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Maier, Norbert Zsombor. "Incentives and public policy." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436324.
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Yazaki, Yukihiro. "Essays on policy-making incentives of government." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/613/.
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This thesis is a collection of three independent essays on policy-making incentives of government. The first essay examines whether citizens can indirectly control bureaucrats. If voters and bureaucrats prefer different types of politicians, i.e., they have a conflict of interest, incumbents need to increase the budget to prevent bureaucrats from information manipulation, which leads to an oversized government. If, instead, voters and bureaucrats prefer the same type of politicians, i.e., they have an alignment of interests, bureaucrats can send to voters a credible signal about the type of incumbents, which enhances the selection effect of election. Although political appointees enable politicians to implement the first-best policy in the case of the conflict of interests, they lead to the persistence of inefficient government in the case of the alignment of interests. The second and third essays study how autocrats commit not to confiscate private property. The second essay argues that the potential of economic growth would help the ruler to make a credible commitment. Since a predatory policy reduces the citizens’ income, it would reduce capital accumulation because of the income effect. Then, the ruler faces a trade-off between the current consumption with the predatory policy and the larger future consumption with the moderate policy, which would lead to economic growth. The third essay models endogenous judicial independence (JI) as a commitment device in the political commitment game. If information on JI is transmitted to citizens with positive probability, the ruler creates JI and does not renege on an announcement. Even if not, the ruler still can guarantee property rights by granting human rights as a signal on JI if the cost of the signal is low.
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Kleer, Robin. "Three Essays on Competition Policy and Innovation Incentives." kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2009/3476/.
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Licht, Amanda Abigail. "Private incentives, public outcomes: the role of target political incentives in the success of foreign policy." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/700.
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When do foreign influence attempts succeed in obtaining concessions from targeted states, and why do they so often fail? Powerful states employ a broad range of foreign policy tools in their dealings with other countries, but their ability to successfully exert power varies. This project seeks an explanation for the patchy record of foreign aid and economic sanctions in the political incentives of targeted leaders. Understanding the process of foreign policy success and failure requires considering both the effect of intervention on leader survival and the domestic cost of providing concessions. In both respects, the type of sanction interacts with targets' domestic context. Dynamic trends in leadership experience and political support, strength of political opposition, and regime type condition both the probability of sanctions' effectively tapping into target incentives and the difficulty of providing concessions.
My framework and analyses push beyond standard conceptualizations of leader incentives and foreign policy in several ways. The theory unites positive and negative strategies rather than treating them as divergent phenomena. I also break the traditional dichotomy of democratic and autocratic regimes, modeling dynamic political processes and explicitly incorporating the political opposition. I pursue a multi-stage modeling technique which more faithfully represents the strategic encounters between sending and targeted states and furthers our understanding of the interplay between external demands and domestic political incentives.
The findings suggest many strategies utilized for targeting aid and economic sanctions may be faulty. Sending states' best bet for achieving concession may be to target leaders whose place in office is very secure, yet empirically they pursue the opposite strategy. Contrary to much theory in the literature, I also find that even ineffective negative sanctions can achieve success provided the target faces few domestic challenges. The probability of concession also increases when states demand concessions of a diffuse and symbolic nature, rather than changes to the status quo which would hurt a private domestic interest. A strong political opposition magnifies the relative ease of public-costs concessions, suggesting that challenging parties compete for the favor of elites rather than championing the public interest.
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Reed, Samuel Thomas. "The nuclear terrorism disconnect : electoral incentives and U.S. policy responses." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44465.
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This thesis investigates the range of U.S. threat assessments of—and policy responses to—nuclear terrorism in the United States. It finds that a series of disconnects characterizes political elites’ and the American public’s views and relationships to the politics of nuclear terror. The salience of issues related to nuclear terrorism is not closely linked to the severity of the threat. In turn, the perceived severity of the threat is not strongly correlated with the counter nuclear terror policy response. This thesis assesses the degree of citizen competence in nuclear politics and the degree of elite responsiveness to mass opinion. It also evaluates the full range of elite threat assessments and identifies a number of contemporary trends in public opinion on nuclear terrorism. The thesis advances both domestic and international case studies of American policy responses to the threat of nuclear terrorism.
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Valenzuela, Joseph John. "Non-nuclear deterrence in U.S. strategic policy incentives and limitations /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA256700.
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Fregene, Ebitari O. "Policy and program incentives and the adoption of agroforestry in Missouri." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5011.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 26, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Bayham, Jude. "Characterizing incentives| An investigation of wildfire response and environmental entry policy." Thesis, Washington State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3587051.
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<p> Policy makers face complex situations involving the analysis and weighting of multiple incentives that complicate the design of natural resource and environmental policy. The objective of this dissertation is to characterize policy makers' incentives, and to investigate the consequences of those incentives on environmental and economic outcomes in the context of wildfire management and environmental policy. </p><p> Wildfire management occurs in a dynamic uncertain environment and requires the coordination of multiple management levels throughout the course of a fire season. Over the course of a wildfire, management teams allocate response resources between suppression of fire growth and protection of valuable assets to mitigate damage with minimal regard for cost. I develop a model of wildfire resource allocation to show that 1) wildfire managers face the incentive to protect residential structures at the expense of larger and more costly fires, and 2) response resources are transferred to fires with more threatened structures constraining the set of resources available to manage other fires in the region. I find empirical evidence to support the predictions of this model with theoretically consistent regression models of wildfire duration, size, and cost using data from U.S. wildfires that occurred between 2001 and 2010. These results imply that continued housing development of wildland prone to wildfire will 1) further distort management incentives, 2) lead to larger and more expensive fires, and 3) provide support for fees on rural homeowners. </p><p> Governments facing political opposition to renewable energy subsidies may resort to augmenting the fixed cost of entry in order to induce environmental outcomes. In global markets, one government's entry policy creates either positive or negative pecuniary externalities in other regions. I develop a two-region model to investigate the behavior of rival governments setting strategic entry policy, and the subsequent impacts on welfare. The results indicate that competition between the rival governments prevents the social optimal level of entry and suggests a role for international environmental agreements.</p>
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Propp, Joshua M. "Incentives for Distributed Generation in California: The Rise of Third-Party Solar Development." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/82.
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There are a series of state and federal incentives in California to encourage the installation of distributed generation (DG) renewable energy, largely photovoltaic (PV). This thesis explores the policies behind the incentives, namely the Federal Investment Tax Credit, California Solar Initiative, and Net Energy Metering requirements. Discussion is informed by environmental policy tools, as well as business models that have acted to increase accessibility to these investment-intensive projects. Underlying this analysis is the theme of a shifting energy paradigm, with distributed generation spreading political, economic, and electric power.
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Cech, Paula-Ann. "Information, auditing, and incentives in regulation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184798.
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This dissertation uses laboratory economic experiments to test the incentive effects of regulatory policies and practices under asymmetric information conditions. Significant results and policy implications are obtained on the traditional use of rate-of-return regulation (RORR) to regulate natural monopolies, and on the practice of restricting such firms from entering ancillary markets. The objective of the first several chapters is to test the incentive effects of RORR on market performance. Results confirm long-standing theories of incentive malfunctions of RORR. One result shows that under voluntary compliance, RORR is completely ineffective for regulating single sellers when cost information is private to firms, allowing them to misrepresent costs and earn monopoly profits. When firm's do not know market demand, they capture less surplus, but still earn above RORR expected returns. When stochastic auditing is added varying penalty rates and audit probabilities, significant cost overestimates remain common. Theoretical analysis explains the potential source of this anomaly as being the use of historical cost information in rate setting when excess profits are used as the audit benchmark. Other results show that in perfect repeated static implementations of RORR, wasteful input use will occur manifested as rate base padding or Averch-Johnson type selection of inefficient input combinations. Another chapter addresses the consequences of deregulating RORR franchise firms allowing them to enter ancillary markets. A stylized model of the telecommunications industry is created and experimentally tested to determine if anti-competitive firm behavior results when entry restrictions are lifted. Results offer no support for the arguments that regulated firms will use monopoly market earnings to underwrite ancillary market operations ("deep pocket"), engage in predatory pricing, or unfair competition. Economic arguments for removing entry barriers to improve market performance (increased output and lower prices) are substantiated.
