Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polin'

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Esse trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo, fazer um estudo sobre a teoria alg?brica dos polin?mios matriciais m?nicos, bem como das defini??es, conceitos e propriedades de no que diz respeito a bloco autovalores, bloco autovetores e solventes de P(X). Investigando as principais rela??es entre o polin?mio matricial e as matrizes bloco. Companheira e bloco Vandermonde. Estudamos a constru??o de polin?mios matriciais com determinados solventes e a extens?on da M?todo da Pot?ncia , para calcular blocos autovalores da matriz Companheira e solventes de P(X). Atrav?s da rela??o entre o bloco autovalor dominante da matriz Companheira e o solvente dominante de P(X) ? poss?vel obtermos a converg?ncia do algoritmo para o solvente dominante do polin?mio matricial m?nico. Ilustramos com exemplos num?ricos para casos distintos de converg?ncia.
This research work aims to make a study of the algebraic theory of matrix monic polynomials, as well as the definitions, concepts and properties with respect to block eigenvalues, block eigenvectors and solvents of P(X). We investigte the main relations between the matrix polynomial and the Companion and Vandermonde matrices. We study the construction of matrix polynomials with certain solvents and the extention of the Power Method, to calculate block eigenvalues and solvents of P(X). Through the relationship between the dominant block eigenvalue of the Companion matrix and the dominant solvent of P(X) it is possible to obtain the convergence of the algorithm for the dominant solvent of the matrix polynomial. We illustrate with numerical examples for diferent cases of convergence.

La philosophie, telle qu’elle se profile depuis quelques siècles met l’accent sur une théorie, l’action, qui renverse le sens et la manière de concevoir l’homme et le monde. Or l’action n’est pas un aboutissement de la liberté créatrice, ni une fin en soi, mais plutôt une étape de la réflexion axiologique. D’où pour Raymond Polin, penser et repenser l’action des décideurs politiques, grâce à une analyse des valeurs conduit cette action à humaniser l’homme. Aujourd’hui décrié comme une des causes de la fragilité palpable des pays d’Afrique, l’exercice du pouvoir politique dans ce continent a besoin de créer au préalable, à travers un examen minutieux de ses us et coutumes, lieu et dynamique de sa vision du monde, de l’homme et de l’absolu, des catégories conceptuelles porteuses des aspects les plus notables et les plus authentiques de la vie politique
Philosophy, as it has been shaped over several centuries, stresses a theory, the theory of action, which turns upside down our sense and conception of man and the world. Now action is not the outcome of creative liberty, nor is it an end in itself, it is rather one stage in axiological reflection. Hence, according to Raymond Polin, reflecting again and again on the action of political decision makers, thanks to an analysis of values, leads to a humanisation of man through this action. Disparaged nowadays as one of the reasons for the obvious fragility of the countries of Africa, the exercise of political power on this continent first needs to create conceptual categories bearing the most notable, genuine aspects of political life. This process must be carried out through a thorough examination of African habits and customs, these being the centre and dynamic of the African vision of the world, mankind and the absolute

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se com este estudo realizar a avalia??o gen?tica do crescimento de codornas de corte utilizando modelos de regress?o aleat?ria. Os dados utilizados s?o provenientes de 28.076 observa??es mensuradas em 4.507 codornas de corte de uma linhagem f?mea (LF1) pertencente ao Programa de Melhoramento Gen?tico de Codornas do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, em Diamantina/ MG. A caracter?stica peso corporal das codornas foi mensurada ao nascimento, aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias de idade, e avaliada por meio de modelos de regress?o aleat?ria. Nas an?lises, seis diferentes classes de vari?ncia residual, de homog?nea a heterog?nea, foram consideradas, segundo diferentes idades: Classe 1: vari?ncia residual homog?nea; Classe 2: vari?ncia residual heterog?nea em dois per?odos; Classe 3: vari?ncia residual heterog?nea em tr?s per?odos; Classe 4: vari?ncia residual heterog?nea em quatro per?odos; Classe 5: vari?ncia residual heterog?nea em cinco per?odos e, Classe 6: vari?ncia residual heterog?nea em seis per?odos. Cada classe foi testada com diferentes ordens de ajuste das fun??es polinomiais de Legendre, as quais variaram de segunda ? sexta ordem, para averiguar qual o modelo (classe de heterogeneidade de vari?ncia juntamente com a ordem de polin?mio de Legendre) apresentou o melhor ajuste para descrever as estruturas de (co)vari?ncias em fun??o do tempo (idade das codornas). De acordo com todos os crit?rios avaliados (AIC ? Crit?rio de Informa??o de Akaike, BIC ? crit?rio de Informa??o Bayesiano de Schwarz e LRT ? teste da raz?o de verossimilhan?a), o modelo com seis classes de vari?ncias residuais e de sexta ordem do polin?mio de Legendre foi o que apresentou o melhor ajuste, dado pelos menores valores de AIC e BIC, al?m de LRT significativo. Verificou-se que, com o aumento da idade das codornas, todas as vari?ncias apresentaram tend?ncia de crescimento. A estimativa de vari?ncia gen?tica aditiva aumentou do nascimento at? os 35 dias de idade, apresentando ligeira queda dos 35 aos 42 dias. As herdabilidades estimadas foram decrescentes ao longo da curva de crescimento, variando de 0,51 (1 dia) a 0,16 (42 dias). As estimativas de correla??es gen?ticas e de ambiente permanente de animal entre os pesos nas v?rias idades foram sempre altas e positivas, exceto para peso ao nascimento. No estudo do crescimento das codornas de corte, recomenda-se adotar seis classes (uma para cada semana de idade) de heterogeneidade de vari?ncia, juntamente com a utiliza??o de polin?mios de Legendre de sexta ordem.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2011.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was the genetic evaluation of the growth of quails using random regression models. The data used come from 28.076 observations measured in 4507 quails of a female line (LF1) belonging to the Quail Breeding program of the Animal Science Department of the University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys in Diamantina, MG. The characteristic of quails body weight of was measured at birth, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days years old. The analysis were made using random regression models, where six different classes of residual variance, heterogeneous or homogeneous, were considered, according to different age groups: Class 1: homogeneous residual variance, Class 2: heterogeneous residual variance in two periods, Class 3: heterogeneous residual variance into three periods: Class 4: heterogeneous residual variance in four periods, Class 5: heterogeneous residual variance in five periods, and Class 6: heterogeneous residual variance in six periods. Each class was tested with different orders of fit to Legendre polynomial functions, which ranged from second to sixth order, to determine which model (class of variance heterogeneity with the Legendre polynomial order) presented the best fit to describe (co)variances structures as a function of time (age of the quail). According to all five criteria (AIC - Akaike information criterion, BIC - Bayesian information criterion of Schwarz and LRT - likelihood ratio test), the model with six classes of residual variances and the sixth-order of Legendre polynomial, presented the best fit, given by the lowest values of AIC and BIC, as well as significant LRT. It was found that with increasing age of the quail, all variances tended to increase. The estimate of additive genetic variance increased from birth to 35 days old, showing a slight drop from 35 to 42 days. The estimated heritability was decreasing along the growth curve, ranging from 0.51 (one day) to 0.16 (42 days). The estimative of genetic correlations and permanent animal environment among weights in several ages have always been high and positive, except for birth weight. For study of the growth of quails it is recommended the use of six classes (one for each week of age) of variance heterogeneity, with the use of Legendre polynomials of sixth order.

