Academic literature on the topic 'Polish Film posters'

From Adaptation to Education: The Educational Potential of Film Posters The aim of this article is to present various possibilities for using film posters in Polish language classes during discussions of school readings. The author begins by explaining the reason for choosing this topic, which she sees primarily in the fact that, according to her own observations and research, students do not encounter the analysis of film posters in school, nor do they have a desire to respond to the demands of other researchers in the field of Polish language teaching. The text also presents a division into two types of movie posters - a photographic poster, which is a fragment of a movie frame, and an artistic poster, which is an author's creation of an artist. In the article, the author presents different possibilities for using film posters in educational practice. The proposals concern both photographic posters and artistic posters and are addressed to primary and secondary school students. The article focuses on the analysis and interpretation of colors on posters (with a focus on warm/cool colors, color palette, the meaning of colors, types of colors, their intensity, saturation, and contrast), the elements included on them (characters, their attributes, and other details), typography (with a focus not so much on the content of the text, but on its font, color, and placement), composition (placing poster elements in specific locations), discrepancies (between the content of the poster and the content of the reading), contexts (e.g., historical, socio-cultural, linguistic), emotions and moods (with a focus on students' feelings), as well as the choice itself (the author's choice and students' choice in relation to the elements included on the poster, their arrangement, colors, and all other aspects already indicated - with the possibility of creating their own film poster). In creating the article, the author repeatedly points out that the problem she analyzes constitutes a certain research gap and calls for it to be taken up by other researchers as well.

Abstract The posters that accompany the successive Warsaw Autumn Festival editions are a unique collection of works, mostly of outstanding quality. One might venture the thesis that their artistic value – living up to the high demands of the topic – exceeds the typical standards of representation characteristic of popular art. Formally speaking, they abandon the conventions of egalitarian iconographic art in favour of a more elite-oriented visual formula, addressed to a competent audience knowledgeable about contemporary music and its qualities. The authors of these WA posters include many artists associated with the Polish school, such as Jan Lenica, Jan Młodożeniec, Julian Pałka, Waldemar Świerzy, Henryk Tomaszewski, and Wojciech Zamecznik. Their graphic representations of the achievements of the musical avant-garde do not, however, situate this poster series within the well-sanctioned canon of the “Polish poster school”, mostly associated with the film and theatre – generally considered as more “democratic” and entertainment-oriented disciplines of art. The WA posters point to an evident polarisation of visual culture, corresponding to the division between high and low culture and between two types of audiences, differing in expectations. These posters form a largely autonomous collection and may be viewed as supplementary to the music they refer to, which determined the choice of expressive means appropriate to this topic. The whole collection is a display of its authors’ evident skills and their ability to live up to the high demands placed on these works. The task of translating one medium into another (in this case – a visual one) requires intellectual discipline. Some kind of (at least formal) similarity between the two media needs to be discovered, and shared semantic elements ought to be traced. On the verbal level, such similarities are presented in terms of related distinctive features, ways of describing phenomena, and intuitions. The 19th-century Romantic concept of the correspondance des arts was based on similar assumptions. The Romantics attempted to systematise the emotions accompanying the experience of different arts, looking for affinities and similar form-building strategies.

The paper examines the novel “The Mythogenic Love of Casts” (1999– 2002) by Sergey Anufriev and Pavel Pepperstein, both from the younger generation of the Moscow Conceptualists, and the comic strip “Achtung, Zelig! The Second War” (2004) by the Polish authors Krzysztof Gawronkiewicz and Krystian Rosenberg from the perspective of a specific representation of the Second World War (a narrative on the border between the reality and fantasy, adulthood and childhood, historical facts and grotesque). Of particular interest is the psychological and aesthetic motivation of the Russian and the Polish authors. The texts are an attempt to capture the experience of children of the 1970s: Both the unimaginable nature of war (and the Holocaust in the case of Polish comic strips) and the oversaturation of consciousness with approximate and fragmented, yet ideologized and mythologized knowledge of the former. The mythologemes of war are brought into the circle of “childhood discourse” and the concept of war is associated with the discourse of childhood and infantile behavior. By combining adult-real and children-fairytale perspectives, the official stereotypes indoctrinated into the mass historical consciousness through literature, film, posters, school, comic strips and political cartoons are reconsidered. On the one hand, the “childish”, inaccurate, fabulous, or fantastic, fragmentary idea of the war is literalized. On the other hand, adult play with the war mythologems takes place: The authors act as interpreters of the myth using the templates present in the minds of any representative of their generation. Both texts are embodiments of generational experience of existence within the ideology, they are also an attempt to achieve a unity between childhood and adulthood, naive and sophisticated, Socialism and Post-Socialism.

