Academic literature on the topic 'Polish–Lithuanian War'
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Journal articles on the topic "Polish–Lithuanian War"
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Makarova, Viktorija. "The Formation of the Image of the Enemy in Lithuanian Media Outlets: The Polish Question." Respectus Philologicus 24, no. 29 (2013): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2013.24.29.18.
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This article analyzes the opposition of Polish and Lithuanian identities as presented in Lithuanian media outlets. It is assumed that an information war is being waged against the Polish cultural minority and that the instigators of this war are achieving their goal, i.e., being Polish bears a negative association in the public consciousness, which also construes Poles as enemies. The article investigates the means by which this negative opinion about the Polish nationality in Lithuania is formed. The conclusions are based on an analysis of four articles and more than 40 headlines published in 2012–2013, and show that the editors of Lithuanian media outlets regularly present news about events in Poland and/or Poles themselves by choosing information that casts aspersions on the country and its inhabitants. The readers of the Lithuanian media are constantly fed the idea that Poles are characteristically nationalistic. Indeed, the media frequently discuss the danger to Lithuanians posed by Poles in Lithuania. This phenomenon can be explained by the Copenhagen School’s Theory of Securitization: a problem that is technical in nature is given the status of an existential threat. Texts often convey the antithesis Poles—Lithuania, in which the first element is given only negative features and the second only positive. Attention is also drawn to the distorted usage of the word “discrimination”: in Lithuanian media outlets it is applied when discussing the stronger member of the conflict.
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Kozłowska, Joanna. "Echa polsko-litewskich rokowań w Królewcu w 1928 roku w litewskiej i polskiej prasie i dyplomacji." Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 10 (November 15, 2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5746.
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In December 1927, at the Polish-Lithuanian meeting in Geneva the state of war between the two countries was lifted. As a consequence of this meeting, both sides decided to take the necessary measures to establish bilateral relations in the future. The Polish government counted on constructive dialogue, which allowed to sign the agreement on launching the railway transport, postal and telegraph service, transit and local border traffic. The Lithuanian side did not recognize the need to establish the direct relations, and the note of losing Vilnius by Lithuania in 1920 was heard in the comments of Lithuanian diplomats. The Polish-Lithuanian negotiations started on 30 March 1928 in Konigsberg. Their pace aroused keen interest among the diplomatic missions and was extensively commented in the Polish and Lithuanian press. The Polish side greeted the beginning of the negotiations with great hope, counting on normalizing the mutual relations. However, with time it became obvious for the Polish delegation that reaching the agreement suggested by Poland would be impossible because of the unrelenting stance of Lithuanians. Signing an agreement on the local border traffic was the only result of the negotiations.
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Bubnys, Arūnas. "The View of Lithuanian Statehood Held by the Polish Underground During 1939–1944." Lithuanian Historical Studies 9, no. 1 (2004): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-00901004.
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This article investigates the Polish underground’s view of Lithuanian statehood, territorial integrity, and Lithuanian-Polish relations during the Second World War. The concept ‘Polish underground’ is applicable not only to the military organisation, which came to be called the Armia Krajowa (AK) in 1942, but also the secret civil administration, called the Delegation of the Government to the Country. The article investiga tes not only the view of Lithuania held by the Polish underground operating in Lithuania (primarily the Vilnius area) but also the Polish underground’s central leadership in Warsaw as well as the view held by the Polish government-in-exile. The author used Lithuanian and Polish archive documents and works by historians from both countries.
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Sawicki, Mariusz. "United in the Commonwealth. The Participation of Lithuanian troops in the Zborów battle in 1649." Open Political Science 1, no. 1 (2018): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2018-0016.
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AbstractIn 1648, an uprising broke out in Ukraine that belonged to Poland at the time. The war was not successful for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Cossacks and Tartars, who were helping them during the war, surrounded Zbaraż, about whose defense everyone knew in the country. King Jan Kazimierz decided to set out to rescue the besieged fortress. It was decided that not only Polish troops, but also soldiers of Lithuania would set out for Ukraine. Not only state armies, but also private regiments set out to fight. The article discusses the problem of the reasons for the participation of Lithuanians in the war, which was not only due to the provisions of the union, but also to be in the king’s party. Therefore, only the branches of magnates who belong to the Jan Kazimierz party joined the Polish army. The king’s army reached Zborów, where the battle ended with treaties. The Polish nobility was not happy with them, but they caused a temporary suspension of the war. Important will also be the international echoes of the battle of Zborow with the greater strength of the Cossacks and Tartars.
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Olkowski, Roman. "STRUGGLE FOR THE SO-CALLED RECLAMATION OF CULTURAL GOODS IN VILNIUS AFTER WORLD WAR II." Muzealnictwo 58, no. 1 (2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2238.
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The article describes the so-called requisition campaign carried out in Vilnius city and region and Kaunas, Lithuania, the aim of which was to recover the cultural heritage which was supposed to stay abroad as a result of the change of borders after World War II for the Polish State and its citizens People connected with the Cultural Department established by the Polish Committee of National Liberation in 1944 at the Office of the Chief Plenipotentiary for Evacuation in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Cultural Department carried out this activity under the Agreement between the Polish Committee of National Liberation and the Government of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic regarding the evacuation of Polish citizens from Soviet Lithuania and Lithuanian citizens from Poland concerning the mutual repatriation of peoples. The article aims to recall the private collections and most important cultural institutions in Vilnius from the period before 1939 which failed to be transported from Vilnius to Poland, despite the great efforts of many people. However, regardless of the result, the actions described and those who conducted them deserve to be recalled and mentioned in the subject-matter literature.
