Academic literature on the topic 'Polio (poliomyelitis)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Polio (poliomyelitis)"
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Peel, Margaret M. "Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20053.
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Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.
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Karpova, E. V., К. А. Sarkisyan, A. A. Movsesyants, and V. A. Merkulov. "Preventive Vaccination against Poliomyelitis: Modern View." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 18, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2018-18-4-236-242.
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Poliomyelitis is a typical anthroponosis, in natural conditions it infects only humans. The only effective strategy for combating the infection is preventive vaccination. The polio vaccine induces long-lasting humoral and local immunity. The article presents a brief history of polio vaccine development, and compares live and inactivated vaccines currently licensed and used in Russia. It also dwells upon the benefits and shortcomings of each of these vaccines. The results of analysis demonstrated that all foreign-made and domestically-produced polio vaccines currently used in Russia meet international requirements in terms of main quality characteristics and comply with the WHO recommendations. The article looks into some issues arising from the use of live polio vaccine, in particular the development of vaccine-associated paralytic polio, and the appearance of vaccine-derived polioviruses. It reviews the main approaches of the current WHO polio eradication initiative, and summarises the outcomes of the 30-year period since the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The article describes the transition from live attenuated oral polio vaccine (types 1, 2 and 3) to bivalent vaccine (live attenuated oral polio vaccine, types 1 and 3). It discusses the necessity of using polio vaccines (both live and inactivated) at the final stage of polio eradication. The article presents the new National Immunisation Schedule.
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Peel, Margaret M. "Corrigendum to: Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20053_co.
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Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.
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Chen, Yushuo, Tianrui Yue, and Zixiao Zhang. "The Pathology of Poliomyelitis and the Vaccines and Nonvaccine Therapy." E3S Web of Conferences 308 (2021): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130802018.
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Poliomyelitis is an exclusively human disease that mainly affects children. Clinical features of poliomyelitis can be varied, from mild illness to the most severe paralysis, and the factor why poliomyelitis has different performances in individuals has been proved strongly correlated with membrane protein CD155. The nervous system shows a special protecting phenomenon against the invasion of poliovirus, and the mechanism is not very clear at present. Vaccines are the main means of preventing and controlling polio, and many different vaccines have been invented in the process of fighting polio. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) are the two main vaccines. IPV is known for its safety while OPV is widely used in developing countries because of its relatively low cost. This usage also leads to some side effects: vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Now, for polio eradication, the elimination of these two diseases has become particularly important. Thus, a new type of vaccine was created: sequential IPV-OPV with the safety of IPV and the low cost of OPV. This paper will talk about the different polio vaccines and their effects. An enormous difference between people who have gotten the vaccine and people who have not got the vaccine. Comparing the two kinds of people, people who get normal poliovirus, and people who get poliovirus after taking a vaccine, known as VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis), the former cannot get full recovery whole life and the latter has a very low possibility. In conclusion, people should take vaccines if it is affordable for them.
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Naseem, Sajida. "The global polio eradication initiative in Pakistan: Lessons learnt and prospects for success." Journal of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32593/jstmu/vol2.iss2.71.
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Poliomyelitis commonly called polio is a highly infectious disease caused by three sero types of polio virus 1, 2 and 3, which attacks the nervous system. The virus is transmitted mostly through feco-oral route, less often it is transmitted through polluted food or water. Since there is no treatment or cure to poliomyelitis, this disease can be prevented only. The World Health Assembly in 1988 set the target to eradicate polio globally by the year 2000 through multiple doses of childhood vaccinations that protect a child for whole life.
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Gilsdorf, Janet R. "Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Lessons From Polio." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 8, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piz017.
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Abstract With the eradication of poliomyelitis in the United States, the appearance of acute flaccid myelitis outbreaks has raised questions regarding their causation. Review of the epidemiology, clinical aspects, and laboratory findings of bygone cases of poliomyelitis have revealed shows important similarities with those of newer cases of acute flaccid myelitis. Many occurrences are preceded by an apparent viral illness, and a number of viruses, particularly enteroviruses A71 and D68, can be isolated from respiratory or stool specimens. Our inability to detect these viruses in cerebrospinal fluid samples from these patients does not eliminate them as etiologic agents, because poliovirus is often not detected in cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with paralysis caused by poliomyelitis.
