Journal articles on the topic 'Polish Book Importing Co'

Twórczość naukowa Szymona Askenazego nie doczekała się jeszcze pogłębionych badań nad jej recepcją, z wyjątkiem najbardziej rozpoznawalnej pracy historyka, czyli Księcia Józefa Poniatowskiego. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu wypełnić nieco tę lukę i ukazać, jak kształtowała się recepcja nie mniej ważnej pracy Askenazego, jaką było Przymierze polsko-pruskie. Pierwsze wydanie tego dzieła ukazało się we Lwowie w 1900 r., a drugie w Warszawie w 1901 r. Oba rozeszły się bardzo szybko. Trzecie, i ostatnie dotychczas, wydanie Przymierza ukazało się w Warszawie, Lwowie i Krakowie w 1919 r., a nie, jak często się podaje, w 1918 r. Poszczególne wydania Przymierza wywołały pewien ferment w polskim środowisku historycznym, z uwagi na inną niż dotychczas interpretację opisywanych wydarzeń i wzbudziły w związku z tym spore emocje, zarówno pozytywne, jak i negatywne. Było to zwłaszcza widoczne w pierwszych dekadach XX w. Zdecydowanie inaczej jawią się natomiast losy Przymierza polsko-pruskiego po II wojnie światowej, co związane było z ogólnym spadkiem zainteresowania twórczością Askenazego oraz pewną jego archaicznością i trudnością w odbiorze przez współczesnego czytelnika. Jeszcze większy wpływ na osłabienie recepcji tej pracy miały zarówno wydarzenia 26 Alina Hinc II wojny światowej, jak i przyjęta po 1945 r. w oficjalnej historiografii PRL wykładnia prezentacji dziejów stosunków polsko-pruskich nie tylko w dobie Sejmu Czteroletniego. Wskutek tego zawarta w dziele Askenazego myśl przewodnia, zgodnie z którą głównym zagrożeniem dla niepodległości Polski była Rosja, nie mogła w żaden sposób liczyć na wyeksponowanie jej w obowiązującym wówczas oficjalnym nurcie historiografii. Tym bardziej nie dążono specjalnie do wznowienia tej pracy w czasach PRL-u, chociaż upominał się o to usilnie Jerzy Łojek w latach 70. XX w., będąc w tamtym czasie propagatorem poglądów historycznych Askenazego. Co ciekawe, twórczość Łojka zyskała ostatnio na aktualności i przypomniana została w trzech obszernych tomach przygotowanych przez Marka Kornata. Dzięki temu przywołana została także po raz kolejny, w sposób pośredni, myśl historyczna Askenazego, której admiratorem i spadkobiercą był wspomniany Łojek. Można więc powiedzieć, że poprzez wznowienie jego prac mamy w pewnym sensie do czynienia ze współczesną recepcją Askenazego. About the reception of “Przymierze polsko-pruskie” [Polish-Prussian Alliance] by Szymon Askenazy The academic work of historian Szymon Askenazy and its influence is still waiting to be properly investigated, with the notable exception of his most famous work — Książę Józef Poniatowski [Prince Józef Poniatowski]. This article is an attempt to fill this void and demonstrate the evolution of reception of his equally important work, Przymierze polsko-pruskie. The book was first published in Lviv in the year 1900. Its second edition was published in Warsaw in 1901, and both sold out quickly. The third (and so far — the last) edition was published in Warsaw, Lviv, and Krakow in 1919 — and not in 1918, contrary to a popular claim. Each edition of the work sparked off considerable debates among Polish historians, as its interpretation of the described events was different than those presented before. The book aroused strong emotions — both negative and positive. This was particularly evident in the first decades of the 20th century. After the Second World War, the response to the book changed. This was connected with a general diminished interest in the work of Askenazy, its archaic character and the difficulties it posed to contemporary readers. The recognition of the book was further reduced by the events of the Second World War, and by the new interpretation of the history of Polish-Prussian relations (not only in the time of the Four-Year Sejm) officially adopted in the historiography of the Polish People’s Republic after 1945. As a result, the main idea of Askenazy’s work, according to which Russia remained the primary threat to the independence of Poland, could not have been effectively acknowledged in the official historiography. Thus, there were no efforts to publish another edition of this work in the period of the Polish People’s Republic, even though Jerzy Łojek actively supportedthis idea in the 1970s as the promoter of Askenazy’s historical views at the time. Interestingly, the work of Łojek has recently been revived and published again in three vast volumes prepared by Marek Kornat. Owing to this, the historical thought of Askenazy was brought back to life, however indirectly, by Łojek, who was his great admirer and successor. Therefore, in a way, the new edition of Łojek’s works is a source of modern reception of Askenazy’s writings.

A growing body of scholarship addresses what Indigenous peoples have always known: stories are critically important to who we are and how to be in the world. For Wounaan, an Indigenous people of Panama and Colombia, ancestors’ stories are no longer frequently told. As part of the Wounaan Podpa Nʌm Pömaam (National Wounaan Congress) and Foundation for the Development of Wounaan People’s project on bird guiding, birds and culture, and forest restoration in Panama, we leveraged the publication requirement as political intervention and anticolonial practice in storying worlds. This article is the story of our storying, the telling and crafting of an illustrated story book that honors Wounaan convivial lifeworlds, Wounaan chaain döhigaau nemchaain hoo wënʌʌrrajim/Los niños wounaan, en sus aventuras vieron muchas aves/The Adventures of Wounaan Children and Many Birds. Here, we have used video conference minutes and recordings, voice and text messages, emails, recollections, and a conference co-presentation to show stories as Indigenous method and reality, as epistemological and ontological. We use a narrative form to weave together our collaborative process and polish the many storying decisions on relationality, time, egalitarianism, movement, rivers, embodiment, and verbal poetics through an everyday adventure of siblings and birds. Available as a multimodal illustrated story book in digital audio and print, we conclude by advocating for new media to further storying Indigenous lifeworlds.

"“With Marx against Moscow”: the backstage of editing Karl Marx’s manuscripts about Romanians. In mid-1960s, a book containing unknown manuscripts attributed to Karl Marx was published in Romania. The documents were discovered at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam by the Polish historian Stanislav Schwann. The sources of the most important notes were reprised from a book written by the French historian Élias Regnault in mid-19th century. For the Romanian communist leadership, the Russian presence in the Romanian Principalities during the first half the 19th century was the most relevant part of the texts signed by Marx. As such, the historical discourse was co-opted in the political plan aimed to emancipation from Soviet authority in Romania. The main Romanian historian involved in the plan for editing Karl Marx’ writings was Andrei Oţetea. As Director of the Institute of History of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest, he received the main mission of maintaining the correspondence with the Institute of Amsterdam. The study aims to establish the evolution of Romanian-Dutch treaties, in order to exploit the manuscripts, as well as the involvement of the historiographical circles. Although the question was treated as a strictly political one, the project experienced several phases influenced in particular by the changes of attitude from the Dutch Institute. Thus, an important objective of the study is to highlight the reactions produced by the Romanians’ intentions to bring to light some important data attributed to Karl Marx Keywords: Andrei Oţetea, Karl Marx manuscripts, Institute of Social History Amsterdam. "

Herbert Rosendorfer’s work entitled The Architect of Ruins fits in the postmodern novel trend. Its connections with culture texts include references to literary texts and music pieces. The most important references of the first type seem to be the ones to Jan Potocki’s novel The Saragossa Manuscript. The existence of music compositions in the novel by Rosendorfer, a witter and a musicologist in one person, functions on a number of levels. Here it is worth to mention the concept coined by the Polish scholar Michał Głowiński according to which music may appear in a novel on three levels – when it is an element of the plot, when it constitutes a topic by itself, and when the work of music referred to acquires a symbolic dimension in the context of a music piece. These three literary situations can easily be found in Rosendorfer’s book. What is particularly important and interesting, however, is applying a construction pattern taken from the field of music in a literary work. Such a possibility, i.e., musical elements functioning in in a literary piece, is described in Andrzej Hejmej’s Musicality of a Literary Work. In The Architect of Ruins construction references fit in the specificity of a postmodern novel: as stated by Magdalena Janoszka, Potocki’s The Saragossa Manuscript, which was an important inspiration for Rosendorfer, should be classified as a polyphonic novel. According to Bachtin’s concept, a word does not a exist in an isolated and independent way, but it is an answer to other words written in the past. As a writer and musicologist, Rosendorfer skilfully moves in the field of references to music and literary works – e.g. Mozart’s Don Giovanni and the literary thread of Giacomo Casanova’s Memoirs. In his book, the Austrian writer presents the profiles of musicians – a virtuoso (whom music lovers are desperate to hear live – in vain), an organist performing a truly postmodern Musiquiana, and a vampiric composer stealing every new composition written by his student. This way, in The Architect of Ruins music becomes the material with which the author of the novel co-creates his work as if with literary motifs.

The position of Polish literature in France is strictly marginal and is thus an excellent example of the relationship between the centre of the European book market and its periphery, regulated by dominant languages and characterised by an imbalance in the exchange of cultural goods. Such a situation makes it possible for French publishers to use the peripherality category as a marketing tool in order to draw the attention of potential readers to books from a distant and unfamiliar region. The article attempts to examine whether and how publishers highlight the peripheral nature of Polish literature in the paratexts of published translations. The research corpus consists of books published between 2008 and 2018 by four publishers: Noir sur Blanc, Actes Sud, Mirobole, and Agullo, who are among the most active entities importing Polish literature to France in the studied period.

Summary At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, new paradigms emerged regarding the value creation in management and marketing in organizations. They causes also redefining the role of universities as a service organization and participants in the process of higher education (including especially students, lecturers, management). In this context, the current and important research problem appears to be the impact of new generations of students, exhibiting different attitudes and purchasing behaviors from on the image of a modern university. A particular challenge for the higher education organization is therefore the problem not only of creating and delivering the expected value as part of the education service, but the issue of shaping positive educational experiences with the active participation of actors in the entire education cycle. The aim of the article is to identify the attitudes and behavior of the young generation of students at Polish universities and to diagnose their potential in the process of co-creating the value of an educational service. By adopting the paradigm of co-creating a service based on variables such as co-production, relationships and experience, we can determine the possibilities of formulating the strategy and image of Polish universities. In particular we focus on chances of implementing the co-creating concept of an educational service at a higher level from a student's perspective. The article reviews secondary research based on foreign and polish literature and — on this basis — indicates different behavioral students styles and their readiness to participate in co-creating the educational service at the university. The diagnosis and final conclusions refer to the results of studies carried out in 2017 at selected polish economic universities, in the field of management, and published by Polish researchers in reputable scientific journals and books.

