Journal articles on the topic 'Polish and Romanian'

From 1999 Polish and Romanian humanists face each other on conferences in Suceava (Romanian Bucovina) which are part of “Polish Days” in Romania organized by the Association of Poles in Romania. Polish and Romanian historians, ethnographers, sociologists, politologists and linguists deliver lectures and discuss Polish-Romanian contacts and relations in the past and present. from the Polish part many historical lectures concern the interwar period and the problem of Polish refugees in Romania during the World War II. In the period between1918–1945 the relations between Poles and Romanians were rather friendly and now these topics are discussed most frequently. Among the Romanian historians there are more specialists on the relations between Moldova and the Polish Kingdom till the end of 18th century. Many historians focus on the Polish-Romanian relations in the years 1945–1989. Most of the lectures concerning the political present were delivered by the Poles. Cultural sections of the conference concentrate on mutual language influences, Polish–Romanian literature contacts, translations of Polish literature into Romania and Romanian literature into Poland, the analyses of literary works, Polish studies in Romania and Romanian studies in Poland, the perception of Romanian culture among the Poles and vice versa, the problems of religions, education, libraries, music and tourism. Polish etnographers concentrate on the problems of Polish Bucovinians but the most discussed subject is not the history of Polish Bucovinians but their local dialect. Most of the conference lectures were printed. “Polish Days” in Suceava are the most important event organized by the very active Association of Poles in Romania and they help breaking the stereotypes and enhance the integration between the Poles and Romanians.. In general the conferences in Suceava do not have their equivalent in the contacts between humanists of other countries.

Abstract Reborn after WWI, Poland needed to secure its borders properly against a potential enemy. As a result of the undertaken negotiations, the state strengthened the protection of its eastern border with a Polish-Romanian alliance. Before WWII, Romania was an important ally of Poland in the region and the only neighbour with whom Poland had a good relationship. Currently, both states are members of the EU and NATO, and their interests in security converge, especially in the face of deteriorating security in Eastern Europe. Closer military cooperation is also favoured by extensive political contacts and increasing expenditure on defence in both those states. In fact, Romania may well become the main ally of our country in the region within the next few years

The private Polish elementary school in Lupeni was founded in 1929 based on the Romanian Private Learning Act of 1925 permitting the organisation of minority schools. It was created in a magyarised and romanised environment and dealt with the education of Polish miners’ children. Wilhelm Zöller became the organiser and the first teacher of the school on behalf of the Polish School Motherland in Romania. After two years of operation, the school came under the patronage of the Polish School Association in Romania. Under his tutelage in the 1936/1937 school year, the school became public and its rank in the local community increased. It was also active during the World War II. With the consent of the Romanian Minister of Education, in 1946 it became a Polish public school consisting of 7 classes. It was supported by the “Polish House in Romania” Association. This school was the only Polish school in Transylvania that existed the longest in this part of Romania. When the Polish miners and teachers left Poland in 1948, the school was liquidated.

"“With Marx against Moscow”: the backstage of editing Karl Marx’s manuscripts about Romanians. In mid-1960s, a book containing unknown manuscripts attributed to Karl Marx was published in Romania. The documents were discovered at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam by the Polish historian Stanislav Schwann. The sources of the most important notes were reprised from a book written by the French historian Élias Regnault in mid-19th century. For the Romanian communist leadership, the Russian presence in the Romanian Principalities during the first half the 19th century was the most relevant part of the texts signed by Marx. As such, the historical discourse was co-opted in the political plan aimed to emancipation from Soviet authority in Romania. The main Romanian historian involved in the plan for editing Karl Marx’ writings was Andrei Oţetea. As Director of the Institute of History of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest, he received the main mission of maintaining the correspondence with the Institute of Amsterdam. The study aims to establish the evolution of Romanian-Dutch treaties, in order to exploit the manuscripts, as well as the involvement of the historiographical circles. Although the question was treated as a strictly political one, the project experienced several phases influenced in particular by the changes of attitude from the Dutch Institute. Thus, an important objective of the study is to highlight the reactions produced by the Romanians’ intentions to bring to light some important data attributed to Karl Marx Keywords: Andrei Oţetea, Karl Marx manuscripts, Institute of Social History Amsterdam. "

ObjectivesThis study explored vaccination attitudes and behaviours among Polish and Romanian communities, and related access to primary healthcare services.DesignA qualitative study using in-depth semistructured interviews with Polish and Romanian community members (CMs) and healthcare workers (HCWs) involved in vaccination in areas with large Polish and Romanian communities. CMs discussed their vaccination attitudes and their experiences of accessing vaccinations in England. HCWs shared their experiences in vaccinating Polish and Romanian communities.SettingRecruitment focused on three geographical areas in England with large Polish and Romanian populations (in London, Lincolnshire and Berkshire).Participants20 Polish and 10 Romanian CMs, and 20 HCWs. Most CMs were mothers or pregnant women and were recruited from London or Lincolnshire. HCWs included practice nurses, health visitors and school nurses recruited from the targeted geographical areas.ResultsAlthough most CMs reported vaccinating according to the UK schedule, obstacles to vaccination were highlighted. CMs experienced difficulties navigating and trusting the English primary healthcare system, and challenges in accessing credible vaccination information in Polish and Romanian. CM vaccination expectations, largely built on knowledge and experiences from Poland and Romania, were often unmet. This was driven by differences in vaccination scheduling and service provision in England, such as nurses delivering vaccines instead of doctors. CMs reported lower acceptance of the influenza vaccine, largely due to perceptions around the importance and efficacy of this vaccine. HCWs reported challenges translating and understanding vaccination histories, overcoming verbal communication barriers and ensuring vaccination schedule completeness among families travelling between England and Poland or Romania.ConclusionsThis study identified vaccination uptake and delivery issues and recommendations for improvement. HCWs should discuss health service expectations, highlight differences in vaccination scheduling and delivery between countries, and promote greater understanding of the English primary healthcare system in order to encourage vaccination in these communities.

Poles settled in present-day Romania in the fourteenth century. A subsequent influx of Polish settlers followed the fall of the Kościuszko Uprising. The aim of this study is to present the history of education in the Polish minority in Romania. The work focuses on showing various forms of educational and upbringing institutions from the early 19th century to 1939. In the analyzed period, the Poles organized mainly kindergartens and comprehensive primary and secondary schools in Bukowina (now northern Romania). They also made attempts at introducing the Polish language to teachers’ training institutions i.e. teachers’ training colleges for men and women. They established their own socio-educational societies and built Polish Houses in which they pursued a wide range of educational and cultural activities. In the Kingdom of Romania, Polish children could also attend (under certain conditions) Polish language classes in Romanian state schools. Owing to the Polish Schools in Romania, followed by the Polish School Association in Romania, Polish private education assumed various forms.