Il presente lavoro è motivato dalla necessità di trovare nuovi materiali polimerici o ibridi organiciinorganici per la realizzazione di modulatori elettroottici. Per essere utilizzati in un dispositivo reale, i materiali dotati di proprietà ottiche nonlineari devono possedere elevata attività nonlineare e stabilità temporale. Affinché un materiale esibisca proprietà ottiche nonlineari del secondo ordine, esso deve essere sottoposto ad una procedura post-deposizione che definisca una direzione preferenziale in un sistema in partenza centrosimmetrico. A questo scopo sono state utilizzate due diverse tecniche di orientamento: corona e all-optical poling. La prima tecnica, studiata nel laboratorio NeMO, utilizza un campo elettrico statico per orientare le molecole, la cui mobilità viene aumentata innalzandone la temperatura. La seconda, utilizza la sovrapposizione di due sorgenti coerenti alle frequenze ω e 2ω per indurre una polarizzazione su campioni mantenuti a temperatura ambiente. In particolare, questa parte di lavoro è stata sviluppata nel Laboratoire des Propriétés Optiques des Matériaux et Applications (POMA) presso l’Università di Angers, grazie ad una borsa di studio finanziata dal COST P8. Grazie a queste tecniche di poling, i dipoli delle molecole possono essere orientati in una direzione parallela o perpendicolare alla superficie del film. Tale orientazione è stata caratterizzata tramite misure di assorbimento di luce polarizzata (PAS) e di generazione di seconda armonica (SHG). Utilizzando la temperatura come agente degradante, sono stati effettuati test di invecchiamento accelerato su film sottili di materiale polimerico e ibrido organico-inorganico sintetizzato con la tecnica sol-gel. Le curve di decadimento rivelano un andamento doppio esponenziale. Riportando il tempo di rilassamento lento in funzione della temperatura di invecchiamento, è stato possibile estrapolare, tramite un relazione tipo-Arrehnius, il tempo di rilassamento a temperatura ambiente. Due materiali sono risultati promettenti per le applicazioni desiderate: un sistema polimerico basato su una poliimide e un sistema ibrido. La realizzazione di un dispositivo elettroottico verrà realizzata in collaborazione con un’industria italiana. Questo lavoro di tesi rientra nell’ambito di un progetto europeo (ODEON) ed è stato sviluppato principalmente nel laboratorio NeMO presso l’Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”.
The present thesis is motivated by the attempt to find polymeric or hybrid organic-inorganic materials for electrooptic modulators. For practical uses, nonlinear optical (NLO) materials must possess both large nonlinearity and temporal stability. Second order NLO properties appear after some additional post-deposition procedures. Indeed, after deposition, these composed materials are centrosymmetric and, as such, not endowed of second order properties. Poling, i.e. the orientation of the molecular dipoles, is necessary in order to break this centrosymmetry. Two different poling methods are investigated and discussed: corona and all-optical poling. The first technique, developed in the NeMO laboratory, involves a dc electric field, used to orient the dipoles of the material at a temperature where the molecule dipoles can rotate. The second one uses two coherent sources possessing different frequencies (ω and 2ω) to induce a reversible static polarization inside the medium at room temperature. This last work was performed in the Laboratoire des Propriétés Optiques des Matériaux et Applications (POMA) at the University of Angers thanks to the COST P8 grant. By poling, the dipoles can be oriented parallel or perpendicular to the film plane. Linear (Polarized Absorption Spectroscopy-PAS) and nonlinear (Second Harmonic Generation-SHG) characterizations are performed on the studied systems in order to reveal the orientation. Accelerated aging tests are performed using temperature as degrading agent and polar order decay monitored by SHG. All the decay curves are well fitted by a double exponential function. An extrapolation of the slower relaxation time using the Arrhenius model, permits to obtain the stability of nonlinear properties at room temperature. Macroscopic second order nonlinearities, orientation mechanisms (raise and decay of the poled order responsible for the nonlinearity) and chemical nature of different systems are discussed. At least two promising materials are found, a polyimide-based and a hybrid sol-gel-based system, and the fabrication of a prototype of electrooptic modulator is envisaged in collaboration with the research centers of some Italian private companies. This work is pursued mainly under the ODEON European project and performed in the NeMO laboratory at the University of Roma “Tor Vergata.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Diante da perspectiva do aumento de extremos de precipita??o pluvial devido ?s mudan?as clim?ticas, estudar a influ?ncia da atividade ciclo solar e fluxo de raios c?smicos nessa vari?vel meteorol?gica ? de grande import?ncia. A precipita??o pluvial ? um fator preponderante para a agricultura, setor energ?tico, pecu?ria e para a economia. Com isso, ? de extrema import?ncia estudar a rela??o entre elas. Inicialmente, houve a necessidade de reconstruir diversas s?ries hist?ricas com percentual inferior a 60% de dados faltantes nas s?ries hist?ricas de GCR, em que, o m?todo MTSDI foi apontado como o melhor modelo, entre aquelas estudadas, para a realiza??o de imputa??o de dados observacionais de GCR. Sendo assim, escolhida a esta??o de Huancayo/PER para correlacionar com a precipita??o pluvial na regi?o Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Verificou-se que houve coer?ncia estat?stica pela t?cnica de Wavelet Coherence entre a precipita??o pluvial com GCR e SSN na escala mensal, sazonal, anual, interanual e interdecadal. Pela t?cnica de Maximal Overlay Transform (MODWT) constatou-se que existe correla??o significativa entre as s?ries estudadas nas escalas de 5,3 anos, 10,6 anos, 22,3 anos e 44,6 anos. E, por fim, pode-se construir um modelo para predizer a s?rie hist?rica da precipita??o pluvial, mostrando-se satisfat?rio. Portanto, essa pesquisa mostrou que existe influ?ncia do fluxo de raios c?smicos e da atividade solar na precipita??o pluvial regi?o tropical Brasileira.
Considering the perspective of increasing extremes of rainfall due to climate change, studying the influence of solar cycle activity and cosmic ray flux on this meteorological variable is of great importance. Rainfall is a preponderant factor for agriculture, the energy sector, livestock and for the economy. With this, it is extremely important to study the relationship between them. Initially, it was necessary to reconstruct several historical series with a percentage of less than 60% of missing data in the historical GCR series, in which the MTSDI method was pointed out as the best model, among those studied, to perform the imputation of observational data Of GCR. Thus, the Huancayo / PER station was chosen to correlate with rainfall in the North and Northeast of Brazil. It was verified that there was statistical coherence by the Wavelet Coherence technique between rainfall with GCR and SSN in the monthly, seasonal, annual, interannual and interdecadal scale. Maximal Overlay Transform (MODWT) showed that there is a significant correlation between the series studied in the scales of 5.3 years, 10.6 years, 22.3 years and 44.6 years. And, finally, a model can be constructed to predict the historical series of rainfall, proving to be satisfactory. Therefore, this research showed that there is influence of cosmic rays flux and solar activity on Brazilian tropical precipitation.

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Estimativas precisas e acuradas de par?metros gen?ticos e fenot?picos s?o de grande import?ncia para se alcan?ar progresso gen?tico em uma popula??o e se selecionar, de forma mais eficiente, os indiv?duos das linhagens espec?ficas nos programas de melhoramento gen?tico. Com isso, objetivou-se com este trabalho estimar os par?metros da curva de postura, utilizando os modelos de polin?mios segmentados e Wood (1967); e estimar par?metros gen?ticos e fenot?picos dos par?metros do modelo de polin?mios segmentados, assim como a tend?ncia gen?tica dos mesmos. Foram utilizados dados da produ??o de ovo semanal das 25 at? 64 semanas de idade provenientes de 2.398 aves de uma linha f?mea de frangos de corte. As curvas de postura foram ajustadas utilizando os modelos de polin?mios segmentados e Wood (1967). O modelo de polin?mios segmentados ? constitu?do pelos par?metros ?xp?- idade das aves ao pico de postura, ?P?- n?vel de produ??o no pico, ?s? - taxa de decr?scimo semanal na produ??o de ovos ap?s o pico, e ?t? - tempo entre o in?cio e o pico de postura. O modelo de Wood ? constitu?do pelos par?metros ?a? - taxa de produ??o inicial, ?b? taxa de acr?scimo at? o pico de produ??o, e ?c? taxa de decr?scimo ap?s o pico de produ??o. As estimativas das m?dias dos par?metros das curvas foram realizadas utilizando o PROC MEANS do SAS. A estima??o dos componentes de covari?ncias, herdabilidades, correla??es e os valores gen?ticos para os par?metros da curva de postura de polin?mios segmentados foram obtidas utilizando o ?software? MTDFREML e as tend?ncias gen?ticas por meio do PROC REG do SAS. A linhagem avaliada apresentou um pico de postura ?s 30,43 semanas de idade, sendo o n?vel de postura de 0,746 ovo/aves/dia, com uma m?dia de 3,08 semanas do in?cio da postura at? o pico de postura e a taxa de persist?ncia foi de 0,014 ovo/ave/semana. As m?dias estimadas para os par?metros do modelo de Wood (1967) foram de 0,0003 para taxa de produ??o inicial 2,9398 para taxa de acr?scimo de produ??o at? o pico e de 0,0767 para taxa de decr?scimo de produ??o ap?s o pico postura. As curvas ajustadas para os modelos de polin?mios segmentados e Wood (1967) permitiram evidenciar um baixo n?vel de produ??o no pico de postura. O modelo de polin?mios segmentados superestimou a persist?ncia ap?s o pico de postura e o modelo de Wood (1967) subestimou o final da produ??o. As m?dias das herdabilidades foram de baixa a m?dia magnitudes, 0,25 (xp), 0,18 (P), 0,17 (s) e 0,10 (t). Estes resultados indicam que a sele??o para o par?metro ?xp? teria uma melhor resposta que para os demais par?metros. As correla??es entre o par?metro ?t? e os demais par?metros da curva foram positivas variando de 0,21 at? 1,00. Essas correla??es indicam que os animais com um maior tempo entre in?cio e pico de postura tendem a apresentar uma maior idade ao pico de postura, maior n?vel de produ??o e maior queda de produ??o p?s-pico. As correla??es foram negativas entre os par?metros ?s? e ?xp? e ?s? e ?P? apresentando-se menor entre ?s? e ?xp? (-0,17) e maior entre ?s? e ?P? (-0,91), indicando que um aumento no n?vel de produ??o e idade ao pico de produ??o acarretaria uma menor queda de produ??o de ovos p?s-pico. Podemos constatar que pode ser promovido ganho gen?tico para os par?metros da curva de produ??o de ovos, por?m a sele??o para um aumento do n?vel de produ??o poder? levar a um aumento na idade ao pico de postura. Assim como, aves mais precoces ao pico poder?o apresentar menor persist?ncia.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2010.
ABSTRACT Precise and accurate estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters are of great importance to achieve genetic progress in a population and select more efficiently individuals of specific lines in breeding programs. Thus, the aim with this study was to estimate the parameters of the curve approach, using models of segmented polynomials and Wood (1967) and to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of the model parameters of segmented polynomials, as well as the genetic tendency of them. It had been used data from the weekly egg production from 2,398 birds in a line of female broilers, aging from 25 to 64 weeks. The curves of posture were adjusted using the models of segmented polynomials and Wood (1967). The segmented polynomial model consists of parameters "xp" - the peak age of the birds in attitude, "P" - at peak production level, "s"- a weekly rate of decrease in egg production after peak, and ?t? - time between onset and peak position. The parameters of the Wood model consist of "a"- rate initial production," b "rate of increase until the production peak, and "c" rate of decline after peak production. Estimates of means of parameters were performed using SAS PROC MEANS. Estimation of covariance components, heritability?s, correlations and breeding values for the parameters of the curve posture segmented polynomial were obtained using the software MTDFREML and genetic trends by PROC REG of SAS. The strain studied showed a peak position at 30.43 weeks of age, the level of posture of 0.746 egg / poultry / day, with an average of 3.08 weeks of posture to the peak position and the rate of persistence was 0.014 eggs / bird / week. The estimated averages for the parameters of the model of Wood (1967) was 0.0003 for rate initial production rate of 2.9398 for increased production to peak and 0.0767 for rate of decline of production after the peak position . The fitted curves for the models of segmented polynomials and Wood (1967) have highlighted a low level of production at peak production. The segmented polynomial model overestimated the persistence after the peak position and the model of Wood (1967) underestimated the final production. The heritability?s means were low to medium magnitude, 0.25 (xp), 0.18 (P), 0.17 (s) and 0.10 (t). These results indicate that selection for the parameter "xp" would have a better response than for the other parameters. The correlations between the parameter "t" and the other parameters of the curve were positive ranging from 0.21 to 1.00. These correlations indicate that animals with a longer time between onset and peak position tend to have a higher age at peak position, the highest level of production and greater decrease in post-peak production. Were negative correlations between the parameters "s" and "xp" and "s" and "P" presenting lower between "s" and "xp" (-0.17) and higher in "s" and "P" (-0.91), indicating that an increase in production level and age at peak production would result in a smaller drop in egg production after peak. It has been noted that genetic gains can be obtained for the curve parameters for egg production, but a selection focused on an increased level of production could lead to an increase in age at peak production. Just as birds that present earlier peak may have lower persistence.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Among the options for plastics modification more convenient, both from a technical-scientific and economic, is the development of polymer blends by processing in the molten state. This work was divide into two stages, with the aim to study the phase morphology of binary blend PMMA / PET blend and this compatibilized by the addition of the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) copolymer (MMA-GMA-EA). In the first stage is analyzed the morphology of the blend at a preliminary stage where we used the bottle-grade PET in a Haake torque rheometer and the effect of compatibilizer in this blend was evaluated. In the second stage the blend was processed using the recycled PET in a single screw extruder and subsequently injection molding in the shape of specimens for mechanical tests. In both stages we used a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the morphologies of the samples and an image analyzer to characterize them. In the second stage, as well as analysis by TEM, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to correlate the morphology with the mechanical properties. The samples used in morphological analyzes were sliced by cryo-ultramicrotomy technique for the analysis by TEM and the analysis by SEM and AFM, we used the flat face of the block after cut cryogenic. It was found that the size of the dispersed phase decreased with the addition of MMA-GMA-EA in blends prepared in a Haake. In the tensile test, the values of maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity is maintained in a range between the value of pure PMMA the pure PET, while the elongation at break was influenced by the composition by weight of the PMMA mixture. The coupling agent corroborated the results presented in the blend PMMA / PETrec / MMA-GMA-EA (80/15/5 %w/w), obtained by TEM, AFM and SEM. It was concluded that the techniques used had a good morphologic correlation, and can be confirmed for final analysis of the morphological characteristics of the blends PMMA / PET
Entre as op??es de modifica??o de pl?sticos mais convenientes, tanto do ponto de vista t?cnico-cient?fico como econ?mico, encontra-se o desenvolvimento de blendas polim?ricas por meio de processamento no estado fundido. Este trabalho foi dividido em dois est?gios, tendo como objetivo o estudo da morfologia de fases da blenda bin?ria PMMA/PET e desta compatibilizada pela adi??o do copol?mero poli(metacrilato de metila-co-metacrilato de glicidila-co-acrilato de etila) (MMA-GMA-EA). No primeiro est?gio analisou-se a morfologia da blenda e avaliou-se o efeito do compatibilizante, onde foi usado o PET grau garrafa em um re?metro de torque Haake. J? no segundo est?gio a blenda foi processada empregando desta vez o PET reciclado em uma extrusora monorosca, e posteriormente, moldada por inje??o em forma de corpos de prova para ensaios mec?nicos. Nos dois est?gios utilizou-se a microscopia eletr?nica de transmiss?o (MET) para observar as morfologias das amostras e um analisador de imagens para caracteriz?-las. No segundo estagio, al?m da an?lise por MET, foi realizado ensaio de tra??o, microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de for?a at?mica (MFA), buscando correlacionar a morfologia com as propriedades mec?nicas. As amostras utilizadas nas an?lises morfol?gicas foram fatiadas por meio da t?cnica crio-ultramicrotomia para na an?lise por MET e para as an?lises por MEV e por MFA, foi utilizada a face plana do tarugo p?s-corte criog?nico. Verificou-se que o tamanho da fase dispersa diminui em fun??o da adi??o do copol?mero MMA-GMA-EA nas blendas preparadas no re?metro Haake. No ensaio de tra??o, os valores de resist?ncia m?xima sob tra??o e m?dulo de elasticidade mantiveram-se em um patamar entre o valor de PMMA puro e do PET puro, enquanto que o alongamento na ruptura mostrou-se influenciada pela composi??o em massa de PMMA na mistura. O agente compatibilizante corroborou nos resultados apresentados da blenda PMMA/PETrec /MMA-MGA-EA (80/15/5), obtidos por MET, MFA e MEV. Concluiu-se que as t?cnicas morfol?gicas utilizadas apresentaram uma boa correla??o e corroboraram para an?lise final das caracter?sticas morfol?gicas das blendas PMMA/PET