Bent chairs as poster inspiration. In 2020, an exhibition of posters based on seating equipment was presented at the National Museum in Poznań. The exhibition referred to the chair and the metamorphosis it underwent, that apart from the function of utility furniture, it became a part of art, Equipment basically used for sitting - to which we are used to everyday practice of its use, it is an indispensable element of the interior design of apartments, offices, waiting rooms, schools, stadiums, health clinics, shopping malls, cinemas, theatres and other public places. The posters on display showed chairs with a structure based on bent beech elements. Some of them accurately represented the types of bent chairs currently in production. A number of other chairs had bent elements in their design, e.g. backrests, legs or armrests, allowing for economical serial production of elements. The exhibition included works advertising films, theatre and opera performances, exhibition and party posters. They are mostly works by Polish designers.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine peculiarities of the formation of the image of the Russian Empire as an enemy in Austro-Hungarian propaganda during the First World War. Methodology. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization) were used to collect information and analyze it. Methods of visual anthropology, history of propaganda were used. The analysis of the received information made it possible to recreate the wartime processes using the method of reconstruction. The scientific novelty is that for the first time, on the basis of the collected materials, the peculiarities of Austro-Hungarian propaganda in creating the image of the enemy from the Russian Empire during the First World War were analyzed, the aspects of creating the image of the internal enemy were noted, and conclusions were drawn about the results of the propaganda of the Habsburg Empire. Conclusions. Austro-Hungarian propaganda used the image of a "threat from the east". It has been established that already in 1914, military personnel on the front lines and the population in the rear formed certain attitudes towards Russia. Propaganda has fulfilled its task of forming the image of the enemy. The process of creating specialized institutions that were engaged in propaganda in the Habsburg Empire, the use of such means as caricatures and films is considered. The image of the external enemy was supplemented by an internal enemy. The Jewish, Polish and Ukrainian population of the border areas became such an enemy for Austria-Hungary. The higher military command of the Habsburgs tried to shift the responsibility for the defeats of the first stage of the war on these national minorities. On the domestic information front, visual propaganda was represented by posters, postcards, and films. The state of modern research on the issue is highlighted and the prospects for further research are outlined.

The aim of this study was to pilot a program to encourage shift breaks for emergency department doctors and analyse the effects of breaks on tiredness and fatigue as well as possible effects on overall departmental performance. During Phase 1, medical staff were asked to fill out a survey regarding their working day at the end of every shift. A 30-minute uninterrupted break was promoted during Phase 2 by provision of a cover doctor on the roster as well as educational sessions and posters. There were 233 completed surveys received over the 4-week period. Only 33% of shifts worked included an uninterrupted break in Phase 1, which improved significantly to 60% during Phase 2. Subjective tiredness was significantly lower at the end of a shift when a break was taken (P < 0.001), while fatigue levels were also lower, but not significant (P = 0.060). There were significant improvements in some key performance indicators.