István Csillag - Péter Mihályi: Kettős kötés: A stabilizáció és a reformok 18 hónapja [Double Bandage: The 18 Months of Stabilisation and Reforms] (Budapest: Globális Tudás Alapítvány, 2006, 144 pp.) Reviewed by Zoltán Ádám; Marco Buti - Daniele Franco: Fiscal Policy in Economic and Monetary Union. Theory, Evidence and Institutions (Cheltenham/UK - Northampton/MA/USA: Edward Elgar Publishing Co., 2005, 320 pp.) Reviewed by László Csaba; Piotr Jaworski - Tomasz Mickiewicz (eds): Polish EU Accession in Comparative Perspective: Macroeconomics, Finance and the Government (School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College of London, 2006, 171 pp.) Reviewed by András Bakács; Is FDI Based R&D Really Growing in Developing Countries? The World Investment Report 2005. Reviewed by Zoltán Pogátsa

The article introduces the state of the Polish press since 1989 when started the Round Table Talks which led to the liquidation of the Press-Book-Movement Workers' Publishing Co-operative, the activities of the liquidation committee of the Press-Book-Movement Workers' Publishing Co-operative caused a great deal of controversy. Moreover, the research paper also points out some information about the press market including the publisher companies, their newspapers, and magazines. The changes in the press market after the emergence of Internet are one of the main aspects of the research object.

From Nature to Culture… and Back? On the Book Biopolityka męskości The paper is a review of the co-authorship book entitled Biopolityka męskości [Biopolitics of Manhood]. The author notices that this scientific monograph locates the Polish masculinities studies on the new field of biopolitics, immunisation and tanatopolitics, giving a hope to elaborate an alternative methodology of studies on literature and culture of this range. The author appreciates researchers’ achievements and suggests a few contexts expanding their reflections. Both the prior conference and subjective publication, in author’s opinion, open the new chapter of the Polish men’s studies.

From Nature to Culture… and Back? On the Book Biopolityka męskości The paper is a review of the co-authorship book entitled Biopolityka męskości [Biopolitics of Manhood]. The author notices that this scientific monograph locates the Polish masculinities studies on the new field of biopolitics, immunisation and tanatopolitics, giving a hope to elaborate an alternative methodology of studies on literature and culture of this range. The author appreciates researchers’ achievements and suggests a few contexts expanding their reflections. Both the prior conference and subjective publication, in author’s opinion, open the new chapter of the Polish men’s studies.

Mieczysław Porębski, a distinguished Polish art historian of the 20th century, once expressed the demand for Polish art history to be researched simultaneously with foreign studies - as parallel fields. "We entered the research field of the old masters' art as partners in, so to say, a ‘furnished household', whereas in the field of contemporary art we are co-explorers, exploring a ‘virgin land'", as Porębski put it. The book by professor Piotr Piotrowski Awangarda w cieniu Jałty. Sztuka w Europie środkowo-wschodniej w latach 1945-89 (The Avant-Garde in the Shadow of Yalta. The Art in East-Central Europe, 1945-1989) fully accomplishes this demanding postulate which nowadays seems to be rather rarely remembered by Polish art historians. The explored area, the East-Central European countries, which emerged, as a result of the Yalta Conference, between the iron curtain and the border of The Soviet Union (including former Yugoslavia) appears at least as an ‘old maiden' land, where scientific penetration still seems to be necessary.

Contributions to the relations between the “Hansischer Geschichtsverein” and “Hansische Arbeitsgemeinschaft” in the German Democratic Republic (1955–1990)In 2011 Eckhard Müller-Mertens published a book about the Hanseatic association in the German Democratic Republic (“Hansische Arbeitsgemeinschaft”=AG). This association had been founded in 1955 as a part of the Association for Hanseatic History (“Hansischer Geschichtsverein” = HGV, seat: Lübeck), responsible for the HGV-members living in East Germany. All activities of the AG were meticulously watched by the relevant authorities of the GDR. Against the background of the GDR’s efforts to gain recognition as a state according to international law, the AG was pressed to dissociate itself from the HGV and to try to become an independent member of an international association for hanseatic studies. The anniversary of the foundation of the HGV one hundred years before was used as an opportunity to break off the connection to the HGV. The anniversary was to be celebrated in Stralsund (East Germany), where the HGV had been founded in 1870. Although the mayor’s invitation to come to Stralsund was limited by authorities, the HGV accepted it. Nevertheless, the AG was compelled to cancel the conference in Stralsund and to dissolve the connection to the HGV. As a pretext for the cancellation controversial formalities in the program papers for the conference were put forward.
 The author of these contributions was in close contact with the HGV since the late 1950s, he was an assistant professor affiliated to the chair of Hanseatic (and East European) history at the university of Hamburg, he took part in editing the review “Hansische Geschichtsblätter” and was a member of the HGV-committee since 1965. Therefore he also had contacts with the AG and is now able to describe the connections between HGV and AG in crucial years, based on private papers and his own memories, as a useful addition to the statements of Müller-Mertens.
 After a general introduction to the relations between the HGV and the AG the author comments on the participation of students from Hamburg University in conferences of the AG in East Germany, arranged by him 1960 –1966. While the Berlin wall was being built, he took part in a conference of the AG in Naumburg in 1961 and was able to impart news of the AG-committee to Lübeck. Difficulties in using western credits in East Germany are verified. The impending separation of the AG from the HGV could already be seen when the author was preparing an anniversary volume of the “Hansische Geschichtsblätter”. After the AG had left the HGV in 1970 historians outside Germany, above all in the Netherlands (Johanna van Winter) and in Poland (Maria Bogucka, Henryk Samsonowicz) tried to renew co-operation between historians of West and East Germany by founding an international organization for hanseatic studies, which could contain national commissions and associations in Western and Eastern countries, as the HGV and the AG. These efforts culminated in the Warsaw conference in December 1971 concerning the history of the Baltic area, arranged by the Polish Historical Society, followed by important discussions about an international society; under the leadership of Michel Mollat, chairman of the “Commission Internationale d’Histoire Maritime”, a “Committee for Organizing a Commission of the History of Europe’s Northern seas” was appointed. – In order to maintain direct connections between HGV und AG in East Germany, the author sometimes met the chairman of the AG in East Berlin (1970/71).

The subject of the article are certain idiomatic expressions constructed with the adjective perski (‘Persian’) in Polish: perskie oko (‘Persian eye’), perski dywan (‘Persian carpet’), perski proszek (‘Persian powder’) etc. Moreover, the author attempts to answer the question: What do we have that is really Persian in Polish? Are these phrases really related to Persia or Persians, or are they just a word game (homophones)? So far the origin of the most popular one, i.e. perskie oko (‘Persian eye’) has not been established even though a lively discussion on this subject was held on the pages of the Język Polski 90 years ago. It was started by Stanisław Szober who in his book Życie wyrazów, explained the origin of the phrase perskie oko for the first time, indicating that it is a semantic borrowing from French, and its basis is l’œil perçant ‘piercing eye’. In response, Józef Birkenmajer claimed this popular phrase comes from Krakow, relating it – quite incredibly – to a Persian man on the label of the popular Zacherlin insecticide powder called perski proszek (‘Persian powder’). It turns out that the source of this expression was a French anecdote by Alphonse Karr from the late nineteenth century based precisely on the word game.

The paper is dedicated to the issues of how Ukrainian and Polish liturgical translation progressed in the early modern time, what functions it performed in the social life of the two nations and which mutual influences might have occurred in the historical perspective. The choice of comparing and contrasting these two nations is defined by the very fact that during this period, they co-existed in the same state: the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The main factors which determined the advancement of this translation field were the reactions to historical challenges (the expansion of neighbouring countries; the necessity to preserve one’s own identity; the response to the Protestant movement) as well as the development of book-printing (the rise of new book types containing and popularising various texts for liturgical use). Despite the restrained use of the vernacular (Polish was not allowed according to the rulings of the Council of Trent and Ukrainian was overshadowed by Church Slavonic), liturgical translation took its place in the cultural life of the Commonwealth, though the Renaissance is the period of great expectations, experiments and attempts, while the Enlightenment look like the time of spiritual inertia with modest results. The material of the study covers all print types covering liturgical texts, even when they were not aimed at public use (e.g. primers and manuals).

Abstract The article concerns the phenomenon of the popularity of recreational running in Poland. A search of existing studies on this phenomenon shows a clear overrepresentation of survey studies (mostly self-completion questionnaires), which in practice narrows the scope of empirical findings to issues such as the structure of the population of amateur runners, runners’ motivations, and running practices themselves. In contrast, there is limited recognition of the perspectives and experiences of the institutional actors who co-create the running boom. These actors are referred to as the stakeholders of the running boom in the article. In the second part of the text, we discuss the results of our own research, which focused on running competitions open to amateurs. Every year, several thousands of such events are organized in Poland. The study (standardized online desk research) was carried out on two randomly selected nationwide samples: N = 338 and N = 349 (measurements for 2014 and 2017). The research documented the activity of stakeholders of the running boom in the form of organization, sponsorship, and patronage of running events. However, it should be emphasized that certain activities are conducted by public sector entities (local governments); the involvement of market players is less visible. The conducted research also provides characteristics of the landscape of running events in Poland: their location (including regional distribution), size, and their most important sport features (distance and accompanying events). The time variable (2014 versus 2017) and the regional variable (Eastern Poland versus the rest of the country) were used as the basic independent variables in the statistical analyses. The study as a whole can be considered to be complementary to previous studies on the Polish running boom.

The text being presented is a review paper referring to the publication by Maxime Rovere (2021), Co zrobić z idiotami. I jak samemu nie wyjść na idiotę, translated by Maria Zawadzka-Strączek, Kraków: IW ZNAK, pp. 238. The title of the book of this French philosopher contains the word ‘idiota’ (which is the Polish word for ‘idiot’), which is the subject-matter of a multi-dimensional reflection in this paper. In the publication referred to in this paper, Rovere perceives idiots from the philosophical point of view as a problem relevant to relationships, society and psychology (intrapsychic). The author discusses the above-indicated issues in interdisciplinary terms, presenting the diverse possibilities of interpreting the notion referred to in the title of the book. In turn, social, professional, family-related and educational contexts are addressed by the author in his book.

Autor przedstawia zawartość oraz recepcję pierwszej francuskojęzycznej drukowanej gramatyki języka polskiego (Grammaire raisonnée ou Principes de la langue Polonaise...), stosując przy tym metody ba- dań przyjęte w historii językoznawstwa. Wybrane zagadnienia zawarte w tym dziele zostały omówione na tle wcześniejszej oraz późniejszej refleksji gramatycznej, co pozwoliło stwierdzić, które z nich nawią- zują do tradycji (np. pewne kwestie z zakresu składni), a które są nowatorskie (np. rozumienie czasowni- ków dokonanych i niedokonanych). Zweryfikowane zostały ponadto niektóre opinie na temat tego dzieła, formułowane od początku XIX wieku. Artykuł jest pierwszym w literaturze przedmiotu opracowaniem poświęconym w całości wyłącznie gramatyce I. Trąbczyńskiego. Abstract. Applying research methodology used in the history of linguistics, we present the content and reception of the first printed French-language grammar book of Polish (Grammaire raisonnée ou Principes de la langue Polonaise... [Rational grammar or Principles of the Polish language...]). Selected issues present- ed in this grammar book are discussed in relation to both previous and subsequent grammatical descrip- tions, which allows to determine which of them refer to linguistic tradition (e.g. certain problems in the field of syntax) and which are innovative (e.g. the perception of perfective and imperfective verbs). We also verify selected opinions about the analysed grammar book, formulated since the early 19th centu- ry. The paper is the first study in linguistic literature devoted entirely to Trąbczyński’s grammar.