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Pushkarskaya, Helen N. "NONPOINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: INCENTIVES THEORY APPROACH." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1041607329.
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De, Martino Samantha. "Essays on incentives and pro-environmental behaviour." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/71257/.
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This thesis consists of four self-contained essays at the nexus of applied microeconomics, behavioural economics, and environmental economics. In the essays of the thesis, I use field experiments and econometric tools to examine the impact of monetary and non monetary incentives for behavioural change during resource scarcity. I use methods of eliciting intrinsic motivations and then empirically test theories on the interaction of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives. Specifically I analyse whether and which incentives undermine, support, or are independent of existing preferences, and whether incentives change behaviour. The first two essays analyse two distinct types of conservation policy in Brazil: i) direct payments from the state of São Paulo to small landholders living in vulnerable ecosystems conditional on the landholders conserving their land; and, ii) federal policy to regulate, monitor and enforce land use in the Brazilian Amazon through conservation zoning and creation of a public list of municipalities with high rates of deforestation (“priority municipalities”) to increase visibility and thus accountability. The first essay¹ uses a field experiment in Brazil to test if monetary incentives to conserve land on private property in vulnerable ecosystems - “Payments for Environmental Services” (PES) - crowd out demand for a conservation program. Landholders are less likely to accept the higher monetary offers to conserve compared to the lowest offers. Given that the rational choice model does not explain the role of incentives in shaping demand for PES, we then look at the interaction of the randomised incentive offers and individuals' initial intrinsic motivations. We construct methods to elicit social preferences in order to analyse this interaction. We find that, while high monetary incentives crowd in demand of progovernment landholders, they crowd out demand of pro-environment (henceforth “proenvironment”) and prosocial landholders. The second essay² combines satellite data on deforestation with data on the location and timing of the conservation zones in Brazil to estimate the effect of conservation zoning on deforestation in the period 2004-2010. We provide spatial regression discontinuity estimates and difference-in-difference estimates to show that the policy does not explain the large reduction in deforestation rates during this period. We provide evidence that zones reduce deforestation in municipalities put on a federal government “shame” list for high deforestation rates. The last two essays³ test behavioural interventions to decrease residential water consumption across the City of Cape Town in South Africa as complements to tariff increases and water restrictions during a severe water crisis. Using inserts in monthly municipal bills, we test multiple behavioural messages in a randomised control trial on the full population of free standing domestic households (400 000+). The treatments are classified into five groups: information provision and increased salience on the tariff structure, financial savings, appeals to the public good, social comparison, and social recognition. By using a number of different framings, the third essay focuses on identifying which incentives best motivate individuals of different income levels to reduce their consumption. We find that lower income households respond only to financial incentives, whereas the higher income households respond only to social incentives and appeals to their intrinsic motivation. In the final essay, we further explore the drivers behind the effect of social recognition on pro-environmental behaviour (henceforth “proenvironment behaviour”). According to Bénabou and Tirole (2006), the visibility of doing-good may create doubt to others as to the true motive of the individual and result in a crowding out of prosocial behaviour. We use three treatments within the larger randomised control trial to disentangle intrinsic motivation, extrinsic incentives, and image motivation. We exogenously vary the visibility of the social recognition treatments to test whether i) social recognition incentives crowd out intrinsic motivation and, ii) whether social recognition increases the noise of the prosocial signal and ultimately crowds out cooperation. We find, on average, using image motivation as an extrinsic incentive crowds in cooperation. Social recognition with an explicit opt-out has, on average, no effect on consumption. Thus, in our setting, the signal of social recognition for prosocial behaviour is strong enough to elicit cooperation. In application to public policy, our findings suggest public recognition can be used as an adjunct to more traditional demand side management tools, such as water restrictions and tariff increases to achieve additional conservation in the higher income households. To our knowledge, this empirical analysis has not been executed elsewhere and contributes both to the academic literature as well as policy recommendations for alternatives to traditional demand side management tools during times of resource scarcity. ¹Co-authors: Florence Kondylis, Development Research Group, World Bank; Astrid Zwager, Development Research Group, World Bank. ²Co-authors: Liana O. Anderson, National Center for Monitoring and EarlyWarning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN); Torfinn Harding, Department of Economics, NHH Norwegian School of Economics, and University of Stavanger; Karlygash Kuralbayeva, Grantham Research Institute, LSE; Andre Lima, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland. ³Co-authors: Kerri Brick, Environmental Policy Research Unit (EPRU), University of Cape Town; Martine Visser, School of Economics, University of Cape Town.
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Peña-Cabra, Ivonne Astrid. "Retrospective and Prospective Analysis of Policy Incentives For Wind Power in Portugal." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/446.
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Concerns over climate change impacts, goals to increase environmental sustainability, and questions about the reliability of fuel supply have led several countries to pursue the goal of increasing the share of renewable energy sources in their electricity grid. Portugal is one of the leading countries for wind electricity generation. Wind diffusion in Portugal started in the early 2000’s and in 2013 wind electricity generation accounted for more than 24% (REN 2013b). The large share of wind in Portuguese electricity production is a consequence of European Union (E.U.) mandates and national policies, mainly feed-in tariffs. Discussions on the appropriate policy design and level of incentive to promote renewable energy adoption and meet further renewable capacity goals are ongoing in Portugal, namely in what concerns the level and duration of feed-in tariffs that should be provided to independent power producers. This, in turn, raises the question of whether the past feed-in tariff levels were well designed to achieve the goals of a larger penetration of renewables in the Portuguese grid. The policies to induce wind adoption have led to a growth in wind installed capacity and share of electricity generated by wind in Portugal from less than 1% in 2000 to approximately 24% in 2013, but questions arise on their cost-effectiveness and whether alternative policy designs would have led to the same goal. vi The Portuguese wind feed-in tariffs are a guaranteed incentive which has varied between $85- $180/MWh over the last 20 years (ERSE 2011), and remained approximately constant since 2001 at $101/MWh. They are currently guaranteed for 20 years of production or 44GWh of electricity generation per MW installed (Diário da República 2013) - the longest period among countries with high wind electricity share. They do not incorporate any digression rate besides inflation, and are guaranteed for every unit of electricity fed to the grid. There are no power plants that have already been decommissioned despite being in operation for more than 20 years, favoring from new, detailed and hard-to-follow agreements in the legislation. All wind parks that are currently in operation have received feed-in tariffs since they connected to the grid, and are expected to keep receiving them at least until December 2019, and up to December 2036 - depending on year of connection and agreement under the most recent legislation (Diário da República 2013). The 2020 renewable energy goals in Portugal include having 6.8 GW of installed wind capacity, which implies the connection of 2 GW in the next years. If no further grid investments are made and wind capacity increases up to 100 MW to the connection point that we analyze, total annual electricity spill is likely to range the 20% to 40%. If the connection grid policy is designed to allow for wind spill, already ‘occupied’ connection points will be available to new entrants, lowering the total investment costs for new wind parks and increasing their profitability. This thesis is divided in three main parts: a first introductory section, a retrospective study of wind power in Portugal and a prospective analysis of the Portuguese wind power sector. The introductory section is a brief overview of the global renewable status, described in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 compile a retrospective study of wind power and the policies that have incentivized wind diffusion. We include in the discussion some references to the future wind vii power goals, but the results and policy recommendations are directed towards the existing connected wind power capacity. Chapter 2 is a qualitative piece that describes in detail the motivation behind the Portuguese wind power diffusion, the policy changes over the last 20 years and the mechanics of the remuneration mechanism, i.e. the feed-in tariff formula variables and the actors of the wind power sector. We compare the Portuguese feed-in tariff with other European feed-in tariff designs and conclude that the incentive is one of the highest in Europe, contributing to the current Portuguese electricity system deficit of about $2 billion. If feed-in tariffs keep being fixed and do not incorporate any market variation, and renewables are prioritized to meet electricity demand, feed-in tariff net support per unit of electricity might be higher when the wind blows the most because moments with high penetration of renewable power might be correlated with low market prices. We find that wind power penetration is correlated with net exports to Spain. This might result in a net cost to Portugal and a subsidy to Spanish electricity consumers per unit of electricity traded. In total terms, the resulting subsidy is higher when the wind resource is larger as well, as the total amount of electricity that is exported increases. In Chapter 3 we estimate the profits of wind power producers connected in Portugal between 1992 and 2010, and we recommend specific policy reforms that would lower spending in the form of wind feed-in tariffs. In particular, we assess four scenarios to decrease the level and/or period of the tariffs. We find that under the 2005 legislation - in which feed-in tariffs are granted for 15 years, all existing wind parks have positive NPVs varying between $0 and $12/MWh, when considering a 20-year lifetime. In fact, most of existing wind parks can stop receiving the feed-in tariff now (July 2014), and instead participate directly in the Iberian electricity market and still be profitable. Moreover, under the 2013 feed-in tariff reform that aims at decreasing the viii electricity system deficit, total spending will increase and wind parks will have larger profits than under the 2005 legislation. The motivation of keeping a high feed-in tariff comes from the need of liquidity that wind producers can provide immediately to the electricity system, which is required at this moment to comply with the E.U. economic