Academic literature on the topic 'Polish vowels and consonants'
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Journal articles on the topic "Polish vowels and consonants"
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Chwesiuk, Urszula. "Insertion of vowels in English syllabic consonantal clusters pronounced by L1 Polish speakers." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0014.
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Abstract The aim of this study was an attempt to verify whether Polish speakers of English insert a vowel in the word-final clusters containing a consonant and a syllabic /l/ or /n/ due to the L1–L2 transfer. L1 Polish speakers are mostly unaware of the existence of syllabic consonants; hence, they use the Polish phonotactics and articulate a vocalic sound before a final sonorant which is deprived of its syllabicity. This phenomenon was examined among L1 Polish speakers, 1-year students of English studies, and the recording sessions were repeated a year later. Since, over that time, they were instructed with regard to phonetics and phonology but also the overall practical language learning, the results demonstrated the occurrence of the phenomenon of vowel insertion on different levels of advanced command of English. If the vowels were inserted, their quality and length were monitored and analysed. With regard to the English system, pronouncing vowel /ə/ before a syllabic consonant is possible, yet not usual. That is why another aim of this study is to examine to what extent the vowels articulated by the subjects differ from the standard pronunciation of non-final /ə/. The quality differences between the vowels articulated in the words ending with /l/ and /n/ were examined as well as the potential influence from the difference between /l/ and /n/ on the occurrence of vowel reduction. Even though Polish phonotactics permit numerous consonantal combinations in all word positions, it proved to be challenging for L1 Polish speakers to pronounce word-final consonantal clusters containing both syllabic sonorants. This result carries practical implications for the teaching methodology of English phonetics.
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Schwartz, Geoffrey, Grzegorz Aperliński, Kamil Kaźmierski, and Jarosław Weckwerth. "Dynamic targets in the acquisition of L2 English vowels." Research in Language 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2016-0011.
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This paper presents acoustic data on the dynamic properties of the FLEECE and TRAP vowels in the speech of two groups of Polish users of English. Results reveal that the more proficient group users, made up of teachers and professors with professional-level proficiency in English, produce more dramatic patterns of formant movement, reminiscent of native productions, than first year students. It is argued that vowel inherent spectra change (VISC) is an inherent aspect of English phonology, originated in interactions between vowels and neighboring consonants, and later generalized to the vowel system as a whole. By contrast, Polish is a language with a minimal role of VISC. Consequently, successful acquisition of L2 English vowels involves not only the mastery of vowels in F1-F2 space, but also formant trajectories over time.
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Balas, Anna. "English vowel perception by Polish advanced learners of English." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 309–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2018.5.
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AbstractThis article examines English vowel perception by advanced Polish learners of English in a formal classroom setting (i.e., they learnt English as a foreign language in school while living in Poland). The stimuli included 11 English noncewords in bilabial (/bVb/), alveolar (/dVd/) and velar (/gVg/) contexts. The participants, 35 first-year English majors, were examined during the performance of three tasks with English vowels: a categorial discrimination oddity task, an L1 assimilation task (categorization and goodness rating) and a task involving rating the (dis-)similarities between pairs of English vowels. The results showed a variety of assimilation types according to the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) and the expected performance in a discrimination task. The more difficult it was to discriminate between two given vowels, the more similar these vowels were judged to be. Vowel contrasts involving height distinctions were easier to discriminate than vowel contrasts with tongue advancement distinctions. The results also revealed that the place of articulation of neighboring consonants had little effect on the perceptibility of the tested English vowels, unlike in the case of lower-proficiency learners. Unlike previous results for naïve listeners, the present results for advanced learners showed no adherence to the principles of the Natural Referent Vowel framework. Generally, the perception of English vowels by these Polish advanced learners of English conformed with PAM's predictions, but differed from vowel perception by naïve listeners and lower-proficiency learners.
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Cyran, Eugeniusz, and Bogdan Szymanek. "Phonological and Morphological Functions of Palatalisation in Irish and Polish." Studia Celto-Slavica 3 (2010): 99–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/irdh7962.
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The paper attempts to compare the status of palatalization of consonants in Modern Irish and Polish within the phonological and morphological systems of the two languages. Irish and Polish have been selected from the Celtic and Slavic groups due to the fact that both have palatalized consonants. One function, which is connected with the palatalized / non-palatalized distinction is expressing lexical contrast, e.g. Irish cúis [ku:ʃ] ‘reason’ vs. ciumhais [kʲu:ʃ] ‘edge’ and Polish beli [beli] ‘roll, Gen.sg.’ vs. bieli [bʲeli] ‘whiteness, Gen.sg.’. Phonologically speaking, the term ‘palatalization’ is rather broad and ambiguous, as it subsumes two quite disparate linguistic situations. Namely, it may be understood as a dynamic phonetic or phonological process of fronting or softening a consonant in the context of the following front vowel [i/e] or glide [j]. In this sense, palatalization is allophonic, that is, a context dependent assimilatory process, as may be the case with Irish bith [bʲi] ‘existence’, or Polish bił [bʲiw] ‘he beat’. On the other hand, both Irish and Polish seem to show that palatalization of consonants may also be independent of the context, in which case we are not dealing with a process, but with a genuine lexical property of given consonants, that is, a phonemic distinction. This point can be illustrated by such forms as Irish beo [bʲo:] ‘alive’ and Polish biodro [bʲodro] ‘hip’. Here the palatalized consonant is followed by a back vowel and could not have been derived by assimilation. Another argument for the phonemic status of palatalization in the two languages comes from the forms in which the presence of a front vowel does not guarantee that a consonant will be palatalized, e.g. Irish tuí [ti:] ‘straw’ (cf. tí [tʲi:] ‘house, Gen.sg.’) and Polish beli [beli] ‘roll, Gen.sg.’