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Gromeier, Matthias, and Eckard Wimmer. "Mechanism of Injury-Provoked Poliomyelitis." Journal of Virology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 5056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.6.5056-5060.1998.
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ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle injury is known to predispose its sufferers to neurological complications of concurrent poliovirus infections. This phenomenon, labeled “provocation poliomyelitis,” continues to cause numerous cases of childhood paralysis due to the administration of unnecessary injections to children in areas where poliovirus is endemic. Recently, it has been reported that intramuscular injections may also increase the likelihood of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in recipients of live attenuated poliovirus vaccines. We have studied this important risk factor for paralytic polio in an animal system for poliomyelitis and have determined the pathogenic mechanism linking intramuscular injections and provocation poliomyelitis. Skeletal muscle injury induces retrograde axonal transport of poliovirus and thereby facilitates viral invasion of the central nervous system and the progression of spinal cord damage. The pathogenic mechanism of provocation poliomyelitis may differ from that of polio acquired in the absence of predisposing factors.
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Ahmad, Tahir, Sania Arif, Nazia Chaudry, and Sadia Anjum. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Poliomyelitis during the 21st century (2000-2013)." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v3i3.4686.
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<p>Poliovirus is the pathogenic agent of paralytic poliomyelitis that belongs to the picornaviridae family. Poliomyelitis has an extended history dating over to the Egyptian eighteenth dynasty. It was recognized as distinct disease in the late nineteenth century when the world was ravaged by large number of outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. Paralytic Polio, the rarest but the most severe form of the disease, is characterized by acute flaccid paralysis of any or rarely both of the limbs. Increasing epidemics during the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries lead to the initiation of a worldwide global effort for polio eradication in 1988, super headed by WHO and various other organizations. The launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative together with the introduction of two polio vaccines resulted in 99% reduction of wild poliovirus cases worldwide while the total number of polio-endemic countries dropped from 24 countries in the year 2000 to only three countries in 2012; Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. This review will focus on the general biology of poliovirus, some historic and geographic epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis eradication during the year 2000-2012 and also on the major failing factors associated with the efficiency of the vaccines to eradicate polio in Pakistan.</p>
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Ahmad, Tahir, Sania Arif, Nazia Chaudry, and Sadia Anjum. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Poliomyelitis during the 21st century (2000-2013)." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v3i3.4686.
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<p>Poliovirus is the pathogenic agent of paralytic poliomyelitis that belongs to the picornaviridae family. Poliomyelitis has an extended history dating over to the Egyptian eighteenth dynasty. It was recognized as distinct disease in the late nineteenth century when the world was ravaged by large number of outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. Paralytic Polio, the rarest but the most severe form of the disease, is characterized by acute flaccid paralysis of any or rarely both of the limbs. Increasing epidemics during the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries lead to the initiation of a worldwide global effort for polio eradication in 1988, super headed by WHO and various other organizations. The launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative together with the introduction of two polio vaccines resulted in 99% reduction of wild poliovirus cases worldwide while the total number of polio-endemic countries dropped from 24 countries in the year 2000 to only three countries in 2012; Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. This review will focus on the general biology of poliovirus, some historic and geographic epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis eradication during the year 2000-2012 and also on the major failing factors associated with the efficiency of the vaccines to eradicate polio in Pakistan.</p>
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Piniaeva, Anastasia, Georgy Ignatyev, Liubov Kozlovskaya, Yury Ivin, Anastasia Kovpak, Alexander Ivanov, Anna Shishova, et al. "Immunogenicity and Safety of Inactivated Sabin-Strain Polio Vaccine “PoliovacSin”: Clinical Trials Phase I and II." Vaccines 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060565.