agreements signed during the recession. Nevertheless, the environmental and energy dependency benefits of the Portuguese wind sector could have been achieved with as much as 25% less spending. Later on, we move to analyze future wind power additions. Chapter 4 compiles a prospective analysis of the wind power sector in Portugal. We focus on new wind parks that will connect to critical lines of the distribution grid in two regions of the country, as part of the national 2030 wind power goals. In particular, we assess the implications of a 100% guaranteed availability of grid power capacity. We find that from the investor perspective, it is more profitable to bear some risk of wind power curtailment, because of the avoided costs that would otherwise be incurred to upgrade the grid. We also find that since there is ample room in the distribution lines to connect more wind parks, very few grid upgrades can allow to highly increase the distributed wind capacity with a low risk of wind curtailment. Moreover, even in scenarios with ‘high curtailment’ of 5% to 20%, projects are profitable. Thus, the Portuguese government should consider a policy where the guaranteed feed-in would be removed, and further assess the possibility of limiting profitability of the existing and new wind projects by introducing curtailment. This work compiles two perspectives: first, a temporal perspective, in which past and future assessments of wind power diffusion are described. Second, a perspective on policy characterization, in which we present an assessment of two characteristics in the feed-in tariff design: the level/period of the tariff and the conditionality of prioritizing wind power over fossilix fuel resources with absence of risk of wind power curtailment. The level and period-related policy recommendations are considered for the existing wind parks, and are addressed mainly in Chapter 3. Considerations about grid capacity and introducing a risk of wind power curtailment are considered for subsequent wind power capacity additions, and are mainly considered in Chapter 4. In addition, notice that Chapter 3 focuses on avoiding excessive profitability of wind power parks while in Chapter 4 we analyze wind and grid capacity additions under the perspective of wind investors. Nevertheless, as we also find in Chapter 4 that profits are excessive, we do make recommendations that limit wind investor’s revenue. Portuguese decision maker should give serious consideration to revisions to the Portuguese feed-in tariff policy design. Most of the existing Portuguese wind parks to not need a feed-in tariff to be profitable. A value associated with the risk of wind power curtailment for subsequent additions should be incorporated in future policy design. We expect that this work will contribute to the Portuguese renewable policy in particular in light of Portugal’s 2020 and 2030 wind power goals.
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Gollamudi, Hymavathi. "Policy Incentives to Prevent the Introduction of Non Indigenous Species Via Shipping /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487929745335459.
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Bosse, Samantha Louise. "Impact of Direct Admissions into the Miami University Farmer School of Business on Student Incentives." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1555452120150621.
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Guceri, Irem. "Tax incentives, R&D and productivity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bd82c1ac-cade-4717-8411-eb577d002ecf.
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This thesis explores the causal relationships between tax incentives, research and development (R&D) and productivity. Using R&D survey data from the United Kingdom (UK) Office for National Statistics and administrative data on corporation tax returns from HM Revenue and Customs, I first conduct empirical analyses of tax incentive policies for R&D, and then estimate the elasticity of output with respect to firms' own R&D efforts as well as external R&D performed by neighboring firms in technology and product space. In the first two chapters which focus on tax incentive policies and their evaluation, I am able to identify the policy effect of interest by exploiting two significant reforms in the UK in 2002 and 2008. I find that tax incentives had a positive and significant stimulating effect on businesses' R&D spending. I argue that the availability of a quasi-experimental set up helps in better identifying the policy impact. The production function estimation exercise in the third chapter shows that double counting of R&D human resources and materials in the production function causes the elasticity of output with respect to the firms' own R&D to be substantially underestimated. I also find that the R&D done in multi-unit enterprise groups is productive for the production facilities which themselves do not perform R&D. The Jaffe (1986) and Bloom et al. (2013) measures of external R&D, which account for closeness of firms in technology and product space can be constructed and included in the production function in the spirit of Griliches (1979). I find that the point estimate for the elasticity of output with respect to firms' own R&D is around 3 percent and statistically significant. Evidence is mixed regarding the productivity effects of R&D carried out by competitors in the product market or neighboring firms in technology space. The detailed data sets used in this study offer valuable resources for empirical work on R&D and productivity.
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Agyapong, Patrick Kwadwo. "Economic Incentives in Content-Centric Networking: Implications for Protocol Design and Public Policy." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2013. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/253.
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Content-centric networking (CCN) has emerged as a dominant paradigm for future Internet architecture design due to its efficient support for content dissemination, which currently dominates Internet use. This dissertation shows how economic and social welfare analysis can be used to inform the design of a CCN architecture that provides network stakeholders with incentives to deploy and use.
Firstly, the dissertation investigates the economic incentives of different stakeholders to deploy content-centric network Internet architectures and shows that network operators will fail to deploy sufficient storage infrastructure to support CCN without payment ows from publishers. However, the level of payment required differs for different network players, which gives them different competitive advantages in providing storage infrastructure and content delivery services.
Secondly, it evaluates the social welfare implications of different storage deployment scenarios in a CCN-based architecture and identifies two deployments that maximize social welfare. In the first, edge networks provide the storage infrastructure through a transaction broker. In the second, edge networks pay third-parties an amount, equivalent to the realized benefits from a storage node, to deploy storage infrastructure in the network. All other deployment scenarios lead to a deadweight loss.
Thirdly, the dissertation identifies content delivery functionalities that break in a CCN-based architecture and shows how these functionalities can be successfully replicated and enhanced by a careful design of the structure of routable content, content naming and the meta-information added to content. The proposed design supports several content delivery applications and can be easily extended to other networking principals.
Finally, the dissertation identifies and discusses threats in the CCN content delivery model and proposes some mechanisms to address these threats. In addition, the dissertation identifies some policy implications of the CCN content delivery model and proposes some policy interventions that may lead to desirable deployment outcomes.
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Sellars, Sean Christian Maurice. "Collective action, incentives and social welfare : an analysis of South African policy forums." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18289.
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This paper is concerned with the analysis of South African policy making forums. It attempts to develop an understanding of how such forums might contribute to the welfare of South African society, and what can be done to enhance this contribution. The widespread emergence of policy making forums in South Africa has not gone unnoticed. Much local literature has been produced in recent years on the issue (Baskin, 1993; Maree, 1993; Schreiner, 1994; Nattrass, 1994). All of these contributions adopt the framework of "neo-corporatism" in their analysis. By contrast, this paper is grounded in the theory of public choice. The concept of "neo-corporatism" has been developed in a body of international literature concerned with the institutional structures through which policy was developed and implemented in countries such as Austria and Sweden in the post war period (Grant, 1985). These institutional structures evolved out of the imperatives of post-war reconstruction and the balance of power between labour, capital and state. The prefix neo- is used to distinguish the institutional arrangements in these social democracies from those in place in fascist Italy which have been referred to as corporatist. There is much confusion over the exact meaning of "neo-corporatism", but there seems to be some agreement that it centrally involves the relationship between the state and organised interests such as business and labour. In the countries identified as neo-corporatist, this relationship was structured in such a way as to influence the behaviour of each of these parties towards the attainment of national objectives such as growth and low unemployment (ibid:4). There are two reasons why I have chosen not to use neo-corporatism as the means of analysis in this paper. Firstly, the thinking around the concept has been developed inductively from the experiences of particular societies, but a plausible deductive theory of what transpired in these societies has not been forthcoming (Olson, 1986). To use a crude example, it might thus be said that while we can observe that Sweden had very low levels of unemployment for most of the post-war period and that Swedish policy making was characterised at the time by a particular type of interaction between government, labour and business, neo-corporatist theory does not offer a robust (deductive) argument of why certain policy making institutions led to particular desirable social outcomes. In other words, the understanding of the causal relationship between existing institutions and social outcomes remains undeveloped. The second reason for not using a neo-corporatist framework in the analysis which follows is that the political and economic conditions in contemporary South Africa are very removed from those of European neo-corporatist countries, and thus inductive theory based on the European experience is not of much use. In particular, as is argued in Chapter Two, the state, seen as the primary factor directing the policy making process in neo-corporatist theory, has played a very ambiguous role in the South African experience of forum based policy making. As South African policy forums have arisen during a period of political transition, the government has had neither the confidence nor the legitimacy to play the directing role which has characterised episodes of neo-corporatism in other countries. The paper is divided into two chapters. The first considers a deductive theory of interest group behaviour developed from the literature of public choice and the second applies this to South Africa's recent experience of policy forums. Most public choice literature is concerned with the state, as processes influencing government such as voting and lobbying are seen as a central means through which individuals take collective action. In addition, it is through government bureaus that the goods and services demanded through this action are supplied (Mueller, 1976; Wolf, 1979). As stated, the emphasis in what follows is slightly different in that the activities of interest groups is the major subject of consideration.