. It may appear that the phonological similarities between Irish and Polish palatalization are considerable. However, the appealing picture becomes more complicated when the two systems are looked at in detail. Once present in the phonological representation of words, the property of palatalization in Irish behaves quite disparately from what is observed in Polish. In Irish, palatalization behaves as an independent property (autosegment) and has a tendency to spread leftwards, affecting the preceding short vowels, e.g. sop / soip [sop / sipʲ] ‘wisp / Gen.sg’, consonants and vowels, e.g. olc / oilc [olk / ilʲkʲ] ‘evil / Gen.sg.’, or even entire syllables, e.g. dorn / doirn [dorən / dirʲinʲ] ‘fist / Gen.sg.’. Thus, palatalization as an assimilatory process is not entirely inactive. On the other hand, in Polish, there is some vestigial consonant-vowel interaction, practically limited to velar consonants, as well as some cluster assimilation. The paper aims to define the conditions on the phonological scope of palatalization in Irish and Polish from the point of view of the historical origin of the phenomenon, distributional restrictions, and participation in processes. Both languages successfully utilize the palatalized / non-palatalized distinction also in the respective morphological systems. This general similarity has a historical origin in the loss of final syllables. The paper surveys various lexical derivations and inflectional paradigms involving palatalization in Irish and Polish. From the formal point of view, there seem to be two main ways in which the palatalized / non-palatalized distinction is utilized morphologically, each of which has two subcategories: 1. Palatalization a. as a sole formative: C > Cʲ, e.g. Irish bád / báid [bɑ:d / bɑ:dʲ] ‘boat, Nom.sg. / Nom.pl.’, and Polish ryb-a / rybi-a [rɨba / rybʲa] ‘fish, Nom.sg. / adj.Nom.sg.fem.’. b. as a co-formative: C > Cʲ+vowel, e.g. Irish deas / deise [dʲas / dʲeʃə] ‘nice / Gen.sg.’, and Polish student / studenc-i [student / studeɲtɕi] ‘student, Nom.sg. / Nom.pl.’. 2. De-palatalization a. as a sole formative: Cʲ > C, e.g. Irish athair / athar [ahir / ahər] ‘father, Nom.sg. / Gen.sg.’. b. as a co-formative: e.g. Polish liść / list-ek [liɕtɕ / listek] ‘leaf / dim.’ From the functional viewpoint, these effects are seen, in Polish, in some paradigms of nominal inflection, the derivation of abstract nouns from adjectives and of possessive denominal adjectives, as well as in large areas of expressive word-formation, etc. In Irish, the morphological impact of palatalization is best observed in the nominal inflection, but it also present in verbal inflection and some derivations, e.g. Verbal Nouns. Further cross-linguistic comparison and typological research is called for in order to fully appreciate the status of palatalization as a link between phonology and morphology. This paper attempts to lay the foundations for such research.
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Burnham, Denis, Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin, Suntree Kantamphan, and Amanda Reid. "Phonics vs. whole-word instruction in a tone language." Written Language and Literacy 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.16.1.03bur.
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Phonics vs. whole-word instruction effects on spelling proficiency were investigated for Thai, an alphabetic script that represents tonemes orthographically. Errors made by a cross-sectional convenience sample of 128 children aged 6, 8, 10, and 12 years old and 25 adults were categorized by grapheme category (Consonants, Vowels, Tones) and type (Reversals, Additions, Substitutions, Deletions). Fewer spelling errors were made by phonics-taught children who showed consistently better performance as a function of age. An additional quadratic component for the whole-word group suggested a different developmental trend involving a plateau after 8 years of age. Consonant errors were most frequent (but decreased rapidly over age), followed by vowel then tone errors. Vowels and tones were more dispensable than consonants, regardless of age or instruction method, suggesting that consonants may be of particular importance in Thai spelling. This preliminary observational dataset on spelling in tone languages may have implications for educational policy in Thailand.
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Rubach, Jerzy, and Geert Booij. "Syllable structure assignment in Polish." Phonology 7, no. 1 (May 1990): 121–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001135.
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This study deals with syllable structure in Polish. The central theme is the question of when and how syllabification rules apply in the lexical phonology of Polish. In § i we lay the ground for our subsequent discussion by giving the basic syllable patterns of Polish. We also propose here a first version of the syllabification algorithm for Polish. In §2 we show that syllabification applies cyclically, because certain cyciic phonological rules make crucial use of information about the prosodic structure of their potential inputs. § 3 then shows that the syllabification algorithm has to apply both before and after the application of cyclic phonological rules on one cycle, and that syllabification is therefore a continuous process. In § we argue that the syllabification algorithm proposed in § i must be modified to enable us to predict whether a high [-consonantal] segment will surface as a vowel or as a glide. Since the distinction between vowels and glides is crucial for the application of certain cyclic phonological rules of Polish, this again shows that syllabification has to apply cyclically. § defends the hypothesis that resyllabification is restricted to Coda Erasure (and the subsequent syllabification of the desyllabified consonants). Again, the (un)predictability of the vowel/glide distinction plays a crucial role here. We summarise our conclusions in §6
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Cavar, Malgorzata E., Steven M. Lulich, and Max Nelson. "Allophonic variation of Polish vowels in the context of prepalatal consonants." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988468.
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Strawińska, Anetta Bogusława. "Dziewiętnastowieczne rozstrzygnięcia ortograficzne na podstawie poradnika dla drukarzy Aleksandra Walickiego." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 6 (2006): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2006.06.11.
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The subject of the analysis in the article are selected spelling principles presented by Alexander Walicki in the work of a corrective character entitled Upominek zecerom od korektora (A Gift from a Proofreader to Typesetters). The author intended his work to fulfill a function of a model of correct spelling one should refer to in the following spelling issues: spelling of sloping vowels o and e, graphic representation of nasal sounds, graphic realizations of consonants (among other things: doubled consonants, assimilation of doubled consonants, secondary palatization), spelling words separately and together, hyphenating words and use of capital or small letters. Walicki’s decisions about orthography were illustrated by numerous examples excerpted from the analyzed dictionary and the author’s evaluating comments/remarks. The author of this article presents spelling principles discussed by Walicki in a broader context, i.e. considering them in the background of general Polish spelling standards of the second half of the XIX century.
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Wojtkowiak, Ewelina. "Prosody-segment Interactions in the Acoustics of Polish Front Vowels." Studies in Polish Linguistics 15, no. 3 (2020): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23005920spl.20.007.12979.