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BALKELIS, TOMAS. "War, Ethnic Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in Lithuania, 1939–1940." Contemporary European History 16, no. 4 (2007): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307004122.
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AbstractAfter the destruction of the Polish state by the invading Nazi and Soviet armies in the autumn of 1939, about 30,000 Polish nationals fled to eastern Lithuania. This article examines the relationship between population displacement and ethnic rivalry in Lithuania at the onset of the Second World War. As ‘war victims’ in need of help and protection, over time these Polish refugees became increasingly ‘ethnicised’, socially differentiated and isolated from Lithuanian society, and vilified as a potential political threat. Furthermore, the official decision to create a legal category of so-called ‘newcomers’ deprived those Poles who had settled in Vilnius between the wars of citizenship and residence rights in Lithuania. This policy inflated the number of ‘refugees’ to more than 100,000. Various other official measures, such as the creation of camps, forced labour schemes, deportations and repatriations, show how the government manipulated the refugee crisis for its own political purposes.
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Gimžauskas, Edmundas. "The Belorussian Factor in the Genesis of the Modern Lithuanian State, 1915-1917." Lithuanian Historical Studies 6, no. 1 (2001): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-00601006.
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The paper is devoted to a relatively recently researched subject – the relations between the Lithuanians and the Belorussians and the role of the latter in the genesis of the Lithuanian state in the early twentieth century. At the start of the First World War in the German-occupied regions there was a chance to re-establish the Republic of the Two Nations for the first time after 1795. However, that was not the German intention. Initially they supported only the illusion of the re-establishment of Lithuanian statehood in the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In this policy there was also some space for the rudiments of the political activity of Lithuanian and Belorussian intellectuals. Since the beginning of the ‘Los von Russland’ Campaign of 1916 it is possible to trace certain open efforts to obtain Lithuanian and Belorussian statehood. In the Lithuanian political struggle formulas of historical and ethnic statehood were applied taking into consideration the practical political manoeuvres of the warring countries. After the declaration of Polish statehood on 5 November 1916 the ethnic model became more important. In the east an ethnic Lithuanian state was to coincide with the historic ‘Lithuania Proper’. That was a basis for more or less constructive relations with the Belorussians, who also preferred to adhere to the historical formula. After the February Revolution, when the Belorussians started requiring the historical statehood of the whole of the GDL, contacts were broken, and they were renewed in the autumn of 1917 after the election of the Lithuanian Council (Taryba).
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Stanevičiūtė, Rūta. "Lithuanian and Polish musical networking during the Cold War: Political curtains and cultural confrontations." New Sound, no. 54-2 (2019): 44–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1954044s.
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Poland and Lithuania at the end of the Cold War serve as a case study for the theorization of music and politics. In this article, a little-studied field of two neighbouring countries' cultures has been chosen: oppositional musical networking, that in addition resulted in politically and socially engaged collaboration between Polish and Lithuanian musicians since late 1970s. Basing on the concept of a transformative contact (Padraic Kenney 2004), the author reflects on the factors which predetermined the intercommunication of informal communities in mentioned countries in the years of ideological and political constraints and the ways in which such relationships contributed to the cultural and political transformation of societies. Through the interactions of the milieus of the Polish and Lithuanian contemporary music, the participation of the norms and representations of one culture in the field of the other culture is discussed. The author shows that the paradoxical constraints on the informal relations between Lithuanian and Polish musicians were strongly affected by the political relations between the USSR and the Polish People's Republic, especially in the wake of the intensification of political resistance to the imposed Communist regime in Poland.
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Stanevičiūtė, Rūta. "Reception of the Warsaw Autumn Festival in Lithuania: Cultural Discourse and Political Context." Musicology Today 14, no. 1 (2017): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/muso-2017-0006.
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Abstract This article aims to offer a broader understanding of the Lithuanian reception of the Warsaw Autumn festival in relation to the modernisation of national music in Lithuania since the late 1950s – early 1960s. Based on a micro-historical and comparative approach to the network of individuals and events, it is intended to explore the shifts of reception through analysis of musical criticism, composers’ work and discourse, and artistic exchange between the Lithuanian and Polish new music scenes. The author discusses the cultural and political factors which affected the changing role of the Warsaw Autumn festival and its impact on the modernisation processes in Lithuanian music. In addition, the asymmetries of mutual understanding and interests between the Polish and Lithuanian music cultures have been highlighted both during the Cold War and the post-communist transformation periods.
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Pugačiauskas, Virgilijus, and Olga Mastianica-Stankevič. "The Historical Memory of the 1812 War in Lithuania in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries: A Complex Process." Lithuanian Historical Studies 25, no. 1 (2021): 59–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02501003.