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Patrick, Carlianne. "Essays in Economic Growth and Development Policy." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343152438.
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李良柱 and Jeremy Edward Lee. "An examination of government investment incentives and disincentives: the case of Vietnam." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31266617.
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Beatty, Kate, Jeffrey Mayer, Michael Elliott, Ross C. Brownson, Safina Abdulloeva, and Kathleen Wojciehowski. "Barriers and Incentives to Rural Health Department Accreditation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6826.
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Context: Accreditation of local health departments has been identified as a crucial strategy for strengthening the public health infrastructure. Rural local health departments (RLHDs) face many challenges including lower levels of staffing and funding than local health departments serving metropolitan or urban areas; simultaneously their populations experience health disparities related to risky health behaviors, health outcomes, and access to medical care. Through accreditation, rural local health departments can become better equipped to meet the needs of their communities.
Objective: To better understand the needs of communities by assessing barriers and incentives to state-level accreditation in Missouri from the RLHD perspective.
Design: Qualitative analysis of semistructured key informant interviews with Missouri local health departments serving rural communities.
Participants: Eleven administrators of RLHDs, 7 from accredited and 4 from unaccredited departments, were interviewed. Population size served ranged from 6400 to 52 000 for accredited RLHDs and from 7200 to 73 000 for unaccredited RLHDs.
Results: Unaccredited RLHDs identified more barriers to accreditation than accredited RLHDs. Time was a major barrier to seeking accreditation. Unaccredited RLHDs overall did not see accreditation as a priority for their agency and failed to the see value of accreditation. Accredited RLHDs listed more incentives than their unaccredited counterparts. Unaccredited RLHDs identified accountability, becoming more effective and efficient, staff development, and eventual funding as incentives to accreditation.
Conclusions: There is a need for better documentation of measurable benefits in order for an RLHD to pursue voluntary accreditation. Those who pursue accreditation are likely to see benefits after the fact, but those who do not pursue do not see the immediate and direct benefits of voluntary accreditation. The finding from this study of state-level accreditation in Missouri provides insight that can be translated to national accreditation.
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Martins, Filho Luiz Nestor. "A política fiscal para micro e pequenos empreendimentos e o imposto sobre a circulação de mercadorias e serviços." Escola de Administração da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2012. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/17345.
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Martins Filho, Luiz Nestor.pdf: 2758345 bytes, checksum: dea6802ea04f8b8dd0b27baa0fbcfcb1 (MD5)<br>No intuito de promover o equilíbrio do desenvolvimento socioeconômico entre as diferentes regiões do País, foi estabelecida, a partir de bases constitucionais, uma política de incentivos aos micro e pequenos empreendimentos via regimes especiais e simplificados de tributação. Nesse sentido, buscamos discutir essa questão do desenvolvimento e do desequilíbrio
econômico regional no Brasil a partir da Política Tributária instaurada a partir do SIMPLES Nacional, tendo por foco a relação de intercâmbio comercial realizado entre empreendimentos situados nos estados “produtores” do Sudeste e os estados “consumidores” do Nordeste. Em face da inovação legal, para ilustrar os efeitos decorrentes da Política Tributária de incentivos fiscais para micro e pequenos empreendimentos em estados “consumidores” apresentamos os efeitos sofridos pelos contribuintes do ICMS do Estado da Paraíba. Para tanto, respondemos à
seguinte pergunta de partida: A partir das inovações legislativas trazidas pela LC. n° 123/2006 ao ICMS, quais foram os efeitos fiscais e tributários impostos pelo SIMPLES-N, durante os exercícios de 2007 a 2010 e suas implicações como política de incentivos fiscais para o desenvolvimento e combate ao desequilíbrio econômico regional no Estado da Paraíba? Para
responder ao problema de partida, apresentamos as seguintes hipóteses, posteriormente comprovadas: 1ª – No que se refere à fiscalização e arrecadação do ICMS, com o advento da LC n° 123/2006 houve, para os contribuintes que ingressaram no regime, a título de benefício tributário, uma diminuição nominal de alíquotas. Em contrapartida, proibiu-se a aplicação integral do princípio da não cumulatividade na sistemática de apuração do tributo,
acarretando: 1.) Para os contribuintes do estado “consumidor”, optantes do regime
simplificado, a despeito da diminuição de alíquotas: 1.1) Que transacionem com outros contribuintes do SIMPLES-N, aumento indireto da carga tributária, em função da tributação cumulativa sob a cadeia produtiva e introdução de exceções legais ao regime, que diminuem ou anulam o beneficio fiscal concedido. 1.2) Que transacionem com contribuintes não
optantes, aumento indireto dos custos, em função da adoção da não transferência plena de créditos. 2) Para os contribuintes do estado “consumidor”, sob o regime “normal”, que transacionem com contribuintes optantes do SIMPLES-N, aumento indireto da carga tributária, por transferência, em função da proibição (ou limitação) ao crédito fiscal. 3) Para a
cadeia econômica de contribuintes do ICMS, independentemente do regime tributário, em
função da cumulatividade do SIMPLES-N, aumento da carga tributária e sua redistribuição, sem observância aos princípios tributários da Competência, Isonomia, Neutralidade e da Capacidade contributiva, acarretando em violação ao princípio da Justiça (Equidade) Fiscal. In order to promote the balance of socio-economic development between different regions of the country, was established, based on constitutional grounds, a policy of incentives to micro and small enterprises through special schemes and simplified tax. In this sense we discuss this issue of development and regional economic imbalance in Brazil from the Tax Policy introduced from the SIMPLES Nacional It focuses on the relationship of commercial exchanges between enterprises located in the states of southeastern states and consumers in the Northeast . In the face of legal innovation, to illustrate the effects of the Tax Policy of tax incentives for micro and small businesses in 'consumers' states we present the effects of ICMS incurred by the taxpayers of the state of Paraiba. For this purpose, we answer the following
question of departure: From the legislative innovations brought by LC n° 123/2006 to ICMS, what were the effects of fiscal and tax imposed by SIMPLES-N during the years 2007 to 2010 and its implications as a policy of tax incentives for development and combating regional
economic imbalance in the state of Paraiba? To answer the problem of departure, we present the following hypothesis, later confirmed: 1st - As regards the supervision and collection of
ICMS, with the advent of LC n ° 123/2006 was, for taxpayers who joined the scheme, as an tax benefit, a reduction of nominal rates. In return it was forbidden the full implementation of the principle of non-cumulative in the system for calculating the tax, resulting in: 1.) For taxpayers in the "consumer” state, that opted for the simplified scheme, despite the decrease in rates: 1.1) What transact with other contributors to the SIMPLES-N, increased indirect taxes, as a function of cumulative taxation under chain and introduction of statutory exceptions to the rules, which reduce or eliminate the tax benefit granted. 1.2) SIMPLES-N
taxpayers that transact with “normal” taxpayers, increased indirect costs, due to the adoption of non-full transfer of credits. 2) For taxpayers in the state "consumer" under the “normal” regime of ICMS that transact with the SIMPLES-N taxpayers, increased indirect taxes, by transfer, due to the ban (or limitation) the tax credit. 2.1) suffer increased indirect costs, due to the adoption of non-full transfer of credits. 2.2) For taxpayers in the “consumer” state under the “normal” regime of ICMS that transact with the SIMPLES-N taxpayers, increased indirect taxes, by transfer, due to the ban (or limitation) the tax credit.