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This paper presents an acoustic study devised to investigate the effects of three presumably distinct prosodic position on the phonetic realisation of Polish front vowels in #CV (that is, following a prosodic boundary and a consonantal onset) and #VC sequences (that is, immediately following a prosodic boundary). The results of the experiment suggest that Polish does not seem to distinguish between utterance-initial and phrase-initial positions, with some contrasts present between these two positions and phrase-medial tokens with respect to F1. No effects of position have been found for F2 or vowel duration. There are also no clear differences on the acoustic realisation of vowels depending on whether or not they are adjacent to the prosodic boundary. These results raise questions about the nature of prosodic structure in Polish as compared to other languages which show more robust effects.
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Kuņicka, Kristīne. "POLISH LANGUAGE IN REZEKNE TODAY. PHONETICS." Via Latgalica, no. 5 (December 31, 2013): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2013.5.1641.
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According to Population Census 2011, the estimated number of Poles in Latgale was 20,806 (7%). In the city of Rēzekne there were 795 Poles (2.5%) who constituted the third largest national minority after Latvians and Russians (CSP 2012). The Polish language spoken in Latvia belongs to the Northern-Peripheral Polish (in Polish ‘polszcszyzna północnokresowa’) that functions on the territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Ананьева 2004: 103). The aim of the paper is to describe and to analyse the major phonetic peculiarities of the Polish regiolect used by the Poles living in Rēzekne, determining their origin and possible infl uence of Russian and Latvian languages. The author juxtaposes the acquired data with the Standard Polish Language and fi ndings of other researchers considering Peripheral Polish Language. The material for this article has been recorded with a sound recorder at the end of 2011 and at the beginning of 2012 in Rēzekne during structured interviews. The length of the analysed records is 18 hours, which contain speech of thirty informants – three age groups of Poles born from 1932 to 1999 and living in Rēzekne. The data gained during interviews are indicative that since the Second World War there has been a signifi cant decrease in the use of Polish language in all spheres of life. Today the oldest and the middle generation use Peripheral Polish in families and at social events, but the youngest generation learns Standard Polish at school. A very signifi cant and interesting fact is that the representatives of the oldest generation who used and still use the Russian language to communicate with their children (the middle generation born during the Soviet rule), and use Polish when speaking to their grandchildren. After the auditory analysis of the recorded material, the author has selected ten most common and interesting phonetic peculiarities that are characteristic to the speech of Poles in Rēzekne. 1. Considering prosody, in the majority of idiolects the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, which is also characteristic of the Standard Polish, but the stress on ultimate and antepenultimate syllables has also been recorded. 2. The coexistence of the characteristic Standard Polish semi-vowel ṷ and Polish Peripheral dental lateral approximant ł. 3. The use of dental lateral approximant ł instead of the Standard Polish alveolar lateral approximant l. 4. Palatalized pronunciation of alveolar lateral approximant l’ characteristic of Peripheral Polish. 5. Palatalized pronunciation of voiced retroflex affricates č’, ǯ’ instead of the Standard Polish voiced alveolo-palatal ć, ʒ́ , as well as pronunciation of palatalized voiced retroflex č’ instead of the Standard Polish č. 6. Five realisations of “nasal vowels” ǫ, ę: a) synchronous pronunciation ǫ, ę; b) denasalization into o, e; c) asynchronous pronunciation on, on’, en, om, em; d) pronunciation of the sound cluster eŋ with velar nasal consonant ŋ in the ending; e) the realisation of ę with a vowel cluster eu. 7. So called “singing pronunciation” i.e. lengthened pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables. 8. Merging of unstressed vowels o, e into a. 9. Reduction of unstressed vowel e > i, y. 10. Reduction of unstressed vowel o> u. When describing the Peripheral Polish spoken in the current territory of Lithuania and Belarus, a number of scientists note that various peculiarities of regiolects have emerged under the influence of Russian, Belarusian and Lithuanian languages. The material gathered during the current research allows proposing that phonetic peculiarities of the Polish language used in Rēzekne today are connected with the influence of Russian and Latvian languages. The peculiarities of the oldest generation of speakers were previously recorded by the researcher of Latgalian Polish language Małgorzata Ostrówka, but the current data shows that there are considerable differences in the language of the three studied generations. The main traces of the language spoken by the youngest generation of speakers are palatalized pronunciation of voiced retroflex affricates č’, ǯ’, pronunciation of the Standard Polish semi- vowel ṷ, the use of the dental lateral approximant ł instead of the Standard Polish alveolar lateral approximant l, synchronous realisation of “nasal vowels” ę, ǫ or their realisation with a sound cluster eŋ in the ending. On the contrary, the oldest generation retains dental lateral approximant ł instead of the Standard Polish semi-vowel ṷ, shows traces of “singing pronunciation”, asynchronous and denasalized pronunciation of “nasal vowels”, reduction of unstressed vowels, palatalized pronunciation of alveolar lateral approximant l’, merging of unstressed vowels o, e into a and pronunciation of palatalized voiced retroflex č’ instead of the Standard Polish č. The peculiarities recorded in the speech of the middle generation are a mixture of those of the old and young generations: dental lateral approximant ł and semi- vowel ṷ, various realization of “nasal vowels”, reduction of unstressed vowels, palatalized pronunciation of voiced retroflex č’. Disregarding the fact that the language of the youngest generation is phonetically closer to the Standard Polish language, provisional data gained by the author demonstrate insufficient vocabulary and restricted fluency. The representatives of the oldest and the middle generations are mostly fluent – speak without hesitation. It can be concluded that the Polish language spoken by the Poles in Rēzekne today is an aggregate of idiolects with many common phonetic peculiarities, but their frequency depends on the generation of the speaker and languages s/he uses on everyday basis. Continuation of research on morphology, lexis and syntax of the Polish language spoken in Rēzekne will allow constructing the full picture of the peculiarities of the regiolect.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polish vowels and consonants"
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Hajek, John. "The interrelationship between vowels and nasal consonants : a case study in Northern Italian." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334252.
