Academic literature on the topic 'Polish Dialect literature'

This paper discusses problems involved in the translation of literary works that apply linguistic varieties, especially geographical dialects. It surveys selected approaches to the functions of dialects in literature and to the strategies of dealing with linguistic variation in translation, arguing that the understanding of the issue may be deepened and systematized by applying notions drawn from relevance theory. The use of dialect in literary texts is interpreted as a communicative clue and the translators’ approach to its rendering is described with reference to the cognitive environment of the recipients and the balance of processing effort and communicative gain. Examples are drawn from the Polish translations of The Secret Garden by F.H. Burnett, the oldest coming from 1917 and the newest from 2012, which highlight the translators’ changing assumptions on the recipients’ cognitive environment reflected in the choice of the strategy of dialect rendition.

The conditions of language development and preservation are the quality of its acquisition in the early childhood, in-depth usage and study in the educational process and formation of positive and responsible attitude towards language and national literary heritage. The quality of the development of child’s Latvian language is determined by several environmental factors: the language environment in the family, the language environment in preschool, basic and secondary educational institutions and the language environment in public space.In Latgale most children learn Latvian in heterogeneous sociolinguistic environment. Child’s acquisition of the Latvian language in the family occurs in one of the following ways: in the native dialect (variant of dialect), if all the family members communicate only in one of our dialects, the High Latvian dialect; in the Latvian standard language, if the family members communicate in the standard language; in the so-called “third variant”, if the communication is in the Latvian standard language with a strong dialectal influence; or bilingually (dialect – Latvian standard language, dialect – Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Belarusian or some other language, Latvian standard language – Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Belarusian or some other language).Experience acquired during the project “Latvian Language in Monolingual and Bilingual Acquisition: tools, theories and applications” (LAMBA) shows that a part of our High Latvian dialect-speaking parents found it difficult to answer MacArthur-Bate Communicative development test questions, which were formed according to the Latvian standard language system. As communication with children takes place only in their native dialect, there are differences between child’s speech and the standard language at phonological and morphological level. At the same time, parents, after consultation on how to complete the test, noted that the quality of learning Latvian at school is better than learning at home where incorrect colloquial Latvian is used. Latvian language users in other parts of Latvia faced a similar problem, but in general it did not seriously affect the performance of the test. Students emphasize that more knowledge about interrelation between the Latvian dialectal and standard language would make the Latvian language acquisition process easier and help avoid interference of the native dialect. Language learning at school takes place in a monolingual environment, but some schools offer optional courses also in the Latgalian written (standard) language and literature. Outside the classroom, communication goes on in both, standard Latvian and native dialect and other languages.Language environment of the public space is heterogeneous; children hear different High Latvian variants as well as the so-called “third variant” which causes the most harm, both to Latgalian and Latvian standard languages and other languages. Taking into consideration the fact that two traditions of the written language have historically developed in Latvia – the Latvian standard language, and the Latgalian standard language tradition – and the Latgalian standard language is a very important component of Latgale regional and cultural identity and significant cultural value of Latvia, State Language Law 3 (4) determines that “the State ensures the preservation, protection and development of the Latgalian standard language as a historical option of the Latvian language”. Language knowledge, its usage in the learning process and the knowledge of literary and cultural heritage in close connection with national values are preconditions of language development and retention. Therefore, it is important that the school curricula and literature contain both Latvian and Latgalian. This report focuses, firstly, on how the school curricula and learning standards reflect the necessity to form and develop the Latgalian standard language and literature, secondly, how these issues are revealed in the text books of the Latvian language and literature developed from 1990 to 2015 and thirdly, it deals with secondary school students’ survey results on the knowledge of the Latgalian standard language and literature. Analysis of the standards and curricula of the primary school and secondary school subject “Latvian language” and “Literature” reveals that neither the Latgalian standard language as an option of the Latvian language, nor fiction written in the Latgalian standard language are reflected in text books. The text books developed during the last 20 years deal with these thematic issues only sporadically.

The Polish communities from Bukovina have been studied in the last period through several research projects, initiated by both Polish and Romanian researchers. One of them is the Audiovisual Linguistic Atlas of Bukovina (ALAB), which aims to realize a radiography in multimedia format of the ethnolinguistic diversity of Bukovina. Regarding the Polish ethnic minority, in 2016 two field studies have been carried out in two localities: Bulai and Poiana Micului. Following the analysis of the material thus obtained, we managed to capture some characteristics both at the linguistic and the sociolinguistic level that individualize the two communities. Thus, from a linguistic point of view, the two dialects are different both at phonetic and lexical level, the Bulai dialect being more similar to the Polish literary language. At the sociolinguistic level has been observed the presence of a strong epilinguistic component in the Polish people speech, based on the representations and the attitudes that the Polish ethnic groups have regarding the status and the vitality of their own dialects.