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In historiography, significant attention to the memory culture of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe focuses on issues relating to the memory culture of the Franco-Russian War of 1812; however, the case of Lithuania is not commonly analysed separately, thus this article discusses how assessments of the 1812 war were maintained in the historical memory in Lithuania. The Russian government offered the population in the lands of the former GDL its official version of the historical memory of the 1812 war (of a heroic battle against an invader), which contradicted the version this population considered as ‘its own’, experienced as their support for Napoleon and the new political and social prospects they believed he would bring. The Russian government’s censorship of written literature suppressed the spread of the people’s ‘own’ local historical memory, yet it did not prove to be so effective due to the population’s very limited opportunities to use the printed word. Communicative memory dominated in the land in the first half of the 19th century, becoming the main source testifying to and passing on to subsequent generations the actual multifaceted experiences of the 1812 war, including the chance of liberation from the yoke of the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, representatives of local Russian imperial government structures and the local Russian intelligentsia, responding to the 1812 war as a Polish struggle for freedom and a symbol of political independence, explained in academic, educational and popular literature that the hopes of the Poles related to Napoleon were actually unfounded: the French emperor had no intentions of restoring the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth within its historical boundaries, but simply wanted to fill his army units with Polish forces. It was highlighted that this expression of Polish support for Napoleon stopped the Russian imperial government’s potential plans to restore the Poles’ former statehood. This so-called regional narrative which appeared in history textbooks and was used by exacting emotional and visual impact in order to influence the political and cultural provisions of the younger generation had a dual purpose. First, to justify the discriminatory policies against individuals of ‘Polish origins’. Second, to ‘block’ the path for using the 1812 war as a historical argument testifying not just to the common historical past and struggle of Poles and Lithuanians but also their possible political future, which was openly expressed in the Polish national discourse of the early 20th century. Over the course of a hundred years, despite the government’s actions, Poles managed to uphold ‘their own’ historical memory about the 1812 war; its meanings were spread in various forms of media such as fictional literature, museum exhibitions and history textbooks, and were used to shape the political and cultural position of the younger generation. In the Lithuanian national discourse on the other hand, the 1812 war, along with the 1830–1831 and 1863–1864 uprisings, was viewed as a matter concerning the Poles and the Polonised nobility, and it was thus a foreign place of historical memory. The 1812 war and assessments of its potential importance to Lithuanians in the Lithuanian national discourse of the early 20th century were one-off cases and fragmented, while their spread among broader layers of society was limited.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polish–Lithuanian War"
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Rindzeviciute, Egle. "Constructing Soviet Cultural Policy : Cybernetics and Governance in Lithuania after World War II." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för studier av samhällsutveckling och kultur, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15315.
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Efter första världskriget var Sovjetunionen en av de första moderna stater som uttryckligen ägnade sig åt att övervaka och styra kulturen, vilket tog sig formen av en formaliserad och institutionaliserad statlig kulturpolitik. I denna övervakningsoch styrningsprocess försåg vetenskap och teknologi staten med konceptuella och materiella resurser vilka användes för att definiera såväl själva processen som föremålet för den. Efter andra världskriget gav utvecklingen inom naturvetenskap och teknik upphov till en ny vetenskap som behandlade frågor kring kontroll och kommunikation, Norbert Wieners cybernetik, vilken fick en bred tillämpning inte enbart inom ingenjörsvetenskapen utan även i frågor som rörde förståelsen av människor, maskiner och samhällen. Denna avhandling undersöker hur cybernetiken påverkade utformningen av den sovjetiska kulturpolitiken. Fokus ligger särskilt på sovjetiska Litauen. Det huvudsakliga argumentet är att en särskilt inflytelserik diskurs rörande cybernetisk styrning och övervakning utformades i Sovjetunionen från 50-talet och framåt. Som ett resultat av en överföring från tekniska och vetenskapliga diskurser var denna diskurs användbar inte bara som ett verktyg för att tjäna staten utan kunde även användas av kulturella aktörer för att kritisera själva sovjetsystemet. Genom att analysera organisatoriska praktiker och officiella och samhälleliga diskurser avslöjar denna studie komplexiteten i förhållandet mellan styrning och övervakning, kultur och vetenskap och teknologi.<br>After World War I, the Soviet Union was one of the first modern states to engage explicitly in the governance of culture, which was formalised and institutionalised as state cultural policy. In this process of governance, sciences and technologies provided the state with conceptual and material resources, which were used to define both the process and the object of governance. After World War II, scientific and technological progress gave birth to a new science of control and communication, Norbert Wiener’s cybernetics, which was widely used not only in engineering, but also in the conceptualisation of humans, machines and societies. This thesis explores how cybernetics influenced the construction of cultural policy in the Soviet Union. It focuses particularly on the Soviet republic of Lithuania. The main argument is that since the 1950s a particularly powerful discourse of cybernetic governance was formed in the Soviet Union. A result of translation from techno-science, this discourse not only served the purposes of authoritarian rule, but was also used as a resource by cultural operators to criticise the Soviet government itself. By analysing organisational practices and official and public discourses, the study reveals the complexity of the relationship between governance, culture and sciences and technologies.
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Rindzevičiūtė, Eglė. "Constructing Soviet cultural policy : cybernetics and governance in Lithuania after World War II /." Linköping : Department for Studies of Social Change and Culture, Linköping University, 2008. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2008/tek1200s.pdf.
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Liška, Jan. "Zánik polsko-litevského státu 1791-1795." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388922.
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This thesis aims to analyze the events that led in the years 1791-1795 to the gradual decline of the Polish-Lithuanian state. The year 1791 was chosen as a starting point for the reason that it was during this year that the so-called Great Sejm adopted the Constitution of 3 May, considered a last attempt to reform the dysfunctional constitutional system that paralysed the political life of the Commonwealth, crippled its ability to defend itself and made it a marionette in the hands of powerful neighbours, especially Prussia and Russia. The thesis concentrates on the ambiguous role played in this period by the last king Stanisław II August. It also focuses on the opposition against the constitutional changes, associated in the so-called Targowica Confederation, the ensuing Russo-Polish War of 1792, the Second Partition of Poland, Kościuszko Uprising and the final Third Partition of 1795 - all these events are discussed in the wider context of European politics. The author makes use of sources and secondary literature in Polish, Russian, German, English and French.