Rural development is an important part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union, as the Second Pillar of CAP, covering a wide range of actions, aimed at achieving a balanced territorial development of rural economies and communities. Previous studies highlighted significant similarities between Romania and Poland, regarding agricultural sector and rural areas. A k-mean cluster analysis was performed on Romanian and Polish NUTS2 regions, in order to identify common problems and examples of good practices. The analysis considered five clusters, built over a dataset of four variables: EAFRD investments in farms per capita, share of agricultural output in GDP, utilized agricultural area, and GDP per capita. Out of the five clusters, only one presented a balanced composition of Romanian and Polish regions, also representing a good example of attracting rural development funds where they're mostly needed.

During the interwar period, the relations between Romania and Poland had, as a common factor, major interests to counter an unprovoked attack from Soviet Russia – USSR. Meanwhile, the rich medieval tradition, the cultural, political and spiritual interferences, assured the substance of mutual relations between the two countries. Romanian-Polish relations were supported and encouraged by France, which had the incentive to achieve and maintain a “sanitary cordon” against the danger of the Bolshevik/Soviet Union. Romania and Poland evolved into a complex and sensitive geopolitical space in Central and Eastern Europe which took political, diplomatic and military actions to build relationships based on the mutual recognition of borders and the support for the two major Western democracies, France and The United Kingdom. The Romanian-Polish relations bore the unmistakable imprint of political and diplomatic figures who succeeded to the leadership of the two countries, in Poland – Marshal Jozef Pilsudski and in Romania – King Ferdinand, Queen Mary and the scholar Nicolae Iorga.

The author discusses the reception of Olga Tokarczuk’s works in Romania on the basis of translations, critical essays and radio and press interviews. Olga Tokarczuk is the best-known contemporary writer from Central Europe in Romania, thanks to numerous translations (almost all of her novels have been translated into Romanian, except The Books of Jacob, due to be published next year). An important role in the dissemination of her works has been played by the Polirom publishing house in Iași, which published a special series devoted to Tokarczuk. The quality of the translations of the Polish novelist’s texts is also high. Particular credit for this goes to Cristina Godun, a specialist in Polish Studies, who has managed to render the peculiarities of Tokarczuk’s narrative and style in Romanian. The paper also briefly discusses the difficulties encountered during the translation of Tokarczuk’s texts.

The purpose of this paper was to compare the investment amounts and efficiency of productive input between Polish and Romanian dairy farms depending on whether they access funds under the second pillar of EU’s CAP. The study covered the particularities of farms who access investment funds under the 2nd pillar of EU’s CAP, which allowed to identify the differences between beneficiaries and the control group (i.e. non-beneficiary farms). This paper relies on unpublished 2004–2015 microdata at a farm level, as retrieved from the FADN of the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (DG AGRI-C.3; data source: EU-FADN – DG AGRI). The analysis period starts from the moment the two countries joined the EU and launched the FADN system (which is 2004 for Poland and 2007 for Romania) and ends in 2015. The research task defined for Polish and Romanian dairy farms was performed with the use of Propensity Score Matching, a counterfactual method. The calculations were carried out using STATA. As shown by the analysis, in Poland, no considerable differences existed between dairy farms run by the beneficiaries of EU investment funds and the control group. Conversely, in Romania, investment aid was accessed by farms demonstrating a more efficient use of productive input.

The article analyzes the ways in which the concept of Central Europe and related regional classifications were instrumentalized in historical research in Hungary, Poland and Romania. While Hungarian and Polish historians employed the discourse of Central Europe as a central means to contextualize and often relativize established national historical narratives, their geographical frameworks of comparison were nevertheless fairly divergent. the Hungarian one relating to the former Habsburg and Austro-Hungarian lands while the Polish one revolving around the tradition of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth. Romanian historians approached the issue from the perspective of local history, debating two alternative regional frameworks: the Old Kingdom, treated as part ofthe Byzantine and Ottoman legacies, and Transylvania, Bukovina and the Banat that were shaped by the Habsburg project of modemity. In the Romanian context the debate on Central Europe reached its peak at a time when it lost re1evance in the Polish and Hungarian contexts. While conceding to recent critiques on the constructed and often exclusivist nature of symbolic geographical catcgories, the authors maintain the heuristic valuc of regional frameworks of interpretation as models of historical explanation transcending the nation-state at sub-national or trans-national level.

Abstract: The article analyzes the ways in which the concept of Central Europe and related regional classifications were instrumentalized in historical research in Hungary, Poland and Romania. While Hungarian and Polish historians employed the discourse of Central Europe as a central means to contextualize and often relativize established national historical narratives, their geographical frameworks of comparison were nevertheless fairly divergent, the Hungarian one relating to the former Habsburg and Austro-Hungarian lands while the Polish one revolving around the tradition of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth. Romanian historians approached the issue from the perspective of local history, debating two alternative regional frameworks: the Old Kingdom, treated as part of the Byzantine and Ottoman legacies, and Transylvania, Bukovina and the Banat that were shaped by the Habsburg project of modernity. In the Romanian context the debate on Central Europe reached its peak at a time when it lost relevance in the Polish and Hungarian contexts. While conceding to recent critiques on the constructed and often exclusivist nature of symbolic geographical categories, the authors maintain the heuristic value of regional frameworks of interpretation as models of historical explanation transcending the nation-state at sub-national or trans-national level.

In the present financial and economic context, the automotive industry faces new challenges posed by the current crisis. Companies have to ensure that the quality products are delivered on time and in a competitive price. One of the most recommended techniques of quality management by specific standards of the automotive industry for product development is Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP). Product Quality Planning is a structured method of defining and establishing the steps which are necessary to ensure the customer satisfaction from the product. The goal of this paper is to present the results of evaluation of awareness and knowledge the APQP techniques in Polish and Romanian automotive industry. The research method was a questionnaire with indicators to measure the awareness APQP tools. The research was conducted among design and technology professionals in Polish and Romanian automotive companies. On the basis of questionnaire it was performed a comparative analysis of results from Poland and Romania. In this way it is shown which methods and tools of APQP are better known and understood in each country. It was pointed out which tools are difficult to use or there is lack of knowledge about them. It was also shown which methods are most often used in the Polish and Romanian automotive companies. They were also summarized the similarities and differences in the knowledge and using the APQP in both countries.

