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Chwesiuk, Urszula. "Insertion of vowels in English syllabic consonantal clusters pronounced by L1 Polish speakers." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0014.
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Abstract The aim of this study was an attempt to verify whether Polish speakers of English insert a vowel in the word-final clusters containing a consonant and a syllabic /l/ or /n/ due to the L1–L2 transfer. L1 Polish speakers are mostly unaware of the existence of syllabic consonants; hence, they use the Polish phonotactics and articulate a vocalic sound before a final sonorant which is deprived of its syllabicity. This phenomenon was examined among L1 Polish speakers, 1-year students of English studies, and the recording sessions were repeated a year later. Since, over that time, they were instructed with regard to phonetics and phonology but also the overall practical language learning, the results demonstrated the occurrence of the phenomenon of vowel insertion on different levels of advanced command of English. If the vowels were inserted, their quality and length were monitored and analysed. With regard to the English system, pronouncing vowel /ə/ before a syllabic consonant is possible, yet not usual. That is why another aim of this study is to examine to what extent the vowels articulated by the subjects differ from the standard pronunciation of non-final /ə/. The quality differences between the vowels articulated in the words ending with /l/ and /n/ were examined as well as the potential influence from the difference between /l/ and /n/ on the occurrence of vowel reduction. Even though Polish phonotactics permit numerous consonantal combinations in all word positions, it proved to be challenging for L1 Polish speakers to pronounce word-final consonantal clusters containing both syllabic sonorants. This result carries practical implications for the teaching methodology of English phonetics.
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Schwartz, Geoffrey, Grzegorz Aperliński, Kamil Kaźmierski, and Jarosław Weckwerth. "Dynamic targets in the acquisition of L2 English vowels." Research in Language 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2016-0011.
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This paper presents acoustic data on the dynamic properties of the FLEECE and TRAP vowels in the speech of two groups of Polish users of English. Results reveal that the more proficient group users, made up of teachers and professors with professional-level proficiency in English, produce more dramatic patterns of formant movement, reminiscent of native productions, than first year students. It is argued that vowel inherent spectra change (VISC) is an inherent aspect of English phonology, originated in interactions between vowels and neighboring consonants, and later generalized to the vowel system as a whole. By contrast, Polish is a language with a minimal role of VISC. Consequently, successful acquisition of L2 English vowels involves not only the mastery of vowels in F1-F2 space, but also formant trajectories over time.
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Balas, Anna. "English vowel perception by Polish advanced learners of English." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 309–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2018.5.
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AbstractThis article examines English vowel perception by advanced Polish learners of English in a formal classroom setting (i.e., they learnt English as a foreign language in school while living in Poland). The stimuli included 11 English noncewords in bilabial (/bVb/), alveolar (/dVd/) and velar (/gVg/) contexts. The participants, 35 first-year English majors, were examined during the performance of three tasks with English vowels: a categorial discrimination oddity task, an L1 assimilation task (categorization and goodness rating) and a task involving rating the (dis-)similarities between pairs of English vowels. The results showed a variety of assimilation types according to the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) and the expected performance in a discrimination task. The more difficult it was to discriminate between two given vowels, the more similar these vowels were judged to be. Vowel contrasts involving height distinctions were easier to discriminate than vowel contrasts with tongue advancement distinctions. The results also revealed that the place of articulation of neighboring consonants had little effect on the perceptibility of the tested English vowels, unlike in the case of lower-proficiency learners. Unlike previous results for naïve listeners, the present results for advanced learners showed no adherence to the principles of the Natural Referent Vowel framework. Generally, the perception of English vowels by these Polish advanced learners of English conformed with PAM's predictions, but differed from vowel perception by naïve listeners and lower-proficiency learners.
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Cyran, Eugeniusz, and Bogdan Szymanek. "Phonological and Morphological Functions of Palatalisation in Irish and Polish." Studia Celto-Slavica 3 (2010): 99–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/irdh7962.
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The paper attempts to compare the status of palatalization of consonants in Modern Irish and Polish within the phonological and morphological systems of the two languages. Irish and Polish have been selected from the Celtic and Slavic groups due to the fact that both have palatalized consonants. One function, which is connected with the palatalized / non-palatalized distinction is expressing lexical contrast, e.g. Irish cúis [ku:ʃ] ‘reason’ vs. ciumhais [kʲu:ʃ] ‘edge’ and Polish beli [beli] ‘roll, Gen.sg.’ vs. bieli [bʲeli] ‘whiteness, Gen.sg.’. Phonologically speaking, the term ‘palatalization’ is rather broad and ambiguous, as it subsumes two quite disparate linguistic situations. Namely, it may be understood as a dynamic phonetic or phonological process of fronting or softening a consonant in the context of the following front vowel [i/e] or glide [j]. In this sense, palatalization is allophonic, that is, a context dependent assimilatory process, as may be the case with Irish bith [bʲi] ‘existence’, or Polish bił [bʲiw] ‘he beat’. On the other hand, both Irish and Polish seem to show that palatalization of consonants may also be independent of the context, in which case we are not dealing with a process, but with a genuine lexical property of given consonants, that is, a phonemic distinction. This point can be illustrated by such forms as Irish beo [bʲo:] ‘alive’ and Polish biodro [bʲodro] ‘hip’. Here the palatalized consonant is followed by a back vowel and could not have been derived by assimilation. Another argument for the phonemic status of palatalization in the two languages comes from the forms in which the presence of a front vowel does not guarantee that a consonant will be palatalized, e.g. Irish tuí [ti:] ‘straw’ (cf. tí [tʲi:] ‘house, Gen.sg.’) and Polish beli [beli] ‘roll, Gen.sg.’. It may appear that the phonological similarities between Irish and Polish palatalization are considerable. However, the appealing picture becomes more complicated when the two systems are looked at in detail. Once present in the phonological representation of words, the property of palatalization in Irish behaves quite disparately from what is observed in Polish. In Irish, palatalization behaves as an independent property (autosegment) and has a tendency to spread leftwards, affecting the preceding short vowels, e.g. sop / soip [sop / sipʲ] ‘wisp / Gen.sg’, consonants and vowels, e.g. olc / oilc [olk / ilʲkʲ] ‘evil / Gen.sg.’, or even entire syllables, e.g. dorn / doirn [dorən / dirʲinʲ] ‘fist / Gen.sg.’. Thus, palatalization as an assimilatory process is not entirely inactive. On the other hand, in Polish, there is some vestigial consonant-vowel interaction, practically limited to velar consonants, as well as some cluster assimilation. The paper aims to define the conditions on the phonological scope of palatalization in Irish and Polish from the point of view of the historical origin of the phenomenon, distributional restrictions, and participation in processes. Both languages successfully utilize the palatalized / non-palatalized distinction also in the respective morphological systems. This general similarity has a historical origin in the loss of final syllables. The paper surveys various lexical derivations and inflectional paradigms involving palatalization in Irish and Polish. From the formal point of view, there seem to be two main ways in which the palatalized / non-palatalized distinction is utilized morphologically, each of which has two subcategories: 1. Palatalization a. as a sole formative: C > Cʲ, e.g. Irish bád / báid [bɑ:d / bɑ:dʲ] ‘boat, Nom.sg. / Nom.pl.’, and Polish ryb-a / rybi-a [rɨba / rybʲa] ‘fish, Nom.sg. / adj.Nom.sg.fem.’. b. as a co-formative: C > Cʲ+vowel, e.g. Irish deas / deise [dʲas / dʲeʃə] ‘nice / Gen.sg.’, and Polish student / studenc-i [student / studeɲtɕi] ‘student, Nom.sg. / Nom.pl.’. 2. De-palatalization a. as a sole formative: Cʲ > C, e.g. Irish athair / athar [ahir / ahər] ‘father, Nom.sg. / Gen.sg.’. b. as a co-formative: e.g. Polish liść / list-ek [liɕtɕ / listek] ‘leaf / dim.’ From the functional viewpoint, these effects are seen, in Polish, in some paradigms of nominal inflection, the derivation of abstract nouns from adjectives and of possessive denominal adjectives, as well as in large areas of expressive word-formation, etc. In Irish, the morphological impact of palatalization is best observed in the nominal inflection, but it also present in verbal inflection and some derivations, e.g. Verbal Nouns. Further cross-linguistic comparison and typological research is called for in order to fully appreciate the status of palatalization as a link between phonology and morphology. This paper attempts to lay the foundations for such research.
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Burnham, Denis, Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin, Suntree Kantamphan, and Amanda Reid. "Phonics vs. whole-word instruction in a tone language." Written Language and Literacy 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.16.1.03bur.
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Phonics vs. whole-word instruction effects on spelling proficiency were investigated for Thai, an alphabetic script that represents tonemes orthographically. Errors made by a cross-sectional convenience sample of 128 children aged 6, 8, 10, and 12 years old and 25 adults were categorized by grapheme category (Consonants, Vowels, Tones) and type (Reversals, Additions, Substitutions, Deletions). Fewer spelling errors were made by phonics-taught children who showed consistently better performance as a function of age. An additional quadratic component for the whole-word group suggested a different developmental trend involving a plateau after 8 years of age. Consonant errors were most frequent (but decreased rapidly over age), followed by vowel then tone errors. Vowels and tones were more dispensable than consonants, regardless of age or instruction method, suggesting that consonants may be of particular importance in Thai spelling. This preliminary observational dataset on spelling in tone languages may have implications for educational policy in Thailand.
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Rubach, Jerzy, and Geert Booij. "Syllable structure assignment in Polish." Phonology 7, no. 1 (May 1990): 121–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001135.
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This study deals with syllable structure in Polish. The central theme is the question of when and how syllabification rules apply in the lexical phonology of Polish. In § i we lay the ground for our subsequent discussion by giving the basic syllable patterns of Polish. We also propose here a first version of the syllabification algorithm for Polish. In §2 we show that syllabification applies cyclically, because certain cyciic phonological rules make crucial use of information about the prosodic structure of their potential inputs. § 3 then shows that the syllabification algorithm has to apply both before and after the application of cyclic phonological rules on one cycle, and that syllabification is therefore a continuous process. In § we argue that the syllabification algorithm proposed in § i must be modified to enable us to predict whether a high [-consonantal] segment will surface as a vowel or as a glide. Since the distinction between vowels and glides is crucial for the application of certain cyclic phonological rules of Polish, this again shows that syllabification has to apply cyclically. § defends the hypothesis that resyllabification is restricted to Coda Erasure (and the subsequent syllabification of the desyllabified consonants). Again, the (un)predictability of the vowel/glide distinction plays a crucial role here. We summarise our conclusions in §6
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Cavar, Malgorzata E., Steven M. Lulich, and Max Nelson. "Allophonic variation of Polish vowels in the context of prepalatal consonants." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988468.
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Strawińska, Anetta Bogusława. "Dziewiętnastowieczne rozstrzygnięcia ortograficzne na podstawie poradnika dla drukarzy Aleksandra Walickiego." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 6 (2006): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2006.06.11.
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The subject of the analysis in the article are selected spelling principles presented by Alexander Walicki in the work of a corrective character entitled Upominek zecerom od korektora (A Gift from a Proofreader to Typesetters). The author intended his work to fulfill a function of a model of correct spelling one should refer to in the following spelling issues: spelling of sloping vowels o and e, graphic representation of nasal sounds, graphic realizations of consonants (among other things: doubled consonants, assimilation of doubled consonants, secondary palatization), spelling words separately and together, hyphenating words and use of capital or small letters. Walicki’s decisions about orthography were illustrated by numerous examples excerpted from the analyzed dictionary and the author’s evaluating comments/remarks. The author of this article presents spelling principles discussed by Walicki in a broader context, i.e. considering them in the background of general Polish spelling standards of the second half of the XIX century.
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Wojtkowiak, Ewelina. "Prosody-segment Interactions in the Acoustics of Polish Front Vowels." Studies in Polish Linguistics 15, no. 3 (2020): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23005920spl.20.007.12979.
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This paper presents an acoustic study devised to investigate the effects of three presumably distinct prosodic position on the phonetic realisation of Polish front vowels in #CV (that is, following a prosodic boundary and a consonantal onset) and #VC sequences (that is, immediately following a prosodic boundary). The results of the experiment suggest that Polish does not seem to distinguish between utterance-initial and phrase-initial positions, with some contrasts present between these two positions and phrase-medial tokens with respect to F1. No effects of position have been found for F2 or vowel duration. There are also no clear differences on the acoustic realisation of vowels depending on whether or not they are adjacent to the prosodic boundary. These results raise questions about the nature of prosodic structure in Polish as compared to other languages which show more robust effects.
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Kuņicka, Kristīne. "POLISH LANGUAGE IN REZEKNE TODAY. PHONETICS." Via Latgalica, no. 5 (December 31, 2013): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2013.5.1641.
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According to Population Census 2011, the estimated number of Poles in Latgale was 20,806 (7%). In the city of Rēzekne there were 795 Poles (2.5%) who constituted the third largest national minority after Latvians and Russians (CSP 2012). The Polish language spoken in Latvia belongs to the Northern-Peripheral Polish (in Polish ‘polszcszyzna północnokresowa’) that functions on the territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Ананьева 2004: 103). The aim of the paper is to describe and to analyse the major phonetic peculiarities of the Polish regiolect used by the Poles living in Rēzekne, determining their origin and possible infl uence of Russian and Latvian languages. The author juxtaposes the acquired data with the Standard Polish Language and fi ndings of other researchers considering Peripheral Polish Language. The material for this article has been recorded with a sound recorder at the end of 2011 and at the beginning of 2012 in Rēzekne during structured interviews. The length of the analysed records is 18 hours, which contain speech of thirty informants – three age groups of Poles born from 1932 to 1999 and living in Rēzekne. The data gained during interviews are indicative that since the Second World War there has been a signifi cant decrease in the use of Polish language in all spheres of life. Today the oldest and the middle generation use Peripheral Polish in families and at social events, but the youngest generation learns Standard Polish at school. A very signifi cant and interesting fact is that the representatives of the oldest generation who used and still use the Russian language to communicate with their children (the middle generation born during the Soviet rule), and use Polish when speaking to their grandchildren. After the auditory analysis of the recorded material, the author has selected ten most common and interesting phonetic peculiarities that are characteristic to the speech of Poles in Rēzekne. 1. Considering prosody, in the majority of idiolects the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, which is also characteristic of the Standard Polish, but the stress on ultimate and antepenultimate syllables has also been recorded. 2. The coexistence of the characteristic Standard Polish semi-vowel ṷ and Polish Peripheral dental lateral approximant ł. 3. The use of dental lateral approximant ł instead of the Standard Polish alveolar lateral approximant l. 4. