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Journal articles on the topic 'Policy for Women's Empowerment'
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Amran, F. N. F., and F. Abdul Fatah. "Insights of women’s empowerment and decision-making in rice production in Malaysia." Food Research 4, S5 (December 20, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s5).013.
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Women's empowerment is essential in achieving global food security while being prioritised as one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda. Even though a women’s empowerment role in agriculture received wide attention in works of literature, there is still a research gap about women’s empowerment in Malaysia's agriculture. This study contributes to the status of women’s empowerment and its determinants, as well as challenges to enhance women’s empowerment among rice smallholders in Selangor, Malaysia. By using a framework adapted from the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), 200 smallholder paddy farmers were selected using stratified random sampling. The results revealed vital domains that contributed to women’s empowerment, which provided access to extension services and led to effective decision-making, whereas leadership displayed a negative association. The lack of participation in the planning process and community groups were significant obstacles in enhancing the women's empowerment among rice farmers. These results suggested the scope of possible interventions and policy recommendations to enhance women’s empowerment in agriculture.
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Obayelu, Oluwakemi Adeola, and Amaka Christiana Chime. "Dimensions and drivers of women's empowerment in rural Nigeria." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2019-0455.
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PurposeThe majority of poor women in Africa live in rural areas, and investigating their empowerment status and factors influencing their empowerment is therefore a tool for overcoming poverty. This paper investigated the dimensions and determinants of women's empowerment in rural Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThis study used data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Information on women's agencies, resource, income, leadership and time/workload was used to construct women empowerment index (WEI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logit regression model.FindingsMost of the decisions were made by the women's spouses, while decisions on how to spend her earnings were jointly made with her spouse. A majority of the women did not justify beating nor owned businesses. A larger percentage of rural women were disempowered than men; agency had the highest relative contribution to women's disempowerment; and women in the northern zones of Nigeria were less empowered than their southern counterparts. Husband's education and her age were inversely related to women's empowerments while her education, household size and being the household head were directly related to it.Originality/valueThere is a dearth of empirical studies on multidimensional women's empowerment in rural Nigeria. This study therefore provides a clear understanding of drivers of women's empowerment in rural Nigeria, and its findings are to serve as guiding documents for policymakers in designing gender-responsive interventions programs and implementation of a genuine gender mainstreaming in rural development policy in Nigeria. Further, the findings would contribute to the growing body of knowledge, especially empirical studies, on women's empowerment in Nigeria and the developing world.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-07-2019-0455
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Weisman, Carol S. "Empowerment and Women's Health: Theory, Methods, and Practice." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 25, no. 3 (June 2000): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-25-3-607.
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VARGHESE, TITTY. "The Impact of Women’s Political Empowerment Policy: A Perspective from the Idukki District of Kerala." Public Policy And Administration 18, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.18.3.24710.
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Women's exposure to political power and their influence on policies has expanded tremendously in recent decades. However, females are nowhere proportional to males in their impact and practice of political legitimacy although political empowerment research on women's role is continuing. The Indian government national program of ‘Panchayati Raj Institutions' act of 1992 was an outstanding policy mechanism for increasing women's political participation at the national level. This act provides 50 % reservation seats for women in the Local Self Government, and thus women were capable of attaining power in the political realm. Through this policy, there is a greater possibility for women to elected in the political realms and thus process a higher role in welfare mechanisms in their respective administrative locality than before. In this context, this article aims to explore the importance of the Panchayati Raj Institution policy on the political empowerment of women in the panchayat. To find out the impact of policy, this paper conducted an empirical study by collecting the primary data from elected women representatives in one district of Kerala. The results could assess the significance of increasing women's political empowerment and their position in Kerala society.
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Rugege, Sam. "Women's Empowerment in Rwanda: The Respective Roles of Courts and Policy." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 24, no. 4 (November 2016): 476–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2016.0169.
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Napitupulu, Robert Antonius, Tjahja Supriatna, H. Musa Hubeis, and Dewi Sulistyani. "The Effect of Policy Implementation, Personnel Competency, and Community Participation on the Performance of the department of Women Empowerment, Child Protection and Community Empowerment, Medan, Indonesia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i1.2388.
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The background of this research is the low performance of the Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection and Community Empowerment (P3PAD) Medan City. This study aims to analyze and understand the effect of policy implementation, HR competence, and community empowerment on the performance of the Medan City P3APD office either partially or jointly. This research focuses on the variables of Policy Implementation, HR Competence, Community Empowerment and Performance. This research method is a quantitative approach method, data collection techniques using documentation techniques, questionnaires, and literature study. This research data collection tool is a questionnaire based on the Likert scale, observation, interviews. The data analysis technique in this research is validity test, F test and t test. The sampling technique in this study was proportionate stratified random sampling. The results of this study prove that Policy Implementation has an effect of 83.6%, HR Competence has an effect of 99.9%, Community Participation has an effect of 91.3%, Policy Implementation, HR Competence and Community Empowerment together have an effect of 99.9%. on the Performance of the Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection and Community Empowerment (P3PAD) Medan City. As a recommendation for the results of this study, namely: (1) carry out monitoring and evaluation of local regulations related to DP3APM agencies so that it describes the financing of work programs supported by the e-budgeting system, e-money for community empowerment in Medan City, etc., (2) increasing cooperation between multi stakeholders in the city Medan in increasing the competence of human resources through increasing knowledge based on science and technology and IMTAQ, (3) The regional government is expected to involve stakeholders in the health sector in order to increase the effectiveness of the community empowerment program in Medan City through socialization efforts, ToT, training and workshops so that occupational health and safety are in empowerment programs. Medan city community is more secure.
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Campbell, Catherine, Andy Gibbs, Yugi Nair, and Sbongile Maimane. "Frustrated Potential, False Promise or Complicated Possibilities? Empowerment and Participation Amongst Female Health Volunteers in South Africa." Journal of Health Management 11, no. 2 (May 2009): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340901100204.