The article presents an analysis of external and internal assessment of the quality of higher education of Eastern European countries experience, namely Poland and Romania. These countries are close to Ukraine not only geographically, but also have a common socio-historical background. In particular, we consider it promising to introduce experience of these countries, since they have recently been successfully integrated into the European Higher Education Area, and Ukraine is still confidently following this path. The article presents the external quality assurance structure of higher education on the example of Romania, namely the organization, mission, tasks, activities of the Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance of Higher Education (ARACIS), is extremely relevant in the period of Ukrainian Agency for Quality Assurance of Higher Education formation. Concerning the assurance of internal quality of education, the article presents experience of Poland – analyzes the requirements for internal quality of education, standards, the activities of Polish Accreditation Commission.

Before the 1848–1849 revolution, the Romanian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, under Turkish suzerainty and Russian protectorate, hosted a significant number of Poles belonging to both factions of the Polish Great Emigration, Adam Czartoryski’s circle and the democrats. The names and activity of the Poles emigrated in the Romanian Lands during the Peoples’ Spring are less known than those of the Polish Great Emigration in France and England. The study brings to light the diplomatic involvement (1833–1849) of leading characters among the Polish monarchists sent by Czartoryski and Michał Czajkowski in the Romanian national movement promoted by Ion Câmpineanu (1838), as well as their bounds and military support offered to Nicolae Bălcescu and other revolutionaries from Wallachia (1848). Special attention is paid to the activity unfolded by Polish democrats in Moldavia, in order to prepare and trigger an uprising in neighbouring Galicia (1846, 1848). Led by Faustyn Filanowicz, Teofil Wiśniowski, Ioan Loga, the democrats’ main accomplishment was the establishment of the Polish South Legion (1842), with operational basis in Grozeşti (Oituz) and military deployment in southern Moldavia and north-eastern Wallachia (1848). The study case of the Polish emigration in the Romanian Principalities between 1833–1849 reveals useful conclusions regarding the organization of the universal revolution, a phenomenon of world interest for nineteenth century history.

The aim of the study was to compare the heavy metal contamination and study the mineral content of Polish and Romanian honeys. We used Polish varietal honeys (n=18) produced in the year 2013-2014 in ecologically clean Podkarpackie region, and Romanian honeys (n=36) from Bihor district produced in 2013. The heavy metals concentration as well as mineral composition of honey was assayed by ICP-OES method with prior microwave mineralization. The cadmium and lead level in tested Polish honeys ranged from 0.007 to 0.021mg/kg and 0.02 to 0.098 mg/kg, respectively. Cadmium was not detected in Romanian honeys, and the lead contamination was lower than in Polish honey (0.018-0.05 mg/kg). Mercury was not detected in any tested honey samples. The aluminum content in Polish honeydew honeys was 34.6-times higher than in Romanian honeys. Honey samples from Poland were richest in potassium (2.5-fold for honeydew, lime and acacia, excluding heather), but they included less calcium. Generally, dark honeys include the highest mineral concentration and are more contaminated by heavy metals. However, all tested samples met the legal requirements for heavy metals residues. The geographical origin and soil composition strongly influenced honey chemical composition and the crucial factor for heavy metal transfer seems to be soil pH.

This empirical study investigates the determinants of self-employment propensity of Polish and Romanian immigrants in Germany. The German economy is an important object of analysis, as it is the most important destination for international migrants in the European Union. In the paper, we use the recently collected M sample of the German Socio-Economic Panel to examine which personal, country of birth-specific socio-economic and cultural factors influence the self-employment propensity of immigrants. The results of binominal logit regression show that the Central European migrants exhibit different self-employment propensity than migrants from former Yugoslavia, Russian and Kazakhstan, Turkey and Italy, with the self-employment aversion especially strong among Romanians. These differences remain substantial even after controlling for social and human capital endowment of the individuals. This study offers important policy recommendations, showing the potential obstacles in encouraging entrepreneurial activity of immigrants. This topic is becoming increasingly important with the current migration crisis in the EU, caused by intensive inflow of asylum-seeking foreigners in 2015.

The article aims at presenting the geopolitical, social and cultural image of Ukraine, seen through the eyes of the author, the Polish journalist Piotr Pogorzhelski, former Kiev correspondent of the National Radio Polonia. This imagological portrait, which carries us through the history and national stereotypes, means to bring Ukraine closer to Romanian readers. Despite the neighborhood and the presence of the Ukrainian community in Romania, Romanians don’t know their northern neighbours very well, older generations show preconceived ideas and a distorted historical memory. Piotr Pogorzhelski’s book, translated into Romanian and published in 2015 shortly after the dramatic events on the Maidan Nezalezhnosti, aims to raise public awareness and draw attention to the political and socio-cultural potential of Ukraine and the Ukrainians. The same goal pursues «The Ukrainian Borsch» in Poland, a country where Ukraine is a frequent topic of discussion in the press, because the connection between Poland and Ukraine has always been very strong, despite some historical difficulties. The majority of Poles treat Ukraine with a sense of deep affection due to family roots or nostalgia for the western territories of Ukraine, which once belonged to Poland. And yet, among the Poles who manifest openness and an increased interest in Ukraine, the image of this country and its inhabitants is due to narrow negative stereotypes. On the background of current political events and taking into the account the lack of knowledge about Ukraine in Romania, «The Ukrainian Borsch» seems to be an indispensable and appropriate tool for shaping the collective portrait of Ukrainians and contemporary Ukrainian society.

The paper describes types of derivational formatives in Polish and Romanian functional, i.e. synchronic derivation, focusing on the proper derivation (i.e. derivation from single-word bases). The proper derivation is positioned as a type of word-formation and a branch of morphology. The author identifies theprimary functions of derivational formatives: the semantic, pragmatic and syntactic function. The formatives are identified using a methodology developed in Polish word-formation theory, especially within nest derivatology. Applying a methodology developed for the description of the Polish word-formationsystem is aimed at distinguishing derivational formatives in Romanian. The author identifies and classifies the following types of derivational formatives in Romanian: affixes (among these prefixes, suffixes, postfixes and ambifixes), alternants (defined as members of alternation), negative formatives (in backformation), paradigmatic formatives (defined as changes in inflexional paradigm), zero formative and accentual formatives. The author also suggests including the types of word-formation stems in the description of the formal structure of derivatives.