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Sowa, Jan. "Dyscyplina i sądownictwo wojskowe w Koronie w dobie wojen tureckich w drugiej połowie XVII wieku." Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3674.
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Celem niniejszego studium jest zaprezentowanie w maksymalnie szerokim kontekście militarnym, politycznym i prawnym organizacji i funkcjonowania wojskowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości w wojsku koronnym, jak również próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak dużą rolę pełniło ono w całościowym systemie utrzymania dyscypliny w armii w dobie wojen polsko-litewskiej Rzeczypospolitej z Imperium Osmańskim w drugiej połowie XVII w. Praca została podzielona na pięć rozdziałów. W pierwszym zaprezentowano krótki rys historyczny rozwoju wojskowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości w polsko-litewskiej Rzeczypospolitej i innych państwach europejskich w epoce wczesnonowożytnej, a także system źródeł prawa wojskowego obowiązującego w Koronie w drugiej połowie XVII w. Rozdział drugi przedstawia polityczne uwarunkowania funkcjonowania wojskowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości – wpływ działalności sejmu i sejmików na dyscyplinę, prawo i sądownictwo wojskowe. Kwestie te zostały potraktowane dość obszernie właśnie po to, aby wskazać na społeczny kontekst pracy sądów wojskowych – społeczne oczekiwania wobec sądownictwa wojskowego i nierzadko bardzo krytyczne oceny jego działalności. Kolejne rozdziały opisują organizację i funkcjonowanie poszczególnych sądów wojskowych: rozdział trzeci – niższych sądów wojskowych: sądów chorągiewnych i regimentowych, a także sądów artyleryjskich (które podobnie jak sądy chorągiewne i regimentowe były zwoływane doraźnie), rozdział czwarty – wyższe sądy wojskowe: sądy generalne zaciągu narodowego i cudzoziemskiego, wreszcie rozdział piąty – sądu hetmańskiego i sądów regimentarskich. Całość zamyka podsumowanie i aneks, w którym zamieszczono przykładowe dokumenty związane z działalnością koronnych sądów wojskowych w drugiej połowie XVII w.<br>The purpose of this dissertation is to present the organization and functioning of military justice in the Polish Crown Army in the broadest possible military, political and legal context. It is also an attempt to answer the question what was the role that military judiciary played in the overall system of maintaining military discipline in the time of wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 17th century. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents a short historical overview of the development of military justice in the Commonwealth and other early modern European states, as well as the system of the sources of military law in the Crown of Poland in the second half of the 17th century. The second chapter shows political preconditions of the operation of military justice: the influence of the activity of the sejm and sejmiks on military discipline, law and judiciary. These issues were treated quite extensively in order to expose the social context of the functioning of courts-martial: social expectations of military justice system and often very critical opinions about its activity. Subsequent chapters describe organisation and functioning of individual courts-martial: the third chapter – lower courts-martial: company and regimental courts (sądy chorągiewne, sądy regimentowe) as well as artillery courts (sądy artyleryjskie, which like company and regimental courts were convened on an interim basis); the fourth chapter – higher courts-martial: general courts of domestic and foreign enlistment (wojskowy sąd generalny zaciągu narodowego, wojskowy sąd generalny zaciągu cudzoziemskiego); finally the fifth chapter – the hetman’s court (sąd hetmański) and hetman lieutenant’s courts (sądy regimentarskie). The whole dissertation ends with the summary and the appendix that includes exemplary documents related to the activity of Polish military justice in the second half of the 17th century.
Books on the topic "Polish–Lithuanian War"
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Šemeta, Mikalojus Kazimieras. Mikalojaus Kazimiero Šemetos "Reliacija". Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994.
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Stankiewicz-Januszczak, Joanna. Marsz śmierci: Ewakuacja więźniów z Mińska do Czerwieni 24-27 czerwca 1941 r. Oficyna Wydawn. Volumen, 1999.
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After the deluge: Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655-1660. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
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Surwiło, Jerzy. Rachunki nie zamknięte: Wileńskie ślady na drogach cierpień. "Magazyn Wileński", 1992.
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Michalewska, Teresa. Pan Olek: Historia Aleksandra Kalińskiego zesłańca z Wileńszczyzny na zachodnią Syberię, a po wojnie przesiedleńca na Ziemie Zachodnie. Dekorgraf, 2007.
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Michalewska, Teresa. Pan Olek: Historia Aleksandra Kalińskiego zesłańca z Wileńszczyzny na zachodnią Syberię, a po wojnie przesiedleńca na Ziemie Zachodnie. Dekorgraf, 2007.
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Paczoska, Alicja. Dzieci Jałty: Exodus ludności polskiej z wileńszczyzny w latach 1944-1947. Adam Marszałek, 2003.
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Paczoska, Alicja. Dzieci Jałty: Exodus ludności polskiej z Wileńszczyzny w latach 1944-1947. Wydawn. Adam Marszałek, 2002.
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Dunin, Janusz. Wilna, verlorene Heimat: Jugenderinnerungen eines polnischen Bibliothekars (1936-1945). Laurentius Verlag R. Dehmlow, 1998.