Prolonged coexistence within a single state, i.e. the Commonwealth of Poland, laid the foundations for the emergence of common cultural and linguistic features along the Ukrainian-Polish borderlands. The article substantiates the peculiarities of the choice of terminology in defining the concepts of “border studies”. Due to the Ukrainian-Polish language contacts, a southern Polish peripheral dialect arose, which was spread over a large territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and formed the literary Polish language with the ethnic Polish dialects, since the effects of borrowing are recorded in the phonetic and morphological language, as well as stimulating of the internal tendencies of language development. During the period of increased polonization, we observe the spread of Ukrainian lexical elements in Polish poetry from the middle of the 16th century, while in the 17th century we can see not only the integration of Ukrainianisms into Polish poetry, but even the Ukrainian language in Polish literature can be singled out. Despite the privileged position and dominance of the Polish culture, a unique situation emerged in the context of Ukrainian-Polish contacts along the borderlands when the subordinated Ukrainian folk culture became an ideological and thematically dominant aspect of Polish fiction, painting and music. Of particular interest is the creativity of Polish poets of the “Ukrainian School”, for whom the traditions of the Ukrainian people were native, so these authors created their national literature from local language material and played a significant role in the spread of Ukrainian elements in Polish literary language.

This article is devoted to an analysis of certain phonetic and morphological features that occur in the material of Polish folk music in the Vilnius region. Excerpts were chosen with respect to the dominant linguistic elements (both phonetic and morphological) of the region in question. Examples were taken from Songs of Vilnius Region (Pieśni Wileńszczyzny) by Jan Mincewicz, materials gained from the Archive of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore in Vilnius, and the author’s own recordings. Based on dialectological publications (Kurzowa, Grek-Pabisowa, Sawaniewska-Mochowa, Rieger and others), an investigation into the occurrence of specific features of Northern Borderlands Polish in the Polish folk songs of the Vilnius region was undertaken. The Polish community is a dynamic group, the vast majority nurturing their own culture, language and customs.The first section of the article analyzes the phonetic features connected with the system of vowels and consonants. The second section contains an analysis of morphological phenomena (inflectional and word formative) present in the Polish folk songs known and sung in the Vilnius region. It was found that certain nouns change their grammatical gender; such singularities occur in the presence of the verb and the suffix -uk. The structure of the dialect in the researched area has been preserved quite well, which can be confirmed by the frequency with which the features typical of this region occur.In conclusion, on the basis of phonetics and morphology, it can be stated that the language of the Polish folk songs known and sung in Vilnius has retained many features of the dialect specific to the Northern Polish Borderlands.

From 1999 Polish and Romanian humanists face each other on conferences in Suceava (Romanian Bucovina) which are part of “Polish Days” in Romania organized by the Association of Poles in Romania. Polish and Romanian historians, ethnographers, sociologists, politologists and linguists deliver lectures and discuss Polish-Romanian contacts and relations in the past and present. from the Polish part many historical lectures concern the interwar period and the problem of Polish refugees in Romania during the World War II. In the period between1918–1945 the relations between Poles and Romanians were rather friendly and now these topics are discussed most frequently. Among the Romanian historians there are more specialists on the relations between Moldova and the Polish Kingdom till the end of 18th century. Many historians focus on the Polish-Romanian relations in the years 1945–1989. Most of the lectures concerning the political present were delivered by the Poles. Cultural sections of the conference concentrate on mutual language influences, Polish–Romanian literature contacts, translations of Polish literature into Romania and Romanian literature into Poland, the analyses of literary works, Polish studies in Romania and Romanian studies in Poland, the perception of Romanian culture among the Poles and vice versa, the problems of religions, education, libraries, music and tourism. Polish etnographers concentrate on the problems of Polish Bucovinians but the most discussed subject is not the history of Polish Bucovinians but their local dialect. Most of the conference lectures were printed. “Polish Days” in Suceava are the most important event organized by the very active Association of Poles in Romania and they help breaking the stereotypes and enhance the integration between the Poles and Romanians.. In general the conferences in Suceava do not have their equivalent in the contacts between humanists of other countries.