Plant mitochondrial genomes are large and complex, and the mechanisms for maintaining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) remain unclear. Arabidopsis thaliana has two DNA polymerase genes, polIA and polIB, that have been shown to be dual localized to mitochondria and chloroplasts but are unequally expressed within primary plant tissues involved in cell division or cell expansion. PolIB expression is observed at higher levels in both shoot and root apexes, suggesting a possible role in organelle DNA replication in rapidly dividing or expanding cells. It is proposed that both polIA and polIB are required for mtDNA replication under wild type conditions. An Arabidopsis T-DNA polIB mutant has a 30% reduction in mtDNA levels but also a 70% induction in polIA gene expression. The polIB mutant shows an increase relative to wild type plants in the number of mitochondria that are significantly smaller in relative size, observed within hypocotyl epidermis cells that have a reduced rate of cell expansion. These mutants exhibit a significant increase in gene expression for components of mitorespiration and photosynthesis, and there is evidence for an increase in both light to dark (transitional) and light respiration levels. There is not a significant difference in dark adjusted total respiration between mutant and wild type plants. Chloroplast numbers are not significantly different in isolated mesophyll protoplasts, but mesophyll cells from the mutant are significantly smaller than wild type. PolIB mutants exhibit a three-day delay in chloroplast development but after 7dpi (days post-imbibition) there is no difference in relative plastid DNA levels between the mutant and wild type. Overall, the polIB mutant exhibits an adjustment in cell homeostasis, which enables the maintenance of functional mitochondria but at the cost of normal cell expansion rates.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe apžvelgti metodai spraustinių polių laikomajai galiai nustatyti. Nagrinėtos dvi metodų grupės – analitiniai ir empiriniai, pagrįsti statinio zondavimo duomenimis. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti ir palyginti nagrinėjamus metodus. Taip pat jie gretinami su eksperimento rezultatais, kas leidžia įvertinti ne tik skirtumus tarp jų, tačiau ir tinkamumą Lietuvos geologinėmis sąlygoms. Eksperimentinę – tiriamąją dalį sudaro geologinio kūno, kuriame įrengti bandomieji poliai, fizikinių – mechaninių savybių apibūdinimas ir polių bandymų įrangos, eigos ir rezultatų aprašymas. Nustatyti pagrindiniai metodų skirtumai, palygintos apskaičiuotos vertės su eksperimento duomenimis. Pateikiamos išvados ir siūlymai tolesniems tyrimams. Darbą sudaro tokios dalys: įvadas, polio apkrovos perdavimas pagrindui, analitinių polio laikomosios galios skaičiavimo metodų apžvalga, empirinių polio laikomosios galios skaičiavimo metodų apžvalga, metodų apibendrinimas, polių bandymas gniuždančia statine apkrova, apskaičiuotų ir eksperimentinių laikomųjų galių gretinimas, išvados ir pasiūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 64 p. teksto be priedų, 28 iliustr., 10 lent., 39 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Pridedami darbo priedai.
In master thesis reviewed methods to determine bearing capacity of displacement piles. Two groups of methods analysed – analytical and empirical (based on cone penetration test data). The main aim of the thesis is to overlook and compare with highliting differences of the methods. Also the calculated data is compared with test results. This allows to evaluate the suitability of the methods for Lithuanian geological conditions. Experimental part consists of characteristation of physical – mechanical properties of the geological body where test piles was installed. Also description of test equipment, procedure and results made. Main differences of the methods obtained and test data with calculated values compared. Conclusions and proposals for further investigation represented. Structure: introduction, transmission of pile load to soil, review of analytical methods for determination of pile bearing capacity, review of empirical methods for determination of pile bearing capacity, pile tests on static axial load, comparison of calculated and measured from pile tests results values, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consist of: 64 p. text without appendixes, 28 pictures, 10 tables, 39 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
This work addresses the production of lightweight concrete building elements, such as plates, prefabricated slabs for pre-molded and panels of fencing, presenting a singular concrete: the Lightweight Concrete, with special properties such low density and good strength, by means of the joint use of industrial waste of thermosetting unsaturated polyesters and biodegradable foaming agent, named Polymeric Lightweight Concrete. This study covered various features of the materials used in the composition of the Polymeric Lightweight Concrete, using a planning of factorial design 23, aiming at studying of the strength, production, dosage processes, characterization of mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of the transition zone between the light artificial aggregate and the matrix of cement. The results of the mechanical strength tests were analyzed using a computational statistics tool (Statistica software) to understand the behavior and obtain the ideal quantity of each material used in the formula of the Polymeric Lightweight Concrete. The definition of the ideal formula has the purpose of obtaining a material with the lowest possible dry density and resistance to compression in accordance with NBR 12.646/92 (≥ 2.5 MPa after 28 days). In the microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy it was observed an influence of the materials in the process of cement hydration, showing good interaction between the wrinkled face of the residue of unsaturated polyesters thermosetting and putty and, consequently, the final strength. The attaining of an ideal formula, given the Brazilian standards, the experimental results obtained in the characterization and comparison of these results with conventional materials, confirmed that the developed Polymeric Lightweight Concrete is suitable for the production of building elements that are advantageous for construction
Neste trabalho ? abordada a aplica??o da tecnologia dos concretos leves ? produ??o de elementos construtivos, tais como placas pr?-fabricadas para lajes pr?-moldadas, pain?is de veda??o e pe?as pr?-moldadas, e ao desenvolvimento de um concreto celular com propriedades especiais de baixa densidade e boa resist?ncia mec?nica, em fun??o da utiliza??o conjunta de res?duo industrial de poli?ster insaturado termofixo (PIT) e espuma biodegrad?vel incorporadora de ar, denominado de Concreto Celular Polim?rico (CCP) . O estudo abrangeu diferentes tra?os dos materiais empregados na composi??o do CCP, sendo utilizado um planejamento fatorial 23, para an?lises dos processos de dosagem e produ??o, caracteriza??o das propriedades mec?nicas, bem como an?lises microestruturais da zona de transi??o entre o agregado artificial leve (PIT) e a matriz de cimento. Os resultados dos testes de resist?ncia mec?nica foram analisados utilizando-se uma ferramenta computacional de estat?stica (Statistica Software) para compreens?o do comportamento e obten??o da concentra??o ideal de cada material utilizado na formula??o do CCP. A defini??o da f?rmula ideal teve como finalidade a obten??o de um material com a menor densidade a seco poss?vel e resist?ncia ? compress?o que atendesse ? norma NBR 12.646/92 (≥ 2,5 MPa aos 28 dias). Na caracteriza??o microestrutural por microscopia eletr?nica de varredura, observou-se a influ?ncia dos materiais no processo de hidrata??o do cimento, onde constatou-se boa intera??o entre o res?duo de PIT, cuja face ? enrugada, e a pasta de cimento. A obten??o da formula??o de um novo material que atende ? norma brasileira, os resultados experimentais obtidos nas caracteriza??es e compara??o desses resultados com materiais convencionais, comprovaram que o Concreto Celular Polim?rico desenvolvido ? adequado ? produ??o de elementos construtivos que apresentam vantagens quando aplicados ? constru??o civil