The book under review is dedicated to the work of an outstanding linguist Prof. Valerijus Čekmonas (1937–2004). The purpose of compiling this publication was to reveal an original methodo­logy for studying the interaction of the Baltic and Slavic languages developed by Čekmonas, who was the first in the history of linguistics to consistently substanti­ate explanations of concrete linguistic phenomena not only using diachronic, but also synchronic data by applying a diachronic re­search programme he developed. Alongside the methodology for interpreting diachronic facts, Čekmonas created a methodology for selection, grouping and stor­age of synchronic facts – to be called a socio-linguistic methodology – which doubled his scientific merits. The first part of the book includes twenty five the most significant articles of V. Čekmonas on the interaction of the Lithuanian, Belarusian and Polish lan­guages. Some articles were drawn up together with co-authors, this perfectly reflects Čekmonas’ ambition to focus on solving the problem in the joint work of co-workers and to force them to take responsibility for the continuation of the work. In the second part of the book V. Čekmonas’ School is presented, there are twelve articles prepared of his followers and colleagues.

The specific character of the interwar period promoted the development of specialist magazines, among others, also magazines from the field of pedagogy. Those periodicals published discussions and disputes which were a creative contribution of Polish thinkers, scholars and teachers-practicians into the process of the restoration of Poland by means of improving the quality of educational activities. Kultura i Wychowanie (“Culture and Education”) was one of such magazines which owed its high specialist level mainly to its chief editor – Bogdan Suchodolski. Kultura i Wychowanie attracted a number of eminent authors, including Sergiusz Hessen. The presented article focuses on the works of this Russian pedagogue published in the discussed magazine and, first of all, his contribution into the construction of the theoretical foundations of the Polish pedagogy of culture from the period of the Second Polish Republic. The articles of Hessen, published in B. Suchodolski’s periodical, were an elaboration of the philosophy which the author presented earlier in his book Podstawy pedagogiki (“The Foundations of Pedagogy”). They were also preparatory considerations to his subsequent book entitled O sprzecznościach i jedności wychowania (“On Contradictions and Unity of Education”). The subjects of these articles concern two areas: the essence and meaning of Weltanschaung and the role of the concept of general education. The author of the article specifies in S. Hessen’s works published in the magazine Kultura i Wychowanie a number of ideas and concepts which contributed to the formation of the theoretical foundations of the Polish pedagogy of culture in the interwar period. They included: – a concept of a teacher fulfilling a role of a liberating authority; the liberating and upbringing education; the idea of “acquiring” personality via “acquiring” one’s own Weltanschaung; a constant tension between community and individualism; co-creation of culture by individual people as the main factor of its development; the manifestation of the layers of existence at the subsequent stages of education.

To Recover Liberalism. Review of a book by Andrzej Walicki Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii (From the Communist Project to the Neoliberal Utopia), Warszawa: Universitas 2013This review discusses a recent book by Andrzej Walicki, Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii (From the Communist Project to the Neoliberal Utopia) (Warszawa: Universitas 2013). The book features a collection of essays, interviews, and scholarly articles published by Walicki in academic and popular journals between 2001 and 2012. Topics include a history of the communist project in a broader European perspective; the significance and legacy of de-Stalinization in Poland, with a particular emphasis on what the author calls "the Polish road away from communism" after 1956; right-wing conservative politics in Poland after 1989, the politicization of the memory of communism; and possible directions for the development of the Polish Left as a necessary component of a healthy democratic system. The compelling scholarly discussion is often combined with autobiographical sketches of an intellectual who has been deeply engaged in intellectual and social life in postwar Poland. Walicki, a prominent intellectual and specialist on intellectual history, studied and worked in Warsaw until he emigrated to Australia and then the United States (The University of Notre Dame) in the 1980s. In that sense, Walicki provides a unique perspective on Polish history and culture, influenced by both Polish and American academic worlds and intellectual traditions. The strength of the book is its focus on the role of language and the manipulation of terms such as "communism" or "liberalism" by contemporary political leaders in Poland to achieve specific emotional reactions from the public. One of the central claims of the book is that Polish political elites have "distorted" the meaning of liberalism by connecting it solely to the free market rather than to the original idea of individual freedoms. In this way, the dominant conservative elites in Poland are able to depict human rights and the welfare state as alien to the “Polish” tradition, supposedly exclusively Catholic and socially conservative. Walicki points to the need to recover the rich history of the Polish Left as well as to restore the original meaning and value of liberalism in shaping Polish democracy. Odzyskać liberalizm. Recenzja książki Andrzeja Walickiego Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii, Warszawa: Universitas 2013Recenzja omawia najnowszą książkę Andrzeja Walickiego Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii (Warszawa: Universitas 2013). Książka to zbiór esejów, wywiadów oraz artykułów naukowych publikowanych przez A. Walickiego zarówno w czasopismach naukowych, jak i popularnych w latach 2001-2012. Tematyka prac dotyczy: historii projektu komunistycznego w szerszej, europejskiej perspektywie; znaczenia i spuścizny destalinizacji w Polsce ze szczególnym naciskiem na to, co sam autor nazywa „polską drogą od komunizmu” po 1956 roku; prawicowej, konserwatywnej polityki w Polsce po roku 1989; polityzacji pamięci komunizmu oraz możliwych dróg rozwoju polskiej lewicy jako niezbędnego elementu zdrowego systemu demokratycznego.Interesująca dyskusja naukowa jest często połączona z autobiograficznymi szkicami autora, który angażował się w życie intelektualne i społeczne powojennej Polski. Andrzej Walicki, prominentny intelektualista i historyk idei, studiował i pracował naukowo na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim do lat osiemdziesiątych, kiedy wyemigrował do Australii, a następnie do USA na Uniwersytet Notre Dame. Z tego punktu widzenia Walicki dostarcza nam wyjątkowego spojrzenia na Polską historię i kulturę, ukształtowanego zarówno przez polską, jak i amerykańską tradycję intelektualną i oba akademickie światy. Siłą książki jest koncentracja autora na roli języka i manipulowaniu terminami takimi, jak „komunizm” czy „liberalizm”, przez współczesnych politycznych liderów w Polsce po to, aby osiągnąć określoną reakcję emocjonalną odbiorców. Jedno z kluczowych twierdzeń książki dotyczy zniekształcenia znaczenia pojęcia „liberalizm” przez polskie elity intelektualne i polityczne poprzez połączenie go wyłącznie z wolnym rynkiem zamiast z oryginalną ideą wolności jednostki. W ten sposób dominujące konserwatywne elity w Polsce są w stanie przedstawić prawa człowieka oraz państwo opiekuńcze jako obce „polskiej” tradycji, z założenia wyłącznie katolickiej i społecznie konserwatywnej. Walicki wskazuje na potrzebę ponownego odkrycia bogatej historii polskiej lewicy, przywrócenia pierwotnych wartości liberalizmowi i odrestaurowania jego znaczenia w kształtowaniu polskiej demokracji.

This paper describes how Roger Schofield came to characterise the English social system of the early modern period as 'individualist-collectivist', in which individualism is located within a larger structure and context of collectivism. It discusses this in the context of his contributions to the book he co-edited with John Walter in 1989, entitled Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society. Roger's work related the evidence of demographic and epidemiological change not only to family structures, ideological belief systems and government policy, as saliently represented by effects of the poor laws, but also to economic productivity as a dependent variable. That was quite the opposite of the dominant orthodoxy of the post-war era, which was that demography and epidemiology were driven by economics, not vice versa. This has the implication for our own era that constructive government policy has repeatedly played an important positive role in the economic productivity of the nation and that tax-funded generous support for the poor is a central part of that, which citizens should positively support.

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of conformation traits in Polish Holstein-Friesian bulls evaluated for registration in the herd book and for entry into progeny testing. Data were 8 linearly scored (1-9 scale) and 6 composite (scored from 50 to 100) conformation traits of 2,738 young bulls born between 2001 and 2011. The multiple-trait REML method was applied for (co)variance component estimation. The linear model included fixed linear regressions on age at evaluation (from 10 to 23 months), fixed effects of year of birth, fixed effects of herd-classifier, and random animal effect. Heritability estimates for all analysed traits were within the range of 0.04-0.37. Among the 6 composite type traits, heritability was highest for size and for overall conformation score. The lowest heritability was for feet and legs. Among the linearly scored traits, heritability was the lowest for rear legs - side view and foot angle, and the highest for rump angle and muscularity of front end. Composite traits showed the highest genetic correlations with muscularity and final score playing the dominant role. Genetic correlations among linear traits were low and moderate (0.02-0.53). The relatively low genetic and phenotypic correlations indicated that no conformation trait of bulls can be improved by indirect selection alone. More research is needed to establish relationship between bull conformation traits and the conformation of their progeny.

System, Technology and Vernacular Innovations. Piotr Sitarski, Maria B. Garda, Krzysztof Jajko, Nowe media w PRL, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2020, ss. 250. This review concerns New Media Behind the Iron Curtain: Cultural History of Video, Microcomputers and Satellite Television in Communist Poland (original title: New Media in Polish People’s Republic), a book co-authored by Piotr Sitarski, Maria B. Garda, and Krzysztof Jajko. The publication offers a unique insight into vernacular usages of new technology (videocassette recorders, microcomputers and satellite TV) during the last decades of the Communist rule in Poland. Making the diffusion of innovations theory its basic approach to the subject, the book grounds its claims using rich data including interviews, photographs and documents from the analyzed era. New Media presents a comprehensive, case study-focused approach to the analysis of political, economic and social contexts concerning the dissemination, appropriation and application of technological innovations by individual users.

This article is written in memoriam of Ihor Skochylas, a historian and outstanding researcher. In 1993 he graduated from the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. He worked at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and then at the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv. He was visiting professor at the Ukrainische Freie Universität in Munich. He is the author of 250 scientific publications on the history of the Ternopil region and, above all, the history of the Church in Ukraine in the broader perspective of the history of the First Republic and in connection with the universal Church. Innovative research by Ihor Skoczylas is related to the search for a “mental map”. The book by Ihor Skoczylas, co-authored with A. Gil, entitled “Eastern Churches in the Polish-Lithuanian state”

The purpose of the presented study is to understand and describe the mechanisms for generating social capital in the groups of devoted football supporters in Poland, by: (a) exploring those features of football supporters’ social structures that are essential for creating social capital and enabling them to maintain it within those groups; and (b) trying to identify the historical processes which foster emergence of these features in supporters’ social structures. The presented analysis is part of a wider research project on Polish football supporters’ social capital. It draws on a qualitative approach based on the triangulation of a variety of methods: on-going ethnography, participant observation, individual interviews and content analysis (internet forums, book biographies, magazines, zines and qualitative research materials from previous research). Drawing on Coleman’s concept, this study identifies the presence of specific forms of social capital ( appropriate social organization, obligations and expectations, norms and effective sanctions and information channels) and internal factors ( ideology, closure and stability) facilitating maintenance of this ‘source’ in the structures of devoted supporters’ groups in Poland. The results show also that social capital is created on the stands and then transferred to the other areas of social life. Furthermore, the social capital used in areas other than where it was first created can strengthen efficiency and trust in the original organization. Further, external factors like the co-production process and ‘war’ with the state are considered as variables fostering the emergence of social capital in the analysed structures. However, these same external factors also made those structures very exclusive.