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Monte, Ordoño Julia 1989. "Neural mechanisms of abstract rule changes in speech : exploring phonologic and attentional constraints." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664264.
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L’extracció de regles de la parla és crucial per a l’adquisició del llenguatge. La present dissertació estudia el mecanisme d’aprenentatge de regles explorant com el cervell detecta regularitats rellevants dins del senyal lingüístic. Per tal de donar resposta a aquesta pregunta he seguit tres línies de recerca. En primer lloc m’he centrat en la detecció de canvis, tant superficials com estructurals, de les regles lingüístiques. Mitjançant l’estudi dels potencials evocats, aquesta primera línia explora les respostes neuronals desencadenades després d’una violació estructural. En segon lloc, he estudiat els efectes de la manipulació fonètica amb la intenció de descobrir si les respostes neuronals associades a l’aprenentatge de regles varien quan aquestes s’implementen sobre les vocals o sobre les consonants. És a dir, m’he centrat en avaluar com les diverses categories fonètiques poden donar lloc a respostes neuronals diverses. En tercer lloc, he explorat la detecció de regles en un context d’aprenentatge heterogeni per tal d’observar com poden ser descobertes les regles abstractes dins d’un senyal sorollós. En conjunt, els resultats obtinguts mostren que la manipulació d’ambdós factors, tant de les pistes fonològiques com del context d’aprenentatge, modula el procés d’extracció de regles. Més específicament, aquestes manipulacions podrien alterar les fonts d’informació que es prioritzen durant el processament de la parla. Finalment, la presència d’una pista diferenciadora del senyal (com les diferències en la freqüència d’aparició de diverses regles) podria facilitar el processament de múltiples sistemes estructurals dins d’un input lingüístic.The extraction of abstract rules from speech is paramount for language acquisition. The present dissertation explores the processing of linguistic rules by studying how our brain discovers the relevant abstract regularities in the signal. In order to tackle this question I followed three lines of research. First I focused on the detection of surface and structural changes of speech rules that I explored using an ERP approach. The objective was to understand the neural responses that are triggered after abstract rule violations in speech. Second, I studied the effects of the phoneme manipulations. The aim was to discover whether the ERP signatures linked to rule learning differ when the target regularity is implemented over consonants or over vowels. That is, I focused on exploring how different phonetic categories might trigger different neural responses to rule violations. And third, I explored the detection of rules from a heterogeneous context studying how abstract rules might be discovered over a noisy signal. Overall, the results we observed suggest that the manipulation of both the phonologic cues and the context of learning modulate the rule extraction process. More specifically, the present dissertation shows that both the task presented to the listeners and the phonemic cues present in the signal affect the selection of relevant sources of information from the speech. Even more, the experiments reported here show that the presence of a clear differentiating cue in the signal (such as the frequency unbalance across rules), might enhance the processing of different rule systems from the speech input.
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Foresti, Carlet Angélica. "L2 perception and production of English consonants and vowels by Catalan speakers: The effects of attention and training task in a cross-training study." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403758.
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Este estudio compara el efecto de dos métodos de entrenamiento de alta variabilidad fonética o ‘high variability phonetic training’ (HVPT) sobre sonidos específicamente entrenados y sobre sonidos no entrenados pero implícitamente presentados. Con este fin, se implementan diversos regímenes de entrenamiento fonético cuyo objetivo es mejorar la percepción y la producción de 5 vocales del inglés británico (/i ɪ æ ʌ ɜː/) y de las consonantes oclusivas en posición inicial y final de palabra por hablantes bilingües de catalán y castellano. Así, este estudio investiga: (a) si el entrenamiento fonético recibido puede mejorar la percepción y la producción de segmentos entrenados y no entrenados, (b) si la mejora se generaliza a nuevos estímulos y hablantes, (c) si la mejora se mantiene un tiempo después, (d) qué método de entrenamiento, identificación (ID) o discriminación categórica (DIS) es más eficaz, y (e) cuáles son las impresiones de los participantes sobre el entrenamiento fonético como una herramienta de instrucción fonética. Cien estudiantes de inglés como lengua extranjera fueron divididos en cuatro grupos experimentales y un grupo de control. Los grupos entrenados diferían tanto en método de entrenamiento (ID, DIS) como en el enfoque del entrenamiento (consonantes, vocales) dando lugar a cuatro grupos diferentes. Crucialmente, los cuatro grupos fueron entrenados con los mismos estímulos CVC (por ejemplo, zat, zut, zad, zud), exponiendo a los participantes a los contrastes fonéticos entrenados y a los contrastes fonéticos no entrenados.