The aim of the article was to present the situation of agriculture in Poland and Romania and the effects of organizing fruit and vegetable producers in both countries. On the basis of the review of the literature, indicators illustrating the economic situation in agriculture were compared and it was found that the problems in the Polish and Romanian villages are convergent. The low efficiency of production factors and agrarian fragmentation make it necessary to restructure agriculture. One of the ways is the integration of producers. Using the data provided by the European Commission from the annual national reports of groups and organizations of fruit and vegetable producers, the results of their activities in Poland and Romania in the years 2012-2016 were presented. It was found that Polish gardeners started the process of organizing the market to a greater extent and relatively more effectively. This is confirmed by the higher average value of the introduced products on the market by the Polish group/organization and, on average, the higher value of production obtained per each hectare of land.

Research background: This paper presents an overview and a fundamental analysis of the fiscal system in Romania and how it should be, also by showing one of the European champions on fiscal efficiency, the Polish system. Although we are talking about the 21st century, about evolution, economic, financial and fiscal sustainability, the Romanian tax system has been intensely blamed for its inefficiency, outdated procedures and last but not least the excessive bureaucracy. This topic was intensely discussed and debated both by the competent authorities who tried to identify the deepest issues and by the specialized press representing a great interest for both natural and legal taxpayers. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges, limits and solutions so that the Romanian tax system can become efficient and implicit, a model to follow for success. The paper shows how the Romanian fiscal system works and how taxes add to the degree of economic growth and what are the limits of actual system. Methods: The paper evaluates the actual literature, its conceptual limits, the classification and how it should be at technical level. Findings & Value added: The research will highlight the harmonization of the Romanian fiscal system with the European Union’s one and especially with one of its champions, Poland.

A Few Words on the Margin of the Diary Written in the Djurin Ghetto by Miriam Korber-Bercovici The purpose of the article is to present fragments of the diary of Miriam Korber-Bercovici, a young Jewish woman deported with her whole family from Southern Bukovina to the Transnistria Governorate under the Antonescu regime. The excerpts translated from the original Romanian into Polish mainly concern the author’s experiences of deportation and everyday life in the Djurin ghetto. They were selected in order to acquaint Polish readers with the situation of the Jews of Bukovina and Bessarabia displaced to the Transnistria Governorate during World War II. The diary was first published in Romania in 1995 as Jurnal de ghetou. The presented translation is based on the second edition of the diary published in 2017 by Curtea Veche Publishing House and Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania.

The author of polish origin, sets the political determinants of Moldovan Csango identity in a historical perspective. Her study’s outcome is based on her documentation work made in the Vatican Secret Archives (Archivio Segreto Vaticano) as well as at the Saint Congregation for Evangelization (Archivio Storico della Congregazione per l”Evanghelizazzione dei Popoli), till now a missing body of documents within csango studies. In her paper the author focuses on the political forces that affected identity change among the Csangos, embracing the period from 1860 to 1916. The insightful conclusion of the study unravells a Vatican who’s worries for it’s own influence in an orthodox country like Romania, though aware of its subjects true needs, make it accept conditions set by the Romanian Government, and with it’s own catholicism-disseminating actions finally contributed to the linguistic, religious and cultural „meeting process” of both the Csango and Romanian population

A group of Slavic loanwords with epenthetic /n/ in the Romanian language, to which a cinsti belongs, is considered. Interpreting the existing set of facts, the author supposes that the semantic convergence between the Slavic честь ‘honour’ and угощение ‘treat’appeared as far back as the Late Slavic period. The Romanian a cinsti, which is an early Slavic borrowing, also clearly testifies Slavic origin of this semantic convergence. Accordingly, the Ukrainian частувати and Polish częstowac appeared independently from each other, as well as from the Romanian a cinsti. Whereas the Romanian a cinsti (and cinste), as well as the whole group of Slavic loanwords in the Romanian language with the epenthetic sound /n/, are the result of early contacts of the Romanian language with some late Slavic dialect (or dialects), which was characterized by a tendency of widespread epenthetic nasal vowels. We can suppose that some traces of this for-Slavic dialect (dialects) could also be found in the Carpathian Ukrainian dialects as well. In particular, such traces, perhaps, should include both the Ukrainian dialectal чандрий, шандрий, чендрий and another Ukrainian dialectal form, recorded in the Bulaesti village, /мон|золетеи / ‘procrastinate; fiddling around in vain’ (in Russian: ‘мусолить; впустую теребить’).

The language of Polish people in Carpathian BukovinaThe Polish group which was settling in Bukovina since 18th century was various as far as the place of origin is concerned. These are comers from Galicia, Lesser Poland and the region of Czadca in Slovakia. In this article the author presented linguistic situation in particular villages according to the division of Polish community which varies regarding the origin and present place of residence.In the Polish language of Bukovina – according to the research – relatively faint traces of the dialect of Lesser Poland can be found. The speech of comers from lesser Poland weakened due to the prestige of the speech of settlers from Eastern Galicia which developed mainly in conditions of Polish-Ukrainian bilinguism as well as Polish–Ukrainian–Romanian trilinguism or even Polish–Ukrainian–Romanian–German polylinguism.The author circumstantiated linguistic contacts of the Polish group in Kaczyka, Nowy Sołoniec, Paltynoasa, Plesza, Pojana Mikuli (in Southern Bukovina) as well as in Stara Huta, Dolne Piotrowce, Tereblecze (in Northern Bukovina) and Czerniowce, Storożyniec and Panka. The most important linguistic features were named in the article.As a result, the Polish community in the Southern Bukovina region can be divided into four groups varying as far as the language and origin are concerned: the dialect of Kaczyka village, dialect of Bukovinian Highlanders; dialect of Ruda village; dialect of Bulaj and Michoweny villages. There is the Polish language, so called all-Bukovinian which is a variation of the Polish language of South-Eastern borderland and the dialect of Bukovinian Highlanders (with different features than the mentioned above).