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We present a longitudinal case study of lay women's participation in a project seeking to facilitate home-based care of people dying of AIDS in a rural community in South Africa, drawing on four sets of interviews conducted with volunteers over a five-year period. We link participation in the project to three dimensions of women's agency: their knowledge and skills, their confidence; and their personal experiences of efficacy. We show that whilst the experience of participation enhanced each of these dimensions of volunteers’ agency at various stages of the project, the empowerment that did take place appeared to be limited to women's project-related roles, rather than generalising to other areas of their lives beyond the project. The project had limited impact on women's ability to negotiate condom use with husbands, to assert themselves in relation to male project leaders and to become more involved in wider community decision-making and leadership. We discuss three possible interpretations of our findings: (i) that greater empowerment might have occurred had the project run for a longer time period; (ii) that whilst such projects play a vital role in providing services, the more general ‘empowerment via participation’ agenda is a false promise in highly marginalised communities; or (iii) that whilst generalised positive impacts of such projects on volunteers are hard to track, such projects do open up glimpses of increased agency for many women. These might have positive but unpredictable results in ways that defy formulation in linear conceptualisations of social transformation and development, understood in terms of clearly observable and measurable inputs and outputs.
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Gerritzen, B. C. "Women's Empowerment And Hiv Prevention In Rural Malawi." Value in Health 16, no. 3 (May 2013): A98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2013.03.458.
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Miskiyah, Neneng, Sari Lestari Z. Ridho, Hadi Jauhari, and Keti Purnamasari. "Women Attribute and Household Level Factor on Women's Empowerment." Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen 36, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.24856/mem.v36i2.2124.
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<p>Empowerment is an important strategy in increasing the role and opportunities of women in improving their economy and is an effort to increase and actualize their potential so that they are more able to be independent and work, and are more appreciated. This study aims to analyze the probability of empowering women in the songket craft business, testing and analyzing the variable women attribute and household level factor on women's empowerment . Tests are carried out using binary logistic regression . The results showed that the variables of age, education, and work experience had a significant effect on women's empowerment. The policy implication of the results of this study is that there needs to be more serious attention and involvement from the government and other institutions in coaching women songket craftsmen, and improving the quality of women through various activities to empower them through songket business activities.</p>
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Jones, Shelley Kathleen. "Girls' secondary education in Uganda: assessing policy within the women's empowerment framework." Gender and Education 23, no. 4 (July 2011): 385–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2010.499854.
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Rao, Mohan. "The Cairo Consensus: Demographic Surveys, Women's Empowerment, and Regime Change in Population Policy." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 37, no. 1 (January 2008): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610803700131.
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Pisapia, Michael Callaghan. "The Authority of Women in the Political Development of American Public Education, 1860–1930." Studies in American Political Development 24, no. 1 (March 5, 2010): 24–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x09990113.
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Through a comparative historical analysis of the American states, I show how public education was the original policy field through which white American women became empowered as voters and political officials. Women's changing status within the education profession and “school suffrage” rights are an important and overlooked aspect of women's political history, and the rural orientation of state governments and women's increasing administrative authority as county superintendents and rural supervisors of education was pivotal to women's political empowerment. Women's authority, however, varied across regions and across states, with women's authority especially strong in Western states. I find that women in the field of public education were most empowered where there was a history of school suffrage rights, where administrative offices were elective rather than appointed, and where the power of the state superintendent of public instruction was weak. These findings suggest that democratic institutions, more than economic development or state capacity, were fundamental to women's increasing authority in the policy domain that commanded the largest share of state and local resources at the time.
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Malaka, Mashur. "Empowerment of Women in the Era Asean Economic Community (AEC)." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 5, no. 2 (May 30, 2015): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v5i2.7717.
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Female gender has been identified as a domestic worker, of course, requires a great struggle to fit in the commercialization of the world of work. This paper attempts to provide an alternative as part of efforts to improve the professionalism and competitiveness of women Facing Era Asean Economic Community (AEC). Women's empowerment aims as human resources in development, is expected to have professionalism and competitiveness in komersialiasai world of work. Empowerment of women itself is instilling the values that aims to develop self-potential women's dignity and individual (human dignity), be able to help themselves. Empowerment is certainly still involve the public as users of services for women workers, as well as the target group of women empowerment, the expected lack of understanding of the role of women in the era of Asean Economy Community (AEC) which requires professionalism and competitiveness. Therefore, the empowerment that need to be built is public awareness of gender equality, the commercialization of the world of work for women, supporting gender Responship government policy, the optimization of formal and informal education of women, giving space / opportunity and confidence to women to be able to show self-actualization , gave a positive appreciation, and develop skills-based hobby to be able to have creative ideas.
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Maya, Dr R. K. "The Impact of New Media on Women Rights, with particular referemce to India." International Journal of Current Humanities & Social Science Researches (IJCHSSR) ISSN: 2456-7205, Peer Reviewed Journal 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52443/ijchssr.v2i1.61.
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In the recent past, advances in information and communication technology have resulted in unifying the world and these developments have impacted public policy, private attitudes and behaviour. The media can play a vital role in the empowerment of women. Though the number of women who work in the media has increased, very few women are in the top positions where they can take decisions or influence content and policy towards the portrayal of women's issues. Gender-based stereotyping still continues in all forms of media. The consumer-driven patterns of media reinforce women's traditional roles and inappropriately target women. The media also contribute to the creation of violent, negative and sexually exploitative content about women which leads to negatively impacting women's participation in society as equal partners to men with inherent dignity.
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Umar, Aprilia, and Dewi Walahe. "Prevention of Early Marriage in Reducing the Level of Violence Against Women in Gorontalo Regency." Gorontalo Journal of Government and Political Studies 3, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 065. http://dx.doi.org/10.32662/gjgops.v3i1.939.