The article deals with the history of the so-called Book Program—a joint effort of the US government, the East European diaspora, and readers of books prohibited behind the Iron Curtain. This was one of the most brilliant smuggling operations in the history of Eastern Europe. In 1956– 1989, the operational budget was used for the purchase and delivery to the population of Soviet-dominated Europe of about ten million publications in an effort to undermine communist rule there. This study adds new things to what is already known about the cultural Cold War. Concentrating mostly on Polish cases, the author examines relations between state and non-state actors inside the network of the book program. Using historical materials, he captures the complexity of the grassroots activists–US government interactions, which were finally successful, but this communication also proved difficult for both parties. Contributing to the discussion of hegemony and autonomy in state–private networks, the author points out cooperation and negotiation, not the co-optation of diaspora communities by the US government.

“So what?” Bożena Keff, Magda Szcześniak, Tomasz Tomasik & Błażej Warkocki in a conversation with Anna ZawadzkaIn April 2013, the Polish Press Agency published an article in which Elżbieta Janicka proposed a new interpretations of Stones on the barricades. She claimed i.a.: ”Since we are deliberating, placed in a ho-mophobic culture, where questioning someone’s heterosexual orientation is not an observation but a de­lation, I would compare Zośka and Rudy to Achilles and Patroclus, a pair of legendary warriors. […] I think that this is one of the most beautiful texts about love knowing no limits, whereas all we know about the main characters’ relations testifies to the unheard power and depth of this feeling”. Those words caused an avalanche of reactions, starting from polemics with Janicka or libels on her to violence threats against the scholar. In this conversation, Bożena Keff, Magda Szcześniak, Tomasz Tomasik, Błażej Warkocki and Anna Zawadzka are discussing Janicka’s proposition (developed in her book Festung Warschau, published prior to the quoted text) to interpret Stones on the barricades as a text also on a romantic relationship between two men. They analyse social and political causes of the “scandal”, induced by the Polish mainstream media together with a part of the Polish academic milieu. This conversation took place in May 2013. „No i co z tego”. O dyskusji wokół Kamieni na szaniec Aleksandra Kamińskiego z Bożeną Keff, Magdą Szcześniak, Tomaszem Tomasikiem i Błażejem Warkockim rozmawia Anna ZawadzkaW kwietniu 2013 roku Polska Agencja Prasowa opublikowała artykuł, w którym Elżbieta Janicka proponowała nowe interpretacje Kamieni na szaniec. Janicka mówiła m.in.: „Ponieważ rozmawiamy w kulturze homofobicznej, gdzie zakwestionowanie czyjejś heteroseksualnej orientacji nie jest konstatacją, lecz denuncjacją, porównałabym Zośkę i Rudego do Achillesa i Patroklesa, pary legendarnych wojowników. [...] Uważam, że to jeden z najpiękniejszych tekstów o miłości nieznającej granic, zaś cała wiedza na temat relacji bohaterów świadczy o niespotykanej sile i głębi tego uczucia”. Słowa te wywołały lawinę reakcji: od polemik z Janicką, przez paszkwile na nią, po groźby przemocy wobec niej. W niniejszej rozmowie Bożena Keff, Magda Szcześniak, Tomasz Tomasik, Błażej Warkocki i Anna Zawadzka dyskutują o propozycji Janickiej (rozwiniętej we wcześniejszej wobec cytowanego tekstu książce Elżbiety Janickiej Festung Warschau), by interpretować Kamienie na szaniec jako tekst także o romantycznej relacji między mężczyznami, oraz analizują społeczne i polityczne przyczyny „skandalu”, jaki wokół wywiadu z Janicką wywołały polskie media głównego nurtu oraz część polskiego środowiska akademickiego. Rozmowa odbyła się w maju 2013 roku.

The aim of this research is to explore the volatility contagion among different agricultural commodity markets. For this purpose, this research make use of the copula-GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) model for the daily spot prices of six major agriculture grain commodities including corn, wheat, soybeans, soya oil, cotton, and oat over the period from 2000 to 2019. Our results provide evidence that significant contagion effects and risk transmissions exist among different agricultural grain commodity markets, suggesting that potential speculation effects on one agricultural market could be contagious for another agricultural market and result an increase in volatility in agricultural product markets. Second, agricultural commodities appears to co-move symmetrically. We also find substantial extreme co-movements among agricultural commodity markets. This indicates that agricultural commodity markets tend to crash (boom) together during extreme events. Moreover, after the food crisis, contagion effects and risk transmissions among different agricultural commodity markets increased substantially. Fourth, we find that the strongest contagion effects and risk transmissions are between corn and soybeans, and the weakest contagion effects and risk transmissions are between soya oil cotton and between cotton and oat. Last, we document that the co-movement varies over time. Our findings hold important implications for modeling the co-movement by the copula-GARCH approach.

The article offers an overview of the use of such policy instruments as grant competitions for public support of cultural and artistic projects in Poland. The overview includes grant-giving programs of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of Poland, in particular, their priorities, the sources for funding cultural projects, and institutions operating the programs. From the perspective of European integration chosen by Ukraine nowadays, the article also reviews the recent attempts to introduce similar institutions and grant-giving policy instruments in this country. In particular, recent establishment and early activities of Ukrainian Cultural Foundation has been analysed. First, Polish public grant-giving institutions have accumulated massive experience of co-operation between the state and independent cultural sector. Second, the main source of funding for public grant-giving institutions in Poland is secured by law as a special targeted levy, while in Ukraine the amount of funds given to the Foundation is to be defined in the State Budget each year. Third, there is a remarkable support from EU funds in Poland. Ukraine, on the other hand, only recently became eligible for participation in Creative Europe program. Finally, there are several public institutions offering grants for cultural projects in Poland (Polish Book Institute, the Film Institute, the Theatre Institute, etc.) while in this country, Ukrainian Cultural Foundation is the only one that practically provides grants, not just promises to do so.

Sylwester Chęciński in the maze of film production decisions about the Szare SzeregiThe author describes press reports on the preparations of Sylwester Chęciński for the film about scouts from Szare Szeregi. The scenario was based on a bestseller written by Aleksander Kamiński entitled Kamienie na szaniec Stones for the earthwork. Although the press assured that Sylwester Chęciński had already started working, the film was produced only eight years later, and the director was Jan Łomnicki. An interesting topic of these considerations are personal relationships. Andrzej Wajda was working on the screenplay for Kaminski’s book with Valentin Jeżow. In turn, the movie Agnieszka 46, directed by Sylwester Chęciński, was severely attacked by Zbigniew Załuski. Valentin Jeżow and Zbigniew Załuski became screenwriters for the film Legenda Legend directed by Sylwester Chęciński. It is not clear from the press notes whether Sylwester Chęciński stopped the preparations for the film about the Szare Szeregi for this cooperation or was forced to abandon them for the Polish-Soviet co-production.

“From Air, Hunger, and the Monument by Kuna Protect Us, Lord”: The Antisemitic Dispute over the Adam Mickiewicz Monument for Vilnius After Poland regained independence in 1918, a considerable group of Polish Jews wanted to co-create Polish culture, which did not find approval in the eyes of nationalists, defenders of the purity of national culture. Writers and artists of Jewish origin, especially those assimilated, became the main target of attacks and victims of social ostracism. The story of the monument of Adam Mickiewicz proposed to the city of Vilnius by Henryk Kuna, a sculptor with Jewish roots, may serve as a case study, perfectly illustrating both the power of resentment among the broad masses of society at the time and the influence of journalists. Kuna’s project was the third (after Zbigniew Pronaszko’s avant-garde monument and Stanisław Szukalski’s symbolist one) project of a Mickiewicz monument for Vilnius, selected in a competition in 1932. Unlike the previous ones, it did not seem to be controversial either in terms of form (it represented modernized classicism) or symbolism (it showed the poet in a pilgrim’s cloak with a book in one hand, the other hand covering his eyes). Despite this, nationalist circles unleashed an antisemitic campaign, striking at both the artistic and iconographic value of the statue. A rich variety of rhetorical means, from wit to virulent mockery, prove that it was not aesthetic preferences that played a dominant role here, but Henryk Kuna’s background, which influenced the evaluation and interpretation of his work.

The review deals with a monograph co-authored by 61 scholars from 19 research centres located in Russia and across the world. The authors chose to follow a geographical approach, counting all writers who had ever resided in the Urals and surrounding area (Western Siberia) as belonging to the region’s literature, irrespective of their ethnicity. The book discusses the history of Russian literature in the Urals in the first and second halves of the 19th c., as well as literatures created by the Bashkir, the Udmurt, and the Komi — the peoples inhabiting the Urals alongside Russians. The authors of the monograph also examine the work of exiles to the Urals, travellers’ impressions of the region, the origins and evolution of the region’s journalism, bookselling, and libraries, as well as the Urals’ most prominent writers, with the figure of D. MaminSibiryak looming large. The approach feels completely justified: we are presented with a glorious patchwork of a literary world created by Russian, Bashkir, Ukrainian and even Polish writers, whose fate brought them to the Urals.

Phillip Andrews-Speed has written a timely book. China's rapid economic growth has generated an enormous appetite for energy. Over the past decade, China has become an increasingly important factor in global energy markets. China was responsible for about one third of the increase in daily world oil consumption in 2003, and China's demand for oil and coal has contributed to the recent higher prices for both of these commodities. Consequently, the decisions Beijing makes – and does not make – about energy will have an increasing impact not only on China but also on the rest of the world.Energy Policy and Regulation in the People's Republic of China surveys energy policy formulation, implementation and regulation in China. The book is primarily based on research previously published by the author, and reads more like a collection of parts than an organic whole. Nonetheless, two themes loosely bind the chapters together. First, China lacks a coherent energy policy. Secondly, China's powerful state-owned energy companies exert considerable influence over energy decision-making.Andrews-Speed argues that China's energy policy incoherence can be explained, in part, by the fragmented institutional structure of energy decision-making. China does not have a Ministry of Energy to oversee the formulation and implementation of policy. Currently, this responsibility nominally falls to the Energy Bureau within the National Development Reform Commission (NDRC). Yet, the Energy Bureau lacks both the manpower and the authority to play a major role in policy making. Both the Chinese and Western media indicate that the Energy Bureau's small staff of 30 is so overwhelmed with projects in need of approval that it has little time to devise and co-ordinate broader policy objectives. The Energy Bureau's ability to shape policy is also limited by the fact that it is only one of many actors involved in energy matters. Energy decisions, according to Andrews-Speed, are the result of bargaining and consensus-building among the stakeholders in any given initiative and do not reflect an overarching strategy for energy.

