlation. However, the correlation based on economic empowerment is disputed, and some scholars argue that economic empowerment is not sufficient to tackle structural issues based on power inequalities, such as gender-based violence. This study will build on the latter argument in the debate of empowerment, and will use the case of post-conflict Liberia to support this discussion. In post-conflict Liberia, significant efforts to empower women have been made and yet, high levels of gender-based violence remain. By examining two official policy documents directed toward reduction of gender-based violence and enhancement of women’s empowerment, this thesis concludes that there is a lack of recognition of gender relations structured around an unequal distribution of power, in the two documents. The study will therefore end with the argument that in order to create empowerment of women that reduce issues such as gender-based violence, strategies to enhance women’s empowerment need to account for gender relations based on power dynamics.
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Lawrence, Yolisa Innocentia. "Poverty alleviation through empowerment and participation: the Seki Women's Foundation." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020020.
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As poverty alleviation projects are being established in communities in order to reduce the impact of unemployment, crime, and inequality as well as other factors propagating poverty, numerous projects fail to democratically meet the needs of the poor majority. Development initiatives brought forth by government and non-governmental organisations, which adopt a top-down approach in order to accelerate development, do not always have a positive effect on the community, especially on the poor majority, which development is meant to empower and benefit. This results in the short life span of the project and leads the community into immense poverty. Thus, the focus of this research paper was to evaluate the extent to which poverty alleviation projects such as the Seki Women’s Foundation, contribute towards the alleviation of poverty in its community, located in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. This evaluation study focused more on aspects of development concerning community participation, empowerment through skills training and project sustainability. The objectives of the study were to investigate the values, aims and objectives of the Seki Women’s Foundation; how these values, aims and objectives were fulfilled; the challenges faced by the project towards effective community development and the determinants of the long-term sustainability of the project. The research study adopted a qualitative approach, which allowed the researcher to collect meaningful knowledge from the volunteers and stakeholders by conducting semi-structured interviews and a focus group which were guided by open-ended questions. The data was thematically analysed where important concepts were coded in order to obtain accurate information so that valid results could be reached. The main findings of the research study suggested that the contribution made by the Seki Women’s Foundation towards poverty alleviation and community development is to empower the volunteers and community through skills training in baking, gardening and sewing. The volunteers share these skills amongst community members, enabling them to be self-sufficient and implement the skills in their own surroundings. The project builds strong partnerships with the stakeholders by being accountable and transparent about the utilisation of funds through report formulation. Although the project implements some principles of community development, the full participation of volunteers in the development process remains a concern, especially in decision making. The challenges faced by the project are concerned with burglary of clothing containers, stealing of vegetation and garden tools and the community not buying the products sold by the project. The research study recommends that the volunteers reason with the community and instil trust and honesty to avoid crime. The project should instil authentic participation in all development processes and form a partnership with local shops in convincing them to sell their produce as this will allow some income to generate within the project and community.
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Allan, Elizabeth J. "Constructing women's status : policy discourses of university women's commission reports /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488190595941051.
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Ahalt, Cyrus. "The effects of community radio on women's empowerment in rural Liberia." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/644674190/viewonline.
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Bae, Geum-Joo. "Reviewing United Nations world conferences on women for Korean women's empowerment." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1541.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Women's Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Pazioni-Kalli, A. "Spaces of resistance – places of transformative learning : women's metamorphosis and empowerment?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.660473.
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The research reported on here is an investigation of the relations of Transformative Learning and Transformative Spaces. It is an interdisciplinary study aimed at exploring the interplay between space, culture, memory and identity in learning. In particular, it seeks a) to understand how our individual and social identities are determined by space and movement within/in-between/across/beyond space(s), and b) to establish a dialogic formation between and among concepts of social, spatial, gendered learning environments and their interaction with time in the production of collective action, democracy, and freedom. In this respect, its aims are to contribute to understandings of different power relations that influence knowledge construction, and about what can be learnt when people struggle for a more equitable society. In so doing, it draws from a very broad array of theorists but also from empirical investigation conducted in two ways: a) through a case study of a particular place (Greece), focusing on a social (political) movement emerged in the years of Greece’s military dictatorship, 1967-1974 and b) through a life history/biographical narrative study of four particular (Greek) women. The dissertation will bring to the fore a cultural analysis of the emergence of the movement as well as of the construction of gender identities within and beyond that movement. It will challenge views that seek only structural exegeses of social phenomena and relations by arguing that a social phenomenon cannot be analysed detached from the space and time that brought it about, thus pointing out the importance of context, in addition to aspirations, emotions, contradictory feelings and imagination in the processes associate with the concept of transformative learning.
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Bordon, Arcelia MartiÌnez. "Education as a route for young women's empowerment in rural Mexico." Thesis, University of York, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415179.
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Tee, Jennifer. "Transforming ourselves and our communities : young women's empowerment for social change /." Click here to view full text, 2007.
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