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Data from the Gorontalo Regional Police on cases of violence against women in 2015 were 212. While the number of violence against children was even more worrying, namely 423 cases, consisting of 232 sexual crimes against children, 181 physical violence and 41 cases of psychological violence. The purpose of this study was to determine efforts to prevent early marriage that have been carried out by the Office of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection in Gorontalo District against female violence and to determine the effect of early marriage prevention on the level of violence on women. The location of this research is the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Agency. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The results of this study are the efforts made by the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Agency to prevent early marriage in reducing the level of violence in women, namely through an integrated service center for women and children empowerment, the Task Force Team for Violence against Women and Children, Community-Based Integrated Protection, Socialization, Assistance and Use the Puspaga mobile application.
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KHATTAK, SABA GUL. "What Hampers Population Policy in Pakistan? The Crossroads of Women's Empowerment and Development Agendas." Population Council Book Series 1, no. 1 (April 2013): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2326-4624.2013.tb00010.x.
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Goswami, Anandajit, Sampurna Goswami, and Ashutosh Senger. "Gender Neutrality." International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility 4, no. 2 (July 2019): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsecsr.2019070103.
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The main focus of this article is to critically analyse the associations between crime against women, gender neutrality and attainment of SDG 5 within the multicultural complex context of India. The article argues that to achieve gender equality and neutrality, changes must be made at the level of policy that empowers not only women but also the other genders. This has to be mainstreamed within policy making, by institutions and someday as a part of CSR through the creation of a shared value approach. The article argues that gender equality is not just about women's empowerment but also about empowering all other genders. For making its case, this article gives a detailed analysis of women's empowerment laws and goes on to make a case for the gender equality and neutrality by challenging the binary of man versus woman. The article makes a narrative about the imperative need of pushing gender neutrality in order to attain SDG-5 and sustainability in the middle of the unequal power relationship within every segment and sector of societies with complex cultural, class, caste divide and other inequities.
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Thapa, Roahani. "Participation Of Women In Marketing: Economic Empowerment Of Farm Women." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 13 (February 10, 2013): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7585.
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Cash income in hand is a necessary condition for overall empowerment of women. For this purpose, women need to be involved in marketing. There are several projects implemented for the economic empowerment of women. However, the interrelatedness of involving women in marketing for overall empowerment of women has not been studied for policy purposes. Hence, this study has attempted to address this research gap. The objective of this study was to analyse the importance of involving women in marketing for their overall empowerment. In order to analyse the factors affecting decision making of the producers' group, a regression model was used. The findings of this study have clearly shown a linkage that when more women become the members of the producers group, then there is increased participation of women in the decision making process of the producers groups. When women are able to influence the decisions of the group, then they take-up market oriented production and start participating in the marketing activity. The study has concluded that women's involvement in marketing can be increased by increasing women's participation in producers' groups and promoting market oriented production. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:13, Jun.2012, Page 32-39 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7585
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Parisi, Laura. "Canada's New Feminist International Assistance Policy: Business as Usual?" Foreign Policy Analysis 16, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orz027.
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Abstract This paper asks to what extent does Canada's new Feminist International Assistance Policy (FIAP) represent a more transformational and intersectional approach to gender equality and neoliberal international development? In other words, what is “new” about Canada's international development policy when it comes to gender equality and women's empowerment? Through a critical examination of the discourses of economic development in the FIAP on poverty, trade, market citizenship, and the private sector, I argue that the FIAP embodies both neoliberal feminism as well as feminist neoliberalism, which limit the transformational potential and impact of the FIAP on gender and international development strategies.
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Somé, Batamaka. "‘HOT MONEY’: GENDER AND THE POLITICS OF NEGOTIATION AND CONTROL OVER INCOME IN WEST AFRICAN SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS." Africa 83, no. 2 (May 2013): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000197201300003x.
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ABSTRACTMost development interventions targeting rural women's economic empowerment measure success through returns from women's on-farm or off-farm activities and the income they generate. This article suggests that special emphasis needs to be laid on income control, not just its generation, in order to take account of the more or less subtle socio-cultural obstacles and other structures of constraint hindering women in this regard. The article draws from ethnographic case studies conducted for a doctoral dissertation project in south-west Burkina Faso to show how women in cotton-farming zones strategize to circumvent customary rules and control their on-farm incomes. The context is an organic cotton-farming project targeting women. I argue that understanding these constraints and strategies provides policy makers and development practitioners with tools for a better grasp of the social landscape – and that this, in turn, enables them to reach empowerment goals.
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Chakravarty, S., and A. N. Jha. "Health Care and Women's Empowerment: The role of Self Help Groups." Health, Culture and Society 2, no. 1 (February 5, 2012): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2012.56.
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Over the last couple of decades the concept of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and its potential as an effective tool to alleviate poverty and empower women has garnered considerable interest worldwide. Considering the importance given by policy makers across various nations to the group approach while conceptualizing, formulating and implementing any scheme or programme for the welfare of marginalized and underprivileged sections of the society (especially women), we identified the need to critically examine and explore the role of SHGs in the empowerment of women with a special emphasis on health status. To date, the functioning of SHGs has essentially been viewed only from an economic perspective. The existing approach puts encourages the economic development of women, with SHGs a mechanism to achieving this. However, how these economic benefits are being translated into the change in women’s status, particularly their health status, remains unexplored and ultimately unaddressed. This working research paper attempts to review the scope and limitations of SHGs in improving women’s health and empowerment based upon empirical work undertaken in the Jharkhand state of India. Our paper also explores the extent to which SHGs can be involved in attaining better health status for women, and thereby point the way for further research.
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Schneiker, Andrea. "The UN and women's marginalization in peace negotiations." International Affairs 97, no. 4 (July 2021): 1165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab068.