Los resultados revelan que todos los grupos experimentales superaron significativamente al grupo de control en su identificación de sonidos entrenados (vocales y consonantes oclusivas en posición inicial), mostrando la eficacia de ambas metodologías de entrenamiento fonético (ID y AX DIS). Sin embargo, mientras que ambos grupos experimentales mejoran su percepción de las oclusivas iniciales de manera similar, los aprendices de ID superan a los aprendices de DIS en la percepción de vocales específicamente entrenadas después del entrenamiento fonético. Estos resultados sugieren que la modificación de la percepción de los diferentes tipos de segmentos (vocales, consonantes) puede requerir diferentes procedimientos y duraciones de entrenamiento distintas. Curiosamente, sólo los aprendices de DIS mostraron una mejora significativa en la percepción de los sonidos no específicamente entrenados, lo que indica que este método de entrenamiento puede proporcionar mejoras en la percepción de sonidos entrenados y sonidos no entrenados pero implícitamente presentados. En cuanto a la generalización y a la retención de los efectos del entrenamiento, los resultados con sonidos vocálicos apuntan a la superioridad de la tarea de ID sobre la tarea categórica de DIS. Además, ambos métodos son adecuados para entrenar consonantes iniciales de manera similar. Con respecto a la producción, sólo los aprendices de ID entrenados en vocales fueron capaces de mejorar significativamente su producción de los sonidos vocálicos. Por último, las opiniones de los estudiantes acerca del entrenamiento fonético como una herramienta de enseñanza de L2 fueron en general positivas, e ID fue más valorado que DIS como un método de formación. Globalmente, estos resultados sugieren que ambos métodos son efectivos para entrenar la percepción de una L2. Sin embargo, los métodos pueden promover mejoras, generalización y retención de los distintos segmentos en diferentes grados. Los mejores resultados obtenidos con el método ID, en particular con las vocales, y el hecho de que sólo el método DIS proporcione la mejora de sonidos no entrenados pueden estar relacionados con la naturaleza y el fin de cada metodología y/o con las propiedades acústicas de cada segmento. Las consecuencias teóricas y prácticas de estos resultados pueden ser de utilidad para futuros trabajos de investigación y aplicaciones prácticas de aprendizaje de la pronunciación.This study compares the effect of two high variability phonetic training (HVPT) methods on specifically attended sounds and on implicitly exposed but unattended sounds. Several training regimes are implemented aimed at improving the perception and production of a subset of English vowels (/i ɪ æ ʌ ɜː/) and initial and final stops by Spanish/Catalan bilingual learners of English. Thus this study addresses the following questions: (a) whether training can improve the perception and production of trained as well as untrained segments, (b) whether improvement generalizes to novel stimuli and talkers, (c) if improvement is retained over time, (d) which training method (Identification (ID) or categorical Discrimination (DIS)) is more effective, and (e) what are the participants’ impressions of phonetic training as a L2 training tool. A total of 100 bilingual Catalan/Spanish learners of English were divided into four experimental groups and a control group and were tested on their identification of English sounds presented in CVC non-words before and after a five-week training period, and two months later. L2 production was assessed before and immediately after training through a picture naming task and analysed by means of native speaker judgments. The trained groups differed either in terms of training method (ID, DIS) or focus of training (consonants, vowels), resulting in four different groups. Crucially, all four groups were trained with the same sets of CVC non-words (e.g. zat, zut, zad, zud), exposing learners to attended contrasts within trials and to unattended contrasts across trials. The results reveal that all experimental groups significantly outperform the controls in their identification of trained sounds (vowels and initial stops), showing the efficacy of both phonetic training methodologies (ID and categorical AX DIS). However, while both experimental groups perform similarly when modifying initial stop perception, the ID trainees outperform the DIS trainees on trained vowel perception. These results suggest that modifying the perception of different types of segments might require different training procedures and amounts of training time. Interestingly, only the DIS trainees show a significant improvement in the perception of untrained/unattended L2 sounds, indicating that this training method may be more suited to enhance learners’ perception of attended as well as unattended target sounds. Regarding generalization and retention, the results point to the superiority of the ID task over a categorical DIS task when training vowel sounds. Moreover, the results indicate that both methods are well suited for training initial consonants to the same extent. With respect to production, only the vowel ID trainees are able to significantly improve their production of trained sounds, which shows that pronunciation improvement might take place as a result of an identification perceptual training regime, even in the absence of production training. Finally, students’ opinions of phonetic training as an EFL tool are overall positive and ID is favoured over DIS as a training method. Globally, these findings suggest that while both methods are effective for training L2 perception, ID and DIS methods may promote improvement, generalization and retention for vowels and for consonants to different degrees. The better results obtained with ID training, particularly for vowels, and the fact that only DIS promoted improvement with untrained sounds (cross-training effects) may be related to the nature and focus of the tasks and/or to the acoustic characteristics of the target sounds. These results may have implications for future research on phonetic training and practical applications in the teaching of L2 pronunciation.
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Pastätter, Manfred [Verfasser], and Marianne [Akademischer Betreuer] Pouplier. "The effect of coarticulatory resistance and aerodynamic requirements of consonants on syllable organization in Polish / Manfred Pastätter ; Betreuer: Marianne Pouplier." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1163534331/34.
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Ao, Benjamin Xiaoping. "Phonetics and phonology of Nantong Chinese." Connect to this title online, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1105384417.
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Bouchon, Camillia. "Asymétrie fonctionnelle entre consonnes et voyelles de la naissance à l'âge de 6 mois : données d'imagerie cérébrale et de comportement." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H119.
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Consonnes et voyelles sont les deux catégories de sons qui composent la parole. Elles se distinguent à divers niveaux et notamment servent des fonctions linguistiques différentes. Cette asymétrie consonne/voyelle établie chez les adultes, a conduit Nespor, Peña et Mehler (2003) à suggérer un partage du travail dès la naissance, les consonnes facilitant l'acquisition des mots tandis que les voyelles aideraient à apprendre les règles de grammaire. La validité développementale de cette hypothèse est explorée par l'étude de ses origines chez les bébés français. Premièrement, nos études d'imagerie cérébrale optique montrent que consonnes et voyelles sont également traitées par les mécanismes précurseurs de l'apprentissage syntaxique à la naissance (Exp. 1 - 3). Deuxièmement, nos études sur la reconnaissance du prénom chez les enfants de 5 mois montrent une sensibilité à une modification vocalique (Alix/Elix) chez les bébés monolingues, mais pas à une modification consonantique en position initiale (Victor/Zictor) chez les bébés monolingues et bilingues, ou finale chez les monolingues (Luca/Luga; Exp. 4 - 9). Au stade des premiers mots, le traitement lexical privilégie donc les voyelles. Nos résultats contribuent à la compréhension des origines développementales de l'asymétrie fonctionnelle consonne/voyelle, et du rôle spécifique de la langue native dans son émergenceSpeech is composed of two categories of sound, i.e. consonants and vowels, which have different properties and serve different linguistic functions. This consonant/vowel asymmetry, which is established in adults, has led Nespor, Peña and Mehler (2003) to suggest a division of labor present from birth, whereby consonants would facilitate lexical acquisition while vowels would help to learn grammatical rules of language. We have explored the developmental validity of this hypothesis by studying its origins in French-learning infants. First, our optical brain imaging studies show that both consonants and vowels provide input for precursory mechanisms of syntax processing (Exp. 1 - 3). Secondly, our studies on own-name recognition at 5 months demonstrate sensitivity to a vowel mispronunciation in monolingual infants (Alix/Elix), but fail to show a reaction to a consonant mispronunciation in initial position (Victor/Zictor) for monolinguals and bilinguals, or in final position (Luca/Luga) for monolinguals (Exp. 4 - 9). Thus, vowels are a better input for lexical processing in first familiar words. Our results contribute to the understanding of the developmental origin of consonant/vowel functional asymmetry, hence the influence of the native input on its emergence
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Houidhek, Amal. "Synthèse paramétrique de la parole Arabe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0116.