3.) For the economic chain of the ICMS taxpayers, regardless of the tax regime, due to the accumulation of SIMPLES-N regime, increased tax burden and redistribution, without observing the principles of tax jurisdiction, isonomy, neutrality and capacity to pay, resulting
in violation of the principle of Justice Fiscal.
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Morrell, William. "Fiscal policy incentives for minerals exploration : what South Africa can learn from the Canadian experience." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23219.
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South Africa has a long history of mineral resource exploitation. As a result of accelerated economic growth in emerging markets in the last decade, the demand for metals and minerals has grown rapidly. Several countries have profited from this demand-supply imbalance while others have lagged behind. This research investigates the factors affecting this situation with the objective of making recommendations to improve the competitiveness of the South African minerals sector. A literature review identifies the potential reasons from a firm and state perspective for specific mineral resource influenced countries thriving. These factors were explored further through a qualitative research process which sampled perceptions of relevant companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Emerging from this study and in support of the factors identified in the literature review was the importance of fiscal incentives. A quantitative study was then conducted to develop an understanding of the relationships between fiscal incentives and value (market capitalisation). The potential for the application of these methods to South Africa was then assessed. The research identified the importance of an enabling environment to the sustained competitiveness of a minerals sector. Several key factors emerged, with specific reference to tax incentives for mineral exploration. A model of the interrelationship between entrepreneur, mineral resources and the role of the state was developed to provide guidance for policy makers. If implemented, this could catalyse the mineral exploration and subsequently the extractive industries in South Africa. Copyright<br>Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2008.<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>unrestricted
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Li, Xia. "Merger incentives of cost asymmetric firms under production differentiation." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13627.
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Master of Arts<br>Department of Economics<br>Yang-Ming Chang<br>This report examines merger incentives of cost asymmetric firms under product differentiation and their welfare implications. Considering a simple contract under which merger profit is distributed according to the proportions of differential marginal costs between duopolistic firms, we show in a stylized model that for almost all parameter ranges (in terms of market competition intensity and marginal cost differential), a low-cost firm may have no incentive to merge with a high-cost firm whereas the high-cost firm always finds merger to be profitable. Only when marginal cost differential is sufficiently low and the degree of product similarity is sufficiently high will both the low-cost firm and the high-cost firm share the common interest in merger. On the other hand, the merger equilibrium is not welfare-improving, regardless of whether the firms initially compete in quantities or prices. Viewed from the perspective of production efficiency, mergers with differentiated products thus create a fundamental conflict between the maximization of consumer and social welfare and the maximization of firm profits. We also examine the scenario that merger takes place when merger profit exceeds the sum of firm profits under duopoly, without considering how merger profit is distributed between the firms. We discuss the conditions under which mergers may or may not be welfare-improving.
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Yang, Chao-Ying. "Influencers on hospital infection control policy : what incentives could promote infection control in hospitals?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433632.
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Geissler, Johannes. "Lower inflation : ways and incentives for central banks." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1719.
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This thesis is a technical inquiry into remedies for high inflation. In its center there is the usual tradeoff between inflation aversion on the one hand and some benefit from inflation via Phillips curve effects on the other hand. Most remarkable and pioneering work for us is the famous Barro-Gordon model - see (Barro & Gordon 1983a) respectively (Barro & Gordon 1983b). Parts of this model form the basis of our work here. Though being well known the discretionary equilibrium is suboptimal the question arises how to overcome this. We will introduce four different models, each of them giving a different perspective and way of thinking. Each model shows a (sometimes slightly) different way a central banker might deliver lower inflation than the one shot Barro-Gordon game at a first glance would suggest. To cut a long story short we provide a number of reasons for believing that the purely discretionary equilibrium may be rarely observed in real life. Further the thesis provides new insights for derivative pricing theories. In particular, the potential role of financial markets and instruments will be a major focus. We investigate how such instruments can be used for monetary policy. On the contrary these financial securities have strong influence on the behavior of the central bank. Taking this into account in chapters 3 and 4 we come up with a new method of pricing inflation linked derivatives. The latter to the best of our knowledge has never been done before - (Persson, Persson & Svenson 2006), as one of very view economic works taking into account financial markets, is purely focused on the social planer's problem. A purely game theoretic approach is done in chapter 2 to change the original Barro-Gordon. Here we deviate from a purely rational and purely one period wise thinking. Finally in chapter 5 we model an asymmetric information situation where the central banker faces a trade off between his current objective on the one hand and benefit arising from not perfectly informed agents on the other hand. In that sense the central bank is also concerned about its reputation.
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McCoy, Matthew William. "Political parties and economic policy alternatives in a democratic society the connection between electoral incentives, economic ideology, and labor policy /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3150490.
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Bjerkan, Kristin Ystmark, Tom E. Nørbech, and Marianne Elvsaas Nordtømme. "Incentives for promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption in Norway." Elsevier, 2016. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73224.
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Norway has become a global forerunner in the field of electromobility and the BEV market share is far higher than in any other country. One likely reason for this is strong incentives for promoting purchase and ownership of BEVs. The purpose of this study is to describe the role of incentives for promoting BEVs, and to determine what incentives are critical for deciding to buy a BEV and what groups of buyers respond to different types of incentives. The questions are answered with data from a survey among nearly 3400 BEV owners in Norway.
Exemptions from purchase tax and VAT are critical incentives for more than 80% of the respondents. This is very much in line with previous research, which suggests that up-front price reduction is the most powerful incentive in promoting EV adoption. To a substantial number of BEV owners, however, exemption from road tolling or bus lane access is the only decisive factor.
Analyses show that there are clear delineations between incentive groups, both in terms of age, gender, and education. Income is a less prominent predictor, which probably results from the competitive price of BEVs in the Norwegian market. Perhaps most interesting is the assumed relation between incentives and character of transport systems the respondents engage in.
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Eguchi, Makoto. "System dynamics analysis of incentives for Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) equipage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43184.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-82).<br>The demand for air transportation is anticipated to continue to grow in the future. In order to accommodate future demands, the U.S. Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO) proposed the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). One of the NextGen technologies currently under development is Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B), which is a new satellite-based surveillance technology. In order to achieve the adoption of ADS-B, equipage by aircraft operators is essential. However, it is sometimes difficult to achieve the transition from a current technology to a new technology. Therefore, encouraging the individual user's adoption is a key factor of the successful technology transition. This thesis develops the system dynamics model to represent how individual users adopt a new technology, and analyzes how the adoption of new technologies can be encouraged using the system dynamics model. The effects of the following four incentive policies are examined: (1) Acceleration of operational benefits, (2) Preferred access, (3) Financial incentive, and (4) Mandate equipage. The result of the policy analysis shows the each incentive policy is effective to encourage the early adoption of ADS-B. Especially, achieving early benefits is important to accelerate equipage. Moving forward the mandate date of ADS-B equipage also can be effective to increase total benefits.<br>by Makoto Eguchi.<br>S.M.
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Christle, Darren Edward. "The Influence of Mission Valence and Intrinsic Incentives on Employee Motivation." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6882.
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Worker motivation is relevant to public sector leaders because motivated workers are more efficient and productive, demonstrate positive behaviors, and are happier. Scholars have focused on differing approaches on how to incentivise public service employees using extrinsic or intrinsic incentives. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the value and effectiveness of mission valence and other intrinsic means used to influence employee motivation and productivity. Using Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory as a guide, a homogeneous group of key participants was interviewed with the intent of answering research questions. The research questions focused on mission valence deployment and on the incentive preferences of 11 purposely selected members of a public sector executive management team. The study incorporated the Giorgi method of data analysis. Following inductive coding procedures, the findings were synthesised into five themes. Findings suggested that mission valence has theoretical appeal to public service leaders, but the antecedent conditions, such as current mission statements have not been implemented. Thus, mission valence within PSGD is a conceptual intrinsic incentive at this point in time. Public service leaders prefer fluidity in crafting blended extrinsic and intrinsic incentive models that are unique to each employee. Consequently, opportunities exist for development of targeted skills development training to supplement existing leadership skills. This aligns with the implications for positive social change because the findings of this study yielded information concerning social, psychological, and motivational nuances and learning that may shape the next generation of public service leaders.