The problem of Ukrainian borrowings in the Polish dialect of Bukovinian highlandersThe article is based on dialectal material, collected from Bukovinian highlanders according to the guidelines published in the All-Carpathian Dialect Atlas, in which a considerable role is played by Ukrainian vocabulary. The latter has been divided into two groups: 1) natively Ukrainian words; and 2) words that are borrowings in Ukrainian, and that have become part of the Bukovinian highlanders’ lexicon presumably via Ukrainian.Noteworthy in the first group (Ukrainian borrowings) are the words commonly used in all six studied villages. The Ukrainian lexemes used in four or five of the villages either: a)while having a Slavic origin, are also known in Romanian; or b) are words of Proto-Slavic origin. Finally, borrowings appearing in one, two or three villages can probably be explained by the influence of the state language on the dispersed highlander population.In the second group of borrowings, i.e., farther borrowings in Ukrainian, the most frequent of subgroups are Hungarian borrowings into Romanian and Ukrainian. Another subgroup are Latin borrowings, which must have been passed to Ukrainian through Romanian, as well as direct or indirect borrowings from Turkish. The material also features borrowings from Romanian, German via Polish, and French.Ukrainian borrowings in the Polish dialect of Bukovinian highlanders are a difficult interpretational and classificatory problem. The question of whether the highlanders borrowed these words from Ukrainian or Romanian cannot be answered unambiguously, especially since between 1918 and 1944 Bukovina was a part of Romania and Romanian was the language of education, official communication etc. Similarly, we do not know if the words originating from Romanian have been borrowed directly from this language or via Ukrainian. The same can be applied to Hungarian and German. The presented material can thus only be treated as one part of the vocabulary of the Bukovinian highlanders’ dialect. Problematyka pożyczek ukraińskich w polskiej gwarze górali bukowińskichW przeanalizowanym materiale, zebranym wśród polskich górali bukowińskich na podstawie kwestionariusza Ogólnokarpackiego atlasu dialektologicznego, znaczną rolę odgrywa słownictwo ukraińskie. Zostało ono podzielone na dwie grupy: 1) rodzime wyrazy ukraińskie i 2) pożyczki przejęte z innych języków przez język ukraiński, które znalazły się w polskiej gwarze górali bukowińskich zapewne za jego pośrednictwem.W pierwszej grupie (pożyczki ukraińskie) zwracają uwagę wyrazy występujące powszechnie we wszystkich sześciu zbadanych wsiach, związane z życiem codziennym. Leksemy występujące w czterech lub pięciu wsiach można natomiast podzielić na: a) znane też w języku rumuńskim, które przeszły ze słowiańskiego; b)wyrazy prasłowiańskie. Wreszcie pożyczki występujące w jednej, dwóch lub trzech wsiach można prawdopodobnie wyjaśnić wpływem języka państwowego na rozproszoną ludność góralską.W drugiej grupie pożyczek, tzn. pożyczkach dalszych w języku ukraińskim, na pierwszy plan wysuwają się pożyczki węgierskie w języku rumuń­ skim i ukraińskim. Kolejną podgrupę tworzą pożyczki z łaciny, które musiały przejść przez język rumuński do ukraińskiego; znajdują się tu także pożyczki z języka tureckiego w ukraińskim lub poprzez turecki. W zebranym materiale znajdziemy także zapożyczenia z języka rumuńskiego, z niemieckiego za pośrednictwem polskiego oraz z języka francuskiego.Zapożyczenia ukraińskie w polskiej gwarze górali bukowińskich stanowią poważny problem interpretacyjny i klasyfikacyjny. Na pytanie, czy górale przyjęli te pożyczki z ukraińskiego czy z rumuńskiego, nie można dać jednoznacznej odpowiedzi; tym bardziej że Bukowina w okresie od 1918 do 1944 roku należała do Rumunii i język rumuński był językiem szkół, urzędów itd. Nie wiadomo także, czy wyrazy pochodzenia rumuńskiego przeszły przez język ukraiński, czy też zapożyczone zostały bezpośrednio. To samo dotyczy języka węgierskiego i niemieckiego. Przedstawiony materiał może być więc traktowany tylko jako jedna z części ogólnego zasobu słownikowego gwary górali bukowińskich.

Characteristic features of the Polish dialect of Bukovinian highlandersThe aim of this article is to examine the language characteristics of the Polish dialect of highlanders living in Carpathian Bukovina. The directions of the group’s migration are also presented in a sociolinguistic perspective. The phonetic, inflectional and word-formative features of the Bukovinian highlanders’ dialect were compared with the corresponding ones in the general Polish language. The Bukovinian highlanders’ dialect came into contact with the following language systems: among non-Slavic languages – German and Romanian; among Slavic languages – the general Polish language, Slovak, Ukrainian and Russian. The Bukovinian highlanders’ dialect is still open to influences of the local state languages – Ukrainian and Romanian; the general Polish language has also a big influence on it. Charakterystyka językowa polskiej gwary górali bukowińskichCelem tego artykułu jest zarysowanie charakterystyki językowej polskiej gwary górali zamieszkujących Bukowinę Karpacką. Zaprezentowano również kierunki migracji tej grupy w ujęciu socjolingwistycznym. Scharakteryzowano cechy fonetyczne, fleksyjne, słowotwórcze mowy górali bukowińskich w porównaniu z językiem ogólnopolskim. Systemy językowe, z którymi gwara weszła w kontakt, to – wśród języków niesłowiańskich – niemiecki i rumuński oraz – wśród języków słowiańskich – język ogólnopolski, słowacki, ukraiński, rosyjski. Mowa górali bukowińskich jest w dalszym ciągu otwarta na wpływy języków państwowych: ukraińskiego i rumuńskiego. Duży wpływ na ich gwarę ma również język ogólnopolski.

This article is devoted to the Romania’s policy towards Moldova which began to take shape soon after the dissolution of the Soviet Union of the USSR. The Moldovan vector of the Romanian foreign policy is based on the geopolitical “Great Romania” project, which implies the expansion of the borders of Romania, by uniting with neighboring Moldova. The article analyzes the main directions and features of the implementation of Romania’s foreign policy towards Moldova. The basic agreements concluded between countries are analyzed.The main factors influencing the formation and implementation of Romanian foreign policy are identified. The role of the influence of the external factor on the Romania’s policy towards Moldova is investigated. Romania’s participation in the EU and NATO has a significant impact on the Romanian vector of foreign policy towards Moldova. The distribution of power was investigated both in the country and in neighboring Moldova. The positions of the political elites of Romania and Moldova are analyzed.The characteristic features of the cultural identity of the peoples of both countries are investigated. An important direction in the policy of Romania in Moldova is the cultural and educational component. Its main goal is to expand the influence of Romania through the education of pro-Romanian-minded youth in Moldova, as well as through the formation of a positive image of Romania among various segments of the population, that supports its policies.

Nicolae Ceauşescu’s Diplomacy in the Face of Political Changes in Poland in 1989 In 1989, Romania belonged to the communist countries, which particularly strongly attacked communist Poland for carrying out democratic reforms. For many months the diplomacy of communist leader Nicolae Ceaşescu tried to organize a conference of socialist countries on the subject of Poland, but as a result of Moscow’s opposition it did not come to fruition. During the Gorbachev era, the Soviet Union rejected the Brezhnev doctrine, while Romania actually urged its restoration. This was in contradiction with the current political line of Ceauşescu in favor of not interfering in the internal affairs of socialist countries. However, in 1989 it was a threat to communism, which is why historians also have polemics about Romanian suggestions for the armed intervention of the Warsaw Pact in Poland. In turn, Romania did not allow Poland to interfere in the problems of the Polish minority in Bukovina.