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Cette thèse porte sur l’adaptation de la synthèse paramétrique de la parole à partir d’un texte écrit à la langue arabe. Pour ce faire, différentes méthodes ont été développées afin de mettre en place des systèmes de synthèse. Ces méthodes sont basées sur une description du signal de parole par un ensemble de paramètres acoustiques et prosodiques. De même, chaque son est représenté par un ensemble de descripteurs contextuels contenant toutes les informations affectant la prononciation de celui-ci. Une partie de ces descripteurs dépend de la langue et de ses particularités, ainsi, afin d'adapter l’approche de synthèse paramétrique à l’arabe, une étude des particularités phonologiques de l’arabe était nécessaire. L’accent a été mis sur deux phénomènes : la gémination et la longueur des voyelles (courte/longue). Deux descripteurs associés à ces deux phénomènes ont été ajoutés à l’ensemble des descripteurs contextuels. De même, différentes approches de choix des unités ont été proposées pour modéliser les consonnes géminées et les voyelles longues. Quatre combinaisons de modélisation sont possibles en alternant la différentiation ou la fusion des consonnes simples et géminées d’une part et des voyelles courtes et longues d’autres part. Un ensemble des tests perceptifs et objectifs a été conduit afin d’évaluer l’effet des quatre approches de modélisation des unités sur la qualité de la parole synthétisée. Les évaluations ont été faites dans le cas de synthèse paramétrique par HMM (Hidden Markov Model) puis dans le cas de la synthèse paramétrique par DNN. Les résultats subjectifs sont montrés que dans le cas de l’approche par HMM, les quatre approches produisent des signaux de qualité similaire, une conclusion qui a été confirmée par les mesures objectives calculées pour évaluer la prédiction des durées des unités de parole. Cependant, les résultats des évaluations objectives dans le cas de l’approche par DNN ont montré que la différentiation des consonnes simples (respectivement des voyelles courtes) des consonnes géminées (respectivement des voyelles longues) permet d’avoir une prédiction des durées légèrement meilleure qu’avec les autres des approches de modélisation. En revanche, cette amélioration n’a pas été perçue lors des tests perceptifs ; les participants ont trouvé que les signaux générés par les quatre approches sont similaires en termes de qualité globale. Une dernière partie de la thèse a été consacrée à la comparaison de l’approche de synthèse par HMM à celle par DNN. L’ensemble des tests conduits ont montré que l’utilisation des DNN a amélioré la qualité perçue des signaux générésThe presented thesis deals with the adaptation of the conversion of a written text into speech using a parametric approach to the Arabic language. Different methods have been developed in order to set up synthesis systems. These methods are based on a description of the speech signal by a set of parameters. Besides, each sound is represented by a set of contextual features containing all the information affecting the pronunciation of this sound. Part of these features depend on the language and its peculiarities, so in order to adapt the parametric synthesis approach to Arabic, a study of its phonological peculiarities wasneeded. Two phenomena were identified : the gemination and the vowels quantity (short/ long). Two features associated to these phenomena have been added to the contextual features set. In the same way, different approaches have been proposed to model The geminated consonants and the long vowels of the speech units. Four combinations of modeling are possible : alternating the differentiation or fusion of simple and geminated consonants on the one hand and short and long vowels on the other hand. A set of perceptual and objective tests was conducted to evaluate the effect of the fourunit modelling approaches on the quality of the generated speech. The evaluations were made in the case of parametric synthesis by HMM then in the case of parametric synthesisby DNN. The subjective results showed that when the HMM approach is used, the four approaches produce signals with a similar quality, this result that was confirmed by the objective measures calculated to evaluate the prediction of the durations of the speech units. However, the results of objective evaluations in the case of the DNN approach have shown that the differentiation of simple consonants (respectively short vowels) geminated consonants (respectively long vowels) leads to a slightly better prediction of the durations than the other modelling approaches. On the other hand, this improvement was not perceived during the perceptive tests ; listeners found that the signals generated by the four approaches are similar in terms of overall quality. The last part of this thesis was devoted to the comparison of the synthesis approach by the HMMs to that by the DNNs.All the tests conducted have shown that the use of DNNs has improved the perceived quality of the generated signals
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Lidji, Pascale. "Musique et langage : spécificités, interactions et associations spatiales." Thèse, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6347.
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Chiou-wen, Liang, and 梁秋文. "The Acoustic Characteristics of Hakka Consonants and Vowels." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05942158409960269577.