Artykuł odnosi się do wyborów parlamentarnych, które odbyły się w dniach 4 i 18 czerwca 1989 r. i uznawane są dziś za symboliczny moment upadku komunizmu w Polsce. Jego myślą przewodnią nie jest jednak odtworzenie wydarzeń poprzedzających kampanię wyborczą czy mających miejsce w jej trakcie. Jest to raczej próba dokonania przeglądu materiałów źródłowych pochodzących z tego okresu i zgromadzonych w zasobie Archiwum Narodowego w Krakowie, wskazania zarówno mocnych stron, jak i niedoskonałości posiadanych zbiorów. Tekst przybliża bogatą kolekcję archiwaliów wytworzonych w celu pozyskania elektoratu dla kandydatów opozycji w regionie małopolskim przez Komitet Obywatelski „Solidarność”. Podkreślono charakter promocyjno-informacyjny materiałów oraz ich bardziej ekspozycyjną niż faktograficzną atrakcyjność. Obok licznych plakatów, afiszy i druków ulotnych, mogących graficznie dopełnić artykuły i publikacje poruszające przedmiotową problematykę, brakuje bowiem dokumentacji wytworzonej w procesie organizacji kampanii, takiej jak m.in. protokoły zebrań i uchwały Małopolskiego Komitetu Obywatelskiego „Solidarność”, rekomendacje środowisk społeczno-kulturalnych czy procedury wyłaniania kandydatów na posłów i senatorów. W dalszej części wskazane zostały dokumenty wytworzone w toku działań wyborczych rządzącej w tym okresie Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej. Są to w znacznej mierze podsumowania kampanii naświetlające tło organizacyjne wyborów autorstwa działaczy partyjnych. Artykuł ma być pomocą dla osób zainteresowanych tematyką Czerwca ‘89. Odsyła do konkretnych zespołów archiwalnych i wskazuje sygnatury, pod którymi znaleźć można najciekawsze i najbardziej wartościowe pamiątki historii przechowywane w zasobie Archiwum Narodowego w Krakowie. Traces of June ‘89 in the National Archives in Krakow The article relates to the parliamentary elections that took place on 4 and 18 June 1989 and which are regarded today as a symbolic moment in the fall of communism in Poland. Its main theme is not, however, to recreate the events preceding the election campaign or those that took place during it. It is more of an attempt at reviewing the source materials from the period which are collected in the resources of the National Archives in Krakow, showing both the strong points and the imperfections of the collection. The text brings us closer to a rich archival collection of materials created in order to obtain votes for the opposition candidates in the Lesser Poland region by the “Solidarity” Citizens’ Committee. Emphasis is placed on the promotional-information character of the materials as well as on their aesthetic rather than factual attraction. Besides the numerous posters and printed leaflets, which are able to graphically fill articles and publications concerning the problems of the time, there is a lack of documentation created during the organisation of the campaign, such as protocols of meetings and resolutions of the Lesser Poland “Solidarity” Citizens’ Committee, recommendations of the social-cultural environment or procedures for selecting candidates for members of parliament and senators. In later parts, documents created during the election activities by the ruling Polish United Workers’ Party are shown. They are to a large extent a summary of the campaign showing the organisational background of the elections by party activists. The article should be of use to people interested in the subject of June ‘89. It refers to specific archival units and shows the reference numbers for the most interesting and most valuable souvenirs of history stored in the resources of the National Archives in Krakow.