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Kaggwa, Martin. "Modelling South Africa's incentives under the Motor Industry Development Programme." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04072009-203959/.
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Wolverton, Maryann. "Essays in environmental economics /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Stokan, Eric J. "Three Essays on Economic Development Incentives| Explaining the Usage, Effects, and Abandonment of Economic Development Policies." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10065216.
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<p> This dissertation contains three essays on state and local economic development incentives. The primary mission of state and local governments is to reduce unemployment and bolster tax revenues. One way in which governments accomplish these goals is by using economic development subsidies and policies at their disposal. States statutorily authorize a range of economic development incentives (e.g. tax abatements, tax increment financing, enterprise zones, etc.). Local governments are empowered to take advantage of this authorization and use these tools to attract firms and people as a means to grow their own economies. However, not all state governments authorize every type of economic development incentive. Additionally, local governments do not utilize each type of economic development incentive, even when authorized to do so by the state. What determines the usage of these policies at the local level has been the subject of much research; however, this literature has failed to account for state-level authorization. Therefore, what is known about the “determinants” of economic development incentive utilization at the local level is theoretically and empirically flawed. The first essay addresses this issue by restricting the analyses to only those local governments that have statutory authorization to make use of these incentives, and compares these findings to the full set of cases with and without state authorization as is characteristics of the previous literature. Differences in magnitudes and significance levels are highlighted.</p><p> Increasingly governments are interested in determining the economic impact of their policies. The second essay uses difference-in-differences and triple differences models to evaluate the employment, payroll, and establishment effects of state Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) in metropolitan areas that span more than one state where one side of the border has an EITC and the other does not. Given that states decide whether, when, and at what level to authorize these credits, this variation across states allow for a test of the impact of these policies on local economic outcomes.</p><p> While a good deal is known about why state and local governments use economic development policies, and how to evaluate these policies, little is known about the factors that contribute to the abandonment of economic development policies at state and local levels of government. Essay three explores the characteristics and context for policy abandonment of economic development policies at both levels of government. Using Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), and regression-based models, this essay estimates the impact that political, economic, and social factors have on the abandonment of these policies. Additional research within local governments highlights the relative importance of each of factor in determining the propensity for policy abandonment.</p>
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Dufour, Jane R. "Land Use Policy in Local Historic Districts and Incentives for Compliance in the Vieux Carré." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1143.
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The Vieux Carré in New Orleans is the second oldest locally designated historic district and serves as a prominent example of local historic preservation efforts; however, the Vieux Carré has a high vacancy rate. This thesis examines the effects of land use policy, including the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance and the design review process in the Vieux Carré, on attempts to return vacant buildings to commerce. The author examines three cases of redevelopment attempts of vacant properties in the Vieux Carré. In two of the three cases, constrictions from the Zoning Ordinance not the design review process held up the redevelopment process. The other case identified owner negligence as the cause for failure in the redevelopment attempt.
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Lieven, Theo. "Policy measures to promote electric mobility – A global perspective." Elsevier, 2015. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72828.
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Research that addresses policy measures to increase the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has discussed government regulations such as California’s Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) or penalties on petroleum-based fuels. Relatively few articles have addressed policy measures designed to increase the adoption of EVs by incentives to influence car buyers’ voluntary behavior. This article examines the effects of such policy measures. Two of these attributes are monetary measures, two others are traffic regulations, and the other three are related to investments in charging infrastructure. Consumer preferences were assessed using a choice-based conjoint analysis on an individual basis by applying the hierarchical Bayes method. In addition, the Kano method was used to elicit consumer satisfaction. This not only enabled the identification of preferences but also why preferences were based on either features that were “must-haves” or on attributes that were not expected but were highly attractive and, thus, led to high satisfaction. The results of surveys conducted in 20 countries in 5 continents showed that the installation of a charging network on freeways is an absolute necessity. This was completely independent from the average mileage driven per day. High cash grants were appreciated as attractive; however, combinations of lower grants with charging facilities resulted in similar preference shares in market simulations for each country. The results may serve as initial guidance for policymakers and practitioners in improving their incentive programs for electric mobility.
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Winter, William E. "Development decision-making in St. Louis, MO institutions, incentives, and urban development /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2006. http://etd.umsl.edu/r1221.
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Martin, Tyler Allen. "Assessing the influence of policy factors on alternative fuel vehicle adoption in Georgia." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/55051.
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To make a compelling case for government incentives as a stimulus for alternative fuel vehicle adoption, this thesis assesses the preliminary impacts associated with the elimination of Georgia’s income tax credits for low-emission and zero-emission vehicle purchases. The thesis identifies policy factors that appear to impact alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) adoption in the United States, with a focus on government incentives. Specific policy factors are discussed in the context of state and federal laws. For Georgia, motor vehicle registrations were collected to track AFV adoption rates before and after the change in law. Electric and hybrid vehicle registrations in Georgia have plummeted since the income tax credits were eliminated on June 30, 2015. Income tax credit data were collected to chart the significant increase in zero-emission and low-emission vehicle purchases and leases since electric vehicles started flooding the market. The primary outcome of this research is a set of distinct, measurable policy factors that influence AFV adoption in the United States. The factors identified include: 1) reward amount to income ratio, 2) ease of policy comprehension, 3) consumer awareness, 4) fuel/vehicle coverage of incentives, 5) incentive user groups, 6) forms of incentives (grants, income tax credits, etc.), 7) number of incentives available, and 8) dollar values of incentives. The conclusion presents factors for use in choice model estimation. These factors should be useful by policymakers who are trying to understand the true value of government incentives for alternative fuel vehicles.
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Lien, Aaron Matthew, and Aaron Matthew Lien. "Incentives for Ecosystem Services on Rangelands: Institutional Design and Stakeholder Attitudes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624284.
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Payments for ecosystem services (PES), or conservation incentives, are an increasingly popular approach to encouraging natural resources conservation on private lands. The goal of PES approaches is to motivate conservation by private landowners that would not otherwise take place by providing an economic incentive. To achieve this goal, incentive programs must be available to landowners who can provide the desired services; supportive policy structures must be in place; landowners must be willing to participate as sellers of ecosystem services; and the program itself must have an institutional structure that effectively regulates the production, sale, and maintenance of targeted ecosystem services. This dissertation uses a combination of case study and comparative research methods to develop new knowledge and tools for assessing each of these necessary conditions for success. The potential development of an incentive program to conserve habitat for endangered jaguars in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico is used as a case study to understand the attitudes of ranchers toward participation in PES programs and related policies and regulations. Results show that ranchers have strong intrinsic conservation motivations unrelated to economic incentives, coupled with significant concerns about the impacts of government regulations that could accompany participation in a PES program. Comparative research of the institutional structures of existing PES programs is carried out using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. Focusing on water quality trading, one of the most common types of PES program, a classification system for PES program institutional arrangements is developed and the utility of the classification system for analyzing institutional diversity is demonstrated. Together, the case study and comparative research provide a means of linking empirical assessment of PES governance models with the preferences of targeted participants, increasing the likelihood of successful conservation outcomes.
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Harris, Peter-Dirk. "South African environmental taxes and investment incentives in practice." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95565.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African economy is faced with a number of challenges as an upper-middle income
country that is highly resource-intensive, with an open economy. It has a number of developmental
goals that must be achieved in order to maintain environmentally conscious sustainable
development. The country will have to find pioneering ways to address the poverty problems faced
by a large proportion of its people, while still ensuring economic growth at a reduced cost to the
environment.
In an effort to promote the shift to a “green” economy, the South African state and its related
entities have developed a number of incentive programmes aimed at easing the transition. These
incentives primarily support businesses in their efforts to become more energy-efficient, or to
convert to renewable energy sources. The objective of this study is to critically evaluate what the
South African government is doing with regard to environmental instruments aimed at assisting the
country to reduce carbon emissions.