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo para investigar a influ?ncia da estrutura qu?mica no comportamento reol?gico na regi?o da viscoelasticidade linear das blendas polim?ricas constitu?das de pol?meros acr?licos (poli(metacrilato de metila) homopol?mero (PMMAh), poli(metacrilato de metila) com elast?mero (PMMAe)) e estir?nicos (poliestireno (PS), copol?mero estireno-acrilonitrila (SAN), copol?mero acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (ABS) e copol?mero metacrilato de metila-butadieno-estireno (MBS)). A espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) mostrou diferentes bandas caracter?sticas das estruturas qu?mica e a calorimetria explorat?ria diferencial (DSC) identificou as temperaturas de transi??o v?trea (Tg) relacionadas aos acr?licos, estir?nicos e fase elastom?rica do PMMAe, ABS e MBS. Os resultados da composi??o qu?mica do SAN e ABS mostraram que a porcentagem de AN encontravam-se dentro da janela de miscibilidade para as misturas com o PMMA, isto ?, de 25 e 21%, respectivamente. Os resultados reol?gicos a baixas frequ?ncias na regi?o de viscoelasticidade linear mostraram que houve uma mudan?a significativa no comportamento reol?gico em rela??o ao uso do PMMAh, quando comparado ao uso do PMMAe e, mostraram tamb?m, a miscibilidade e imiscibilidade das blendas polim?ricas com varia??o estrutural dos componentes minorit?rios. A microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletr?nica de transmiss?o (MET) mostraram a imiscibilidade nas blendas polim?ricas com PS e miscibilidade da blenda PMMAh/SAN, e tamb?m a miscibilidade entre o PMMAh com SAN livre do ABS na blenda PMMAh/ABS, corroborando com os resultados reol?gicos. Entretanto, as blendas polim?ricas com PMMAe apresentaram resultados microrreol?gicos complexos, devido a presen?a da fase elastom?rica. As fotomicrografias mostraram a miscibilidade entre o PMMA e o SAN nas blendas PMMAe/SAN e PMMAe/ABS, onde o PMMAe apresentou part?culas do tipo casca-n?cleo (core-shell) e o ABS apresentou dom?nios de fase dispersa de polibutadieno.
The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the effect of the chemical structure on the rheological behavior in the linear viscoelastic region of polymer blends consisting of acrylic polymers (poly (methyl methacrylate) homopolymer (PMMAh), poly (methyl methacrylate) with elastomeric particles (PMMAe)) and styrenic polymers (polystyrene (PS), styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) and methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene copolymer (MBS)). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed a different bands characteristic of the chemical structures and tje differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) identified the glass transition temperatures (Tg) related to acrylics, styrenics and elastomeric phases of PMMAe, ABS and MBS. The results of the chemical compositions of the SAN and ABS showed that the percentage of AN were within the miscibility window for mixtures with PMMA, ie 25 and 21 wt%, respectively. The rheological results obtained at low frequency in the region of linear viscoelasticity showed that there was a significant change in the rheological behavior in relation to the use of PMMAh when compared to the use of PMMAe and also showed the miscibility and immiscibility of the polymer blends with structural variation of the minority components. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the immiscibility in polymer blends with PS and miscibility in PMMAh/SAN blend, as well as the miscibility between PMMAh and free SAN of the ABS in the PMMAh/ABS blend, corroborating with the rheological results. However, the polymer blends with PMMAe presented complex microrreological results due to the presence of the elastomeric phase. Photomicrographs showed the miscibility between PMMA and SAN in the PMMAe/SAN and PMMAe/ABS blends, where PMMAe presented core-shell particles and ABS showed dispersed phase domains of the polybutadiene.

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Materials known as technical textiles can be defined as structures designed and developed to meet specific functional requirements of various industry sectors, which is the case in automotive and aerospace industries, and other specific applications. Therefore, the purpose of this work presents the development and manufacture of polymer composite with isophthalic polyester resin. The reinforcement of the composite structure is a technical textile fabric made from high performance fibers, aramid (Kevlar 49) and glass fiber E. The fabrics are manufactured by the same method, with the aim of improving the tensile strength of the resulting polymer composite material. The fabrics, we developed some low grammage technical textile structures in laboratory scale and differentiated-composition type aramid (100%), hybrid 1 aramid fiber / glass (65/35%) and hybrid 2 aramid fiber / glass (85/15% ) for use as a reinforcing element in composite materials with unsaturated isophthalic polyester matrix. The polymer composites produced were tested in uniaxial tensile fracture surface and it?s evaluated by SEM. The purpose of this work characterize the performance of polymer composites prepared, identifying changes and based on resistance to strain corresponding to the mechanical behavior. The objectives are to verify the capability of using this reinforcement structure, along with the use of high performance fibers and resin in terms of workability and mechanical strength; verify the adherence of the fiber to the matrix and the fracture surface by electron microscopy scanning and determination of tensile strength by tensile test. The results indicate that, in a comparative study to the response of uniaxial tensile test for tensile strength of the composites and the efficiency of the low percentage of reinforcement element, being a technical textile fabric structure that features characteristic of lightness and low weight added in polymer composites
Os materiais denominados de tecidos t?cnicos podem ser definidos como estruturas projetadas e desenvolvidas com a fun??o de atender a requisitos funcionais espec?ficos de diversos setores da ind?stria com aplica??es espec?ficas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a fabrica??o de comp?sito polim?rico com resina poli?ster isoft?lico. O refor?o do comp?sito ? uma estrutura de tecido t?xtil t?cnico confeccionado com fibras de alto desempenho de aramida (Kevlar 49) e fibra de vidro E. Os tecidos s?o fabricados pelo mesmo m?todo, com o objetivo do aprimorar a resist?ncia a tra??o do material comp?sito polim?rico resultante. Os tecidos, foram desenvolvidos em escala laboratorial com baixa gramatura e composi??o diferenciada de aramida (100%), h?brido 1 fibra de aramida/vidro (65/35%) e h?brido 2 fibra de aramida/vidro (85/15%) para utiliza??o como elemento refor?ante em comp?sitos com matriz de poli?ster insaturada isoft?lico. Os comp?sitos polim?ricos produzidos foram ensaiados em tra??o uniaxial e sua superf?cie de fratura avaliada por MEV. A proposta do trabalho ? caracterizar o desempenho dos comp?sitos polim?ricos elaborados, identificando as altera??es e baseando-se na resist?ncia ao ensaio de tra??o correspondente a comportamento mec?nico. Os objetivos s?o verificar a potencialidade da utiliza??o desta estrutura de refor?o, juntamente com a utiliza??o das fibras de alto desempenho e a resina, em termos de trabalhabilidade e resist?ncia mec?nica; verificar a ader?ncia da fibra ? matriz e a superf?cie de fratura atrav?s de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura e determina??o de resist?ncia ? ruptura por ensaio de tra??o. Os resultados indicam que, em um estudo comparativo para a resposta dos ensaios mec?nicos de tra??o uniaxial h? resist?ncia ? ruptura dos comp?sitos e a efici?ncia da baixa porcentagem do elemento de refor?o, sendo uma estrutura de tecido t?xtil t?cnico que apresenta caracter?stica de leveza e baixa gramatura adicionada nos comp?sitos polim?ricos

Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka hur närpolisreformen har påverkat polisarbetet i glesbygden och samtidigt ge en inblick i hur polisen arbetar i Västernorrlands glesbygd samt vad det finns för brottslighet. Inledningskapitlet tar upp närpolisreformen samt samarbetet mellan polisområdena i glesbygden. Under teorikapitlet som följer ges en närmare inblick i förarbetet till närpolisreformen, en sammanfattning av närpolisreformen samt en jämförelse mellan anmälda brott i stadsmiljö och glesbygdsmiljö. I resultat delen intervjuas poliser i yttre samt inre tjänst som ger sin bild av hur närpolisreformen påverkade polisen i glesbygd samt hur samarbetet mellan glesbygdsområden fungerar och hur det är att arbeta som polis i glesbygd. I det avslutande kapitlet diskuteras bl.a. vilka konsekvenser närpolisreformen och samarbetet mellan närpolisområdena har fått.