As they develop, enterprises often face difficulties due to their own expansion operations the complexity of which has increased. In many cases, the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) provides a possibility for the enterprises to meet their objectives more efficiently. Many times, the expanding enterprises are exposed to complex challenges, other than the safety that their business operates smoothly. In their attempt to differentiate from the other enterprises, those enterprises undergoing development must use any available opportunity. The ERP system can provide this opportunity, but many enterprises simply do not have the capacity to intelligently use such a system. Instead, top performing companies are more entitled to apply the data provided by the ERP in Business Analytics in order to use more efficiently such valuable information. This leads to decisions of enterprises by which they can improve the customer services, can plan better the customers' requests and can finally get higher profits. Based on a survey performed by top enterprises and SMEs, it was highlighted how the integrated ERP system can improve the performance of enterprises' businesses and taking efficient decisions by managers.

The primary purpose of the military pilots training system is to select objectively and to provide practical and qualitative training, both with regard to their academics and in terms of their specialization as aviation personnel. The current state of the military pilots training system has been marked by difficulties due to its attempt in overcoming a prolonged transition period and adapting to modern armed forces and partner training standards within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Based on the comparative analysis of the training of military aeronautical personnel in Romania and Poland, we will try to observe whether flight training needs to be more or less phased in order for the Air Force to benefit from pilots capable of responding to the current challenges. Accordingly, the aim of the current paper consists of a qualitative analysis meant to prove the necessity of adjusting curricula to the exigencies of the geopolitical reality within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and to identify both strong common and distinctive points of the military pilots training programs in the Romanian Air Force and the Polish Air Force.

Abstract The article describes 5 countries from the world: South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Finland that have the best and unusual educational systems. Thanks to the new approach to the teaching, students become very well-educated when graduate. The text emphasises the importance of foreign language knowledge. It is very interesting how much different is the approach to students in Asian countries and in Finland but both systems eventually provide very good education level to their students. The another part of the article bases for characteristic of two other EU countries – Romania and Poland. In these countries, the internal educational systems are quite similar to each other and guarantee their students very good education level. Thanks to the attendance in Erasmus exchange programme, Romanian and Polish students can broaden their mind abroad.

The paper investigates whether the implementation of MiFID II, a packet of financial legislation applying broadly to European Union financial markets, has led to a change in the volatility of some European developed and emerging stock markets. We show that for the developed capital markets considered in the analysis, MiFID II did not lead to a decrease in the volatility of capital markets. On the contrary, for all analysis intervals considered (3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months), the impact on volatility is positive, with volatility increasing in the case of the FTSE 100, CAC40 and DAX stock indexes. There is a similar significant relationship for the Czech stock market, but only over the three-month interval. For the Polish and Romanian stock markets, which enforced MiFID II later, a negative impact of MiFID II on volatility could also be observed. In the Romanian market, MiFID II had a negative impact on volatility on the short-term horizon, while for the Polish market, the impact of MiFID II on volatility is noticeable on a longer term of 24 months.

Mineral waters are important sources of micro- and macroelements for humans, thus its composition ought to be supported with good knowledge on their chemical composition and be controlled systematically. The aim of the study was to analyze the content of common inorganic cations in 9 Romanian and 9 Polish bottled waters, and compare the results of the analyses with the product label’s data. The novelty was the application of new analytical method (atomic emission spectrometry with microwave plasma) for this approach. A short chemometric evaluation of the obtained results was carried out, highlighting in many cases significant differences between the values declared by the producers and the obtained results; possible reasons of this situation are discussed.