Background There is a lack of evidence of the effect of cue-based feeding compared with scheduled feeding on important outcomes for preterm infants. Objectives The objectives were as follows: (1) to describe the characteristics, components, theoretical basis and outcomes of approaches to feeding preterm infants transitioning from tube to oral feeding; (2) to identify operational policies, barriers and facilitators, and staff and parents’ educational needs in neonatal units implementing cue-based feeding; (3) to co-produce an intervention for feeding preterm infants in response to feeding cues; (4) to appraise the willingness of parents and staff to implement and sustain the intervention; (5) to assess associated costs of implementing cue-based feeding; (6) to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a future trial; (7) to scope existing data-recording systems and potential outcome measures; and (8) to determine stakeholders’ views of whether or not a randomised controlled trial of this approach is feasible. Design This was a mixed-methods intervention development and feasibility study comprising (1) a systematic review, case studies, qualitative research and stakeholder consensus; (2) the co-production of the intervention; (3) a mixed-methods feasibility study; and (4) an assessment of stakeholder preferences for a future evaluation. Setting Three neonatal units in the UK (two level 3 units and one level 2 unit). Participants Developmentally normal, clinically stable preterm infants receiving enteral feeds (n = 50), parents (n = 15 pre intervention development; n = 14 in the feasibility study) and health-care practitioners (n = 54 pre intervention development; n = 16 in the feasibility study). Intervention An evidence-informed multicomponent intervention comprising training, a feeding protocol, feeding assessment tools, supplementary training materials [including posters, a film and a narrated PowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) presentation] and the ‘Our Feeding Journey’ document. Main outcome measures The main outcome measures were recruitment and screening rates, infant weight gain, duration of the intervention, feeding outcomes, implementation outcomes (contextual facilitators and barriers, acceptability, adoption, appropriateness and fidelity) and stakeholder preferences for a future evaluation. Results The systematic review of 25 studies concluded that evidence in favour of cue-based feeding should be treated cautiously. The case studies and qualitative research highlighted contextual barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of cue-based feeding. The telephone survey found that many neonatal units are considering implementing cue-based feeding. We recruited 37% of eligible infants, and there was good retention in the study until discharge but a high loss to follow-up at 2 weeks post discharge. The mean number of days from intervention to transition to full oral feeding was 10.8, and the mean daily change in weight gain was 25 g. The intervention was acceptable to parents and staff, although there was dissatisfaction with the study documentation. Intervention training did not reach all staff. A cluster-randomised design with a composite outcome was suggested by stakeholders for a future study. Limitations The intervention was available only in English. Intervention training did not reach all staff. There was low recruitment to qualitative interviews and observations. Only a small number of medical staff engaged in either the training or the interviews. Conclusions It is feasible to implement a cue-based feeding intervention with improved training and documentation. Further work is needed to assess the feasibility of a future trial, noting evidence of existing lack of equipoise. Future work The next steps are to digitalise the intervention and conduct a survey of all neonatal units in the UK. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42018097317 and ISRCTN13414304. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 74. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Introduction: March of Dimes Canada (MODC) is one of the largest non-profit organizations in Canada that provides programs and support services to people with disabilities. MODC is in the process of transforming all its programming and services using co-design to better meet the needs of people with disabilities. The Empowering Client Voices (ECV) initiative was designed to create a co-designed community engagement framework to center the voices and ideas of people with disabilities in how the organization engages with its community and provides services. This project looks to fill a gap in knowledge of how community-based organizations can move from theory to praxis when using co-design and community engagement. Methods: The initiative is a three-phase process: (1) internal review of current organization engagement practices; (2) external environmental scan and a rapid review; and (3) two advisory committees to develop the principles for greater community engagement. The purpose of the co-designed community engagement framework is to create actionable principles based on the guidance of our advisory committees and other research tools. Phases 1 and 2 will create foundational themes to be discussed with our advisory committee made of people with disabilities. These themes will help provide initial guideposts for discussions about what community engagement should be within MODC. Language will be the first theme to be explored with the advisory committee to create recommendations and guidelines for better communication and inclusive language across the organization. Results: The inclusive language recommendations and guidelines developed by the ECV Advisory Committee will initiate the development of an inclusive language toolkit by the research team. The inclusive language toolkit will be shared throughout the organization as a template to follow when discussing disability and people with disabilities using language that represents our community in their own words. Before the start of the ECV Initiative, inclusive language guidelines did not exist within the organization requiring the development and implementation of a change-management process at the Micro (MODC staff members) and Meso (Organization) to ensure the guidelines will be adopted across a national community-based organization. Discussion and Conclusion: This poster presentation will outline the development of the co-designed inclusive language toolkit and change management process for our organization to adopt standardized inclusive language through all forms of community engagement and communication in collaboration with people with disabilities in our communities of operation. International audiences can use our project as a case study of how co-design can inform and drive organizational change. This case study will highlight the implementation factors that were found to be advantageous in a community-based organization, factors that hindered organizational change, and mitigation techniques used to make lasting change across the organization. Lessons and Future Research: Future research for the ECV Initiative will continue to implement the additional themes within the ECV community engagement framework with the intention of making the additional toolkits based on co-designed themes and change management knowledge products publicly available to help other community-based organizations improve their own community-engagement practices.