Problemstellung, Forschungsfrage, Ziel und Aufbau der Dissertation In den Altbaugebieten mit Wohnsubstanz in polnischen Städten, welche im zweiten Weltkrieg nicht zerstört wurden, herrschen oft städtebauliche Missstände. Obwohl oft zentral gelegen und mit denkmalgeschützter Substanz bebaut, werden diese Gebiete aufgrund des baulichen, sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und des Umweltzustandes als Problemgebiete bezeichnet. Deren Revitalisierung ist jedoch von wesentlicher Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der Gesamtstadt und für die städtischen Akteure. Revitalisierungsprozesse können nur auf lokaler Ebene angestoßen und durchgeführt werden. Die Gemeinde als lokale Selbstverwaltung ist dabei ein Schlüsselakteur. Allerdings spielen dabei die Gesetzeslage und sonstige Rahmenbedingungen eine wesentliche Rolle. Vor diesem Hintergrund suchte die Dissertation Antworten auf folgende Forschungsfrage: Welche Spielräume und Einschränkungen für die Handlungen polnischer kommunaler Selbstverwaltungen im Bereich der Revitalisierung städtischer Problemgebiete mit Altbausubstanz resultieren aus dem institionellen Kontext? Unter dem institutionellen Kontext werden nach Ansatz des akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus sowohl formelle, rechtliche Regeln als auch informelle Regeln verstanden. Die Forschungsfrage wurde durch folgende Teilfragen präzisiert: □ Welche Handlungsmöglichkeiten und Instrumente werden den Kommunalverwaltungen bei der Gestaltung und Umsetzung der Revitalisierungsprozesse vom polnischen Raumplanungssystem gegeben? □ Welche Handlungsmöglichkeiten und Instrumente werden durch die polnischen kommunalen Selbstverwaltungen in den Prozessen der Revitalisierung genutzt? □ Welche Hindernisse bei der Revitalisierung in den Problemgebieten mit Altbausubstanz in Polen resultieren aus dem institutionellen Kontext? Ziel der Arbeit war die Erläuterung der Möglichkeiten kommunaler Selbstverwaltungen, Prozesse zur Revitalisierung der Alt¬bau¬sub¬stanz in den polnischen Städten im Hinblick auf den institutionellen Kontext zu beeinflussen und zu steuern. Die Arbeit wurde in 7 Kapitel aufgeteilt. Kapitel 1 stellt das Problem und die Forschungsfrage vor und erklärt die wichtigsten Begriffe. Im Kapitel 2 wurden theoretische Grundlagen der Arbeit diskutiert. Das Ergebnis dieses Kapitels bildet das theoretische Fundament für weitere Analysen und die empirische Untersuchung. Im Kapitel 3 wurden die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für Revitalisierung in Polen analysiert. Im Kapitel 4 wurden die angewendeten Methoden und das Design der empirischen Untersuchung beschrieben. Kapitel 5 beschäftigt sich mit der empirischen Fallstudie in Stettin, durch welche anhand der Analyse tatsächlicher Entwicklungen im Revitalisierungsprozess die Ergebnisse des Kapitels 3 eine neue Dimension und Konkretisierung erhalten. In diesem Kapitel wurden auch die informellen Regeln beschrieben, die einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Revitalisierungsprozesse haben. Die Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen aus allen Analysen und empirischen Untersuchungen wurden im Kapitel 6 vorgestellt. Die Arbeit schließt mit Empfehlungen für die nationale Ebene bezüglich der Änderungen in den Vorschriften und für die lokale Ebene bezüglich der Gestaltung der Revitalisierungsprozesse in Kapitel 7 ab. Theoretische Grundlagen für die Analyse der Revitalisierungsprozesse Auf der Grundlage der Theorien zum Verfall der städtischen Gebiete und der Ansätze zur Vorbereitung und Durchführung der Revitalisierungsprozesse, welche anhand der Erfahrungen westeuropäischer Länder entwickelt wurden, konnten folgende fünf Schwer¬punkte zur Analyse der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für die Revitalisierungsprozesse in Polen identifiziert werden: □ Ideelle und finanzielle nationale Unterstützung der Revitalisierung als wesentlicher Erfolgs- oder Hemmnissfaktor der Aufwertungsprozesse, □ Suburbanisierung als negativer Faktor in den Verfallsprozessen des Altbaubestandes und als Gefahr für die Revitalisierungsprozesse, □ Beteiligung der Bürger und anderer Akteure an den Revitalisierungsprozessen als ein Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Qualität, der Legitimierung, der Akzeptanz und der erfolgreichen Umsetzung der Revitalisierungsprozesse, □ Integrierte und strategische Planung als eine Erfolgsbedingung der Revitalisierung mit Berücksichtigung der sozialen, ökonomischen, baulichen und ökologischen Faktoren, □ Sanierungen der Wohnsubstanz als ein wesentliches Element der Revitalisierungs¬prozese, welche teilweise von lokalen Bewohnern realisiert werden und die über die Art der Gebietsaufwertung entscheiden. Der Ansatz des akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus diente als theoretische Strukturierung der empirischen Untersuchung. Die empirische Untersuchung liefert eine Begründung für die Handlungen der lokalen Verwaltung durch die Analyse der: □ in die Revitalisierungsprozesse eingebundenen Akteure, deren Fähigkeiten und Handlungs-orientierungen, □ Akteurskonstellationen und Interaktionsformen, □ nicht-institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen, die aus der lokalen Situation resultieren, □ zustande gekommenen Entscheidungen. Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für die Revitalisierung in Polen Mit der Revitalisierung sind die Gemeinden in Polen indirekt beauftragt durch die Pflicht, alle öffentlichen Angelegenheiten mit lokaler Bedeutung zu regeln. Dafür haben sie eine absolute planerische Souveränität und das Recht zur Selbstbestimmung ihrer Politiken oder Entwicklungsstrategien zugesprochen bekommen. Die Begrenzungen dieser Planungsmacht erfolgen nicht durch übergeordnete Planung, sondern durch allgemeine Instrumente zur Durchführung der räumlichen Politik. Die Gemeinden haben keine Instrumente zur Verfügung, welche dem Umgang mit dem bebauten Raum dienen. Darüber hinaus haben auf die Revitalisierungsprozesse, neben den Vorschriften des Raumplanungssystems, auch andere Vorschriften, wie jene über das Wohnungswesen, die öffentlichen Finanzen oder öffentlich-private Partnerschaften einen wesentlichen Einfluss. Die EU-Förderrichtlinien sind, aufgrund fehlender nationaler Programme zur Revitalisierung, entscheidend bei der Bestimmung und Struktur der Revitalisierungshandlungen in den polnischen Gemeinden. Informelle Regeln als weitere Faktoren der Nutzung des Handlungsspielraums In der Fallstudie wurden die Spielräume und Hemmnisse für Revitalisierungsprozesse der Altbausubstanz, welche aus dem gesetzlichen Rahmen resultieren, anhand von reellen Beispielen in Stettin (Szczecin) überprüft. Die Analyse der Revitalisierungsprozesse in den Jahren 1989-2008 ergab einen zusätzlichen Einfluss der informellen Regeln, welche zu Konflikten bei den Revitalisierungsprozessen und zur Blockade oder Verlangsamung dieser führen. Schlussfolgerungen: Handlungsspielraum lokaler Selbstverwaltungen bei der Revitalisierung und seine Nutzung Der Handlungsspielraum lokaler Verwaltungen bei der Gestaltung und Durchführung der Revitalisierungsprozesse ist gesetzlich breit definiert. Nur die Entscheidungen der Gemeinde sind bindend für die nicht-öffentlichen lokalen Subjekte. Die Gemeinden dürfen ihre lokalen Politiken eigenständig und souverän bestimmen. Die Vorschriften des Raumplanungs¬systems tragen jedoch nicht zur integrierten und strategischen räumlichen Planung der Gemeinde bei. Die Bestimmungen dieser Gesetze haben überwiegend zum Ziel, Investitionen in den Neubau zu erleichtern und haben den Umgang mit bebautem Raum nicht zum Gegenstand. Es gibt auch keine speziellen Instrumente, rechtliche Lösungen oder nationale Programme, welche die Revitalisierung oder den Stadtumbau zum Gegenstand haben. Die vorhandenen Programme wie der Nationale Wohnungsfonds oder der Thermoisolationsfonds beziehen sich auf ausgewählte physische Aspekte der Revitalisierung und haben keinen strategischen oder integrierten Charakter. Die lokalen Verwaltungen haben einen beschränkten Einfluss auf die Höhe ihrer Einnahmen. Aufgrund der vielen Aufgaben, mit denen sie betraut sind und der dabei geringen Ausstattung mit finanziellen Mitteln für deren Erfüllung, haben sie grundsätzlich einen engen finanziellen Spielraum. Die Vorschriften für Zuwendungen aus dem Nationalen Wohnungs¬fonds bestimmen, welche Aufgaben durch welche öffentlichen Subjekte zuschussfähig sind. Somit beeinflussen diese die Verteilung der Aufgaben zwischen verschiedenen Subjekten und auch die Entstehung dieser Subjekte mit, wie das bei den verschiedenen kommunalen Gesellschaften der Fall ist. Die Vorschriften des Wohnungswesens wiederum schützen überwiegend die Interessen der Mieter und durch die bis 2007 gültigen Beschränkungen der Miethöhe, auch in privaten Beständen, beeinflussten sie wesentlich die Investitions¬bereitschaft der Besitzer und somit die Länge und das Ausmaß der Sanierungsprozesse. Aufwendige und kostspielige Prozeduren bei der Vertragsgestaltung der öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften haben zur Folge, dass es bis heute so gut wie keine solchen Partnerschaften bei den Revitalisierungsmaßnahmen gibt. Da die lokalen Verwaltungen praktisch weder finanzielle noch ideelle Unterstützung von der nationalen Ebene bei der Führung ihrer Raumpolitik erhalten, sind sie bei der Revitalisierung auf eigene Ideen und Eigenfinanzierung, auf private Investitionen und Finanzierung aus verschiedenen europäischen Programmen angewiesen. Die Förderung vom Integrierten operationellen Programm der Regionalentwicklung 2004-2006 führte zur Entstehung vieler Initiativen in Form von Revitalisierungsprogrammen. Auf die Abschöpfung dieser Mittel ist auch die nationale Politik eingestellt, wo die meisten Dokumente mit Bezug zur Raumplanung vor dem Hintergrund der EU-Finanzierung erstellt wurden. Bei der Nutzung der Handlungsmöglichkeiten durch die lokale Verwaltung in Stettin dominieren die direkten Instrumente und direkte Einflussnahme auf die Revitalisierungs¬prozesse, wie kommunale Investitionen in die technische und soziale Infrastruktur, die Bildung von kommunalen Gesellschaften zur Sanierung oder Revitalisierung der Bestände. Die indirekten Handlungen dienen überwiegend der Gewinnung von EU-Fördermitteln und dem Anreiz für Investitionen nicht-öffentlicher Subjekte. Es handelt sich hierbei überwiegend um Strategien zur lokalen Entwicklung oder Revitalisierung. Die strukturierende Handlungs¬weise ist erst im Entstehen und wird wesentlich von der Politik-Umwelt und von informellen Regeln geprägt. Zur Einschränkung der Nutzung des gegebenen Handlungsspielraumes tragen, neben den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen auch die in der Fallstudie identifizierten informellen Regeln bei. Es wurden drei Regeln identifiziert, die einen Einfluss auf die Revitalisierungsprozesse haben: 1. die Bestandswahrung der Bewohner, 2. das Misstrauen der Bewohner der lokalen Verwaltung gegenüber und 3. das niedrige Image der Bewohner vernachlässigter Gebiete bei den Vertretern der Stadtverwaltung. Die Bestandswahrung eines Teils der Bewohner bezieht sich auf die Wahrung von Privilegien wie niedrige Mieten, große Wohnungen praktisch ohne Kündigungsgefahr, Pseudoeigentumsrechte und vor allem die Abdeckung der Instandhaltungskosten der Wohnungen und Häuser durch die Gemeinde. Diese Bestands¬wahrung führt zu Forderungspositionen eines Teils der Bewohner, zu Protesten gegen die Sanierungsmaßnahmen, die mit Umzügen oder Erhöhung der Mieten verbunden sind und zur fehlenden Bereitschaft der Wohnungsbesitzer, die Sanierungen in den ehemals kommuna¬len Wohnungen, welche an die bisherigen Bewohner verkauft wurden, ganz oder anteilig zu finanzieren. Wiederum führt das mangelnde Vertrauen gegenüber der Stadt¬verwaltung und gleichzeitig das schlechte Image der Bewohner von Problemgebieten bei den Vertretern der Stadtverwaltung zu einer niedrigen Bereitschaft der Vertreter der Verwaltung, mit den Bewohnern zu sprechen oder mit ihnen zu kooperieren und in der Konsequenz zu Konflikten und teilweise zur Blockade der Vorhaben. Vorschläge zur Änderung der Vorschriften Die eigenen Vorschläge der Autorin zur Änderung der Vorschriften, welche einen Einfluss auf die Revitalisierungsprozesse in Polen haben, ergänzen die Diskussion, welche in der polnischen Fachliteratur geführt wird. So sind in erster Linie Änderungen notwendig, welche die faktische Handlungsfähigkeit der Gemeinde innerhalb des bestehenden Raum¬planungs¬systems sichern würden, wie die Stärkung der Rolle der obligatorischen und gemeinde¬übergreifenden „Studie der Rahmenbedingungen und Richtlinien der Raumbewirtschaftung“ oder die Beschränkung der Erstellungskosten der fakultativen lokalen Pläne räumlicher Bewirtschaftung. Des Weiteren ist die Präzisierung und der Ausbau der Vorgänge zur Akteur¬partizipation an den Planungsprozessen bei der Revitalisierung notwendig. Die Einführung des lokalen Revitalisierungsprogrammes als ein gesetzlich definiertes Instrument, welches der Integration der Politiken und einer strategischen Ausrichtung der Handlungen der Gemeinde im Bereich der Revitalisierung dienen soll, wird nach den Ergebnissen der Arbeit, als eine Voraussetzung für erfolgreiche Revitalisierungsprozesse gesehen. Darüber hinaus sind Änderungen in anderen als den direkt mit dem Raumplanungssystem verbundenen Vorschriften, wie z. B. in den Gesetzen zum Wohnungswesen, der öffentlichen Finanzen oder öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften erforderlich. Notwendig für die Revitalisierung ist auch die ideelle und finanzielle Unterstützung durch die nationale Ebene in Form von Leitlinien, Steuervergünstigungen oder Programmen. Diese sollen das gewünschte städtebauliche Modell der räumlichen Entwicklung darstellen und fördern sowie die aktive Einbindung aller öffentlichen und nicht-öffentlichen Akteure in die Revitalisierungsprozesse unterstützen. Verbesserungsvorschläge für die Revitalisierungsprozesse in Stettin Im theoretischen Exkurs wurde die städtische Regimetheorie für die Abschätzung der zukünftigen Entwicklung und die Formulierung der Empfehlungen für die Verbesserung der Revitalisierungsprozesse in Stettin angewandt. Eine Entstehung eines neuen Regimes ist nur dann möglich, wenn das alte Regime von den Wählern nicht mehr für legitim gehalten wird oder wenn in der Stadt eine Koalition entsteht, die einen Meinungswechsel der Bewohner herbeiführt. Für die Revitalisierung, die nur im symbolischen Regime erfolgreich möglich ist, ist auch das gegenseitige Vertrauen der Akteure eine Grundvoraussetzung für den Erfolg. Das Vertrauen der nicht-öffentlichen Akteure kann u. a. durch Planungssicherheit und Unabhängigkeit der kommunalen Vorhaben von den Legislaturperioden erlangt werden. Diese können wiederum im gegenwärtigen polnischen Raumplanungssystem durch eine hohe Abdeckung mit lokalen Plänen räumlicher Bewirtschaftung als kommunale Rechtsakte erreicht werden. Zusätzlich könnte eine mit den Akteuren gemeinsam vorbereitete und abgestimmte Stadtentwicklungsstrategie und darauf basierende Politiken diese Sicherheit und Unabhängigkeit stärken. Als Anstoß der Zusammenarbeit wird eine mehrtägige Veranstaltung „Stadt-Tage“ vorgeschlagen, an der sowohl das Fachpublikum als auch die Bewohner Stettins teilnehmen und die aus Ausstellungen, Konferenz, Werkstätten und Wettbewerben bestehen sollte. Der Nutzen dieser Veranstaltung läge vor allem in der Stärkung des Themas der Revitalisierung gegenüber anderen Themen im Stadtrat und der Möglichkeit der Einbringung eigener Ideen der Akteure in die Stettiner Stadtentwicklung.