Increasing preoccupations and interest manifested for the Romanian language as a foreign language compose a focused and clear expression in the volume “Romanian as a foreign language. Methodology and cultural applicability”, launched at the Turku University publishing house, Finland (2018). The editors, Paul Nanu (Department of Romanian Language and Culture, University of Turku, Finland) and Emilia Ivancu (Department of Romanian Studies of the Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, Poland) with this volume, continue a series of activities dedicated to the promotion of the Romanian language and culture outside the country borders. This volume brings together a collection of articles, previously announced and briefly presented at a round table organized by the two Romanian lectors, as a section of the International Conference “Dialogue of cultures between tradition and modernity”, (Philological Research and Multicultural Dialogue Centre, Department of Philology, Faculty of History and Philology, “1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia). The thirteen authors who sign the articles are teachers of Romanian as a foreign language, either in the country or abroad. The challenge launched by the organisers pointed both at the teaching methods of Romanian as a foreign language – including the authors’ reflections upon the available textbooks (Romanian language textbooks) and the cultural implications of this perspective on the Romanian language. It is probably no accident that the first article of the aforementioned volume – “Particularities of teaching Romanian as a foreign language for the preparatory year. In quest of “the ideal textbook’’ (Cristina Sicoe, University of the West, Timișoara) – brings a strict perspective upon that what should be, from the author’s point of view, “the ideal textbook”. The fact that it does not exist, and has little chances ever to exist, could maybe be explained by the multitude of variables which appear in practice, within the didactic triangle composed by teacher – student – textbook. The character of the variables is the result of particular interactions established between the components of the triad. A concurrent direction is pointed out by the considerations that make the object of the second article, “To a new textbook of Romanian language as a foreign language’’ (Ana-Maria Radu-Pop, University of the West, Timișoara). While the previous article was about an ideal textbook for foreign students in the preparatory year of Romanian, this time, the textbook in question has another target group, namely Erasmus students and students from Centres of foreign languages. Considering that this kind of target group “forms a distinct category”, the author pleads for the necessity of editing adequate textbooks with a part made of themes, vocabulary, grammar and a part made of culture and civilization – the separation into parts belongs to the author – that should consider the needs of this target group, their short stay in Romania (three months to one year) and, last but not least, the students’ poor motivation. These distinctive notes turn the existent RFL textbooks[1] in that which the author calls “level crossings”, which she explains in a humorous manner[2]. Since the ideal manual seems to be in no hurry to appear, the administrative-logistic implications of teaching Romanian as a foreign language (for the preparatory year) should be easier to align with the standards of efficiency. This matter is addressed by Mihaela Badea and Cristina Iridon from the Oil & Gas University of Ploiești, in the article “Administrative/logistic difficulties of teaching RFL. Case study”. Starting from a series of practical experiences, the authors are purposing to suggest “several ideas to improve existent methodologies of admitting foreign students and to review the ARACIS criteria from March 2017, regarding external evaluation of the ‘Romanian as a foreign language’ study programme”. Among other things, an external difficulty is highlighted (common to all universities in the country), namely the permission to register foreign students until the end of the first semester of the academic year, meaning around the middle of February. The authors punctually describe the unfortunate implications of this legal aspect and the regrettable consequences upon the quality of the educational act. They suggest that the deadline for admitting foreign students not exceed the 1st of December of every academic year. The list of difficulties in teaching Romanian as a foreign language is extremely long, reaching sensitive aspects from an ethical perspective of multiculturalism. This approach belongs to Constantin Mladin from Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Macedonia, who writes about “The role of the ethical component in the learning process of a foreign language and culture. The Macedonian experience”. Therefore, we are moving towards the intercultural competences which, as the author states, are meant to “adequately and efficiently round the acquired language competences”. In today’s Macedonian society, that which the author refers to, a society claimed to be multiethnic, multilingual and pluriconfessional, the emotional component of an intercultural approach needs a particular attention. Thus, reconfigurations of the current didactic model are necessary. The solution proposed and successfully applied by Professor Constantin Mladin is that of shaking the natural directions in which a foreign language and culture is acquired: from the source language/culture towards the target language/culture. All this is proposed in the context in which the target group is extremely heterogeneous and its “emotional capacity of letting go of the ethnocentric attitudes and perceptions upon otherness” seem to lack. When speaking about ‘barriers’, we often mean ‘difficulty’. The article written by Silvia Kried Stoian and Loredana Netedu from the Oil & Gas University of Ploiești, called “Barriers in the intercultural communication of foreign students in the preparatory year”, is the result of a micro-research done upon a group of 37 foreign students from 10 different countries/cultural spaces, belonging to different religions (plus atheists), speakers of different languages. From the start, there are many differences to be reconciled in a way reasonable enough to reduce most barriers that appear in their intercultural communication. Beneficial and obstructive factors – namely communication barriers – coexist in a complex communicational environment, which supposes identifying and solving the latter, in the aim of softening the cultural shock experienced within linguistic and cultural immersion. Several solutions are recommended by the two authors. An optimistic conclusion emerges in the end, namely the possibility that the initial inconvenient of the ethnical, linguistic and cultural heterogeneity become “an advantage in learning the Romanian language and acquiring intercultural communication”. Total immersion (linguistic and cultural), as well as the advantage it represents as far as exposure to language is concerned, is the subject of the article entitled “Cultural immersion and exposure to language”, written by Adina Curta (“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia). Considered to be a factor of rapid progress and effectiveness of acquisition, exposure to language that arises from the force of circumstances could be extended to that what may be named orchestrated exposure to language. This phrase is consented to reunite two types of resources, “a category of statutory resources, which are the CEFRL suggestions, and a category of particular resources, which should be the activities proposed by the organizers of the preparatory year of RFL”. In this respect, we are dealing with several alternating roles of the teacher who, besides being an expert, animator, facilitator of the learning process or technician, also becomes a cultural and linguistic coach, sending to the group of immersed students a beneficial message of professional and human polyvalence. A particular experience is represented by teaching the Romanian language at the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. This experience is presented by Nicoleta Neșu in the article “The Romanian language, between mother tongue and ethnic language. Case study”. The particular situation is generated by the nature of the target group, a group of students coming, on the one hand, from Romanian families, who, having lived in Italy since early childhood, have studied in the Italian language and are now studying the Romanian language (mother tongue, then ethnic language) as L1, and, on the other hand, Italian mother tongue students who study the Romanian language as a foreign language. The strategies that are used and the didactic approach are constantly in need of particularization, depending on the statute that the studied language, namely the Romanian language, has in each case. In the area of teaching methodology for Romanian as a foreign language, suggestions and analyses come from four authors, namely Eliana-Alina Popeți (West University of Timișoara), “Teaching the Romanian language to students from Romanian communities from Serbia. Vocabulary exercise”, Georgeta Orian (“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia) “The Romanian language in the rhythm of dance and hip-hop music”, Coralia Telea (“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia), “Explanation during the class of Romanian as a foreign language” and Emilia Ivancu (Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, Poland), “Romanian (auto)biographic discourse or the effect of literature upon learning RFL”. The vocabulary exercise proposed to the students by Eliana-Alina Popeți is a didactic experiment through which the author checked the hypothesis according to which a visual didactic material eases the development of vocabulary, especially since the textual productions of the students, done through the technique that didactics calls “reading images”, were video recorded and submitted to mutual evaluation as well as to self-evaluation of grammar, coherence and pronunciation. The role of the authentic iconographic document is attested in the didactics of modern languages, as the aforementioned experiment confirms once again the high coefficient of interest and attention of the students, as well as the vitality and authenticity of interaction within the work groups. It is worth mentioning that these students come from the Serbian Republic and are registered in the preparatory year at the Faculty of Letters, History and Theology of the West University of Timișoara. Most of them are speakers of different Romanian patois, only found on the territory of Serbia. The activity consisted of elaborating written texts starting from an image (a postcard reproducing a portrait of the Egyptian artist Eman Osama), imagining a possible biography of the character. In the series of successful authentic documents in teaching-learning foreign languages, there is also the song. The activities described by Georgeta Orian were undertaken either with Erasmus students from the preparatory year at the “1 Decembrie 1989” University of Alba Iulia, or with Polish students (within the Department of Romanian Studies in Poznań), having high communication competences (B1-B2, or even more). There were five activities triggered by Romanian songs, chosen by criteria of sympathy with the interests of the target group: youngsters, late teenagers. The stake was “a more pleasant and, sometimes, a more useful learning process”, mostly through discovery, through recourse to musical language, which has the advantage of breaking linguistic barriers in the aim of creating a common space in which the target language, a language of “the other”, becomes the instrument of speaking about what connects us. The didactic approach, when it comes to Romanian as a foreign language taught to students of the preparatory year cannot avoid the extremely popular method of the explanation. Its story is told by Coralia Telea. With a use of high scope, the explanation steps in in various moments and contexts: for transmitting new information, for underlining mechanisms generating new rules, in evaluation activities (result appreciation, progress measurements). Still, the limits of this method are not left out, among which the risk of the teachers to annoy their audience if overbidding this method. Addressing (Polish) students from the Master’s Studies Program within the Romania Philology at the Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, Emilia Ivancu crosses, through her article, the methodological dimensions of teaching Romanian as a foreign language, entering the curricular territory of the problematics in question by proposing an optional course entitled Romanian (auto)biographic discourse”. Approaching contact with the Romanian language as a foreign language at an advanced level, the stakes of the approach and the proposed contents differ, obviously, from the ones only regarding the creation and development of the competence of communication in the Romanian Language. The studied texts have been grouped into correspondence/epistolary discourse, diaries, memoires and (auto)biography as fiction. Vasile Alecsandri, Sanda Stolojan, Paul Goma, Neagoe Basarab, Norman Manea, Mircea Eliade are just a few of the writers concerned, submitted to discussions with the help of a theoretical toolbox, offered to the students as recordings of cultural broadcasts, like Profesioniștii or Rezistența prin cultură etc. The consequences of this complex approach consisted, on the one hand, of the expansion of the readings for the students and, on the other hand, in choosing to write dissertations on these topics. A “tangible” result of Emilia Ivancu’s course is the elaboration of a volume entitled România la persoana întâi, perspective la persoana a treia (Romania in the first person, perspectives in the third person), containing seven articles written by Polish Master’s students. Master’s theses, a PhD thesis, several translations into the Polish language are also “fruits” of the initiated course. Of all these, the author extracted several conclusions supporting the merits and usefulness of her initiative. The volume ends with a review signed by Adina Curta (1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia), “The Romanian language, a modern, wanted language. Iuliana Wainberg-Drăghiciu – Textbook of Romanian language as a foreign language”. The textbook elaborated by Iuliana Wainberg-Drăghiciu (“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia) respects the CEFRL suggestions, points at the communicative competences (linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic) described for levels A1 and A2, has a high degree of accessibility through a trilingual dictionary (Romanian-English-French) which it offers to foreign students and through the phonetic transcription of new vocabulary units.