The article examines how nudity was used as a promotional strategy in the Polish cinema in the 1980s. In contrast to earlier decades, the Polish movie industry delivered dozens of films that contained female nudity and erotic scenes. Some actresses like Maria Probosz, became automatically associated with such movies. Paradoxically, the Polish cinema of the 1980s was only slightly concerned with the discourse of eroticism. As Maria Kornatowska writes,The shortage of erotic sensibility was compensated by ‘bald nakedness.’’ The reasons for the increased presence of nudity on movie screens stemmed from the transformation of social lifestyle and audiences’ demand, the search for easy profit and the need to de-politicize society. Of significant importance were the influences of the growing video market and western cinema. Projections of nudity were meant to divert attention from the bleak reality of Poland enmeshed in crisis provide a sense of belonging to the Western world, and give mostly male viewers visual pleasure. It was also a marketing technique luring viewers to cinemas by bombarding them with daring posters and stills reproduced in the press and in front of movie theaters. My article will discuss and explain the ways of presenting female nudity in terms of these economic and political tasks.

Abstract In 1989, intensive work was begun at the Warsaw University Library (WUL) to prepare for the implementation of an integrated library system. The library took advantage of a research grant from the State Office for Scientific and Technological Development (Urzad Postepu Naukowo-Technicznego i Wdrozen) to develop a MARC bibliographic format for Polish scientific libraries-the resulting format was a FOKA (based on UNIMARC), for books and serials. There was one other important result: We realized how crucial authority files are for modern integrated library systems.

This chapter analyses Indonesia's strategic interests and policies in the South China Sea (SCS), focusing on the country's unique involvement in the dispute as a non-claimant state. It elaborates how the previous administration under Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Indonesia's current one under President Joko Widodo have maintained a delicate balance with respect to territorial waters and rights in the region, despite Indonesia's official status as a non-claimant. It also describes Indonesia's security posture in its immediate waters that is predicated on several principal concerns, such as Indonesia's ongoing war on foreign fishers and pirates. The chapter details Indonesia's response to the policies of other countries while maintaining a firm but moderating role through “soft-assertiveness.” It reviews Indonesia's policy in the SCS, which carries its own unique characteristics and can be understood through the state's geographical and strategic position, population, resources, and economy.

Abstract 9/11 and the global war on terror cemented security sector reform within foreign and security policies. This chapter looks at the continuing UK support for hostile environment and post-conflict policing through the case studies of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya. It considers how international policing involved the whole spectrum of UK policing including MDP who supported the military and services police under Operation Herrick. The case studies consider the extent to which the UK was able to meet ‘demand’ with the growth in international missions at the planning and operational stages. This focused particularly on senior-ranking officers to fill posts that held strategic priority for the UK (Iraq and Afghanistan) in contrast to United Nations missions that were rankless. The limited uniformed presence in planning and delivery for the post-intervention phase underlined a critical gap in the UK government’s approach to security sector reform as highlighted in the Iraq Inquiry. The numbers of officers volunteering for overseas missions declined due to the lack of benefits to their official career pathway and promotion prospects and opportunities for police contracting rose exponentially at this time.