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Global polio eradication requires both safe and effective vaccines, and safe production processes. Sabin oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) strains can evolve to virulent viruses and result in poliomyelitis outbreaks, and conventional inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (Salk-IPV) production includes accumulation of large stocks of neurovirulent wild polioviruses. Therefore, IPV based on attenuated OPV strains seems a viable option. To increase the global supply of affordable inactivated vaccine in the still not-polio free world we developed an IPV made from the Sabin strains–PoliovacSin. Clinical trials included participants 18–60 years of age. A phase I single-center, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial included 60 participants, who received one dose of PoliovacSin or Placebo. A phase II multicenter, randomized, double-blind, comparative clinical trial included 200 participants, who received one dose of PoliovacSin or Imovax Polio. All vaccinations were well tolerated, and PoliovacSin had a comparable safety profile to the Placebo or the reference Imovax Polio preparations. A significant increase in neutralizing antibody levels to polioviruses types 1–3 (Sabin and wild) was observed in PoliovacSin and Imovax Polio vaccinated groups. Therefore, clinical trials confirmed good tolerability, low reactogenicity, and high safety profile of the PoliovacSin and its pronounced immunogenic properties. The preparation was approved for clinical trials involving infants.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polio (poliomyelitis)"
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Spraker, Timothy Jacob. "Ghost Town Tension: Post-War Public Health and Commerce in a Rural Virginian Polio Epidemic, 1950." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78105.
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This thesis is a study of a post-World War II polio epidemic in one small Southwest Virginian town before widespread application of the vaccine. While others have explored urban public health responses to polio and national efforts to promote prevention and treatment efforts, in this history I look at reactions to the disease at the local level in this rural community particularly hard-hit by an acute medical event.
The central question addressed in the research is how the polio epidemic changed the nature of community. Prior to the polio epidemic in this rural Southwest Virginian town, community meant creating and strengthening social ties throughout town— most visibly through large social functions and leisure gatherings such as church or baseball. Through identifying and analyzing reactions to the epidemic among families/individuals, the public health, and business, a transition emerged. Being a part of community during the summer polio epidemic meant protecting the public health while simultaneously protecting economic health as a backbone and lifeline of the family.Master of Arts
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Sandberg, Arne. "Dynamic Changes in the Peripheral and the Central Nervous Systems in Patients with Prior Polio." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4617.
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Axelsson, Per. "Höstens spöke : de svenska polioepidemiernas historia /." Stockholm: Carlsson, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-199.
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Baker, Hallie Elizabeth. "Walking a fine line how coping styles impact polio survivors asking for and receiving assistance from their family and friends /." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1117115740.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Family Studies and Social Work, 2005.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], viii, 88 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-88).
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Mawdsley, Stephen Edward. "Fighting polio : selling the gamma globulin field trials, 1950-1953." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252270.
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Amidu, Mojeed A. "The impact of culture on information behaviour : a case study of the outcome of the polio eradication campaign in Nigeria." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23644.