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Rogachev, M. B. (Mikhail Borisovich), ed. Deportowani w Komi ASRR. Ośrodek Karta, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Polish–Lithuanian War"
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Žanna, Nekraševič-Karotkaja. "Artistic Expression of the Translatio imperii Concept in the Latin Epic Poetry of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th Century and the European Literary Context." In Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-198-3.05.
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In this article the author analyzes how the Renaissance epic poetry of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth approaches the theme of translatio imperii, which is a concept and a political stereotype of transfer of metaphysical world domination from country to country. After the fall of Constantinople (1453), the concept of translatio imperii gradually lost its universal character and was interpreted within the confines of a nation. Among the analyzed poems are: Bellum Prutenum (1516) by Ioannes Visliciensis and Radivilias (1592) by Ioannes Radvanus. The artistic expression of both the “Jagiellonian” and Lithuanian (i.e., Grand Duchy of Lithuania) patriotism, which incorporated the concept of translatio imperii, had an enormous impact on the formation of the national identity of the Belarusian, Lithuanian, and Polish peoples.
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Bashkuev, Vsevolod. "The Post-War Deportation of Lithuanians to Buriat-Mongolia (1948–58) as an Example of Repressive Population Transfer Policy of the Stalinist Regime." In The Baltic States under Stalinist Rule. Böhlau Verlag, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/9783412506049-009.
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Polonsky, Antony. "Introduction." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 14. Liverpool University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774693.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter briefly explores Jewish life and Polish nationhood within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth up until the Second World War. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dual state, created in 1569 by the union of the kingdom of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was extremely heterogeneous in character. The history of Poland–Lithuania throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries raised the questions of who was a Pole and what should be the boundaries of the future Polish state. For the Polish political élite, there was no question that the goal was the reconstitution of the country within its 1772 frontiers. This created a new interest in documenting the ‘Polishness’ of the borderlands (kresy) of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Teller, Adam. "The Second Wave of Wars." In Rescue the Surviving Souls. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161747.003.0005.
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This chapter investigates how the events of the second round of wars caused further waves of Jewish refugees, this time not just within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but across Europe and Asia. On one level, it could be said that Poland–Lithuania successfully weathered the storm that began with Khmelnytsky in 1648 and ended in the Peace of Andrusów some nineteen years later. However, the price it had paid for the years of war was incredibly high, so getting the country back on its feet was a very complex operation. Poland–Lithuania's Jews, too, had suffered huge losses during the wars, not the least of which was the number of Jews who had been uprooted from their homes and forced to start new lives elsewhere, often in difficult—not to say traumatic—conditions. Beyond that, many of the refugees displaced by this second wave of wars left the Commonwealth never to come back. The chapter then details the experience of these people. It looks first at the refugees in the parts of Lithuania under Russian occupation, then at those in the westerly regions where the Swedish and Polish armies fought it out in the second half of the 1650s.
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Głogowski, Aleksander. "Początki konspiracji wojskowej i cywilnej na Wileńszczyźnie w latach 1939-1941." In Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.07.
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THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MILITARY AND CIVIL UNDERGROUND IN THE VILNIUS REGION IN 1939-1941 The first years of the occupation of the Vilnius Region were an unusual period in terms of the history of the Polish Underground State and the Polish armed resistance movement. This area was occupied after September 17, 1939 by the Soviet Union, but part of it was transferred to the Republic of Lithuania, along with which it was re-incorporated into the Soviet Union. The Lithuanian occupation was a considerable challenge both for the Polish authorities in exile and for the inhabitants of the Vilnius Region. Meeting such a challenge required certain diplomatic talents (not to worsen the situation of Poles living in this area) as well as knowledge of the relations in the area, which was a problem for the Polish authorities in France, and especially in Great Britain. The Polish inhabitants of the Vilnius Region considered the legal status of their land to be illegal occupation, while the Lithuanians claimed that thanks to a new agreement with the USSR, the period of occupation of these lands by Poles ended. These opinions, together with the mutual resentments and stereotypes flourishing for nearly 20 years, made the peaceful coexistence of two nations difficult, or even impossible. The government of the Republic of Poland tried to prevent the attempts to start an anti-Lithuanian uprising, not wanting to provoke the other two occupiers into military intervention. To this stage, it sought an intermediate solution between the abandonment of any conspiracy (which carried the threat of forming armed groups beyond the control of the legal Polish authorities) and its development on a scale known, for example, from the German or Soviet occupation. The Vilnius Region was to become the personnel and organisational base for the latter. The dilemma was resolved without Polish participation at the time of the annexation of the Republic of Lithuania by the Soviets. Then the second period of the Soviet occupation began, characterised by much greater brutality than the first one, with mass arrests, executions and deportations. The policy of repression primarily affected the pre-war military staff and their families, who were the natural base for the resistance movement of the intelligentsia. Fortunately, this process ended at the time of the German aggression against the USSR. Those that survived the period of the “second Soviet invasion” could in the new conditions continue their underground activities and prepare for an armed uprising in the circumstances and in the manner indicated by the Home Army Headquarters and the Polish Government in London.
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Udrenas, Nerijus. "A Lithuanian Account of Life in the Camps." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 13. Liverpool University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774600.003.0035.