Abstract Before taking up their new assignments in September 1918, Harry Rayne and D. R. Crampton met in Nairobi with Brigadier E. H. Llewellyn, the commandant of the KAR, to report on the recent operations against the Turkana and to discuss the future administration of the district. They concluded that while the southern sections were anxious for peace, the northerners would have to be controlled with a firm hand for some time to come. The operations had strengthened the British opinion that Turkana District was ‘an arid, uncultivated, waterless, dried-up corner of the world’. The only possible resource the area might contribute to British East Africa was manpower, and it was agreed that the Turkana would make fine colonial soldiers. A few southerners were now ordered to be trained as para-military district police and it was hoped that someday they might take complete responsibility for policing their own district. In the meantime the entire area was to remain under military rule; after Crampton’s departure no civil administrators would be posted to Eturkan for the next eight years.

In health humanities classrooms, visual materials such as documentary films, photographs, and even YouTube videos often serve as accessible texts for the analysis and discussion of individual experiences of illness and disability or as evocative illustrations of issues such as access to care or end of life. Such works can foster empathic responses, sharpen critical thinking, and develop communication skills in health professions students. Visual materials can also serve as openings for students to critique the culture of healthcare itself and as opportunities for them to identify disparities, confront stigma and discrimination, and envision change. Thus, the visual arts not only encourage our students to see but also reveal to them how, what, and why they see what they see—sometimes prompting their action and often provoking their transformation. This chapter describes and defines visual culture and visual activism in the context of three health and human rights movements of the twentieth century—breast cancer, AIDS, and disability rights—that have all foregrounded the critical practice and political strategy of producing visibility and deploying testimony in forms such as documentary, video, photography, and poster art. It then describes health humanities methodologies and materials in three content areas—mental illness, trauma of war, and disability—used in a variety of classroom settings to enable critical analysis and explore advocacy and intervention. For example, students consider the difference between looking and witnessing, how visual images influence attitudes toward patients and impact health policy, and the balance between inciting moral outrage from exposure to images and inducing compassion fatigue from overexposure to them.