"Aftermath", after-Gross and the fans of PolishnessAftermath was released in the late 2012. Its director, Władysław Pasikowski, had previously been famous for his violent action films with strong male protagonists. He has also written some of the most sexist dialogues in the history of Polish cinema, as well as a number of lines, often obscene, which have become catchphrases and slogans present every day in the pop culture.His latest film, however, tackles a completely different issue – this thriller-cum-western tells a story that is decidedly contemporary, but nevertheless inspired by the events that took place in Jedwabne (described by Jan Tomasz Gross in his book Neighbors). Aftermath does not attempt to provide a reconstruction of the events that took place “on the margins of the Holocaust” (including Jedwabne). However, it clearly hints at the issue of the Polish contribution to the extermination of Jews and the impact of the conspiracy of silence having been broken. The film gave rise to a heated debate, which rippled through the Polish media for as long as two months after its release. This article is an attempt to analyse and interpret the words and ideas that appeared in the debate. „Pokłosie”, poGrossie i kibice polskościWraz z końcem 2012 roku odbyła się premiera filmu fabularnego Pokłosie w reżyserii Władysława Pasikowskiego. Ten bardzo popularny polski reżyser znany był dotychczas przede wszystkim z mocnych filmów sensacyjnych o twardych mężczyznach. Zasłynął także jako autor bodaj najbardziej seksistowskich dialogów w polskim kinie oraz rozmaitych i częstokroć wulgarnych kwestii wypowiadanych przez bohaterów, z których wiele do dziś funkcjonuje w popkulturze na prawach popularnych cytatów.W swoim najnowszym filmie Pasikowski sięgnął jednak po zupełnie inny temat. W konwencji thrillera z elementami westernu opowiedział historię jak najbardziej współczesną, ale w zdecydowany spósob zainspirowaną wydarzeniami w Jedwabnem, opisanymi przez Jana Tomasza Grossa w książce Sąsiedzi. Pokłosie nie stanowi jednak próby faktograficznej rekonstrukcji tego, co działo się na „obrzeżach Zagłady”, w tym również w Jedwabnem, lecz jednoznacznie dotyka problemu polskiego współudziału w zagładzie Żydów i konsekwencji związanych ze złamaniem ukonstytuowanej wokół tego faktu społecznej zmowy milczenia. Film wywołał gorącą dyskusję, która toczyła się w ogólnopolskich mediach przez niemal dwa miesiące od jego premiery. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest próba analizy oraz interpretacji słów i myśli wypowiedzianych w czasie jej trwania.

The article investigates connections between the poetic prose of Bruno Schulz and the poetic Cinnamon cycle of Yuri Andrukhovych, a contemporary writer and poet, implemented by the au-thor in 2008–2011 as a musical and poetical project in conjunction with the musical „Karbido” band (Wroclaw). It is a lyrical and epic cycle consisting of ten parts: two essays from the book, My Europe (2001, co-authored with Andrzej Stasiuk) and selected poems from Andrukhovych’s poetic collection, Exotic Birds and Plants (translated into Polish by Jacek Podsiadło, 2007). The cycle has a secondary origin: it is a poetic integrity that arose as a result of the intentionally outlined-by--the-poet search for those texts (written before) in his own oeuvre, which built a new, regenerated integrity Bruno Schulz became a pretext and foundation for. Schulz is not present in the cycle directly, obviously – he is hidden there, metonymic and signifi ed by Andrukhovych (according to the termi-nology of Roland Barthes where the signifi ed is secret, deep and needs to be searched). By creating Cinnamon, Andrukhovych is reborn from the author-creator to the author-reader/author-interpreter so the original author’s intention-birth becomes an intention-search which is also used by the author of the given article while reading Schulz’s poetic codes encrypted in the texts of the cycle.

Nationalities Affairs in the Nationalities Affairs: Our Authors and Their ContributionsOn the occasion of the 20 years’ anniversary of the academic journal Sprawy Narodowościowe (Nationalities Affairs) its origin and current situation have been presented in some detail. This bi-annual international and multidisciplinary journal was established in 1992 as a continuation of traditions of the prewar bi-monthly of the same title, which originally appeared in Warsaw in 1927–1939. It focuses on the study of nation, nationalisms and ethnicity, and is published under the auspices of the Polish Academy of Sciences, with the Institute of Slavic Studies in Warsaw and Poznań as its editor. In the years between 1992 to 2012 a total number of ca. 550 articles, including 60 in English, as well as 170 book reviews was published, while the total number of printed pages reached 10,000. The contributors, in the number of 350, come mainly from Poland but also from abroad. Abstracts and PDF versions are available in the Internet.The text comprises a separate part including a full list of all the issues published over the 20 years’ period, as well as a full bibliography of all the contributions. Each entry contains the name of the author/co-author, the title of the article, issue number and the year of publication (the name of the translator, if there is one).

POPULAR SCIENCE BOOK FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS IN THE EYES OF CRITICS — A RESEARCH RECONNAISSANCEThe aim of the article is to determine the position of popular science books for children and young people in Polish literary criticism and book studies, and to specify the terminology used by scholars. Opinions about such books have been formulated by theorists and practitioners of children’s books since the 19th century, with the criteria of their assessment changing in accordance with the current literary fashions and trends in pedagogy. Critics’ interest in such works was strong until the end of the 19th century, when books for children were expected mainly to serve utilitarian purposes. The phenomenon intensified especially in the era of positivism; among the most enthusiastic advocates of popular science books were Adolf Dygasiński and the co-editor of Bluszcz Maria Ilnicka. The stature of popular science books is also evidenced by the fact that their titles often appeared in recommended bibliographies at the time. A later change in the perception of the tasks of literature for the youngest readers diminished the critics’ interest in such works. In addition, there was a growing rift between literary criticism and pedagogical-library criticism. In communist Poland the perception of popular science books was also affected by the promotion of works not suited to the expectations and needs of the readers. Today, the stature of popular science books rises with their market success and innovative projects in the area. That is why there are numerous reviews of such works in professional journals Guliwer, Nowe Książki, Świat Książki Dziecięcej etc. and websites Mądre książki, 10 książek: na start do nauki etc. as well as studies devoted to the history and evolution in the content and editorial form of such publications, and their usefulness in the teaching and self-education of young readers.

Works of Klementyna Hoffmanowa in Russian translationsWorks of Klementyna Hoffmanowa, one of Poland’s first writers of children’s literature, were extremely popular in Poland in the 19th century. Her first book Pamiątka po dobrej Matce Remembering a Good Mother had the most astonishing success. It was followed by a series of works, almost all had a strongly expressed national character. Nevertheless, her translators into the Russian language used the Russification as a technique of translation. Polish culture was converted to the Russian culture and the text was rewritten. Russian translation of Remembering a Good Mother was published in 1827 and it was a great success because of the poverty of Russian children’s literature in the first third of the 19th century. The next adapted translation was her book of moral stories, published in Russian in 1860 and 1869. By that time, Russian children’s literature was rich and varied and adaptation as a method of translation failed. Utwory Klementyny z Tańskich Hoffmanowej w tłumaczeniach na język rosyjskiUtwory Klementyny z Tańskich Hoffmanowej — jednej z pierwszych polskich twórczyń literatury dla dzieci i młodzieży — cieszyły się wielką popularnością w XIX wieku. Szczególne uznanie zdobyło jej debiutanckie dzieło Pamiątka po dobrej matce 1819, pisane z myślą o dorastających dziewczętach. W 1827 roku ukazała się rosyjska adaptacja Pamiątki, przystosowana do odczytania utworu w kontekście kultury rosyjskiej. W tym czasie w literaturze rosyjskiej brakowało utworów edukacyjnych poświęconych wychowaniu płci pięknej, dlatego przeróbka z polskiego uzyskała pochlebne opinie krytyków.Strategia domestykacji, czyli udomowienia tekstu źródłowego, została ponownie zastosowana przez tłumaczy w przekładach opowiadań Hoffmanowej w latach sześćdziesiątych XIX wieku. Wówczas jednak rosyjska literatura dla dzieci przeżywała rozkwit i dlatego moralno-dydaktyczne adaptacje pozbawione elementów obcości zostały pominięte przez krytyków milczeniem, przez co pozostały niemal niezauważone przez czytelników.

The rules of the reservation. On the book Jewish Poland Revisited by Erica Lehrer The paper offers a review of Erica Lehrer’s Jewish Poland Revisited, a publication presenting outcomes of an anthropological research on Jewish-Polish memory projects in Cracow's former Jewish district of Kazimierz. In a discussion of the book's theses, the author critically analyses Lehrer's postulate of 'ethnography of possibility' and the resultant strategy of approval for contemporary Kazimierz as a 'space of encounter' alongside with its rules of participation, imposed by the Polish proprietors of the district on its visitors.The article focuses on two such rules that condition a visitor’s possibility of participation in shrinking public spaces of Kazimierz. First of these laws is discussed as an imperative of abandoning the immediacy of district's physical space and its histories signified by the surviving built environment. Instead, Lehrer introduces a conceptual division of "social" and "physical" spaces, which leads to silencing of otherwise immediately present evidence of the violent past. The second rule is analyzed as a requirement of accepting the contemporary Polish owners’ role of 'brokers" and "purveyors" of Jewish heritage, consequential with an approval of a doubtful legal and moral title to the appropriated spaces.Through focusing on these rules of participation that determine and perpetuate the conditionality of Jewish presence in the space of Kazimierz, the author argues for a necessity of questioning and re-defining the traditional divisions of disciplines that establish conceptual separations of "social" and "built" spaces, as well as for a necessity of a critical outlook on contemporary Central European understandings of "heritage". Such an inquiry is discussed as conditional for overcoming the largely avoided yet still present "heritages" in the history of Polish-Jewish relations: the traditions of violence and exclusion, either social and spatial. Regulamin rezerwatu. O książce Jewish Poland Revisited Eriki LehrerArtykuł stanowi recenzję książki Jewish Poland Revisited Eriki Lehrer, prezentującej wyniki antropologicznych badań na temat żydowsko-polskich projektów pamięci realizowanych w byłej dzielnicy żydowskiej na krakowskim Kazimierzu. Omawiając tezy pracy, autor poddaje krytycznej analizie proponowany przez Lehrer projekt etnografii możliwości i wynikającą z niego strategię akceptacji współczesnego Kazimierza jako przestrzeni spotkania, za którą idzie akceptacja zasad uczestnictwa narzuconych gościom przez polskich zarządców Kazimierza.W artykule rozpatrywane są dwie takie zasady, warunkujące możliwość uczestnictwa gościa w kurczącej się przestrzeni publicznej Kazimierza. Pierwszą z nich autor opisuje jako nakaz porzucenia bezpośrednio dostępnej, fizycznej przestrzeni dzielnicy i niesionych przez nią historii, których znakiem jest ocalała zabudowa. W to miejsce Lehrer wprowadza podział na przestrzeń społeczną i fizyczną, skutkiem czego stłumione zostają ślady brutalnej przeszłości, w przeciwnym razie bezpośrednio obecne. Drugą zasadę autor odtwarza jako wymóg akceptacji roli współczesnych polskich właścicieli jako brokerów i pośredników żydowskiego dziedzictwa, co w konsekwencji pociąga za sobą akceptację ich wątpliwych prawnie i moralnie roszczeń do zawłaszczonej przestrzeni.Skupienie uwagi na regulaminie uczestnictwa, który ustanawia i utrzymuje warunkowy charakter żydowskiej obecności w przestrzeni Kazimierza, prowadzi autora do wniosku o konieczności rewaluacji i redefinicji tradycyjnego rozdziału dyscyplin, który tworzy konceptualny podział na społeczne przestrzenie i architektoniczne obiekty, oraz do krytycznego namysłu nad obowiązującym obecnie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej rozumieniem pojęcia „dziedzictwo”. Tego rodzaju poszukiwanie uznaje autor za warunek przezwyciężenia ignorowanego zwykle, choć mimo wszystko obecnego w polsko-żydowskich stosunkach „dziedzictwa”: tradycji przemocy i wykluczenia, tak społecznego, jak i przestrzennego.