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BALYS SRUOGA, Forest of the Gods: Memoirs (Vilnius: Vaga, 1996); pp. 340 JEWS, along with many other people, suffered a tragic fate in east central Europe during the Second World War at the hands of Nazis and their allies. Some survived. What was the main difference between death and survival? Death did not visit individually: it selected groups. The Nazis slaughtered Jews for being Jews, no matter how diverse they were; they killed Gypsies, no matter where they came from. Death came ...
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Zalkin, Motti. "Hirsz Abramowicz Profiles of a Lost World: Memoirs of East European Jewish Life before World War II." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 15. Liverpool University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774716.003.0036.
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This chapter presents Hirsz Abramowicz’s compilation of essays, arranged in five chapters. The first chapter deals with Lithuanian Jewish life and traditions, examining among other topics rural occupations, the shtetl, diet, and mental illness. The second is an account of reform and upheaval before the First World War, with sections on Jewish public figures such as Joshua Steinberg, Hirsh Lekert, and Anna Lifshits, and on tsarist prisons, Jewish gymnasiums, and so on. The third examines the First World War and its aftermath, with sections entitled ‘Joining the Militia’, ‘The Germans’, and ‘April 1919’. The fourth is a description of Jewish vocational education, focusing on ‘help through work’, agricultural schools, and other programmes. The final chapter consists of profiles of Vilna Jews such as Mark Antokolsky, Eliezer Kruk, and Moshe Shalit.
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"Book Reviews." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 10, edited by Israel Bartal, Rachel Elior, and Chone Shmeruk. Liverpool University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774310.003.0014.
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This chapter looks at 29 book reviews. The first set of books discusses hasidism in Poland; the history of the Jewish population in lower Silesia after the Second World War; the Jewish communities in eastern Poland and the USSR; Jewish emancipation in Poland; and the memoirs of Holocaust survivors. The second set of books examine the Holocaust experience and its consequences; the ethical challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima; the history of the Jews of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eleventh to eighteenth centuries; and Russia's first modern Jews. The third set of books assesses the Kishinev pogrom of 1903; the history of feldshers in general and Jewish feldshers in particular; the diplomacy of Lucien Wolf; the Berlin Jewish community; the aspects of Jewish art; magic, mysticism, and hasidism; and the Jewish presence in Polish literature. The fourth set of books explores the depictions of Jews by Polish artists, both Christian and Jewish; the history of co-operation between the Polish government and the New Zionist Organization; and the origins of Zionism.
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Miron, Guy. "Between Poland and Hungary." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 31. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764715.003.0004.
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IN THE WAKE of the First World War Poland and Hungary became independent states. Poland, which for some 130 years had been partitioned between its neighbouring empires—Russia, Austria, and Prussia—now gained independence, including in its territory some predominantly Ukrainian and Belarusian areas which had been part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Hungary, which had enjoyed extensive autonomy since the Ausgleich (Austro-Hungarian Compromise) of 1867, was now severed from the defunct Habsburg empire and became independent, but its boundaries were dramatically reduced as a result of the Treaty of Trianon. The two states, whose independence was part of a new European order based on the principle of national self-determination, were supposed to function as democracies and respect the rights of their minorities. In the immediate aftermath of 'the war to end all wars', there was reason to hope that the recognition of the Jews as equal citizens would lead to a golden age of Jewish integration. In practice, the reality was different. Both Poland and Hungary were established as independent states amidst violent internal and external conflicts over their boundaries and the nature of their regimes. In both states, these struggles, which continued throughout the whole interwar period, increasingly led to the dominance of an exclusionary nationalism. Jews were the central, although not the only, minority targeted by this policy of exclusion. Of course, the anti-Jewish violence that occurred during the struggles for the independence of both Poland and Hungary and the anti-Jewish policies and legislation of the 1920s and especially the 1930s should not be regarded as foreshadowing the Nazi catastrophe—which was primarily the result of actions by an external force—however, there is no doubt that in both countries Jewish integration was seriously endangered during the interwar period....
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"Transnational Representations of Revolt and New Modes of Communication in the midseventeenth century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Jerzy Lubomirski’s Rebellion against King Jan Kazimierz." In From Mutual Observation to Propaganda War. transcript-Verlag, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/transcript.9783839426425.159.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Polish–Lithuanian War"
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Baniulis, Rimvydas, Karolis Galinauskas, Eimuntas Paršeliunas, and Marius Petniunas. "Some Features of Pre-Processing of RTK Network LitPos (Lithuania) Data Applying Bernese Software." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.160.
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LitPOS (Lithuanian Positioning System), the network of permanent reference GNSS stations, became operational in July 2007. It provides data both for real-time and post-processing applications. LitPOS stations cover the whole territory of Lithuania. Total number of LitPOS GNSS stations during 2007–2014 period was 25 (since 2015 – 30 stations). Also LitPOS network includes 3 ASG-EUPOS (Poland) and 6 LATPOS (Latvia) stations. LitPOS network data re-processing was done using Bernese (BSW5.2 update 2016 01 08) software. Software was slightly improved by editing scripts and writing procedures for RINEX files preparation, for downloading other necessary data, and for getting two processing solutions from single BPE (Bernese Process Engine) process (total network and sub-network without Polish and Latvian stations).
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Ziemba, Ewa. "Factors Affecting the Adoption and Usage of ICTs within Polish Households." In InSITE 2016: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Lithuania. Informing Science Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3508.