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Every human being applies their acquired knowledge during the interpretation and application of information, but all the humanly acquired knowledge are shaped by the social information processing model as determined by the traditions and values embedded in their culture. Therefore, the transition from information seeking to the application within a person is not completely dependent on cognition but in the current socio-cultural interpretation of that information. The cultural background of every individual often determines the interpretation and the understanding derivable from any information. Human socio-cultural values are the intervening variables during information seeking, and they can be grouped into three, namely psychological, physiological and environmental, but none acts alone during information seeking and application. Hence, culture as a factor must be considered both psychologically and environmentally to understand its impact on IB because culture comprises of both the tangible and the intangible aspects of human life. The aim of this study is to investigate the main reason for the contrasting results of the polio campaign across the north and south of Nigeria. The study adopted a mixed method approach comprising of a semi-structured interview and focus groups for the collection of data that adequately describe cultural variables to determine the aspects of culture directly impacting on IB, such as language, customs, traditions, and religious values which cannot be quantified or counted. The research approach considered IB in its totality and viewed information not only as tools designed by human to enhance communication and conceptualization of realities but also as the means which enabled the achievement of the desired goal for both the providers and the users of information. Therefore, IB was not only viewed from the context or content of the information but from the way people search, receive and utilise information to meet their respective needs. The study considered the how ; the what ; the where and the whom people consult when in need of information or for the explanation about the information received but not understood, to determine the chosen culture group s IB By considering culture from a multi-disciplinary perspective and IB evolutionarily, the study investigates the impact of cultural orientation on IB through the way the people of Nigeria relates with the polio eradication campaign. The study links all the factors of culture, such as language, tradition, and religion to the ways people relate to information, and the findings revealed that culture plays a significant role in the IB of individuals right from the point of the perceived knowledge gap to the point of information application. The language associated with the people s religious belief was also found to be of significant influence on language preference during communication of information, as well as in the process of encoding and decoding of information. Thus, culture did not only impact on IB during information seeking and application but also the language for the communication of information. Cultural orientation significantly impacted on the way people relates to the polio campaign as a consequence of their IB, and this informed their interpretations of the polio campaign and the eventual outcome of the campaign within the north and south of Nigeria.
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Bryant, Jacob Owen. "The Invisible Enemy: The Effects of Polio on the American War Effort during World War II, 1941-1945." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1404.
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This thesis looks at the social, political, and military effects of epidemic polio on America's war effort during World War II. The primary sources consulted include newspapers, military medical reports, photographs, memoirs, speeches, and archival collections. It looks at the effects of polio on the home front, more specifically how epidemics and the rising rates of polio were a detriment to the civilian war effort. It also focuses on the American military's preparation for and response to polio outbreaks among troops both at home and abroad. Finally, it discusses the experiences of the servicemen who contracted polio during the war. This work fills a major hole in the historiography of the disease and highlights the overlapping interests of the public, the medical community, and the military during a time of war.
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Oyewo, Ayanfeoluwa Olutosin. "Tug of war : a critical discourse analysis of Punch and Daily Trust newspapers' coverage of polio eradication in Nigeria." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017787.
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The resurgence of the polio virus in Nigeria following vaccine rejections poses a severe threat to the total worldwide eradication of polio. Vaccine refusals are a huge problem in Nigeria, especially in the North, which accounts for about 60 percent of polio cases in 2013. These refusals were informed by claims that polio vaccines contained anti-fertility properties that were designed by the ‘West’ to reduce the Muslim population. These claims and subsequent vaccine rejections culminated in the killing of health workers during an immunisation exercise in February 2013. This study is an analysis of the coverage of the polio eradication controversy by two newspapers- Punch and Daily Trust, following the killings of the health workers. Daily Trust is situated in Northern Nigeria, while Punch is situated in the South. The choice of these newspapers is based on the argument by Ayodele (1988) and Omenugha (2004) that the Nigerian press has been accused of escalating tension in the country because they view many aspects of the Nigerian reality from the lenses of religious, political and cultural prejudices. Because it is a text-based study, the chosen research method is Fairclough’s (1995) model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), following a preliminary thematic content analysis. In addition to Fairclough’s model, the study employs textual analytic tools such as narrative analysis and rhetoric/argumentative analysis. The selected texts, which comprise editorials and news stories are analysed based on the themes identified during the thematic content analysis. The study concludes that while the two newspapers differ in their locations and stylistic approach to news, they are similar in their coverage of the polio eradication crisis. They both side with the Federal Government and help perpetuate the South versus North animosity thereby ignoring the intricacies involved in the polio eradication controversy.
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PODHORSKÁ, Jitka. "Sociální aspekty lidí s poliomyelitis." Master's thesis, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-47877.