Elizaveta Ivanovna de Witte (nee Ammosova), a famous educator and historian, has been undeservedly forgotten. She was the author of numerous scientific and popular works, a full member of the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler, published in numerous journals like Chteniya v Istoricheskom obshchestve Nestora letopistsa, Russkoe delo, Zarya, Rus’, Pravdivoe slovo. She was publishing the collections Book for Reading at School and at Home, the second volume of which included her version of The Word on Igor’s Regiment, based on G.P. Pavsky’s translation. E. de Witte made several trips to foreign countries, where she paid much attention to the situation of Slavic peoples. In the summer of 1903, E. de Witte went to Austria-Hungary and visited Bukovina and Galicia. Her creative legacy includes works on the history, socio-economic and religious situation of the Rusins in Austria-Hungary: Bukovina and Galicia (1903), Ugro-Rus. Past and Present. Absolutism and Constitution (1907), How Galicians Live under the Constitution (1908), The Russian-Polish Question in Galicia. 1804–1909 (1909), Austria-Hungary and Its Slavic Peoples (1912), Galician Rus in Its Past and Present (co-authored with E.F. Turaeva-Tsereteli, 1915). She was also interested in the Rusins of the Kholmshchyna (Chełm Land, 1909). With her works on the history of Carpathian Rus, E. de Witte contributed much to the further studies of the history of Rusins and promoted the interest to this ethnic group in the general public and academic community of Russia.

This paper presents an interview with Pádraig Hogan – a prominent Irish educator and researcher in the field of pedagogy, well-known in the European Union and beyond it. This interview is an echo of discussions at an International Conference – The 9th Congress of the Philosophy of Education Society of Poland “Education and the State” on September 24-26 2001 in Krakow, organized by the Institute of Pedagogy at the Jagiellonian University, the B. F. Trentowsky Society of Philosophical Pedagogy, the Polish Philosophical Society and other authorities. Pádraig Hogan opened this Congress with a report “Uncovering Education as a Practice in its Own Right”. Pádraig Hogan is a Professor-Emeritus of the National University of Ireland Maynooth. He has a keen research interest in the quality of educational experience and in what makes learning environments conducive to fruitful learning. Now he is an active participant in several international scientific-educational researches. For a long period (from 2003) he was leader of the research and development programme ‘Teaching and Learning for the 21st Century’ (TL21), a schools-university initiative. His books include The Custody and Courtship of Experience: Western Education in Philosophical Perspective (1995); The New Significance of Learning: Imagination’s Heartwork (2010); Towards a better Future: A Review of the Irish School System (co-authored with J. Coolahan, S. Drudy, Á. Hyland and S. McGuinness, 2017). To date he has published over 130 research items, including books, journal articles, book chapters and commissioned pieces. This interview give answers on the questions about topicality of personal education, issues of educational experience, cognitive and emotional aspects of the communication of teacher and students, perspectives and limits of educational hermeneutics and the best maintenance of educational traditions.

The occupation of the Crimean peninsula, conduction an anti-terrorist operation and the Joint Forces Operation in the East of Ukraine, the functioning of government authorities, institutions, enterprises and organizations in a special period have significantly affected to the distribution of social roles. For almost eight years of the bilateral conflict in Donbass women’s contribution in warfare hasn’t become the exception but the norm for society. Women are represented in all areas of direct contribution in warfare, providing the settle differences of the conflict and establishing peace in Ukraine, namely: political, volunteer and military. At the beginning of the conflict in East of Ukraine, a woman in the Armed Forces had no guarantees from the country and has no access to so-called “combat” positions and career opportunities. The aim of the article is to investigate the changes that have taken place in the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the direction of gender policy and the affect of the experience of the North Atlantic Alliance on this process. Gender issues are included in the process of restructuring the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Whereas the Ukraine’s direction towards European and Euro-Atlantic integration it’s clear that NATO has chosen as a model for implementing a gender approach. This is a boon to co-operate partnership Ukraine-NATO G00013 “Gender issues” in the Armed Forces of Ukraine – the impound of resources for the effective performance of assigned tasks in accordance with NATO standards. Implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 “Women, Peace, Security” changes and additions to the legal framework to provide and guarantee gender equality. As well as control and adjustment the problems that exist in the Ukrainian army on the way to achieving real progress in gender issues. According to the activity in the past of eight years, Ukrainian legislation on gender issues in the field of security and defense has been significantly improved. The list of positions that servicewoman can hold has significantly expanded. Resolved the issue of equal opportunities for career advancement of men and women but also the responsibility for one’s own activity or inactivity. It were given the opportunity for servicewomen to perform contract military service as officers with the exception of positions where they have to work with explosives and diving. The legal framework for the implementation of the policy of equal rights and opportunities in the Armed Forces of Ukraine is constantly updated and supplemented, that proves immediacy of the problem of gender issue. An educational component is another area of implementation of strategy of the gender equality. Gender issues must be included in all curricula of all courses, according to NATO requirements. There are some problems with training servicewomen, in particular, they are shortly insufficiently in the courses of science, technology, engineering and mathematics at the university level, but now we have some steps to negotiation them. Thus, to dealing with a problem with education of girls in “male” specialties, the government input additional quotas. Girls received the right to be admitted into the military lyceums. The introduction of positions of gender advisers in the structural units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is an important element in the implementation of gender equality. Thus, NATO’s experience identifies key directions for reform and improvement of gender approach in Armed Forces of Ukaine.

Poniższy artykuł poświęcony jest literackiemu reportażowi biograficznemu Papusza i obrazowi romskiej poetki, który tworzy jego autorka. Angelika Kuźniak bada losy Papuszy poza mitem utrwalonym w kulturze popularnej, a poszukując Papuszy z krwi i kości, trafia na postać absolutnie tragiczną. Co oczywiste, autorka prezentuje niezwykle krytyczne spojrzenie feministyczne, które wychwytuje grzechy, za które poetka będzie musiała zapłacić, a na ogół są one związane z faktem bycia kobietą. Ale tu nie ma publicystyki, autorka sprawia, że fakty mówią za siebie. Fabuła jest tak skonstruowana, że komentarz moralny jest zbędny. Jest to książka sucha, minimalistyczna, zbudowana na czystych dokumentach i skrawkach życia, pozornie bez obróbki literackiej: jej stylizacja wyraża się w językowej zgrzebności, jakby naśladującej twarde życie Papuszy (życie, w którym szuka się poezji), jej prymitywne pismo, a nawet jej ubogą i naiwną poezję. Jak zobaczymy, w losie Papuszy spotykają się trzy wielkie anatemy: kobiecość, cygańskość i inność. Ale Kuźniak wykracza poza konkretną relację biograficzną, która z kolei służy jako wektor mikrohistoryczny, dzięki któremu uzyskujemy dostęp do wizji historii polskich Romów w XX wieku. W ten sposób Papusza staje się esejem krytycznym dotyczącym dyskryminacji, płci i inności. Papusza’s Condemnation According to Angelika Kuźniak or the Biographic Reportage as an Essay The following article deals with the literary biographical reportage Papusza and the author’s impression of the Gypsy poetess. Kuźniak explores Papusza’s life beyond the myth rooted in popular culture. And in her search for the real Papusza she finds an absolutely tragic figure. Naturally, the author applies a highly critical feminist gaze that detects the “sins” for which the poetess will have to “pay”, and in general these are related to the fact that she is a woman. But there is no discourse here: the author makes the facts speak for themselves. The plot is constructed in such a way that the moral commentary is redundant. Kuźniak’s work is a dry, minimalist book, built upon bare factsand scraps of life, with no apparent literary work: its stylisation is expressed through linguistic coarseness, imitating Papusza’s austere way of life (a life where the poetry is sought after), her primitive writing and even her naive poetry. As we shall see, three great condemnations loom over Papusza’s life: femininity, gypsyness and otherness. But Kuźniak goes beyond the specific biographical account, which in turn serves as a micro-historical vector through which we gain access to a vision of the history of Polish Gypsies in the twentieth century. Thanks to that Papusza thus becomes a critical essay dealing with the issues of discrimination, gender and otherness.