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Abstract Although UN Security Council Resolution 1325 calls for increased participation of women in all stages of a peace process, the number of women who participate in formal peace negotiations is still very limited. In order to augment their number, UN Women and other international organizations have published a series of policy reports in which they argue that women's participation increases the success of peace negotiations and leads to more inclusive peace agreements. However, based on an analysis of relevant policy reports and interviews with women and men involved in peace negotiations, I argue that the policy reports do not lead to women's empowerment. Instead, they contribute to women's marginalization in peace negotiations, because they entrap women between conflicting expectations. The type of behaviour that international advocates of the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda expect of women when they participate in peace negotiations limits the women's room for manoeuvre—at best. At worst, this type of behaviour prevents women from participating in the negotiations, because it is dismissed by domestic (male) negotiators. But if women who participate in peace negotiations violate the behavioural script proposed by the policy reports, they are considered as not acting in line with the WPS agenda. Hence, no matter how women behave when they sit at the negotiation table, they either lose the support of international or national gatekeepers.
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Irhoumah, Ali, and Abdullah Ayedh. "Determinants of Microfinance Factors Affecting Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from Egypt." FWU Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51709/fw12721.
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There have been many proposals made and implemented worldwide by both the public and private sectors to alleviate the hardships of the poor women, and in the long term enhance their empowerment. Subsequently, this would allow women to play a significant social and economic role in modern societies. The current research has been motivated by the need to close the knowledge gap by assessing the determinants of microfinance, as well as the factors affecting women‘s empowerment in Egypt, in terms of increased savings and real income and choice, as well as participation in decision making, social relations, consumption and household welfare. This study applied quantitative tools and examined a random sample of 423 women participants with a microfinance agency in Egypt. Particularly, a survey was conducted on the key impact of institutional factors, cognitive effects and cultural factors on women's empowerment. Data were inspected and then analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM), to determine the statistical significance and differences. The findings showed that women using microfinance were able to raise their own standard of living as well as that of their families, thus indicating the positive impact of microfinance. This finding could be useful for policy makers and microfinance institutions and other stakeholders in Egypt
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COLEMAN, LIV. "Japan's Womenomics Diplomacy: Fighting Stigma and Constructing ODA Leadership on Gender Equality." Japanese Journal of Political Science 18, no. 4 (November 7, 2017): 491–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109917000147.
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AbstractUnder conservative Prime Minister Abe Shinzo, Japan has embarked upon a high profile ‘Womenomics’ foreign policy agenda to highlight Japan's official development assistance (ODA) contributions to women's empowerment worldwide. This paper examines the puzzle of why such an avowedly conservative government would pursue a feminist foreign policy agenda. The paper finds that Japan's Womenomics diplomacy cannot be explained simply by materialist or domestic political explanations, but is best understood as a strategic campaign stemming from elite concern about Japan's national identity and esteem about its status in the world. Through Womenomics diplomacy, Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs attempts to construct Japan as a leader on women's rights and gender equality in response to the twin stigmas of Japan's treatment of wartime ‘comfort women’ and perennial low rankings on international indexes of gender equality.
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Asteria, Donna, and Herdis Herdiansyah. "Analysis Sustainability of Women's Leadership for Watershed Conservation in the Urban Area." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 11, no. 2 (April 2020): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2020040103.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the pattern of sustainability of women's leadership roles in watershed management. A quantitative approach did the research. A survey was conducted as a data collection technique. The analysis technique used is the analysis of causality with regression, accompanied by multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis. The quantitative research samples were 120 respondents in 2 cities by purposive sampling (with the criteria of women who actively participated in watershed conservation in urban areas). The results show that women's leadership as environmental activists contribute to the sustainability of watershed management. For the sustainability of women's leadership, it is necessary to integrate social, economic, and ecological dimensions by focusing on aspects of women's empowerment to improve innovation capabilities in change adaptation, access to information and local institutions will support participatory approaches in watershed conservation to increase women's participation.
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Mohd Yusoff, Rahmawati, Nadzrah Ahmad, Alizah Ali, Noraini Ismail, and Ira Rozana Mohd Asri. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS OF GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT ISSUES IN THE ECONOMIC SECTOR IN MALAYSIA: AN ANALYSIS." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 6, no. 22 (March 31, 2021): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.6220025.
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Statistics show that the number of female students enrolled in public universities is higher than male students. However, this scenario is very different from the involvement of women in the economic sector because the statistics of women's involvement in the economic sector are low and not as high as the statistics of female student enrollment to university. Therefore, this paper intends to examine the issue of gender equality and women's empowerment according to Islamic law and the situation in Malaysia. This paper will also analyse the factors that lead to the lack of women's involvement in the economic sector in Malaysia. The discussion adopts the qualitative research method by examining the issue according to the perspective of Islamic law as well as the perspective of law and the current situation in Malaysia. This paper finds that there is still no clear mechanism that should be implemented to address the issue of gender equality. Therefore, all parties including the government and employers must be more progressive in formulating a policy system that can address the issue of gender equality and women's empowerment. In the meantime, this study also suggests that the government should follow the recommendations by the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) so that the issue of gender equality can be addressed immediately.
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Maulana, Indah Dwi, Jainuri Jainuri, and Hevi Kurnia Hardini. "“Good Governing Poverty Alleviation” through the PKH Policy - Independent Women's Groups in Poverty Reduction in Batu City (Study at Batu City Social Service)." Journal of Local Government Issues 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/logos.vol2.no2.193-209.
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Good Governing Poverty Alleviation is a poverty reduction program by implementing a model of Good Governance in this context in the Family Hope Program - Independent Women's Group involving actors in the state, society and private sector. Handling the poverty problem of the Batu City Government in accordance with the Good Governance model through a partnership pattern established with the private sector, KPM and Batu City Social Service is expected to be able to create independent women's groups that are able to try to develop their creativity to rise from poverty for themselves and their families . This research uses descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques such as, observation, interviews and documentation and other data that supports this study both primary and secondary. Based on the results of the study of "Good Governing Poverty Alleviation" through PKH Policy - Independent Women's Groups in Poverty Alleviation in Batu City where there are several problem formulations namely Independent Women's Groups in Poverty Alleviation, Implementation and Dynamics of alleviation Good Governing Poverty through PKH Policy - KPM in Poverty Alleviation Women's Empowerment through Independent Women's Groups in Batu City. The results of this study, namely this policy has actually been well-integrated but in the implementation or implementation at the regional level in this case Batu City has not shown an integration model because there is something that has not been realized normative. What is intended is that the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) has not been regulated in this policy, there are dynamics such as the KPM human resource capacity that is still below the standard so that the policy implementation and private enthusiasm in implementing this policy very, empowering women through KPM is one of the efforts to improve the economy of KPM through a partnership scheme with entrepreneurs in Batu City.