Mit großer Skepsis werden in Polen die Diskussionen zum Thema "Kerneuropa" aufgenommen. Das Land fürchtet, an den Rand gedrängt zu werden, sollte ein innerer Kreis in der EU, eine "Union in der Union", entstehen. Deutschland hat mehrfach die Idee eines Kerneuropa unterstützt. Ein deutsch-polnischer Austausch zu Inhalten und Perspektiven eines solchen Kerns könnte darum polnische Befürchtungen abbauen.
Poland is skeptical about the idea of a "core Europe". The country fears to get relegated to the fringes of European integration if an inner circle of the EU, a "Union in the Union", was to emerge. By starting a bilateral dialogue on the content and the perspectives of a "core Europe", Germany – which at various occasions has supported the idea of a core Europe – might be able to reduce Polish fears.

Denna studie syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur poliser inom Stockholms polismyndighet förhåller sig till sin yrkesroll och för hur relationen mellan yrkesroll och privatroll upprätthålls med fokus på det emotionella arbete som ingår i polisrollen. Studien bygger på fem kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer med poliser som arbetar inom två av Stockholms läns åtta polisdistrikt, och som har en tjänstgöringsålder på mellan två till fyra år. Den insamlade empirin har analyserats med hjälp av Goffmans dramaturgiska perspektiv samt tidigare forskning om emotioner relaterade till det polisiära yrket. Uppsatsen visar att respondenterna strävar efter att särskilja sin yrkesroll från rollen som privatperson i mötet med allmänheten, vilket av respondenterna anses vara en förutsättning för att kunna prestera i sin yrkesroll. Om denna åtskillnad ej görs kan den enskilda polisen få svårigheter att spela rollen som polis vilken kan leda till att allmänheten ej vet om individen agerar i egenskap av polis eller privatperson vilket kan leda till svårigheter för den enskilda polisen i sitt yrkesagerande. Uppsatsen visar vidare hur respondenterna under arbetstid kan skifta mellan rollen som polis och privatperson då allmänheten ej är närvarande och de befinner sig på en plats förbehållen för poliser. Intervjuerna vittnar om att skiftet mellan rollen som polis och privatperson kan ske mycket hastigt och ofta per automatik varför respondenterna menar att de ej behöver reflektera över detta skifte.

La ricerca verso lo sviluppo di materiali nuovi con proprietà ad hoc per determinati scopi è da sempre al centro della comunità scientifica, la cui attenzione attualmente è particolarmente viva per i polimeri. La messa a punto di nuovi polimeri con proprietà differenti e sempre migliori è però molto costosa e dispendiosa in termini di tempistiche, spesso quindi si cerca di ottimizzare quelli già noti grazie anche alla caratteristica dei polimeri di poter formare delle leghe, o blend. Se due polimeri riescono a mescolarsi rendendo indistinguibili le fasi relative ai costituenti allora si ottiene un nuovo materiale con proprietà differenti da quelle delle sue componenti, chiamato blend omogeneo. Molto interessanti sono le leghe polimeriche di acido poli-lattico (PLA) e poli-ε-caprolattone (PCL). Il PLA è un polimero biodegradabile molto versatile dalle buone proprietà meccaniche. Il maggiore limite del PLA è dato, però, proprio dalla sua rigidità strutturale che lo rende anche fragile e poco duttile. Il PCL è un polimero biodegradabile molto flessibile e duttile, per questo è studiato come possibile tenacizzante per il PLA. Il blend PLA/PCL risulta essere eterogeneo e le fasi costituenti si separano. È stata quindi volta l’attenzione agli agenti compatibilizzanti, molecole che aggiunte ad un blend eterogeneo riescono ad aumentare la reciproca miscibilità dei materiali costituenti, formando un materiale omogeneo detto compatibilizzato. I migliori agenti compatibilizzanti sono dei copolimeri a blocchi, in cui un blocco sia miscibile con uno dei componenti polimerici del blend ed il secondo blocco con la restante componente. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è quello di sintetizzare possibili agenti compatibilizzanti che siano dei copolimeri costituiti da un blocco di unità ripetenti di metilmetacrilato e da uno di unità di p-vinilfenolo o di un suo derivato e verificarne l’efficacia nel compatibilizzare blend di PLA e PCL.