This case study follows a quantitative approach, considering the financial effects that the different
environmental instruments could have on South African manufacturers. Through the study the
researcher will be able to make certain recommendations to businesses in the manufacturing
industry who are interested in investing in renewable energy and energy efficiency. The results of
the study will also give the researcher insight into the South African environmental incentives,
which will allow him to make informed comments on the proposals that government has tabled
regarding future environmental taxes and incentives.
The research questions that the researcher tried to answer were based on the current and future
policy measures that the South African government has implemented, or will implement, in order to
move the country to a low-emissions trajectory. These policies were then also compared to
international measures in order to determine if the policies chosen by the South African
government are appropriate for the this country’s economy.
This study has led the researcher to discover a number of issues relating to the status of
environmental policy in South Africa. These discoveries have allowed him to make certain
recommendations to businesses investing in this realm, as well as to government which develops
these policy measures.
The main findings of the study are that with the assistance of the South African government and
related entities, investments in renewable energy have become viable. When considering the
current status of South African environmental policy, the researcher has also come to realise that
the country is lagging behind the rest of the world with regard to policy development. The South
African economy is unique, thus policies have to be structured in a way that will not be detrimental
to the country.
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Whitehead, Jake. "Energy Efficient Vehicle Policy: Lessons Learnt : An analysis of the effects of incentive policies on the demand, usage and pricing of energy efficient vehicles." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transport- och lokaliseringsanalys, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-185933.
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Encouraging the uptake of energy efficient vehicles (EEVs) is an aspiration of critical importance in a day and age in which we are confronted with the increasingly dire consequences of human behaviour on our planet, and on the planet for generations to come. The transport sector is one of the highest contributors of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, whilst pollution from this sector is responsible for a large proportion of human deaths each and every year. Given the severity of these issues, it is more important than ever for policy-makers, and researchers alike, to encourage a transition within the community towards more sustainable lifestyles. Transportation is key to this change. As a service that every human being uses, almost every day of his or her life, the transport sector presents a unique opportunity for behavioural change. Through efficient and targeted policies, consumers can be incentivised to make more sustainable transport choices and to consider the consequences of their own actions. Foremost amongst these initiatives is that of encouraging a transition towards energy efficient vehicles. This thesis has been produced in order to shed further light on issues affecting this transition. In particular for policy-makers, this document includes a series of recommendations based on prevailing findings in the current literature, in addition to the novel and significant findings of this research effort. These include the various lessons learnt from government policies that have already been implemented in regions around the globe. As a thesis by publication, this document consists of four research articles that investigate factors affecting the EEV market, specifically in terms of: consumer demand, vehicle usage and product pricing. A number of other demographic and economic factors have also been examined, including the role of economies-of-scale.<br>Att uppmuntra ökad användningen av energieffektiva fordon (EEVs) är en strävan av avgörande betydelse i en tid då vi konfronteras med de allt mer ödesdigra konsekvenserna av människors påverkan på vår planet, i dag och för kommande generationer. Transportsektorn är en av de sektorer som bidrar mest till utsläppen av antropogena växthusgaser. Utsläpp från transportsektorn bidrar även till ett stort antal dödsfall varje år. Med tanke på vikten av dessa frågor är det viktigare än någonsin för beslutsfattare och forskare att bidra till en samhällsövergång mot mer hållbara livsstilar. Transporter är avgörande i denna omvandling. Eftersom transporter är en tjänst som alla människor utnyttjar i stort sett varje dag, erbjuder transportsektorn en unik möjlighet till beteendeförändringar. Genom effektiva och målinriktade åtgärder kan konsumenter ges incitament att göra mer hållbara transportval och överväga konsekvenserna av sina handlingar. Främst bland dessa initiativ är en uppmuntran till en övergång mot mer energieffektiva fordon. Denna avhandling har tagits fram i syfte att belysa frågeställningar som berör denna övergång. För framför allt beslutsfattare innehåller avhandlingen en rad rekommendationer baserade på såväl rådande forskningsresultat från aktuell forskningslitteratur som nya resultat från denna forskningsinsats. Dessa inkluderar erfarenheter från redan implementerade politiska åtgärder från regioner runt om i världen. Denna sammanläggningsavhandling består av fyra forskningsartiklar som undersöker faktorer som påverkar EEV-marknaden vad gäller konsumentefterfrågan, fordonsanvändning och produktprissättning. Utöver dessa har även ett antal andra demografiska och ekonomiska faktorer, inklusive betydelsen av stordriftsfördelar, undersökts.<br><p>QC 20160503</p>
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Haji, Esmaeili Seyed Ali. "A Market Incentives Analysis of Sustainable Biomass Bioethanol Supply Chains with Carbon Policies." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31869.
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Given the increasing demand for energy, climate change, and environmental concern of fossil fuels, it is becoming increasingly significant to find alternative renewable energy sources. Bioethanol as one sort of cellulosic biofuel produced from lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks has shown great potential as a renewable resource. Delivering a competitive, sustainable biofuel product requires comprehensive supply chain planning and design. Developing economically and environmentally optimal supply chain models is necessary in this context. Also, designing biomass bioethanol supply chain (BBSC) models addressing social issues requires using second-generation biomass which is not a source of food for humans. Currently, corn as a first-generation feedstock is the primary source of bioethanol in the United States which has given growth to new social issues such as the food versus fuel debate. Considering incentives for first-generation bioethanol producers to switch to second-generation biomass and associated production technologies will help to address such social issues.
The scope of this study focuses on analyzing economic and environmental market incentives for second-generation bioethanol producers while considering different carbon policies as penalties and restrictions for emissions coming from BBSC activities. First, we develop an integrated life cycle emission and energy optimization model for analyzing an entire second-generation bioethanol supply chain using switchgrass as the source of biomass while finding the most appropriate potential locations for building new cellulosic biorefineries in North Dakota. Second, we propose a supply chain model by comparing a first-generation (corn) and a second-generation (corn stover) bioethanol supply chain to analyze how policymakers can incentivize first-generation bioethanol producers to switch their technology and biomass supply from first-generation to second-generation biomass. Third, we develop the model further by investigating the impact of four different carbon policies including the carbon tax, carbon cap, carbon cap-and-trade, and carbon offset on the supply chain strategic and operational decisions.
This research will help to design robust BBSCs focused on sustainability in order to optimally utilize second-generation biomass resources in the future. The findings can be utilized by renewable energy policy decision makers, bioethanol producers, and investors to operate in a competitive market while protecting the environment.
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Al-Muajel, Abdullah Abdulaziz. "The role of the government incentives policy in the development of the private sector in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35390.
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Government, in Saudi Arabia, has been the dominant sector in the economy. Funded by high revenues from oil and pressed by the need for economic development at a time when a vigorous indigenous private sector was virtually nonexistent, the government found itself, willingly or unwillingly, at the center of the development process, as a planner and implementer. The government's interest in achieving a diversified economy, which does not depend solely on the oil sector, has led to the introduction of many types of incentives such as, procurement, subsidies, concessionary loans, and awarding of infrastructure contracts. The aim of these incentives has been to stimulate and improve private sector investment. It can be said that the private sector in Saudi Arabia has developed much more after the provision of the incentives, particularly in the agriculture sector. Nonetheless, no study has been made to evaluate these incentives and find out their role in the development of the private sector. Thus, this study aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the incentives policy in Saudi Arabia and to evaluate its impact on the development of the private sector, which is the target sector. The methodology adopted in this study has involved three aspects of research : a) Theoretical aspect: this involves reviewing the theoretical side of the relationship between the incentives policy and the desired economic objectives. b) Field research aspect: this involves designing a questionnaire and an interview directed to the private sector's establishments and businessmen, respectively. c) Regression aspect: a time-series regression analysis concerning the impact of government expenditures, in general, and the incentives, in particular, on the private sector investment and output, has been carried out.
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Petkova, Kunka, and Alfons J. Weichenrieder. "The Relevance of Depreciation Allowances as a Fiscal Policy Instrument: A Hybrid Approach to CCCTB?" WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6536/1/SSRN%2Did3249512.pdf.