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Nzomo, Maria. "The Impact of the Women's Decade on Policies, Programs and Empowerment of Women in Kenya." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 17, no. 2 (1989): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700009100.
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The 1985 Nairobi Conference to close the United Nations decade dedicated to women of the world caught Kenyan women (and men) by storm. Indeed, the majority of Kenyan women did not know, until the eve of this conference, that there had been an entire decade dedicated to them, and committed to the achievement of Equality, Development, and Peace. However, the Kenyan policy makers and the enlightened among Kenyan women, especially leaders of women's organizations, were not only fully aware of the decade's developments, but had in various ways participated and contributed to it. On its part, the Kenya government by the end of the decade, had adopted a Women in Development (WID) policy position and created and/or promoted national machineries to develop and coordinate programs for women.
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Gallaway, Julie H., and Alexandra Bernasek. "Literacy and Women’s Empowerment in Indonesia: Implications for Policy." Journal of Economic Issues 38, no. 2 (June 2004): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2004.11506713.
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Detraz, Nicole, and Dursun Peksen. "“Women Friendly” Spending? Welfare Spending and Women's Participation in the Economy and Politics." Politics & Gender 14, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x17000253.
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What effect do social welfare policies have on women's active involvement in the economy and politics? Though there is much policy and scholarly debate on a wide spectrum of socioeconomic and political outcomes of welfare spending, little research has explored the possible impact that social welfare policies have on one of the supposed major beneficiaries of such policies—women. Combining data on welfare spending in three areas—social security, health, and education—with data on women's labor force participation and share of seats in national legislatures, this article examines the extent to which welfare spending might affect women's economic and political status. The results from a panel of 97 countries for the years spanning 1990 to 2010 indicate that the government's fiscal commitment to social policies is positively related to female participation in the total labor force and national politics. The findings are robust to different model specifications, sample selection, and the use of instrumental variables. One major policy implication of the findings is that the government's fiscal commitment to key social welfare areas are likely to contribute to women's economic and political empowerment, which might in turn help address gender imbalances in the economy and political sphere.
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Al-Sakkaf, Dr Nadia. "The Politics of Women’s Empowerment in Yemen." Advances in Social Science and Culture 2, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): p102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/assc.v2n4p102.
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Despite the existence of women’s empowerment strategies since the late nineties and qualified women in decision-making positions in charge of implementing them, these strategies failed to significantly improve women’s conditions and the situation of Yemeni women in the Republic of Yemen remains dismal. This article attempts to explain this failure through a mixed-method approach, surveying and interviewing Yemeni women leaders who were involved as authority figures or people of influence between 2006 and 2014 in said strategies. Findings from this research have strong policy implications on future development and gender equality policies in the country placing the experiences of women as policy makers, activists, advocates at the center of the analysis.
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Thurairajah, Nirooja, and David Baldry. "WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN POST DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION: PERSPECTIVES ON POLICIES AND FRAMEWORKS." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2010.26.
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There has been an increase in the occurrence of natural disasters and their impact has aroused the interest of many stakeholders to incorporate different strategies on disaster management. Although disasters may end many opportunities and lives, the lives of survivors do not cease in the disaster affected areas. The impact of natural disasters and the consequent partial reconstruction efforts have specifically presented many challenges to women. In this context, the main research investigates the empowerment of women during post disaster reconstruction particularly in Sri Lanka. Among the factors that influence women's empowerment, existing policies and frameworks is one of the important factors that can play a major role within the post disaster reconstruction in Sri Lanka. Hence, in order to gain an understanding of the existing framework of women's empowerment, this study investigates the national and international policies and frameworks that exist within the post disaster context in Sri Lanka. The study found that even though polices are gender neutral, they are not gender sensitive. In addition, it was found that having a single policy or framework for the whole country is unlikely to be a success, therefore, any frameworks should have room to be adopted to the local situation. Santruka Stichiniu nelaimiu padaugejo, taigi del ju poveikio daug interesu grupiu susidomejo, kaip nelaimems valdyti pasitelkti ivairias strategijas. Nors nelaimes atima daug galimybiu ir gyvybiu, išlikusieji tebegyvena nelaimes nuniokotose teritorijose. Del stichiniu nelaimiu poveikio ir po ju vykstant daliniams atstatymo darbams, ypač daug sunkumu kyla moterims. Atsižvelgiant i tai, pagrindiniame tyrime nagrinejamas didesniu teisiu suteikimas moterims vykstant atstatymo po nelaimiu darbams, ypač Šri Lankoje. Be kitu veiksniu, kurie daro itaka suteikiant didesnes teises moterims, svarbi yra politika ir gaires, o ju reikšme Šri Lankoje atstatant nelaimes nuniokotas vietoves gali būti didžiule. Taigi siekiant suprasti esamas didesniu teisiu suteikimo moterims gaires, šiame tyrime nagrinejama nacionaline ir tarptautine politika bei gaires, Šri Lankoje taikomos darbu po nelaimiu kontekste. Tyrime nustatyta, kad net jei politika pirmenybes neteikia ne vienai lyčiai, i lytims svarbius klausimus ji neatsižvelgia. Be to, nustatyta, kad visoje šalyje taikant viena politika arba gaires vargu ar galima tiketis sekmes. Taigi visose gairese reikia numatyti galimybiu jas priderinti prie vietines situacijos.
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Misra, Richa, Shalini Srivastava, Renuka Mahajan, and Rajiv Thakur. "Decision Making as a Contributor for Women Empowerment." Journal of Comparative Asian Development 18, no. 1 (January 2021): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcad.2021010104.