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碩士國立高雄師範大學
台灣語言及教學研究所
93
ABSTRACT: The researches on Hakka in the past 50 years have yielded rich results in phonetic description, phonological characterization, morphological structure, syntactic components and so on. However, the researches based on acoustic or experimental approaches are not very rich and hence there is a gap waiting for further studies. This study aims to describe the acoustic characteristics and set up a models of acoustic nature of Hakka vowels and consonants. The findings can offer the resources for the speech recognition, production, perception, and synthesis, or provide references for Hakka language teaching. There are two major Hakka sub-dialects spoken in Taiwan: Hai-lu and Si-xian. This study focuses on the Si-xian Hakka spoken in Meinung. 20 subjects (10 males and 10 females) are involved in this study. All of them are fluent native speakers of Si-xian Hakka from Meinung. We collected the speech data in the fieldwork and fetched the information of the acoustic cues such as the first and second formant frequencies, Voice Onset Time (VOT), release burst, turbulence noise, nasal murmur and formant transition by the speech analyzing program: PRAAT. And the data and information are demonstrated graphically by the professional graphing software: Microcal Origin 6.0. There are six inventories of the test stimuli. The first inventory of stimuli focuses on the F1 and F2 frequencies of vowels. The second inventory of stimuli aims to investigate the VOT, release burst, turbulence noise of consonants and the vowel-consonant transitions. The third inventory of stimuli aims to examine the friction preceded the zero-initial syllables of /i/ and /u/. The fourth inventory of stimuli aims to probe the syllabic nasals of Hakka. And the fifth and sixth inventories of stimuli focus on the transitions of Hakka diphthongs and triphthongs. The results of this study show that the Hakka vowel /i/ is the most front and highest vowel (even higher than /u/), and the vowel /ii/ is a central and high vowel (approximate to the height of /u/), and the vowel /a/ is a central and low vowel. And the higher vowel has higher F0 frequency. In addition, compare to the unchecked tones, the tongue positions of six vowels on checked tones seem to have the tendency of neutralization. In general, the Hakka vowels /i, e, a, o, u/ are similar to the English vowels /i, e, a, o, u/ (Ladeforged & Maddieson 1996). Only Hakka /a/ is more front than English /a/. The stop /p/ (12 ms) has the shortest VOT, and /t/ (14.7 ms) is a little longer than /p/, and /k/ (27.8 ms) is longer than /t/. And the affricate /ts/ (64.7 ms) is shorter than /tsi/ (73.3 ms). The duration of aspiration of ph-p is 61.4 ms, th-t is 59.6 ms, kh-k is 59.4 ms, tsh-ts is 70.5 ms, and tsih-tsiis 73.5 ms. It seems the duration of aspiration of ph, th, kh is about 60 ms, and duration of aspiration of tsh, tsih is about 70 ms. Both the major region of noise energy and the high energy peak for the alveolar fricative /s/ are higher than the palatal fricative /si/. The fricative /f/ is voiceless, and /v/ is voiced. The F2 frequency increases during the transitions from labial consonants to vowels, and increases from coronal consonants to /i, ii, e/ but decreases from coronals to /a, o, u/, and decreases from velar consonants to vowels. The transitions are smooth and level between palatalized consonants and /i/. The F2 frequencies decrease during the transitions from vowels to /m/ and /p/ (inversely to the transitions from /m/ and /p/ to vowels). The F2 frequencies decrease during the transitions from /i, ii, e/ to /n, t/, but they increase for the /a, o, u/-/n, t/ transitions. The F2 frequencies increase during the transitions from vowels to /ŋ, k/.
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Yu, Lee-Jiun, and 游立君. "THE ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSONANTS AND VOWELS IN ISBUBUKUN BUNUN." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qu6t38.
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碩士國立高雄師範大學
英語學系
97
The studies on the entire Bunun language in recent two decades have shed light on phonetic description, phonological patterns, morphological characteristics, syntactic structures etc. Nevertheless, the acoustic studies on individual Bunun dialects based on experimental approaches seem meager. The present study aims to probe into the acoustic nature of Isbubukun, one dialect of the Bunun language. We examined the mean levels of F1 and F2 frequencies of Isbubukun vowels, mean F1 and F2 values on percent time (p0-p100) of Isbubukun diphthongs, the transitory formant patterns of diphthongs in Isbubukun, average VOT duration (ms) of Isbubukun stops, the noise energy distribution of Isbubukun fricatives, and the cepstra of Isbubukun nasals. The findings in the study provide not only rigid acoustic values but also cognitive, pedagogical, articulatory and perceptive assistance for further research. The entire Bunun language is divided into five dialects: Takituduh (卓社), Takibakha (卡社), Takbanuaz (巒社), Takivatan (丹社), and Isbubukun (郡社). The target Bunun dialect in the study is Isbubukun, mainly located in Namasia, Kaohsiung County (高雄縣那瑪夏鄉). There are 28 subjects (14 male and 14 female, fluent native speakers) involved in the study. We collected the speech data in the field work, then employed the speech analyzing program PRAAT to cut the speech data, and at last fetched the numerical information based acoustic cues such as F1, F2, formant transitions, VOT duration, release burst, turbulence, and nasal murmur. The numerical information is diagrammed graphically by Microsoft Office Excel. We have three parts of test stimuli. Stimuli in Part I are designed for investigating the mean F1 and F2 frequencies of the three Isbubukun vowels. The second set of test stimuli is employed to measure the average F1 and F2 values on 11 percentage time (p0-p100) of Isbubukun diphthongs. Also, the transitory F1 and F2 patterns of the diphthongs are portrayed by line charts. Stimuli Part III aims to examine VOT, release burst, turbulence noise, and nasal murmur of Isbubukun consonants. The results of the study are summarized as below. First, the Isbubukun vowel is the most front and highest vowel (even higher than /) and the vowel is a central, low vowel in Isbubukun. It is noteworthy that the vowel has higher F2 values (around 1100 Hz) that average (less than 900 Hz according to Olive et al. (1993). In addition, the Isbubukun vowel is more front than the English . Second, the six Isbubukun diphthongs, , , , , and are in fact phonetically realized as [], [], [], [], [], and []. The glide [] (characteristic of higher F2: over 2000 Hz based on Olive et al. 1993) works phonetically in Isbubukun diphthongs, rather than phonemically. In addition, Olive et al. (1993) point that F2 for [] is roughly 600 Hz. In Isbubukun, F2 values for the second parts of //and // go beyond 1000 Hz, closer to F2 for /u/. Thus, we may say that // in // and // serves as a vowel, instead of a glide Third, the stop /p/ (14.8 ms) has the shortest VOT, /t/ (16.3 ms) is slightly longer than , and /k/ (26.8 ms) is roughly 10 ms longer than . As for the voiced stops, the average VOT of /b/ is -80.4 ms; likewise, the voiced alveolar-palatal stop // (-88.0 ms) has a slight longer VOT than //. Fourth, the high energy area of [] appears a bit lower that /s/. The major noise area for the alveolar fricative /s/ lies above 4 kHz, and the alveolar palatal fricative [] has its noise energy distribution down to roughly 3 kHz. Meanwhile, and demonstrate quasi-periodic waves, a typical characteristic of voiced non-stridents. Among non-stridents, is the only one that demonstrates noise.