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How it is a consequence of that title, this extended essay deals with problems of people suffering from poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis). Thanks to the systematic vaccination, this disease has not been found in the Czech Republik since the 1960s. The people who had got over paralysis after acute poliomyelitis in a successful way were feeling sureness for years. The return of the illness, respectively its late consequences after a few decades of a normal life means a change-over from the state of full or - as the case may be {--} only mildly reduced abilities to the state of lifelong invalidity for them. Handicapped people have to get over great numbers of obstructions and limits which arise partly from the existence of hte certain handicap and which are given by the handicaps {--} limits the organization of the society put in their way in the course of ist development in parts. Over recent years, the Czech Rebublik has ranged with the countries which realize a greater responsibility for the elimination of barriers keeping the handicapped citizens away from a full - value participation in the life of the society. The aim of the essay was to obtain a comprehensive view of possibilities of keeping social needs of people suffering from poliomyelitis {--} infantile paralysis and to evaluate the barriers which have to be got over by that group. It was also a very important thing to find the quality of life and satisfaction with a realization of aims of life as far as people suffering from poliomyelitis and to compare it with the quality of life as regards the current population. Three following hypotheses were set in line with this aim. Hypothesis No 1: In spite of the current legislation concerning the elimination of architectonic barriers, the handicapped people are limited in the participation in the public life. Hypothesis No 2: Considering the dependence on the other person´ s aid, the people suffering from postpoliomyelitis syndrome appreciate financial guarantees ensuing from the social service law in a high degree. Hypothesis No 3: The quality of life of people suffering from poliomyelitis is reduced, in comparison with the quality of life as far as healthy people. Hypothese 1 and 2 were confirmed by my research, hypothesis No 3 was not verified. The detailed analysis of the given hypotheses is included in the part of discussion in the extended essay. With respect to the relevance of the mentioned topic I suppose that the obtained results could be a contribution to the organizacions dealing with questions if the handicapped people . The essay can be presented at a public meeting of Assotiatin Polio various specialists and the lay public take part in.
Books on the topic "Polio (poliomyelitis)"
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Halstead, Lauro S. Post-polio Syndrome. Edited by Grimby Gunnar. Philadelphia: Hanley& Belfus, 1995.
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West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education. Polio-Cell. Polio documentation. Kolkata: West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education, 2004.
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Services, Namibia Ministry of Health and Social. National polio eradication: Plan of action. [Windhoek]: The Ministry, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Polio (poliomyelitis)"
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Oldstone, Michael B. A. "Poliomyelitis." In Viruses, Plagues, and History, 151–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190056780.003.0007.
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This chapter addresses how polio was first discovered and then controlled, the problems with its elimination, and the argument for continued vaccination to ensure control. Polio was not defined as a specific disease entity until the late seventeenth century. Meanwhile, paralytic poliomyelitis epidemics first became known in the nineteenth century. Whether or not sporadic outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred earlier is less certain and a matter of disagreement. The chapter then looks at the three main personalities who were fundamental in developing the vaccine for poliomyelitis: Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin, and Hilary Koprowski. Jonas Salk and his colleagues chemically inactivated the poliomyelitis virus with formaldehyde and provided a vaccine that produced immunity and dramatically lowered the incidence of poliomyelitis. However, this immunity waned over time. Additionally, administration by needle made vaccinations of large populations difficult. For these and other reasons, Koprowski, Sabin, and others independently worked on the development of a vaccine with live attenuated viruses. Without such combined efforts, the vaccine would never have materialized.
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Mink, ChrisAnna M. "Poliomyelitis (Polio) and Polioviruses." In Netter’s Infectious Diseases, 29–33. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4377-0126-5.00007-0.
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Khanna, Nidhi. "Appliances for Polio Patients." In Pocket Book of Physiotherapy Management in Poliomyelitis, 203. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10623_14.
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Khanna, Nidhi. "Types of Paralytic Polio." In Pocket Book of Physiotherapy Management in Poliomyelitis, 17. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10623_7.
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Khanna, Nidhi. "Peculiar Features Seen in Polio." In Pocket Book of Physiotherapy Management in Poliomyelitis, 21. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10623_8.
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William Tong, C. Y. "Vaccine-Preventable Diseases." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0024.