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As per United Nations Development Program's Human Development Report 2016, India ranks 131 out of 188 countries on the gender inequality index, which positions it in the medium category. Women need intervention at various levels and the role of decision making at different spheres is a critical part of it. A major facet of empowerment is equal contribution of women in decision making, irrespective of any constraint of relatives or societal norms. This study measures the status of women's decision-making power in different areas like household, economic freedom, children, society, and awareness of their rights. It includes a survey of 278 women from the lower economic stratum in urban India. It further involves construction of empowerment indices on different decision-making indicators and hypothesis testing using statistical tests like independent sample t-test, ANOVA test. The findings in the Indian context are compared with other parts of the world. The survey results reported are of high social and policy importance for Indian women.
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Sharma, Subhash. "The Dynamics of Women’s Empowerment: A Critical Appraisal." Social Change 47, no. 3 (August 31, 2017): 387–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085717712822.
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First, we attempt to critically identify gender issues of disempowerment, especially social perceptions of the status of women regarding marriage, sexual relationship and family formation. Second, the article deals with women’s exploitation in different forms and arenas. Third, we will briefly taken an overview and critique the government’s national policy on women’s empowerment. We will also illustrate and look into major central government schemes for women in India. Finally, we will suggest some policy recommendations for the holistic and critical empowerment of women.
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Dutt, Anjali, Shelly Grabe, and Marina Castro. "Exploring Links between Women's Business Ownership and Empowerment among Maasai Women in Tanzania." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 16, no. 1 (December 3, 2015): 363–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asap.12091.
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Sen, Gita. "Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment: Feminist Mobilization for the SDG s." Global Policy 10, S1 (January 2019): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12593.
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Noor, Shamim, and Morshadul Hoque. "ACCESS TO MOBILE PHONES AND WOMEN'S SOCIO-ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF BANGLADESH: UNDERSTANDING GENDER RELATION TRANSFORMATION." Indonesian Journal of Social Research (IJSR) 3, no. 1 (April 3, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/ijsr.v2i3.105.
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The discussion about women's access to and use of ICTs in developing countries has been an unsettled issue. Some schools of thought claim that due to engagement with household chores, traditional social norms, and values, women are less interested in ICTs, while others argue that like other social products, technology is not gender-neutral. However, this research conducted an empirical study on the self-employed women in rural areas of the Chittagong District of Bangladesh. A mixed-method was applied to analyze the collected data. The study tries to explore the impact of mobile phones and mobile internet on rural women’s income generation activities; and how gender relation at the household level has been transforming due to access to mobile phones. The findings reveal that having access to mobile phones, rural self-employed women are performing better than women who have no access to mobile phones and mobile internet. From both social and economic perspectives, the uses of mobile phones assist rural women to take part in decision-making, awareness build-up, increase movement, and control over income. However, strong patriarchal norms and traditional cultural constraints sometimes create barriers in access to mobile phones for rural women. Notwithstanding, the study depicts that ensuring gender-sensitive ICT policy and social awareness activities might lessen the barriers of women’s access to mobile phones and the internet in the periphery areas. However, this research puts these issues to an empirical test.
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Sohn, Minsung, and Minsoo Jung. "Effects of Empowerment and Media Use by Women of Childbearing Age on Maternal Health Care Utilization in Developing Countries of Southeast Asia." International Journal of Health Services 50, no. 1 (August 15, 2019): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419867532.
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Despite its importance to maternal health, women’s empowerment in developing countries has yet to be adequately addressed. We investigated the effects of women’s empowerment and media use on maternal antenatal care in Southeast Asian countries. The data originate from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Southeast Asia between 2011 and 2014 (n = 35,905). We conducted Poisson regression and meta-analyses to examine communication inequalities in the media use for the relationships between women’s empowerment and maternal health. Women who had decision-making authority for their own health care (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01–1.05), household purchases (IRR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.04), and visiting family or relatives (IRR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03–1.07) were more likely to receive health care than were study participants whose partners had the decision-making authority. When we added use of each type of media into the model, the women who read a newspaper daily (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.03–1.20), listened to the radio at least once a week (IRR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01–1.03), and watched television daily (IRR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.55–1.67) were more likely to receive health care than those who did not use media at all. This study revealed that women’s empowerment and their use of media were related to better maternal health care.
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Arendt, Christie Marie. "From Critical Mass to Critical Leaders: Unpacking the Political Conditions behind Gender Quotas in Africa." Politics & Gender 14, no. 3 (March 25, 2018): 295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x17000502.
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The surge in gender quotas across Africa raises questions about the varied impacts of these measures on women's empowerment in legislatures. This study contends that we must explore the diverse political conditions under which quotas are adopted to understand the potential for empowerment in legislatures. By examining political context, we can pinpoint why political parties acquiesce to gender quotas and how they design laws to either empower women or reinforce party control. Parties influence aspects of gender quota design that have lasting effects on women legislators elected through these laws. Employing a new measure of legislative leadership equity, this article compares political conditions under which quotas are adopted across 18 African countries and the extent to which women reach leadership positions following the implementation of a quota. Levels of political competition and women's mainstream political activity at the time of gender quota adoption indicate how the interests of political parties shape the design and effects of the law. That the outcomes of gender quotas are highly contingent on adoption context suggests the need for academics and policy makers to analyze the politics behind these measures to develop country-specific approaches for empowering women in politics.
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Venugopalan, Murale, Bettina Lynda Bastian, and P. K. Viswanathan. "The Role of Multi-Actor Engagement for Women’s Empowerment and Entrepreneurship in Kerala, India." Administrative Sciences 11, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci11010031.