Title: Internet resources for special educational needs and inclusion Vrasmas, Traian, Ovidius University Constanta, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Bd. Mamaia Street No.124 Email: traianvrasmas@yahoo.com Vrasmas, Ecaterina, Bucharest University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Sos. Panduri nr.90, Email: ecaterinavr@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Introduction The importance of educational and social inclusion for all children and adolescents is clear in the modern world and particularly in Europe, with an emphasis on marginalized and vulnerable groups. Children with special educational needs (SEN) are one important group in this social and educational area. Main objectives: 1. Explore the internet resources in connection with the SEN and inclusion (criteria based), in order to identify the amplitude and the main meanings of the two concepts 2. Built lists of publications available on internet from major resources and making short reviews for some of these Methodology and process Based on the two key words (special educational needs and inclusion) hundreds of websites and blogs were explored, during the first phase. In the second phase some of them were selected – on a short list - according to the consistence to the key words: special educational needs and inclusion. This short list – including resources in English, French and Romanian language - was explored more in depths, following the indicators of: a) Terminology and meanings – for the two main terms b) Coverage (components) for special educational needs c) Linkage between the two terms In the third phase internet resources from UNESCO and European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education (EADSNE) was reviewed, in order to build - for each one - a short list of publica-tions and studies. Findings The main results are presented in synthesis. Objective 1 There is huge amount of web sites and blogs connected with SEN and inclusion. Of course this is more obvious from the internet sources in English. Due to the dynamics and complexity of internet communi-cation (direct and linked sources) is very difficult to make a quantitative estimation, but there are certainly thousands of links in the international arena. From a qualitative approach some major findings were: a) In the English sources from Europe SEN and SNE (Special Needs Education) are by far the most frequently used words. In the USA and Canada SEN is used interchangeably with ‘special needs’ and/or ‘spe-cial education’. In Europe SEN and SNE have a wide usage, particularly in the UK, Spain, Portugal but also at the level of the EADSNE (2 countries from EU as members). In the French sources there is less usage of SEN and SNE terms, but the term “besoignes educatif particuliere’ (particular educational needs) has emerged recently (EADSNE, 2009). In the Romanian sources there is a mixture of using SEN (a little bit of SNE) and also traditional terms as handicap, impairment, learning and language disorders etc. b) There is some variety in Europe, when scrutinizing the coverage (components) for SEN, but the tendency is to take the OECD definition from 2000 (IE: Hungary). Some countries have made recent changes in legislation in connection with SEN meaning and coverage (Scotland and Spain). There are similarities between the content of SEN in Europe and that of ‘special needs; or special education beneficiaries’ in USA. An interesting term in USA is “exceptional children’ (The Council of Exceptional Children), which refers both to children with disabilities and to gifted children. In Romania a pilot project was undertaken by RENINCO in 2007 – in cooperation with the Education Ministry - using the OECD definition of SEN. This definition is also present in a draft strategy for special needs education in the context of inclusion, posted on the Ministry website since April 2010. c) In all languages and geographical entities explored there is a clear and strong connection between SEN (or SNE) and inclusion. UNESCO and the European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education are two important leading organisations in this field, also emphasising a strong connection between SEN and inclusion. Objective 2 After reviewing various resources two of them where selected for a thorough inventory of relevant publications and other resources. UNESCO (www.unesco.org.) is offering, in particular, a lot of information on inclusive education, like for instance the following publications and eReports: - Open file on inclusive education, 2001 - Case studies on inclusive education, 2001 (comprising Romania too) - Guidelines for inclusion. Ensuring education for all, 2005 - Positive discipline in the inclusive, learning-friendly classroom: a guide for teachers and teacher educators, 2006 - Policy guidelines on inclusion in education, 2009 EADSNE (www.european-agency.org) offers resources both on SEN and inclusion, like for exam-ple: - Development of a set of indicators – for inclusive education in Europe, 2009 - Inclusive Education and Classroom Practices, 2003 - Multicultural diversity and special needs education. Summary Report, 2009 - Special Needs Country Data, 2008 - Thematic Key words for Inclusive and Special Needs Education, 2009 The paper presents a short summary for each of these publications. Conclusions The internet resources for SEN and inclusion are very rich and diverse. The idea of Inclusive Education for pupils with Special Educational Needs is widely spread and emphasised on the internet. In spite of the diversity, there are some important common features and clear tendencies in terminology and in the definition of the two terms. The UNESCO work posted on internet – particularly on inclusion – and EADSNE – both on SEN (SNE) and inclusion – are very important and could be wider accessed and better valued in this context.

Turkey’s more assertive posture towards the Balkans is neglected compared to the commentariat that deals with Russia and China. To fill this policy gap, the research team of the Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) has conducted research based on the analysis of secondary source material and, even more importantly, on fieldwork interviews that involved 16 sources, academics and think tank researchers based in Istanbul and Ankara. Although the consulted sources have different backgrounds and political sympathies, the research established a presence of common themes. Namely, Turkish foreign policy in the Balkans has two aspects. The first is based on emotions, where Turkish foreign policy towards the region is framed by Turkey’s special ties with the region based on shared history, social connections, identity factors and the legacy of the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan country that is most frequently mentioned in the context of special ties with Turkey is Bosnia and Herzegovina, in light of socio-cultural ties and the fact that it is a country in which the Ottoman legacy is felt most strongly. The second approach is rooted in traditional foreign policy realism derived from an objective and calculated assessment of the regional balance of power and one’s own interests. Within this approach, Turkey is trying, for security and strategic reasons, to act pragmatically and be effective in the Balkans without entangling itself in crises that could impede its regional influence. This approach leads Turkey towards engaging Serbia, the region’s strategically consequential country, because Ankara is deeply convinced that if it wishes to be effective in the Balkans, it needs to have a partnership with Belgrade. In doing so, it must strike a balance between emotions and realism. It needs to walk the fine line between nurturing ties with communities with which it has cultural and religious ties, like Bosniaks and Albanians, while avoiding alienating countries whose partnership Ankara needs to be able to succeed in the Balkans, such as Serbia.