This Ph.D. thesis addresses the challenging goal of integrating supercapacitive features in MFCs by sustainable materials and processes and valorizing wastes by their processing as key components of supercapacitors and MFCs. Three main research lines have been pursued: i) the development of green supercapacitors by exploiting natural polymers as binders and electrospun separators, ii) the improvement of the power output of MFCs by the external integration of commercial and green supercapacitors, and ii) the development of supercapacitive microbial fuel cells by the monolithic integration of supercapacitive features in MFCs. This Thesis is articulated in the following Sections. Chapter 1 introduce the energy-water nexus, highlights the role played by supercapacitors and MFCs in this context, and describes the main components, and processes in these devices.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Filmes polim?ricos autossustent?veis baseados em um novo eletr?lito polim?rico s?lido (EPS), tendo como matriz hospedeira o poli(?xido de etileno) (POE) e como agente dopante o tungstato de s?dio (Na2WO4), foram obtidos para diferentes composi??es do sal (m = 0,20; 0,26; 0,30; 0,40; 0,50 e 1,31 mg). Os filmes foram caracterizados por DRX, FTIR, MEV/EDS, TG/DTG, DSC e EI. Os difratogramas de raios X confirmaram a natureza semicristalina do pol?mero e sugeriram que a adi??o do sal provoca uma redu??o na cristalinidade dos filmes. Os dados de FTIR permitiram a an?lise da intera??o entre os ?ons do sal e as cadeias polim?ricas. As micrografias obtidas por MEV demonstraram morfologia esferul?tica intercaladas por liga??es interlamelares para todas as composi??es estudadas. O estudo de TG/DTG mostrou que a decomposi??o t?rmica do eletr?lito ocorre em uma ?nica etapa com a adi??o do sal aumentando a estabilidade t?rmica dos filmes. Os dados de TG/DTG permitiram, ainda, o estudo cin?tico da decomposi??o t?rmica do eletr?lito por meio dos m?todos de Briodo (BR), Coats-Redfern (CR) e Horowitz-Metzger (HM) sugerindo uma cin?tica de 1? ordem para a rea??o de decomposi??o t?rmica dos filmes, assim como, a determina??o dos par?metros termodin?micos de ativa??o: E*, ?H*, ?S* e ?G*. O grau de cristalinidade foi determinado atrav?s dos dados de DSC e mostrou uma redu??o ap?s a adi??o do sal ao pol?mero. O eletr?lito POE/Na2WO4 exibiu um m?ximo de condutividade i?nica de 3,24x10-4 S.cm-1, a temperatura ambiente, para o filme com 1,31 mg do sal. Atrav?s dos dados de imped?ncia foi poss?vel o estudo de relaxa??o das cadeias do POE, assim como, a difus?o do sal entre estas cadeias. Os diagramas de imped?ncia, nos formatos Bode e Nyquist, permitiram o ajuste dos dados experimentais ? circuitos el?tricos equivalentes o que facilitou a associa??o dos componentes dos circuitos aos fen?menos f?sicos e qu?micos observados para os filmes e revelaram que, ap?s a adi??o do sal ao pol?mero, os filmes t?m suas propriedades el?tricas melhoradas.
Self-sustainable polymeric films based on new solid polymer electrolyte, having the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as host matrix and sodium tungstate as doping agent (Na2WO4), were obtained from different salt compositions (m = 0.20; 0.26; 0.30; 0.40; 0.50 and 1.31 mg). The films were characterized through XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDS, TG/DTG, DSC and IS. X-ray diffraction showed the semi crystalline nature of the polymer and confirmed that the addition of salt induces reduction in the crystalinity of the films. FTIR data allowed the identification of the interaction between salt ions and polymer chains and confirmed that these interactions are of a physical nature. The micrographs obtained through SEM showed spherulitic morphology interleaved by interlayered bonds for all of the compositions studied. The TG/DTG study revealed that the thermal decomposition of the electrolyte almost happens at a single stage with the addition of salt, increasing the thermal stability of the films. TG/DTG data also allowed the kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of the electrolyte through Broido (BR), Coats-Redfern (CR) and Horowitz-Metzger (HM) methods, suggesting a first-order kinetic for the reaction of the thermal decomposition of the films, as well as the setting of pre-exponential factor, A, and the thermodynamic activation parameters: E*, ?H*, ?S* and ?G*. The crystallinity degree was determined through DSC data and showed a reduction after the addition of salt to the polymer. The polymer has its conductivity increased after addition of the salt with the PEO-Na2WO4 electrolyte exhibiting maximum of ionic conductivity of 3.24x10-4 S cm-1, to room temperature, for the film with 1.31 mg of salt (F6 film). The impedance data allowed the study on relaxation on PEO chains, even as the diffusion of salt between these chains. The impedance diagrams, on Bode and Nyquist formats, enabled the adjustment of the experimental data to equivalent electric circuits, which facilitated the association of the circuit components to the physical and chemical phenomena observed for the films and revealed that, after the addition of salt to the polymer, the films have their electrical properties enhanced.

Polisyrket har alltid varit ett mansdominerat yrke men fler och fler insatser görs för att mängden kvinnor ska öka inom kåren eftersom att de fortfarande är underrepresenterade. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur kvinnliga poliser i anseende med att de är just kvinnor, upplever att de bemöts av allmänheten, manliga kollegor och organisationen. För att ta reda på detta har vi genomfört sex kvalitativa intervjuer med kvinnliga poliser i Sverige. Vi har utgått från litteratur om genus, kvinnliga poliser och andra könsrelaterade teorier. I studien har det framkommit att de kvinnliga poliserna inte upplever kombinationen av deras kvinnlighet och yrket polis som något problemskapande. De känner sig heller inte mindre respekterade varken av manliga kollegor eller organisationen, när det kommer till allmänheten uppvisar den ibland tvivel mot en kvinnlig polis. Många är av den uppfattningen att kvinnor inte hör hemma hos polisen då de inte har samma fysiska styrka som män. Den här studien visar på att så är inte fallet utan även kvinnor kan ha styrkan som krävs och kan också med sin kvinnlighet komplettera kåren. Myten om att polisyrket endast är för män lever fortfarande kvar i viss mån då vissa individer som är i kontakt med polisen föredrar en manlig polis framför en kvinnlig.

Manligt- och kvinnligt ledarskap samt jämställdhet mellan könen är en het debatt som ständigt är aktuell och omdisuterad. Det finns teorier som styrker stereotyper och normer i samhället genom att hävda att det finns skillnader mellan manligt- och kvinnligt ledarskap. Samtidigt finns det också teoerier som visar att det inte finns biologiska skillnader mellan könen och deras ledarskapsförmågor. Det finns också en ständigt pågående debatt och därigenom också delade åsikter kring hur olika organisationer ska bli mer jämställda. Vi vill genom en kvalitativa studie undersöka vad det finns för föreställningar kring positiva särbehandlingsmetoder inom en av Sveriges största myndigheter, polisen. Vårt syfte är också att utveckla en förståelse för det jämställdhetsarbete som utförs inom myndigheten. Genom att hålla semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex polischefer runt om i Sverige och tolka deras berättelser med hjälp av valda teorier uppfattade vi att polischeferna tycks vara negativt eller tveksamt inställda till positiva särbehandlingsmetder. Vi utvecklade också en förståelse för att det finns ett ständight pågående jämställdhetsarbete inom myndigheten genom olika metoder samt att det tycks finnas omedvetna fördomar och stereotyper kring manligt och kvinnligt ledarskap.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Felisberti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: Materiais poliméricos com propriedades como biodegradabilidade e biocompatibilidade, como o poli(hidroxibutirato) (PHB) e a poli(caprolactona), vêm sendo amplamente estudados para aplicações com alto valor agregado, como a área biomédica. A síntese de poliuretanas contendo blocos de PHB e PCL visa a obtenção de um material que mantenha as características de biodegradabilidade e biocompatibilidade e que possua propriedades mecânicas diferentes dos materiais de partida, o que viabiliza um aumento na gama de aplicações destes polímeros. Neste trabalho, polióis de PHB e PCL com massa molar inferior a 6000 g mol foram obtidos através de reações de glicólise. Diferentes rotas e condições experimentais, utilizando diferentes solventes, catalisadores, tempo e temperatura, foram testadas para esta reação. A caracterização destes oligômeros foi feita através de análise de RMN H e C, DSC, TGA, índice de hidroxila e GPC. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, foram realizadas reações dos oligômeros obtidos com hexametileno diisocianato (HDI), um isocianato de cadeia linear de baixo poder carcinogênico. As estruturas químicas das poliuretanas obtidas nesta reação foram caracterizadas por FTIR e RMN H e C, as propriedades térmicas caracterizadas por DSC, TGA e DMA, físicas através de GPC e teste de solubilidade para verificar existência de reticulação
Abstract:The synthesis of polyurethanes containing PHB and PCL blocks aims to obtain materials with controlled mechanical properties maintain biodegradable and biocompatible polymers such as poly(hidroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) have been largely studied. The synthesis of polyurethanes containing blocks of PHB and PCL aims to obtain materials with controlled mechanical properties maintaing the biodegradability and biocompatibility. In this work, polyols of PHB and PCL with molar weight less than 6000 g mol were obtained from glicolise reactions with ethylene glycol. The polyols were characterizated by RMN H e C, DSC, TGA, hydroxyl index and GPC. Diferent routes and experimental conditions, using diferent solvents, catalysts, time and temperature were tested. In a second step of this research reactions between the polyols and hexamethylene diisocianate (HDI), an alifatic isocianate with low carcinogenic toxicity were conduced in order to obtin polyurethanes. The chemical structure of polyurethanes obtained was characterized by FTIR and RMN H e C, thermal properties were characterized by DSC, TGA and DMA em physical properties by GPC and solubility test
Mestrado
Físico-Química
Mestre em Química

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Obteve-se e estudou-se a viabilidade do uso de TPA ( Tecido Plano de Algod?o) tipo tela, para ensacamento, com gramatura de 216,8 g/cm2 em um comp?sito de matriz de resina poli?ster ortoft?lica cristal. O processo de obten??o do comp?sito foi testado em rela??o ao n?mero m?ximo de camadas que poderia ser utilizado, sem comprometer a sua processabilidade e a fabrica??o dos CPs em molde compressivo. Foram escolhidas e testadas cinco configura??es/formula??es, com 1, 4, 8, 10 e 12 camadas de tecido plano de algod?o - TPA. O TPA n?o foi submetido a tratamento qu?mico, passando apenas por um processo de lavagem mec?nica. O comp?sito em suas v?rias configura??es/formula??es foi caracterizado para a determina??o de suas principais propriedades f?sicas. As propriedades de maior viabilidade do comp?sito foram a resist?ncia a flex?o, aproximando-se da matriz e a resist?ncia ao impacto, com superioridade em rela??o a resina de poli?ster. Outra propriedade que demonstrou bom resultado em rela??o a outros comp?sitos foi a absor??o de ?gua. Analisando-se todas as propriedades determinadas as configura??es/formula??es com maior viabilidade foram a TA8 e TA10, por combinarem boa processabilidade e resist?ncia mec?nica mais elevada, com menor perda em rela??o a resina poli?ster matriz. O comp?sito apresentou comportamento mec?nico inferior ao da resina matriz para todas as formula??es estudadas, com exce??o da resist?ncia ao impacto. O MEV evidenciou uma boa ades?o entre as camadas de TPA e a resina poli?ster matriz, sem a presen?a de micro vazios na matriz confirmando o eficiente processo de fabrica??o dos corpos de prova para caracteriza??o. O comp?sito proposto apresentou viabilidade para a fabrica??o de estruturas com baixas solicita??es de esfor?os mec?nicos, e como foi demonstrado para a fabrica??o de prot?tipos solares.
He was obtained and studied the feasibility of using TPA (Tissue Cotton Plan) screen type, for bagging, with a weight of 207.9 g / m2 in a composite of orthophthalic crystal polyester resin matrix. The process for obtaining the composite was tested against the maximum number of layers that could be used without compromising the processability and manufacturing of CPs in compression mold. Five configurations / formulations were selected and tested at 1, 4, 8, 10 and 12 layers of cotton tissue - TPA. TPA was not subjected to chemical treatment, only by passing a mechanical washing process. The composite in its various configurations / formulations was characterized to determine its physical properties. The properties of the composite were higher viability resistance to bending, approaching the matrix and impact resistance, superiority in relation to the polyester resin. Another property that has shown good result compared to other composite has water absorption. Analyzing all the properties set the settings / formulations with higher viability were TA8 and TA10, by combining good processability and higher mechanical strength, with lower loss compared to polyester resin matrix. The composite showed lower mechanical behavior of the resin matrix for all the formulations studied except the impact resistance. The SEM showed a good adhesion between the layers of TPA and polyester resin matrix, without the presence of micro voids in the matrix confirming the efficient manufacturing process of the samples for characterization. The composite proposed proved to be viable for the fabrication of structures with low requests from mechanical stresses, and as demonstrated for the manufacture of solar and wind prototypes, and packaging, shelving, decorative items, crafts and shelves, with good visual appearance.