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Information and communication technologies (ICTs) encompassing computer and network hardware and software, and so on, as well as various services and applications associated with them, are assuming a growing presence within the modern homestead and have an indelible impact on the professional and everyday life of people. This research aims to explore factors influencing the successful adoption and usage of ICTs within Polish households. Based on prior literature and practical experiences, a framework of success factors is provided. The required data was collected from a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of Polish households to examine this framework and identifies which factors are of greatest importance for the adoption and usage of ICTs within households in Poland. Based on 751 questionnaires the paper indicates that the adoption of ICTs within households is mainly influenced by the economic status of households and cost of ICTs, perceived economic benefits from the usage of ICTs, technological availability and security of ICTs, ICT competences and awareness, as well as satisfaction with the adoption of ICTs. Furthermore, gender, education, and place of residence do not reflect significant differences on the factors. Yet, there are significant differences among the factors that could be attributed to age. Both, policy makers and ICT providers can benefit from the findings with regard to bridging the gap of ICT adoption and use in the Polish households.
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ATKOCIUNIENĖ, Vilma, Alvydas ALEKSANDRAVIČIUS, and Romualdas ZEMECKIS. "Public Policy Impact on Prosperity and Resilience of Farms and Agricultural Companies: Lithuanian Case Study." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.128.
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The CAP support is mostly focused on the technological modernization of farms, linked with production intensification, and weakly focused on the farms prosperity and resilience. As a result farmers and managers of agricultural companies are only a slightly motivated to produce added value and high quality food products, to use short food supply chains addressing constantly changing consumer needs, or to pay much attention on issues related to climate change. The paper findings are based on the Lithuanian case study carried out as a part of the international research project “Rethinking the links between farm modernization, rural development and resilience in a world of increasing demands and finite resources” (RETHINK). The Lithuanian case study was determining farmers’ behaviour and causal factors in decision-making. The research based on the positive research paradigm, case study, content and descriptive analysis, empirical study methods (answers of two groups of experts experts-professionals and experts-farmers), logical and systematical reasoning, graphic presentation, abstracts and other methods. The present paper is examining the impact of political factors on prosperity and resilience on farms and agricultural companies. The political factors have the highest impact for prosperity of the farms and agricultural companies in Lithuania (as compared to the technical – entrepreneurial, ethical - social factors, and intangible values). The support from the EU and the national funds is not fully in line with the current concept of farms’ modernization and agricultural innovation. The public policy influence on the competitiveness of the agricultural sector is more strengthening than weakening. The results show the main elements that farmers believe should be included in the new concept of rural prosperity, as well as the main strategies adopted to reach prosperity divided into the five sub dimensions: development of the rural social infrastructure and implementation of information technologies; strong self-governance, social awareness and partnership; high culture of life and communication; rural employment and job creation in rural areas, population welfare; economic and social viability, ecology and environmental security of the countryside.
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KOLOSZKO-CHOMENTOWSKA, Zofia, Jan ŽUKOVSKIS, and Audrius GARGASAS. "ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF POLISH AND LITHUANIAN AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS SPECIALIZING IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION*." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.130.
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In the present article, an attempt was made to assess the environmental and economic sustainability of Polish and Lithuanian agricultural holdings specializing in animal production. The analysis covers the farms that participated in the FADN in 2006-2012. Assessment accounted for agroecological indicators (share of cereals in crops, stock density) and economic indicators (profitableness of land and labour). Analysis was conducted according to a classification into agricultural holding types: dairy cattle and granivores. In both countries, average stocking density in dairy holdings did not pose a threat to the natural environment. In the case of granivores holdings, such threats were present because standards specified in the code of good agricultural practice were violated significantly. From the perspective of economic equilibrium, holdings from this group achieved a better result than dairy cattle holdings. In Poland during the years 2006–2012, the average income of a family-owned agricultural holding per full-time worker in the family was 56 % greater than in dairy cattle holdings. In the case of Lithuanian holdings, the difference was still greater and amounted to 73 % to the benefit of granivores holdings.
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Kuzņecova, Inga, Mārtiņš Gedrovičs, and Vaidotas Vaišis. "SUSTAINABLE USE OF FUEL WOOD RESOURCES FOR INDIVIDUAL HEATING SYSTEM IN LATVIA." In Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2016.12.
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Over the past years, increasing attention is paid to sustainability and sustainable development, where three main components – economic, society and environment are not independent but interrelate with each other and seek compromise. Human and environmental wellbeing are goals to be achieved, but economic wellbeing is a factor enabling sustainability and providing it over time. On the way towards sustainability, one of important fields that have not been discussed sufficiently in Latvia is individual heating for households. To evaluate it, one can use quantitative indicators that point towards successful outcomes and conclusions for policy makers?. In the concept of sustainable development indicators play an important role because they indicate the relevant issue timely and based on outcomes it could be determined what needs to be done to achieve the goal. The aim of this paper is to determine the current situation in the energy sector in Latvia in order to establish indicators for monitoring sustainable development in the individual heating sector. The paper presents the results of statistical data analysis for the use of wood fuel in households.
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Averkienė, Dalia. "European Union Financial Support for Rural Development: Infringements Identification Problems in Lithuania." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.037.