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Entrepreneurship has been increasingly promoted as a means to achieve women’s empowerment in the pursuit of gender equal societies by international development organizations, NGO’s as well as national and local governments across the world. Against this, the paper explores the role and influence of multi-actor engagement on successful empowerment of women based on a case study of Kudumbashree program in a regional context of Kerala, in South India. Our objective is to examine the women empowerment outcomes of the Kudumbashree initiatives, implemented within a multi-actor engagement framework supportive of women’s empowerment through capacity building and social inclusion programs. The case study demonstrates ‘how multiple-level engagements help enhance women’s development and support broad sustainable social change, in view of their sensitivity to the embeddedness of women’s agency under specific socio-political and cultural contexts’. We find that Kudumbashree programs, through its multi-actor engagement, strives for an equilibrium between social change through policy and regulatory change (top down) and social change via mobilizing the people (bottom-up). From a policy angle, the key learnings from the successful outcomes of Kudumbashree may be considered for designing rural and urban community development programs with a focus on the multidimensional empowerment as well as social and economic inclusion of women and other marginalized communities.
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Narayanan, Sudha, Erin Lentz, Marzia Fontana, Anuradha De, and Bharati Kulkarni. "Developing the Women's Empowerment in Nutrition Index in Two States of India." Food Policy 89 (December 2019): 101780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.101780.
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Gottlieb, Jessica, Guy Grossman, and Amanda Lea Robinson. "Do Men and Women Have Different Policy Preferences in Africa? Determinants and Implications of Gender Gaps in Policy Prioritization." British Journal of Political Science 48, no. 3 (April 26, 2016): 611–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000053.
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Policies designed to increase women’s representation in Africa are often motivated by the assumption that men and women have different policy preferences. This article finds that gender differences in policy priorities are actually quite small on average, but vary significantly across policy domains and countries. The study leverages this variation to show that the economic and social empowerment of women influences the size of gender gaps in the prioritization of two important domains. In particular, women’s participation in the labor force – an indicator of economic empowerment – narrows the gender gap in the prioritization of infrastructure investment and access to clean water, while social vulnerability widens the gap on prioritizing infrastructure investment. Finally, the article shows that the places where women and men have the most divergent policy preferences – and thus where formal representation is most important – are precisely the places where women are currently the most poorly represented and least active in formal politics.
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Matondang, Erlinda. "WOMEN IN MILITARY STRATEGY: A REVIEW OF WOMEN EMANCIPATION AND PROTECTION." Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara 10, no. 2 (August 13, 2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v10i2.899.
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<p>Whether in conflict and war or peacebuilding, women are always considered victims of human rights violation and the vulnerable. In recent decades, there has been efforts to advocate for the protection of women's rights and women empowerment in the name of emancipation. This has allowed women's presence in several key sectors, including politics and military, resulting in a new role for women as resources in military strategy. This has put the policy to protect women during war into question, especially when women have now become a combatant. This paper analyzes this issue through two concepts (women protection and military strategy to understand the military's perception toward women's position and one theory (feminism) to understand women's perception toward their roles in the military during war. Therefore, the object of this observation is the role of women in military strategy with regard to the implementation of women' rights protection and military strategy. In this observation, this paper collects secondary data through literature review. Through this observation, we can have broader understanding of the role of women in military strategy because the primary purpose of this paper is to assess the possibility for changing women protection during war policy to reflect the current condition.</p><strong>Keywords:</strong> emancipation, human rights, military strategy, women protection
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Handam, Handam, and Randi Akbar. "Multi-Actor Innovation in Child-Friendly City Policy." Journal La Bisecoman 1, no. 3 (October 14, 2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v1i3.152.
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This article describes the policy of a Child-Friendly City, Actors, and agency and presents the Multi-Actor Innovation point of view that colors the child-friendly city policy. The Child-Friendly Regency/City Policy places a child-friendly city as a prerequisite to ensure that children grow and develop properly, have their rights protected, and their physical and psychological needs are met. Apart from being supported by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, APSAI is also supported by child protection organizations, such as UNICEF, Save The Children. Various actors who are interested in contributing to a child-friendly city can participate. Multi-Actor Innovation can only occur if the collaboration that is established provides space for each actor who has different roles to be given the freedom to innovate based on their respective roles. The aim of the Multi-Actor Innovation is to offer better social learning analysis by integrating insights from sustainability science and social learning science traditions.
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Shalihin, Nurus, and Firdaus Firdaus. "Transformasi Gender: Strategi Pembebasan Perempuan dari Jerat Pembangunan dan Kapitalisme." Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/sa.v14i1.3366.
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<p class="ISI">Indonesia has long been aware of the importance of gender equality through accommodating women's public rights and recognizing the importance of women's position in development. However, the efforts have not been fully able to create equal and fairness relations between men and women. This conceptual paper is the purpose to explore the main issues in order to develop gender equality relations in Indonesia. Through the study of existing literature, the authors find two main issues on gender equality development in Indonesia. First, the problem of human resources development policy that not yet based on empowerment oriented. Second, the penetration capitalism on placed the women in not favorable position. In order to solve the two main problems, authors offer a gender transformation as strategies to raise gender equality.</p>
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Lebedeva, M., and S. Stolyarova. "PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES: EXPERIENCE OF CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2020.18.1.60.2.
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After the disintegration of the USSR, the Central Asian countries started to pursue independent development strategies and identified new domestic policy priorities. It is of special scholarly interest to compare the efforts by Central Asian governments to improve female representation in politics. The article is devoted to the consideration of state policies and measures aimed at increasing the participation of women in political institutions in Central Asia. The most and the least effective strategies for women's political empowerment were highlighted based on the analysis of the regulatory framework in the field of women's empowerment, as well as on the degree of application of gender statistics and gender budgeting. In particular, the authors address the matter of electoral gender quotas, which are already introduced by Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. It is stressed that the adoption of this policy tool in the two counties has had its limitations, taking into consideration the existence of legal ways to circumvent the gender-quota requirements. The authors also indicate Kazakhstan’s progress in collecting gender data that is “open, accessible, comparable, free and understandable”. Improving data quality and representativeness facilitates the development of practical steps to achieve gender equality in politics. At the same time, theьauthors point out a negative trend in the region: some countries are gradually moving away from having aьdistinct strategy pertaining to genderьissues. Such approach may shift the focus from closing the gender gap to solving a wider range of social policy issues. The article shows that in general the countries in question implement a conservative gender policy and are not inclined to fully effect such practices as gender budgeting and the collection of relevant and complete gender statistics. It is concluded that Russia has an opportunity to act as a trendsetter, in particular by applying a gender-sensitive approach in providing development assistance to the countries of Central Asia.