Esse projeto visa a melhoria das propriedades mecânicas e de processabilidade do Poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB) para futuras aplicações. Foram preparados filmes de blendas de PHB por dissolução em clorofórmio. Poli(etileno glicol), com massa molar de 300 (PEG) ou 4.000.000 g mol-1 (PEO), foi misturado em proporções de 5 a 30 % em massa e análises termogravimétricas (TG), de calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC) e ensaios dinâmico-mecânicos (DMTA) foram realizadas para avaliar a miscibilidade da blenda. Foram também analisados filmes recém-preparados e filmes envelhecidos, para avaliar o avanço da cristalização e consequente alteração das propriedades dos filmes com o passar do tempo. Para isso foram feitas comparações visuais de imagens microscópicas da morfologia das blendas, obtidas através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As blendas foram analisadas quanto ao grau de cristalinidade através de análise calorimétrica (DSC) e de difratometria de raio-X. As curvas de DSC mostram uma redução da Tm do PHB com a adição de PEG e PEO, o que indica uma forte interação entre os polímeros. As análises de TG mostram uma etapa principal de degradação, evidenciando a miscibilidade entre os polímeros. A TG também mostra uma sensível redução na temperatura de degradação do PHB para concentrações acima de 10 % em PEG, o que é indesejável. Através do MEV nota-se que existe também uma segregação de fases que aumenta com o tempo de estocagem do material, levando à recristalização do PHB e sua consequente fragilização. A difração de raios-X nos mostra que a adição de PEG e PEO ao PHB traz uma redução considerável para a cristalinidade do sistema, e que o aumento de 5 % para 30 % no teor de PEG é responsável por apenas uma pequena redução na cristalinidade, mas uma considerável redução na recristalização sofrida pela blenda com o tempo de estocagem. As análises de DMTA mostram que as blendas possuem módulo de armazenamento similar ao de polímeros flexíveis, evidenciando uma efetiva tenacificação do PHB. Amostras utilizando PEO apresentam maior rigidez do que as amostras contendo PEG.
This project aims the enhancement of both processability and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) for future applications. Films of blends of PHB and poly(ethylene oxide) were prepared by chloroform solution casting and evaporation. Poly(ethylene oxide) having molar mass of 4,000,000 (PEO) or 300 g.mol-1 (PEG) was blended in proportion of 5 to 30 wt %, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic-Mechanic Analysis (DMTA) were performed in order to evaluate the miscibility of the blends. As-cast and aged films were also compared in order to analyze the crystallization progress and the consequent changes in the blends properties due to the aging process. For this, visual comparison was drawn between microscopy pictures obtained through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The blends have their crystallinity degree determined by analyzing their X-ray diffraction curves. The DSC curves show a reduction at the PHBs Tm as the mass percentage of PEG increases, indicating a strong interaction in between the polymers. The TG and DTG analyses reveal a single main degradation step, what denotes miscibility in between the polymers. The TG also shows a considerable reduction of the PHBs degrading temperature for PEG concentrations over 10 %, which is undesirable. Through SEM one can note a phase segregation that increases with storaging time, leading to further crystallization of PHB and its subsequent enbrittlement. The X-ray diffraction curves show that the PEG and PEO bring a considerable crystallinity reduction to the system, and that the increasing of PEG content from 5 to 30% has only a minor effect per se, though also a considerable reduction of the perfection undergone by the system with storage time. The DMTA shows that the blends have a storage modulus similar to the one of flexible polimers, hence showing an effective PHB toughening. Samples containing PEO are more rigid than those containing PEG.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Quimica.
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Filmes de poli(estireno) (PS), poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA), blendas de PS/PMMA (70/30, 50/50 e 30/70) e copolímero de PS-b-PMMA foram preparados por evaporação de solvente (casting), caracterizados e avaliados quanto a adesão celular de células de camundongos L929 e quanto a citotoxicidade. Os filmes estudados foram caracterizados quanto as suas propriedades térmicas (termogravimetria - TG e calorimetria diferencial de varredura - DSC), estruturais (espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier - FTIR e ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C no estado sólido - 13C NMR), superficiais por medidas de ângulo de contato e morfológicas através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura - SEM. As análises de TG mostraram que os filmes estudados são termicamente estáveis e esta estabilidade diminui com o aumento de PMMA na blenda. As análises de DSC indicaram imiscibilidade entre os polímeros puros, comprovada pela existência de duas temperaturas de transição vítrea (Tg's) para as blendas e para o copolímero. As análises de FTIR e 13C NMR sugeriram que não há interação entre os polímeros puros, concordando com as análises por SEM e DSC. As análises de superfícies realizadas por medidas de ângulo de contato mostraram que o filme mais hidrofóbico é o PS puro e o mais hidrofílico é o da blenda 50/50. A análise por microscopia óptica revelou que todos os filmes estudados não apresentam citotoxicidade. A análise de SEM realizada após 24 horas de adesão celular mostrou uma morfologia celular diferenciável para os filmes estudados e melhor aderência das células na blenda 50/50. A análise estatística mostrou diferentes quantidades de células para cada filme estudado. A análise conjunta dos resultados mostra que as células foram capazes de aderir e proliferar, viabilizando sua utilização em aplicações biomédicas.

Uppsatsen ”Dagens kvinnliga polis - androgyn? ” handlar om hur kvinnliga poliser

upplever sin yrkesroll utifrån deras erfarenheter och syn på begreppen allmänheten, genus, egenskaper och självbild. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur utvalda kvinnliga

poliser upplever sin yrkesroll, detta för att få en förståelse för deras subjektiva tolkningar av

begreppen genus, kvinna och polis. I uppsatsen används den kvalitativa

forskningsmetoden och personliga intervjuer har genomförts med åtta kvinnliga poliser.

Det framkommer i undersökningen att de kvinnliga poliserna inte tidigare tycks ha

reflekterat över särbehandling som ett problem utan det tycks komma med yrket att bli särbehandlad av allmänheten. Egenskaper som är knutna till traditionella könsroller

existerar inte så starkt inom poliskåren, utan det androgyna beteendet belönas, både från kollegor och allmänheten. Polisens personlighet tycks vara mest uppskattad när den innehåller en blandning av feminina och maskulina egenskaper.

Detta fördjupningsarbete åskådliggör uttagningen av svenska civilpoliser för FN-tjänst. Ett av syftena var att ta reda på innebörden i uttagningskraven och varför de är utformade som de är. Dessutom belyser arbetet möjligheterna en svensk polis har att tjänstgöra utomlands och i viss mån vad civilpolisarbetet innebär, samt vilka skillnaderna är jämfört med nationell polistjänst. Arbetet är en kvalitativ studie och information har inhämtats från litteratur, Internet och muntliga källor. I resultatet tydliggörs processen inom FN vid uppförandet av en ny fredsfrämjande insats, den initiala behovsanalysen och hur detta slutligen leder fram till en kravprofil för den personal som ska rekryteras. Även Sveriges engagemang och organisation kring det svenska civilpolisarbetet belyses, samt hur ansökningsförfarandet och tillsättandet av tjänster går till. Slutligen behandlas det praktiska civilpolisarbetet vad gäller utbildning, arbetsuppgifter, löner och utrustning.

Bakgrunden till det här arbetet var att vi sällan stött på kvinnliga chefer under våra fältstudieveckor. Vi frågade oss utifrån detta hur det är att vara kvinnlig chef inom polisen. Det finns heller inget skrivet om ämnet och därför var vårt syfte att belysa hur de intervjupersoner som arbetet bygger på upplever sig själva som chefer. Om upplevelsen förändrades med tiden och varför. Hur de bemöttes av och hur de bemötte sina kollegor i sin chefsroll. Sammanlagt intervjuade vi fyra kvinnliga chefer på olika polismyndigheter och intervjuerna bestod av frågor som bygger på syftet. Det resultat som vi fick fram visade att intervjupersonerna upplever sig själva som bra chefer som leder sitt lag framåt och är lyhörda mot gruppen. De menade också att de bemötte alla sina kollegor på samma sätt och att deras chefsroll stärktes med tiden. De upplevde också att bemötandet från deras kolleger var positivt över lag. En slutsats vi drog var att intervjupersonerna verkade arbeta på ett liknande sätt, att diskutera sig fram till beslut i gruppen så att alla känner sig delaktiga. De verkade alla arbeta utifrån att skillnaden mellan chef och kollega skulle bli mindre, eftersom de ville att kollegorna skulle vara delaktiga i arbetet och få vara med och bestämma. Arbetet bygger på den teori och resultat vi fick fram och då teorin bara är skriven av kvinnliga författare ger det arbetet sin prägel.

The current series of anniversaries concerning World War II raise the question of how Poland is coming to terms with its past.
The article summarises the ongoing Polish debate about the Warsaw Uprising and the changing perspectives on Polish history in society and political circles.
The discussion about Poland’s view on its own past has great influence on recent foreign political relations, e.g. with Germany, the Ukraine, or Russia.