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A major goal of the EU Commission in the area of direct taxation is the introduction of a common consolidated corporate tax base (CCCTB) in Europe. While hardly discussed in the literature, such a system would limit national discretion over tax depreciation. In a sample of up to 47 countries, we find that the probability of a tax reform that improves the depreciation allowances increases, if the macroeconomic situation is weak. This suggests that changes in depreciation allowances are used as a fiscal instrument for stabilization. A common consolidated tax base deprives national governments from implementing investment incentives via accelerated depreciation. This paper discusses the possible implementation of a hybrid system that combines features of formula apportionment and separate accounting. Such a hybrid system may substantially mitigate transfer pricing problems and other tax planning issues, whilst preserving national discretion over depreciation allowances.<br>Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Addison, Ernest Kwamina Yedu. "Macroeconomic implications of sectoral policy incentives under structural adjustment : a general equilibrium analysis of sectoral terms of trade changes in the Ghanian economy." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39816.
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This dissertation constructs a computable general equilibrium model for Ghana using the social accounting framework. The model is used to examine the macroeconomic effects of policies that alter the sectoral terms of trade in the Ghanaian economy. The study shows the macroeconomic effects at a greater level of disaggregation for this country than previous studies on the Ghanaian economy and achieves this through using updating techniques to construct social accounting matrices for three periods.<br>The results show that though improvements in the terms of trade for the Cocoa sector through currency devaluations, increases in the domestic price of exportables or through lower export taxes are critical to correcting the trade and government budget deficits however, excessive changes in these variables are destructive in their effects on sectors that rely on domestic demand for growth.
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Eckermann, Simon Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Hospital performance including quality: creating economic incentives consistent with evidence-based medicine." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22011.
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This thesis addresses questions of how to incorporate quality of care, represented by disutility-bearing effects such as mortality, morbidity and re-admission, in measuring relative performance of public hospitals. Currently, case-mix funding and performance, measured with costs per case-mix adjusted separation, hold hospitals accountable for costs, but not effects, of care, creating economic incentives for quality of care minimising cost per admission. To allow an appropriate trade-off between the value and cost of quality of care a correspondence is demonstrated between maximising net benefit and minimising costs plus decision makers??? value of disutility events, where effects of care can be represented by disutility events and hospitals face a common comparator. Applying this correspondence to performance measurement, frontier methods specifying disutility events as inputs are illustrated to have distinct advantages over output specifications, allowing estimation of: 1. economic efficiency conditional on the value of avoiding disutility events. 2. technical, scale and congestion sources of net benefit efficiency; 3. best practice peers over potential decision makers??? value of quality; and 4. industry shadow price of avoiding disutility events. The accountability this performance measurement framework provides for effects and cost of quality of care are also illustrated as the basis for moving from case-mix funding towards a funding mechanism based on maximising net benefit. Links to evidence-based medicine in health technology assessment are emphasised in illustrating application of the correspondence to comparison of multiple strategies in the cost-disutility plane, where radial properties as shown to provide distinct advantages over comparison in the cost-effectiveness plane. The identified performance measurement and funding framework allows policy makers to create economic incentives consistent with evidence-based medicine in practice, while avoiding incentives for cream-skimming and cost-shifting. The linear nature of the net benefit correspondence theorem allows simple inclusion of multiple effects of quality, whether expressed as not meeting a standard, functional limitation or disutility directly. In applying the net benefit correspondence theorem to hospitals a clinical activity level is suggested, to allow correspondence conditions to be robustly satisfied in identification of effects with decision analytic methods, adjustment for within DRG risk factors and data linkage to effects beyond separation.
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Kursun, Engin. "An Investigation Of Incentives, Barriers And Values About The Oer Movement In Turkish Universities: Implications For Policy Framework." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613822/index.pdf.
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The main purpose of this dissertation study is to provide policymakers, administrators, decision makers and key stakeholders in higher education with a research-based guidance about the Open Educational Resources (OER) movement in Turkey. More specifically, this study aims at determining main incentives and barriers for freely publishing course materials in Turkish Universities from faculty members
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Bergner, Sören Martin [Verfasser], and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Spengel. "Tax incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises - a misguided policy approach? / Sören Martin Bergner ; Betreuer: Christoph Spengel." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1136864261/34.
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Zainal-Abidin, Mahani. "Alternative industrial strategies and effects of fiscal incentives and trade policy in achieving employment objectives in Malaysian industrialisation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1992. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2820/.
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This study is concerned with alternative industrial strategies for employment creation. The two strategies are export-oriented and import substitution industrialisation. Malaysia tried the import substitution strategy and achieved some degree of success in the period 1957 to 1970. But with high unemployment and the limitation of the domestic market, another strategy then had to be pursued. So in the early 1970s, (emulating the newly industrialised countries) Malaysia embarked on an export-oriented industrialisation strategy. Two instruments are used by the Malaysian government to promote those strategies; fiscal incentives and trade policy. The study finds that fiscal incentives have promoted export-oriented industrialisation. Trade policy initially helped import substitution but in later years the policy was liberialised to approach a free trade regime. The effects of these two instruments are examined through their influence on the cost of capital to manufacturers. The study finds that fiscal incentives have reduced capital cost much more than trade policy. The study then examines the manufacturing sector's ability to generate employment. Two methods are used; an estimation of elasticity of substitution and a case study of the characteristics of export-oriented and domestic-oriented establishments. The elasticity of substitution measures flexibility to absorb labour. The estimates show that export-oriented establishments have greater substitution possibilities than domestic-oriented ones. These estimates are substantiated by qualitative information, namely establishments responses to policy changes. This information is obtained through a detailed study of establishments characteristics. Two industries - textiles and electrical/electronics - were chosen as case studies. The characteristics show that in general export-oriented establishments can absorb more labour through high growth rates and employment size. Thus, export-oriented industrialisation can generate more employment than import substitution because its elasticity of substitution is larger and there is higher absorption of labour by export-oriented establishments. The thesis suggests two ways to increase employment: first, to promote EOI because its employment potential is greater than ISI, and second, to increase the proportion of labour used through changes in relative factor price because capital-labour substitution exists. The labour coefficient can be increased by 8 - 25 per cent if factor market distortions are eliminated. This increase represents 120,000 to 360,000 new jobs in the Malaysian manufacturing sector. Two policy thrusts are suggested for the promotion of EOI: (1) Liberalisation of trade policy, namely the reduction not only of average tariff but also its dispersion. The present low and stable exchange rate regime should be maintained, because it encourages exports. (2) Reform of the fiscal incentive system. More direct and indirect exporting industries should be added to the list of promoted industries/activities. In addition, new export incentives should be introduced such as providing utilities for exporters at levels equal to other competing countries and benefits of existing ones increased. Relative factor prices can be changed through trade policy and fiscal incentives. The import duty (tariff) on machinery and equipment should be reduced and exemption of import duty withdrawn, so that capital prices move closer to world levels. One of the fiscal incentives, the Investment Tax Allowance, should stop because its benefits directly favour capital users. On the other hand, benefits to labour users should be introduced, for example the government should offer an abatement of income for labour incentive to support labour use.
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Bergner, Sören [Verfasser], and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Spengel. "Tax incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises - a misguided policy approach? / Sören Martin Bergner ; Betreuer: Christoph Spengel." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:180-madoc-423985.
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Riggieri, Alison. "The impact of hybrid electric vehicle incentives on demand and the determinants of hybrid electric vehicle adoption." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41222.
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This dissertation identifies the average treatment effect of state level incentives for hybrid vehicles, identifies individual-level predictors of early adopters, and attempts to understand why states adopt these incentives. These questions are estimated using traditional parametric techniques, logistic regression, difference-in-difference regression, and fixed effects. In particular, this dissertation looks at changes in aggregate demand on two comparison groups: (1) the natural control group, states that did not adopt subsidies, and (2) a constructed control group, states that proposed subsidies during this same time period but did not adopt them. In addition to these parametric models, propensity score matching was used to construct a third comparison group using the models that identified determinants of the policy adoption. These findings were supplemented by exploratory analyses using the individual-level National Household Travel Survey. This multitude of evaluative analyses shows that HOV lane exemptions, if implemented in places with high traffic congestion, were found to impact aggregate demand and an individual's propensity to adopt a hybrid, while traditional incentives had limited impact.
These analyses provide insight into why states adopt certain policies and the circumstances in which these incentives are effective. Since people may be motivated by factors other than economic factors, creating effective incentives for energy efficiency technologies may be more challenging than just offsetting the price differential. Instead, customization to the local community's characteristics could help increase the efficacy of such policies.