The article reveals the main milestones of the 90-year life and scientific work of Petro Petrovich Kononenko - Doctor of Philology, Professor, prominent Ukrainian scholar, literary critic, writer and playwright, initiator of the Ukrainian National Lyceum, founder and director of the National Research Institute of Ukraine. The often mentioned village of Markivtsi, Bobrovytsia district, Chernihiv region, where P. Kononenko was born on May 31, 1931, is the cradle, the first sounds, the first words of the Ukrainian language, and the first knowledge of Ukraine in native people - all for the first time and all native. Milestones in life are graduating from high school in his native village, Faculty of Philology of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University, obtaining the degrees of candidate, doctor of philology, academic titles of associate professor and professor, work as head of the Department of History of Ukrainian Literature, dean of the Faculty of Philology. Research Institute of Ukrainian Studies. Researchers of his work M. Velychko and M. Slavynsky define the creative mission and works of PP Kononenko as follows: poet, prose writer, playwright, literary critic and literary critic, whose works have been translated into English, Bulgarian, Spanish, German, Polish, Croatian, Georgian. Tatar and other languages. Author of almost 1000 scientific publications and 50 monographs, including: “In Search of the Essence”, “Village in Ukrainian Literature”, “Ukrainian Literature: Problems of Development”, textbook for higher education institutions “Ukrainian Studies”, “Love Your Ukraine…”, “ Mykhailo Hrushevsky ”,“ The Phenomenon of the Ukrainian Language ”,“ Ukrainian Ethnos: Genesis and Perspectives ”,“ National Idea, Nation, Nationalism ”,“ We ??Have One Ukraine ”(books I, II, III) - co-authored with Taras Kononenko, “Ukrainian land and people in world civilization and culture” (books I, II), “Ukrainians in world civilization and culture. The historical phenomenon of Stepan Bandera “. The works of the recognized master of the word include the tragedy “Mary on Calvary”, selected “Voices in the Desert”, a collection of poems “Sunny Phoenix”. On the eve of P. Kononenko’s 90th birthday, his large-format four-volume memoir and reflections “One Hundred Years - One Hundred Roads… Ukraine and Ukrainian Studies: Origin - Executions - Resurrection” were published. In addressing the readers of the four-volume book, the content of which is reviewed in the article, P. Kononenko calls his work a reflection on Ukraine and the science of Ukrainian studies in intellectual, mental, experiential and mental perception, and thus interpretation, predictability and planning of the future. The personal perception of Ukraine by the author of the four-volume book, world Ukrainians, Ukrainian studies, the fate of Ukraine as the fate of everyone, its role and mission in intellectual-logical and emotional-emotional phenomenality, interdependence of historical and psychological perspectives, philosophical-ideological and psychological-cultural assessment and opportunities for human progress. Among the real characters of the four-volume book, the article reveals the psychology of “residents of profit and career, adapters”, who grew in the tragic circumstances of foreign colonization of Ukraine, the beginning in January 1972 in Kiev and other cities of Ukraine mass arrests of Ukrainian KGB poets, artists, students, to whom P. Kononenko is almost the first among other authors. The origin of the idea and foundation of the Institute of Ukrainian Studies, an example of which was created by Omelyan Prytsak for the preservation and development of Ukrainian cultural heritage “Institute of Ukrainian Studies” at Harvard University, “School Board” in the US and Canada, which manages schools of Ukrainian studies, development of the Center 1988 at the Faculty of Philology of the Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, and with it the Institute of Ukrainian Studies and its state status. The chronology of the transformation of this scientific institution into the Research Institute of Ukrainian Studies in the sphere of management of the Ministry of Education and Science and the transfer of the building at 18 Isaakyana Street in Kyiv for its placement are given. The reasons for counteracting the institutional development of Ukrainian studies in modern Ukraine, which still preserves the Soviet system of organization of communist-style science, further strengthened by its communist and post-communist functionaries, are analyzed. P. Kononenko’s reasoning that the phenomenon of synthesis of Ukrainian studies should be anthropology, and the generator of knowledge - the Institute of Man. The conclusions consider the achievements of the future, which include the causal conditionality of Ukrainian authenticity at each stage of the favorable historical development of the Ukrainian nation, determined by the functioning of statehood in the exercise of its protective function.

The article reveals the main milestones of the 90-year life and scientific work of Petro Petrovich Kononenko - Doctor of Philology, Professor, prominent Ukrainian scholar, literary critic, writer and playwright, initiator of the Ukrainian National Lyceum, founder and director of the National Research Institute of Ukraine. The often mentioned village of Markivtsi, Bobrovytsia district, Chernihiv region, where P. Kononenko was born on May 31, 1931, is the cradle, the first sounds, the first words of the Ukrainian language, and the first knowledge of Ukraine in native people - all for the first time and all native. Milestones in life are graduating from high school in his native village, Faculty of Philology of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University, obtaining the degrees of candidate, doctor of philology, academic titles of associate professor and professor, work as head of the Department of History of Ukrainian Literature, dean of the Faculty of Philology. Research Institute of Ukrainian Studies. Researchers of his work M. Velychko and M. Slavynsky define the creative mission and works of PP Kononenko as follows: poet, prose writer, playwright, literary critic and literary critic, whose works have been translated into English, Bulgarian, Spanish, German, Polish, Croatian, Georgian. Tatar and other languages. Author of almost 1000 scientific publications and 50 monographs, including: “In Search of the Essence”, “Village in Ukrainian Literature”, “Ukrainian Literature: Problems of Development”, textbook for higher education institutions “Ukrainian Studies”, “Love Your Ukraine…”, “ Mykhailo Hrushevsky ”,“ The Phenomenon of the Ukrainian Language ”,“ Ukrainian Ethnos: Genesis and Perspectives ”,“ National Idea, Nation, Nationalism ”,“ We ??Have One Ukraine ”(books I, II, III) - co-authored with Taras Kononenko, “Ukrainian land and people in world civilization and culture” (books I, II), “Ukrainians in world civilization and culture. The historical phenomenon of Stepan Bandera “. The works of the recognized master of the word include the tragedy “Mary on Calvary”, selected “Voices in the Desert”, a collection of poems “Sunny Phoenix”. On the eve of P. Kononenko’s 90th birthday, his large-format four-volume memoir and reflections “One Hundred Years - One Hundred Roads… Ukraine and Ukrainian Studies: Origin - Executions - Resurrection” were published. In addressing the readers of the four-volume book, the content of which is reviewed in the article, P. Kononenko calls his work a reflection on Ukraine and the science of Ukrainian studies in intellectual, mental, experiential and mental perception, and thus interpretation, predictability and planning of the future. The personal perception of Ukraine by the author of the four-volume book, world Ukrainians, Ukrainian studies, the fate of Ukraine as the fate of everyone, its role and mission in intellectual-logical and emotional-emotional phenomenality, interdependence of historical and psychological perspectives, philosophical-ideological and psychological-cultural assessment and opportunities for human progress. Among the real characters of the four-volume book, the article reveals the psychology of “residents of profit and career, adapters”, who grew in the tragic circumstances of foreign colonization of Ukraine, the beginning in January 1972 in Kiev and other cities of Ukraine mass arrests of Ukrainian KGB poets, artists, students, to whom P. Kononenko is almost the first among other authors. The origin of the idea and foundation of the Institute of Ukrainian Studies, an example of which was created by Omelyan Prytsak for the preservation and development of Ukrainian cultural heritage “Institute of Ukrainian Studies” at Harvard University, “School Board” in the US and Canada, which manages schools of Ukrainian studies, development of the Center 1988 at the Faculty of Philology of the Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, and with it the Institute of Ukrainian Studies and its state status. The chronology of the transformation of this scientific institution into the Research Institute of Ukrainian Studies in the sphere of management of the Ministry of Education and Science and the transfer of the building at 18 Isaakyana Street in Kyiv for its placement are given. The reasons for counteracting the institutional development of Ukrainian studies in modern Ukraine, which still preserves the Soviet system of organization of communist-style science, further strengthened by its communist and post-communist functionaries, are analyzed. P. Kononenko’s reasoning that the phenomenon of synthesis of Ukrainian studies should be anthropology, and the generator of knowledge - the Institute of Man. The conclusions consider the achievements of the future, which include the causal conditionality of Ukrainian authenticity at each stage of the favorable historical development of the Ukrainian nation, determined by the functioning of statehood in the exercise of its protective function.