A new skills-based immigration system, with a preference for the highly-skilled, is central to UK policy debates in the Brexit context, arguably responding to majority public opinion on migration. Through qualitative fieldwork with British, Polish and Romanian citizens living in two local authorities in England, this paper shows what participants understand by ‘low-skilled’ and how there is broad support of those who ‘contribute’, but are ‘controlled’ at the same time. Migrants’ narratives of downskilling also illustrate why the category of ‘low-skilled’ migration needs to be seen through a more critical lens in research and policymaking.

This article examines the actions and discourses of the main peasant parties and movements in Romania, Poland and Bulgaria during the inter-war period. Ideologically and discursively, peasant parties were a heterogeneous amalgamate of anarchist, Marxist, socialist and liberal (and sometimes even conservative or nationalist) ideas. In defining the populism as a repertoire of actions and/or discourses, rather than the unchanging essence of a party, it shows that the three agrarian parties have known a “populist moment”, i.e. temporarily taking recourse to claims of representing “the people” and extra-parliamentary action. While the Bulgarian peasant party never resorted to populist actions, the Romanian agrarian party had its moment of populism without a significant shift in rhetoric and the Polish peasant party never resorted to populism neither in either rhetoric or actions.

The article delivers the linguistic policy of the Russian empire towards the native peoples of Central and Northern Europe during the 19th – early 20th cc. It surveys the Russian policy towards the Polish, Lithuanian, Belorussian, Ukrainian, Romanian, Latvian, Estonian and Finnish languages in the broad historical context. The author compares the Russian imperial linguistic policy with those pursued by other states of the period, including the United Kingdom, France and Habsburg monarchy. It is stated that the main specific feature of the Russian linguistic policy was its selectivity. For example, while the Ukrainian and, to some extent, Romanian languages were subjected to severe restrictions, the Finnish enjoyed relative freedom. Depending on political situation, activity of local national movements, potential for ethnic conflicts etc., the imperial policy of russification could be either slowed down or intensified in some regions. However, its main goal – the expansion of the Russian language as a component of the dominant ideological doctrine “Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality” remained unchangeable. To achieve this goal, the imperial authorities took different measures to reduce the social prestige of the native population’s languages, drove them out from the administrative and educational spheres, marginalized publishing activities etc. Thus, this restrictive policy achieved effect only in the short-term perspective.

The Polish communities from Bukovina have been studied in the last period through several research projects, initiated by both Polish and Romanian researchers. One of them is the Audiovisual Linguistic Atlas of Bukovina (ALAB), which aims to realize a radiography in multimedia format of the ethnolinguistic diversity of Bukovina. Regarding the Polish ethnic minority, in 2016 two field studies have been carried out in two localities: Bulai and Poiana Micului. Following the analysis of the material thus obtained, we managed to capture some characteristics both at the linguistic and the sociolinguistic level that individualize the two communities. Thus, from a linguistic point of view, the two dialects are different both at phonetic and lexical level, the Bulai dialect being more similar to the Polish literary language. At the sociolinguistic level has been observed the presence of a strong epilinguistic component in the Polish people speech, based on the representations and the attitudes that the Polish ethnic groups have regarding the status and the vitality of their own dialects.

The article attempts to analyze the political agenda of modern Poland and Romania on issues related to the choice of a traditional or Western value system. Attention is paid to the main aspects and sides of the discussion about the values in the studied states. The political agenda is analyzed in the article on the example of legislation adopted under the influence of various political forces in the regions, media materials, discussions of political leaders, analytical materials. Factors are identified that determine the similarity of political processes in these countries, as well as circumstances that contribute to radical differences in individual areas of political development. The author concludes that the vectors of political development of the countries selected for analysis are similar, the general commitment of society is more traditional than Western values, however, she notes that over the past three decades the significance of Western ideals has increased markedly. She also points to the differences, some of which are associated with historical differences and the resulting chronological mismatch.

Abstract This article proposes a reading of Milica Bakić-Hayden’s concept of “nesting orientalisms” in a wider regional context, by showing some of its first manifestations, as employed one hundred years or so ago. The debut of this phenomenon is part of the nineteenth century trend of traveling to “Eastern Europe,” and of appropriating it as such, in the desire to compete with the previous century, especially with the latter’s attempt of designing the map according to the dichotomy: “enlightened-ignorant peoples.” Consequently, the adoption of the concept of “Eastern Europe” by western public opinion triggered reactions from the part of the local élites expressed in the establishment of a corpus of texts, which reflect on the nearby geographical area. This effort represented in fact the third stage of the west-east dynamics that accompanied modernization in the region. The texts to be discussed in this article, apart from the century’s blind faith in progress, display the obsession of being “in between,” raising it to a sine qua non condition of the region; their authors often found themselves in difficulties in relation to dilemmas like professional/national identities, local/central loyalties, religious/secular views.