Books on the topic "Polish vowels and consonants"
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Ferrari, Disner Sandra, ed. Vowels and consonants. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
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Alphabet starters: Consonants and vowels : activity masters. Crystal Lake, Ill: Rigby, 1996.
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ill, Turner Whitney, ed. The war between the vowels and the consonants. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996.
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Compton, Arthur J. Speech production illustrations: Vowels. San Francisco, Calif: Carousel House, 2004.
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Ehret, Christopher. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
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Vowels and consonants: An introduction to the sounds of languages. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2005.
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Vowels and consonants: An introduction to the sounds of languages. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2001.
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Front vowels, coronal consonants, and their interaction in nonlinear phonology. New York: Garland Pub., 1994.
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Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Secció Filològica, ed. Fonètica i fonologia experimentals del català: Vocals i consonants. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Secció Filològica, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Polish vowels and consonants"
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Shin, Jiyoung. "Vowels and Consonants." In The Handbook of Korean Linguistics, 1–21. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118371008.ch1.
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Rogerson-Revell, Pamela. "English vowels and consonants." In The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary English Pronunciation, 92–121. First edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY :: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315145006-7.
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Stone, Lyn. "The difference between vowels and consonants." In Spelling for Life, 52–59. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003125686-10.
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Ball, Martin J. "5. Vowels and Consonants of the World’s Languages." In Multilingual Aspects of Speech Sound Disorders in Children, edited by Sharynne McLeod and Brian Goldstein, 32–41. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847695147-009.
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Dunson, Walter E. "How Sounds Are Constructed: Understanding Consonants and Vowels." In school success for kids with Dyslexia & other reading difficulties, 59–118. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003237846-5.
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Wang, Jenny Zhijie. "A monovalent feature geometry for Mandarin consonants and vowels." In Issues in Phonological Structure, 75–93. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.196.07wan.
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Yavuz, Handan Kopkalli. "Chapter 2: The Sound Inventory of Turkish: Consonants and Vowels." In Communication Disorders in Turkish, edited by Seyhun Topbaş and Mehmet Yavaş, 27–47. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847692474-007.
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Di Benedetto, Maria Gabriella, and Anna Esposito. "Acoustic analysis and perception of classes of sounds (vowels and consonants)." In Speech Processing, Recognition and Artificial Neural Networks, 54–84. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0845-0_3.
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Aoyama, Katsura. "Preliminary Survey: Frequencies of Long Vowels and Geminate Consonants in Finnish and Japanese." In A Psycholinguistic Perspective on Finnish and Japanese Prosody, 19–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8754-9_3.
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Cosi, Piero, and Emanuela Magno Caldognetto. "Lips and Jaw Movements for Vowels and Consonants: Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Bimodal Recognition Applications." In Speechreading by Humans and Machines, 291–313. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13015-5_23.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Polish vowels and consonants"
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Cavar, Malgorzata E., Steven M. Lulich, and Max Nelson. "Allophonic variation of Polish vowels in the context of prepalatal consonants." In 173rd Meeting of Acoustical Society of America and 8th Forum Acusticum. Acoustical Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/2.0000755.
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Mik, Lukasz, and Anita Lorenc. "Kinematic analysis of articulatory movements in polish affricates consonants." In 2016 International Conference on Signals and Electronic Systems (ICSES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icses.2016.7593829.
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Oh, Yoon Mi, François Pellegrino, Christophe Coupé, and Egidio Marsico. "Cross-language comparison of functional load for vowels, consonants, and tones." In Interspeech 2013. ISCA: ISCA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2013-662.
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Lulich, Steven M., Malgorzata E. Cavar, and Max Nelson. "Three-dimensional ultrasound images of Polish high front vowels." In 173rd Meeting of Acoustical Society of America and 8th Forum Acusticum. Acoustical Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/2.0000728.
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Tushar, S. Roshan, O. Jayashree, U. Asmitha, G. Jyothish Lal, and K. P. Soman. "Analysis of Stop Consonants and Vowels in Indian Languages: A Multifractal Approach." In 2021 Fourth International Conference on Microelectronics, Signals & Systems (ICMSS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss53060.2021.9673639.
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Tahmina, Qudsia, Fei Chen, and Yi Hu. "Perceptual contribution of vowels and consonants to sentence intelligibility by cochlear implant users." In 2014 International Symposium on Integrated Circuits (ISIC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isicir.2014.7029553.
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Miatto, Veronica. "Perception of word-final inserted vowels and syllabicity in Italian." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0034/000449.
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Perceptual evidence is provided in favour of the non-syllabicity of word-final vocalic elements in consonant-final nonce words in Italian. These are optionally present after words ending in consonants, and their syllabicity status is debatable. In the experiment, speakers listened to stimuli of nonce words presenting variable duration of word-final schwas and judged whether the stimuli were monosyllabic or disyllabic. The results strongly suggest that speakers of Veneto Italian do not phonologically distinguish between nonce words that present a word-final schwa and those that do not. In fact, stimuli were generally judged as monosyllabic. The results of the study support previous research stating that word-final schwas in Italian are non-syllabic, phonetic vowels.
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Hemadri, Vidyagouri B., Basavaraj Anami, and C. N. Ravikumar. "A Novel Secant Based Method for Recognition of Handwritten Pitman Shorthand Language Consonants and Vowels." In 2006 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/adcom.2006.4289902.
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Штудинер, М. А. "Типологическая классификация фонетических систем славянских языков." In Межкультурное и межъязыковое взаимодействие в пространстве Славии (к 110-летию со дня рождения С. Б. Бернштейна). Институт славяноведения РАН, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0459-6.05.
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Typological features of Slavic languages phonetic systems are construed in the report in terms of one of Common Slavic processes — re flexivity of long consonant sounds that appeared in Slavic consonant systems as a result of mutual adaptation of consonants in combinations that appeared after the disappearance of ultrashort vowels in weak position.
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Tabain, Marija, Richard Beare, and Andrew Butcher. "Formant Measures of Vowels Adjacent to Alveolar and Retroflex Consonants in Arrernte: Stressed and Unstressed Position." In Interspeech 2018. ISCA: ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2018-1126.
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