The archaeologist Erik WesterbyUp-front researcher on a spare-time basisThe centenary of the archaeologist and lawyer Erik Westerby, born in 1901, is the occation of this ac count of his career. It is a tale of a talented person’s magnificent achievements in his vainly fight for a seat on the scientific Parnassos.Erik Westerby had out standing intellectual talents within more of the areas important for car ying out a rchaeological research at a high level. Initially, however, a youthful and ill-concealed belief in his own talents gave him problems getting on with the conservative research environment of his contemporaries. In addition he had to struggle with a complicated mind of his own.From his youth, Westerby’s dedication to archaeology was directed to the exploration of the oldest times. He was the first to present a settlement from the late Ice Age: the Bromme site, and until today he has remained one of the famous names within the early Stone Age research in Denmark.His mind was set on archaeology, and yet he chose a more sec ure way of earning a living and became a lawyer. Parallel to the law studies, he worked so vigorously with archaeology that it is difficult to understand how he managed to graduate with good marks in an extraordinarily short time. In 1929, he settled as an independent lawyer in Copenhagen, in an office close to the High Court and the National Museum.The Stone Age settlement of Bloksbjerg in northern Copenhagen was the object of Westerby’s first large-scale field work (fig. 1). Nineteen years old, he published the preliminary results of the excavation.The following year he extended his knowledge of the Palaeolithic Period of France during a one-month study visit in Dordogne, an area rich of archaeologi cal finds.These studies were carried out with great thoroughness and included carefully documented test excavations at some of the classical sites.When he was 26, Westerby published a thesis on the early Stone Age in Denmark, taking his own settlement investigations as his point of departure. In this book, the term “the Mesolithic Age” was introduced in Danish terminology. Here, he also argued for the individual culture eras being named after important find localities. The early part of the Mesolithic Age in Denmark (which prior to this was often called “the Bone Age”) was hence to be called the Maglemose Era and the late part the Ertebø1le Era.The local academic dignit aries met this termino logy with severe criticism. Nevertheless, it was gradually accepted far beyond the Danish borders.From a modern point of view, the book was a very com etent archaeological presentation. It was submitted to the University of Copenhagen as a dissertation. However, the established scholars showed their disapproval by simply rejecting it.To add insult to injury, the promising youth was even humiliated in public by members of the National Museum’s staff. Among other things they pounced on the claim that a widely occurring, yet hitherto unnoticed type of flint tool, the burin, was to be found in the settlement inventories of the early Stone Age in Denmark. Today, we all know that Westerby was right, but in the 1920s, this claim was received differently by the few professional archaeologists in Denmark. Westerby was considered unsuited as a professional archaeologist, and so his profession was to stay the law.His next large project was the testing of the theory that coastal settlement had existed before the Ertebø1le Era Through reconnaissance expeditions to reclaimed fiords, he established co mpr ehensive traces of coastal settlement from a time berween the Ertebølle Culture and the Maglemose Culture. This era is now called the Kongemose Era, but it could just as well have been called the “Gislinge Era” due to his rich settlement find of this era in the Lamme fiord in North-West Zealand. However,Westerby decided to play down the sigruficance of his new find and refrain from such a pretentious terminology.In 1933, the results of Erik Westerby’s investigations of the reclai med fior ds were published. The energetic, Stone Age knowledgeable Therkel Mathiassen, who was employed by the National Museum that year, was interested in the Gislinge site, but he did not get an opportunity of excavating it until seven years later. And this was not to be the last place where Westerby’s and Mathiassen’s paths crossed.Erik Westerby’s next large project was to find signs of late Ice Age settlements in Den­mark – until then, this era was on ly represented by stray items. To do this, he carried out comprehensive field reconnaissance, which among other things led to his arrest by both the Danish police and the German occupying power due to his unu sual activities in the landscape.In 1938, he realised that the Amose bog in Western Zealand was a true treasure chest when it came to Mesolithic settlements. This realisation led to a short article in the reputable scholarly magazine , Acta Archaeologica. The article presents the results of a small trial excavation on the Øgårde locality. Having expressed reservations due to the limited and provisional character of the investigation, he concluded that there were pottery sherds in a closed context from the Maglemose Era, and that this was therefore the hitherto oldest pottery find in the world (fig. 2).Westerby called on the National Museum to undertake the responsibility of further investigation into the Åmose settlements, and Therkel Mathiassen immediately took it up on himself to take care of it. When a few years later he published the results of his very comprehensive investigations of for instance Øgårde, the sensational (and wrong) conclusion, that the Maglemose culture knew how to make pottery, was maintained.From Westerby’s diary we know that at the age of thirty, he regretted having been induced to deal with law. Archaeology fascinated him much more, and here he had exceptional talents. In private, he was a lonely person, and his legal work suffered from his great commitment to archaeology.The striking gesture of handing over further work concerning the Åmose settlements to the National Museum may therefore be understood as an attempt to get out of aneconomically, socially, and professional dead end. He probably hoped that the museum would encourage him to carry on the investigations and that he would be given the necessary means to do so – perhaps in the form of permanent employment.If indeed such hopes were behind Westerby’s gesture, then they were completely ignored. Therkel Mathiassen left him no further possibilities of carrying on the work in Åmosen. He even walked on Westerby’s pride by publicly mentioning him in line with local artefact collectors, who helped the museum with its work in the bog.However, Westerby continued his systematic field reconnaissance elsewhere on Zealand. In the spring of 1944, on the edge of a bog near Bromme, northwest of Sorø, he found flint tools of a kind that made him conclude he had come across settlement traces from a late Ice Age settlement (fig. 4, 6, and 7). The National Museum quickly offered to help with the investigation. However, the sensatio al find had disturbed Westerby’s state of mind, and he declined the proposal for fear of Mathiassen (fig. 5) taking over the management of the investigations.Physical and mental over-exertion caused Westerby to seek medical treatment in the autumn of 1944 . As he had no recovered by the spring of 1945, he informed the National Museum of the situation and turned over further investigation to the museum. His approach to the museum was an unspoken request that he was given the possibility of leading the investigation against proper payment. However, the signal was ignored, and Mathiassen immediately began the planning of a large-scale investigation. Westerby inspected the investigatio , and a written controversy followed, in which he expressed his reservations about Mathiassen’s methods, interpretations, and professional ethics, before having a mental relapse.Westerby’s miserable mental and economical situation now caused his sister, Hjørdis Westerby, to contact the National Museum , and without her brother’s knowledge, she expressed his wish of a museum employment, which for years he had been too proud to express. A marked change in the museum’s course followed. Therkel Mathiassen wrote and offered Erik Westerby a favourable arrangement. Westerby answered,“The letter will be opened, read, and if necessary answered when my health and my doctor permits it”. Whether Westerby ever opened the letter is unknown.The following spring Mathiassen wrote another couple of letters in his new, generous manner. The latter of these was found unopened among the papers left behind by Westerby. The good initiative had come too late.In the spring of 1946, Erik Westerby, helped by his sister Hjørdis, wrote a scholarly presentation of his investigations of the Bromme settlement.The manuscript included remarks that could be easily interpreted as a critical comment on the National Museum. As Westerby did not want to delete them, the result was that he never saw the presentation published in its entirety. Mathiassen published his results from the site in a large article in 1948. A later reinvestigation of the complete find material from the site has shown that Westerby’s critical remarks on Mathiassen’s methods and interpretations were justified.I t is worthy of note that not only did Westerby find the Bromrne settlement; he also recognized the finds on this site as being from the late Ice Age. Later it has become evident that Bromme was not the first late Palaeolithic settlement to be found or published withom the archaeologists realizing the correct age of the artefacts.In the last months of 1946, Erik Westerby left Copenhagen in order to become a member of the legal staff on the police station in Ringkøbing, West-Jutland. In his spare time, he continued to cultivate his interest in archaeology. He gave himself the extreme task of finding traces of human habitation in Denmark prior to the last Ice Age. A gravel pit near Seest in the western part of Kolding especially attracted his attention. Here, remains from for instance rhinoceros and forest elephant were found in the melt water gravel from the Ice Age. The gravel pit finds included some man- made flint items, which may be from the Ice Age layers.At that time,Westerby’s professional competence finally gained unreserved acclaim. The then recently appointed leader of the Prehistoric Museum in Århus, professor P.V. Glob, was behind this. Among other things, he arranged Westerby’s participation as a Danish represent ative in an international congress to mark the centenary of the find of the famous Neanderthal skull (fig. 8).In Ringkøbing, Westerby gradually became a known figure (fig. 9), and his extraordinary housing conditions added considerably to his reputation as an eccentric – a status he seemed to cultivate with pleasure (fig. 11-12).When he first arrived in the town, he was assigned one of the more modest rooms in the local hotel. Here he stayed for 33 years! Erik Westerby’s eccentric personality may lead to the convenient conclusion that he was unsuited for anemployment at the National Museum. It should therefore be stressed that he functioned as a highly respected police official in Ringkøbing (fig. l0) until according to the state rules he was forced to retire at the age of 70.The story of Erik Westerby’s professional career inevitably casts a shadow over those archaeologists at the National Museum who were actively opposing him. And it must be emphasized that the negative appraisal should not just apply to the rank-and- file scholars, but also the leading profession als, who failed to create the possibilities for Westerby’s obvious talents to be exploited to the full.Each scholarly environment should be conscious of the fact that success does not just depend on the available economic resources. The profession’s ability to provide a breeding ground for new ideas and gifted persons – even when this seems to be conflicting the individual convenience a nd prestige of established scholars – is no less important. If the management is weak and lacking in visions, then the environment tends to pursuit in dividu l goals. The result is often a bad atmosphere. It is a common idea that lack of funds causes lack of constructive athmosphere. However, it may just as well be the lack of constructive athmosphere, which causes lack of funds.Danish archaeology is indebted to Erik Westerby for handing over the key localities for investigating the Early Stone Age, and for his instructive examples in methods and systematism. We are also indebted to his sister, Hjørdis Westerby,for showing our profession a great gesture after the death of her brother: due to her economy and business sense, she was able to found the Erik Westerby Foundation in support of Danish archaeologists. The capital of the foundation comes from the estate left by her brother and from a large gift of money from her.Anders FischerKulturarvsstyrelsenTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

Grammatical Error Analysis Approach in Teaching Polish as a Foreign Language to Ukrainian Learners. A Review of Dominika Izdebska-Długosz’s Monograph “Błędy gramatyczne w polszczyźnie studentów ukraińskojęzycznych” (Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2021, ss. 472)The reviewed monograph is one of the few publications on error analysis approach to teaching grammar of Polish as a foreign language. The book provides an extensive theoretical study of errors from several perspectives (linguistic, psycholinguistic, didactic and sociocultural), with a particular focus on the analysis of grammatical blunders made by Ukrainian learners of Polish in their written assignments, as well as profound methodical guidelines and resources for practitioners engaged in the process of teaching Polish as a foreign language to Ukrainian students, whose linguistic competence profile is characterized on the basis of the contrastive analysis of Polish and Ukrainian. The research is grounded on the empirical data collected by the author in the course of her teaching experience, which makes the theoretical findings reliable and practical recommendations worth implementing in teaching practices.Analiza błędów gramatycznych w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego uczniów z Ukrainy. Recenzja monografii Dominiki Izdebskiej-Długosz „Błędy gramatyczne w polszczyźnie studentów ukraińskojęzycznych” (Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2021, ss. 472)Recenzowana monografia jest jedną z nielicznych publikacji dotyczących analizy błędów w nauczaniu gramatyki języka polskiego jako obcego. Książka stanowi obszerne studium teoretyczne błędów z kilku perspektyw (językoznawczej, psycholingwistycznej, dydaktycznej i socjokulturowej), ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem analizy błędów gramatycznych popełnianych w zadaniach pisemnych przez studentów ukraińskich uczących się języka polskiego. Zawiera także głębokie wskazówki metodyczne i zasoby dla praktyków zaangażowanych w proces nauczania języka polskiego jako obcego studentów ukraińskich, których profil kompetencji językowej został scharakteryzowany na podstawie analizy kontrastywnej języków polskiego i ukraińskiego. Badania są oparte na danych empirycznych zebranych przez autorkę w trakcie jej pracy dydaktycznej, co sprawia, że wnioski teoretyczne są rzetelne, a zalecenia praktyczne warte wdrożenia w praktyce dydaktycznej.

Wallack, Max, and Carolyn Given. Why Did Grandma Put Her Underwear In The Refrigerator?: An Explanation Of Alzheimer's Disease For Children. n.p.: [United States] : Puzzles To Remember, Inc., 2013. Print.This book is a must read for any family affected by Alzheimer’s with elementary school- aged children. Co-author Max Wallack has the right credentials for this project both personally and professionally. At the time the book was published, Max was a 17 year old junior and researcher in the Molecular Psychiatry in Aging Laboratory at Boston University School of Medicine. He was also caregiver to his great grandmother who had Alzheimer's disease and foundedwww.PuzzlesToRemember.org.The book is told from the point of view of 7 year old Julie, who recounts her experiences over the past three years of living with her grandmother who has Alzheimer's. It conveys several important and complex themes in crayon-like drawings and simple text that would appeal to children. Some of the images also appear to be a combination of drawing and somewhat pixelated computer generated images. However, on the whole it fits with the child’s perspective. In addition, it states in the inside flap that 50% of the proceeds from the book will support Alzheimer’s research and the care of Alzheimer’s patients.When Grandma first comes to live with them she and Julie are very close and do lots of activities together. As the disease progresses, Grandma is able to do less but Julie finds new ways of maintaining their relationship such as: taking walks outside, telling her Grandma happy stories when she becomes confused or afraid, getting her a special red plate and cutting her food to help her remember to eat, and colouring or drawing together.The stressful and embarrassing situations presented in the book would be particularly useful in helping children to understand what can happen, why and ways to address these types of issues. When grandma leaves the house by herself in the middle of the night without her coat and is brought home by the police, Julie’s mother explains: “Grandma is probably having beautiful memories of her childhood and she wanted to find the place where she used to live so she could enjoy more of those happy, wonderful times.” The family then installs a bell on the door so they always know when someone is going in or out. Through Julie, the authors acknowledge that it is normal for children to feel worried, embarrassed and upset in these types of situations. Grandma is so terrified of Julie’s Halloween costume that she begins to cry. Julie has to remove it and cannot go trick or treating. Julie’s reaction is honest: “I was really angry at Grandma...the next day I felt sorry...I know it’s not her fault...but I’m also sad that my Halloween was spoiled”.The authors use kid-friendly metaphors to explain how the disease affects the brain. For example, one illustration depicts the transmission of messages across brain cells as a baseball being pitched and caught. In the cells affected by Alzheimer’s the pitcher drops the ball.The authors also highlight the humorous side of things such as when Grandma puts her underwear in the refrigerator or a toothbrush in the toaster. The book concludes with a brief section about the role of medicine, scientists and research studies.On a personal note, as someone who has also been a caregiver for a grandmother with Alzheimer's disease, the most touching aspect is that it teaches children how to maintain a close bond with a loved one in spite of the many challenges they will face together.Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Kim FrailKim is a Public Services Librarian at the H.T. Coutts Education Library at the University of Alberta. Children’s literature is a big part of her world at work and at home. She also enjoys gardening, renovating and keeping up with her kids.