This article investigates soft labial conspiracy in Kurpian, a dialect of Polish that has not been discussed in the generative literature to date. The conspiracy involves four processes: decomposition, simplification, depalatalization, and vowel retraction. These processes are united by the goal to eliminate palatalized labials from the surface representation. The article argues against bidirectional IDENT constraints and for the tenet of Derivational/Stratal OT that analysis must proceed in steps. The evidence comes from the nature of decomposition and from the fact that depalatalization constitutes a Duke-of-York derivation.

A discussion about the “Silesian language” that has recently become more intense is the effect of the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and on Regional Language adopted by Sejm in 2005, on the basis of which Kashubian language was granted a status of regional language. This fact has aroused Silesian community, which has long been fighting for distinguishing their own cultural identity and increasing the prestige of Silesian dialect that is in common use there. On the one hand, the Silesians’ aspirations for statutory recognition of Silesian language as a regional one have manifested themselves in actions aiming at its linguistic standardization in the scope of grammar and spelling. Whereas on the other hand, they have been seen in political initiatives undertaken by Silesian social activists and members of Parliament. As far as a scientific discussion is concerned, apart from a traditional point of view recognizing Silesian as another dialect of Polish, there appear more and more postulates for replacing linguistic categories of a “language” and “dialect” with a new understanding of the language as it is already functioning in social awareness. In consequence, “Silesian language” should be statutorily recognized, which, in turn, should hasten works on its standardization. Regardless of theoretical opinions and political decisions, “Silesian language” is only just developing grammar and spelling standards, which may occur thanks to integrated actions aimed at creating norms and through regional writing enhancement. Silesian’s prestige will only be increased when it becomes a language of literature and goes beyond a barrier of colloquiality thus increasing a scope of its use to include official situations as well.

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This paper evaluates whether students’ perceptions of Appalachian English improve through a method of instruction that uses dialect literature in the classroom. Most existing methods of instruction tend to portray dialects as wrong, incorrect, or in some way less rule-governed than Standardized English, despite the numerous studies that have demonstrated otherwise (e.g., Labov 1969, Wolfram 1986). The data from this study derives from two groups of students enrolled in introductory composition and communication at the University of Kentucky. Each group is given a pre-test to determine attitudes toward Appalachian English and Standardized English. An experimental group is then exposed to a method that incorporates texts that use Appalachian English features, while no specific dialect literature is included in the control group. After the conclusion of the lessons, students in both groups complete a post-test used to analyze whether their perceptions of Appalachian English changed throughout the study. The experimental method results in significant increases in several of the attitude measures for Appalachian English, while the students that did not receive this method of instruction experienced no increase for the linguistic variety. These results demonstrate that this method has potential for reducing negative perceptions towards speakers of non-standard dialects.

Haruki Murakami’s texts stand out when it comes to their linguistic aspects. Despite writing in Japanese, Haruki Murakami often uses English loanwords, quotes, and intertextual references. By using such stylistic devices, the author gives rise to the feeling of estrangement. This is, however, often lost when his literature is translated into other languages. To set some of the characters apart, to show that they are different, lonely or eccentric, Murakami makes them speak in dialects. The most popular methods of translating such utterances include creating a fictitious dialect, using colloquial language or a parallel dialect existing in the target language, or omitting the dialect completely, therefore neutralizing how a given character speaks. In “Yesterday,” one of Murakami’s works translated by Anna Zielińska-Elliott into Polish, a character originally speaking the Kansai dialect uses the Poznań dialect.

The phenomenon of human shields challenges many of the core tenets of international humanitarian law (IHL), including its careful dialectic between the imperatives of humanity and military necessity. Although the concepts of distinction, precaution, and proportionality are well established in the abstract, any consensus on how these rules apply to situations involving human shields is showing signs of fraying. The IHL literature offers competing approaches for evaluating the legal consequences surrounding the use of human shields for the party that stands to benefit from the presence of shields and for the party seeking to engage the shielded military objective. In particular, the application of the rules of distinction and proportionality has become the subject of intense debate about whether human shields are entitled to full civilian protections when it comes to targeting. This legal indeterminacy is being strategically generated and increasingly deployed by a range of implicated actors and norm entrepreneurs in an effort to loosen the restrictions on targeting, to excuse civilian deaths, and to shield armed actors from legal responsibility—all to the detriment of civilian protection. This chapter distinguishes forms of human shielding and sets out the legal framework in treaty and customary international law. It then evaluates the various arguments that address the phenomenon of human shielding. This chapter concludes that the safest course for parties committed to the values underlying IHL is to adopt a policy that treats all human shields as civilians, unless there is irrefutable proof of willing participation in hostilities.