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Funds allocated in accordance with various instruments of the Lithuanian rural development programme to businesses must help to achieve agriculture policy goals. During the implementation of financial support from the European Union, beneficiaries commit infringements and, consequently, support that was given to them or a part thereof may be withdrawn. Research results show that infringement research and the assessment of documents, which influences the making of decisions on the payment of financial support, must not only be adequate, but also efficient in order to protect public and private interests. Excessively long assessment of documents and investigation of suspected infringements may cause damage to beneficiaries, particularly if the beneficiaries did not commit infringements. On the other hand, inadequate and untimely assessment of documents may cause damage to the national budget and the European Union budget when support that is paid to persons who have committed infringements is misused and the objectives of granted support are not achieved. Therefore, adequate and efficient investigation of infringements is an important part of implementing financial support from the European Union for rural development.
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Andriušaitienė, Daiva, and Gerda Vižinytė. "Development of a social business as a social innovation: the case of Lithuania." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.010.
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Purpose of this article is to assess the first steps of development of social business in Lithuania. Research methodology − systematic analysis of the peculiarities of social business in the scientific literature; identification of the main social problems and possibilities for social business based on results of semi-structured interviews, expert assessment, data grouping and interpretation. Findings − social business development is slow compared to its need. The creation of a legal framework, validating a flexible model of social business and wider social advertising campaign can serve as catalysts for the breakthrough to pave the way for social business development. Research limitations − the main limitation – lack of official social business statistics. Another – factor of subjectivity, which could affect the results of the research, revealing only the main tendencies and problems. In the planning of further research, it is possible to seek greater objectivity of the evaluation by improving the survey questionnaire, to evaluate the social and economic efficiency of social business by the cost-benefit analysis method. Practical implications − the obtained results are useful for social and economic policy makers. Originality/Value − the study contributes to scientific literature by sufficient understanding of practical problems of social business development and fills the gap in research of possibilities of social business development
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VERSAL, Nataliia, Vasyl ERASTOV, and Mariia BALYTSKA. "IS DIGITAL 'NEW NORMAL' OR 'CHALLENGE' FOR BANKS UNDER COVID-19?" In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.608.
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Purpose – to reveal prerequisites of technology-enabled banking development in Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine; to identify if digitalization was a beneficial factor in households deposits-raising during the COVID-19. Research methodology is twofold: analysis of digitalization index based on World Bank data as a premise of tech-nology-enabled banks development; beta-coefficient analysis and descriptive statistics – for digitalization influence assessment. Findings – digitalization index analysis showed that Lithuania has a more generous benefit in terms of digitalization. Poland and Ukraine follow with a slight gap. Traditional banks of analyzed countries are acting towards digitalization but at different paces. There are both digital and neobanks in Lithuania and Poland, while in Ukraine only digital banks. Analysis of Ukrainian banks deposits highlighted the fact that digital banks were in some cases more preferable for households, especially during a pandemic. Research limitations – lack of data: common digitalization indexes could not be calculated for Ukraine; differences in countries’ banking data: content and structuring criteria. Practical implications – the results could be important for policy recommendations to tackle the blind spots of banking digitalization. Originality/Value – suggested digitalization index could be utilized as a universal. Due to DESI limitations, common for EU countries, we were to create our own index and compare results with calculated by European Commission DESI values. While DESI is calculated using some specific survey data, the proposed index is using standardized data of World Bank; the results of digital and traditional banks deposits comparison could be useful for further study.
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MARKS-BIELSKA, Renata, and Agata ZIELIŃSKA,. "FARMLAND ACQUISITION BY FOREIGNERS IN POLAND IN YEARS 2000–2013." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.100.
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The present study aimed at identification and evaluation the issue of agricultural land acquisition by foreigners in Poland in the years 2000–2013. The authors have used secondary data from: the Ministry of Interior, the Agricultural Property Agency (APA) and the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Food Economy. The issue of farmland acquisition regulation in UE countries was also mentioned. The area of agriculture land acquired in the analyzed time is 5 0833, 98 hectare. The phenomenon most intensively affects legal persons (with permission of Minister of Interior) who purchase 68.7 % of it. Having considered the analyzed issue from the perspective of the country of origin, Germany and Austria dominate in natural persons (49.04 %) and in the case of legal entities leaders are: Germany and the Netherlands (58.27 %).Significant for interest of polish agricultural land by foreigners was Poland’s accession to the European Community, when in the real estate market a recovery from the foreigners side happened. The future situation in the agricultural land market in Poland is determined by the political decisions and public opinion pressure, especially before 1 May 2016. Present prepositions of changes in the regulation will rather do not limit requirements in land acquisition by foreigners like in Hungary, Slovakia, Lithuania or Bulgaria.
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Rivza, Baiba, and Uldis Plumite. "LATVIAN THEME PARK DEVELOPMENT IN KURZEME AND VIDZEME." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/36.
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The economy of Latvia is experiencing rapid development in the European Union and is an active participant of the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In recent years there have been several changes in both sectors and national economic policy. The total population in Latvia was estimated at 1.9 million inhabitants in 2019 and a total GDP per capita was 63% of the EU average, the lowest GDP per capita in purchasing power parity was recorded in Bulgaria - 46% of the EU average, Romania - 60% and Croatia - 62%. Lithuanian and Estonian GDP per capita in 2019 was accounted for 74% of the EU average. Latvia has more than 12 theme parks, but the amusement offer is small. Most of the theme parks are mostly located in Kurzeme and Vidzeme. Attraction Parks historically evolved near the big cities, where the infrastructure is highly developed. The aim is to increase the influx of tourists in regions where tourism products are amusement parks, thus developing more local businesses and the city's environment, increasing the demand for an active economic environment, but regional laws often hinder this development.