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Patidar, Hemant. "Women’s Empowerment and Fertility Behaviour among the Tribals of Rajasthan, India." Space and Culture, India 5, no. 3 (March 25, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v5i3.285.
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Fertility has declined in India during the last few decades because of socio-economic development. Women’s empowerment has been identified as an important determinant for demographic change. Tribals in India have relatively high fertility because of their traditional socio-cultural practices and poor economic condition. This study aims to examine the role of women’s empowerment on fertility behaviour by utilising primary data collected from ten tribal dominated districts of Rajasthan. These tribal communities belong to the Bhils, the Meenas and the Saharias. Results reveal that women’s empowerment is negatively associated with fertility behaviour. Women’s education, employability, participation in decision-making, exposure to media and spousal communication bear significant impact on fertility behaviour. This study may have some implications for future studies and policy makers for regulating fertility.
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Zafarullah, Habib, and Faraha Nawaz. "Pathways to women’s empowerment in Bangladesh." Asian Education and Development Studies 8, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-11-2018-0168.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine two interventions toward women’s empowerment in Bangladesh – formal employment and microfinance, and to highlight two case studies supporting these interventions. Design/methodology/approach This interpretive-evaluative inquiry of the state of employment and microfinance as important interventions in women’s empowerment in Bangladesh is based on both primary and secondary sources. Theoretical insights and empirical evidence from previous research along with data from various sources inform the arguments. Findings Bangladeshi women are making steady progress toward empowerment through a gradual increase in female participation in the workforce, especially in the ready-made garment manufacturing sector. The expanding microfinance arena has also been providing a growing number of women the opportunity to undertake productive small-scale business ventures that also provide informal employment to unemployed women in rural areas. However, social and cultural constraints and overt conservatism has been a daunting challenge for enterprising women and those in formal employment continue to suffer from discrimination, harassment and unfavorable working conditions. Originality/value The paper will be of value to both researchers and policy makers in Bangladesh as it seeks to relate two specific interventions toward women’s empowerment from a broad conceptual perspective and interpretive analysis.
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Antone, Nicoleta, Darya Kizub, Julie Gralow, Jo Anne Zujewski, and Allison Dvaladze. "Identifying Facilitators and Barriers to Patient Advocacy for Women's Cancers: Findings from Eastern Europe/Central Asia WE CAN Summits." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 3 (October 2018): 3s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.10010.
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Purpose Patient advocacy plays an important role in alerting policymakers to the public’s concerns about women's cancers and advancing cancer awareness, early diagnosis and care in high-income countries. Patient advocacy for women's cancers is growing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) but remains less developed and understudied. This study aimed to describe facilitators and barriers to advocacy from the point of view of advocates for women's cancers participating in Eastern Europe/Central Asia Women's Empowerment Cancer Advocacy Network (WE CAN) Summits. Methods We conducted semistructured, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with participants representing cancer advocacy organizations from 14 countries attending the 7th Eastern Europe and Central Asia Women’s Empowerment Cancer Advocacy Network (WE CAN) Breast and Cervical Cancer Advocacy Summit held in Romania in 2015. Discussions and interviews were recorded and transcriptions were coded and analyzed. Findings were presented and discussed at the 8th WE CAN EE/CA Summit in Ukraine in 2017. Results Nine in-depth interviews and three focus groups with a total of 36 participants were conducted. Challenges to advocacy included limited collaboration with the medical community, government, and local authorities; a lack of trust between survivors, physicians, and policymakers; difficulty in adapting existing early diagnosis and treatment recommendations to local context and resources; limited organizational professionalism and program monitoring; societal stigma toward cancer; and limited funding. Key facilitators included highly committed staff and volunteers, effective collaboration, and use of social media for networking and to obtain clinical information. Conclusion Our findings highlight the challenges and facilitators of patient advocacy in the Eastern Europe/Central Asia region, involving patient support groups, advocacy organizations, health care systems, policymaking, and societal attitudes and cancer awareness. To advance patient advocacy for women's cancers in the region, the following needs were identified: the dissemination of resourceadapted information for improving patient outcomes, improved program monitoring, and improved dialogue between survivors, medical professionals, and local governments. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or ascopubs.org/jco/site/ifc . Julie Gralow Consulting or Advisory Role: Puma, Novartis, Genentech/Roche, Pfizer, Merck, Sandoz, Astra Zeneca, Immunomedics Darya Kizub Employment: Everett Clinic Jo Anne Zujewski Employment: Leidos (part time as an independent contractor for Leidos in support of NCI Center for Global Health) Consulting or Advisory Role: performed consulting services for PMK biomedical and BeyondSpring Pharmaceutical
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Tampubolon, Manotar. "Virginity Test in Police Recruitment System: Evidence from Indonesia." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 2600–2611. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1965.
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It is difficult for women to become police officers in Indonesia. One of the mandatory requirements is to become a virgin. Women who are no longer virgins cannot pass the selection. However, if the woman's hymen is damaged not because of sexual intercourse but because of an accident, she still hopes to become a police officer. This study aims to examine the virgin criteria as a requirement to become a policewoman in Indonesia. This quantitative study examines the virginity for police admission based on virginity requirements from a human rights perspective and the concept of innocence. Inspired by the idea of purity from Hanne Blank that celibacy does not reflect a known biological necessity and provides no demonstrable evolutionary advantage. This article says that police virginity testing is not essential and makes up discrimination of women's opportunity to become a police officer because there is no correlation between virginity and police duty. This article evaluates this activity performed Indonesian police force from the lights of human rights. It criticizes the policy development specification of Indonesia which is even poor than India and Muslim countries as even in this country women empowerment is prioritized and respected. This country is needed to incorporate changes in this policy.