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These are diseases in which an effective preventive vaccine exists. A death that could have been prevented by vaccination is a vaccine- preventable death. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified twenty-five diseases as vaccine preventable. This list may expand as new vaccines are being developed. The Expanded Programme on Immunization, or EPI, is vaccination programme introduced in 1974 by the WHO to all nations. The EPI initially targeted diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis, and tuberculosis. The aim was to provide universal immunization for all children by 1990 and to achieve health for all by 2000. In 2010, about 85% of children under one year of age in the world had received at least three doses of DTP vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, and polio). Additional vaccines have now been added to the original six targets. Most countries have now added Hepatitis B (not in UK) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) to their routine infant immunization schedules, and an increasing number are in the process of adding pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and rotavirus vaccines to their schedules. Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and even eradicating infectious diseases. The immunization campaign against smallpox between 1967 and 1977 resulted in the eradication of smallpox. Apart from smallpox, the only other viral infection that was declared eradicated through vaccination campaign was rinderpest in cattle (2011), a close relative of measles virus in humans. Another major infection target for global eradication is against poliomyelitis—the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI). When the programme began in 1988, polio threatened 60% of the world’s population. Eradication of poliomyelitis is now within reach: infections have fallen by 99%; wild type polio type 2 was last detected in 1999 and declared eradicated in 2015; wild-type poliovirus type 3 has not been detected in the world since 2012. Poliovirus type 1 is the only wild- type virus in circulation and endemic transmission is only reported in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Currently, the old trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine is replaced by the more potent bivalent poliovirus type 1 and 3 vaccine. Many western countries have switched from oral vaccine to the injected inactivated vaccine to avoid the problem of vaccine- induced paralysis, which could be associated with the oral live attenuated vaccine.
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Eichner, M., K. P. Hadeler, and K. Dietz. "Stochastic models for the eradication of poliomyelitis: minimum population size for polio virus persistence." In Models for Infectious Human Diseases, 315–28. Cambridge University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511662935.048.
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William Tong, C. Y. "Different Types of Vaccines." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0061.
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Vaccines can be classified according to their nature into the following types: ● Inactivated vaccines: ■ Whole organism; ■ Acellular extracts. ● Live attenuated vaccines. ● Toxoid vaccines. ● Subunit vaccines. ● Conjugate vaccines. ● DNA vaccines. ● Recombinant vector vaccines. Inactivation of the whole organism is the most basic form of vaccine produced by killing the micro-organism causing the disease using heat, chemical or radiation and presents all the antigens in the inactivated organism as a vaccine to induce immunity in the recipient. Other methods to produce an inactivated vaccine is by extracting acellular components of the organism through filtration. Examples of inactivated bacterial vaccines currently in use include: ● Anthrax—sterile filtrate from cultures of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis. ● Cholera—oral inactivated vaccine with 1mg of recombinant cholera toxin B (rCTB) in a liquid suspension of four strains of killed V. cholerae O1, representing subtypes Inaba and Ogawa and biotypes El Tor and classical. ● Pertussis—acellular vaccine has replaced previously used whole cell vaccine. ● Typhoid—purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from S. typhi; NB: the injectable, killed, whole-cell typhoid vaccine which contains heat-inactivated, phenol-preserved S. typhi organisms is no longer in use in the UK. Examples of inactivated viral vaccines currently in use in the UK include: ● Hepatitis A virus. ● Hepatitis E virus. ● Influenza A and B viruses. ● Japanese encephalitis virus. ● Polio viruses 1, 2, and 3 (IPV). ● Rabies virus. ● Tick-borne encephalitis virus. ● Bacterial vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis derived from a Mycobacterium bovis strain. The oral typhoid vaccine contains a live attenuated strain of S. typhi (Ty21a) in an enteric-coated capsule. ● Viral vaccines: The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine contain live attenuated strains of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses, which are cultured separately and mixed before being lyophilized. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) against polio viruses 1, 2, and 3—OPV contains live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus types 1, 2, and 3 grown in cell cultures.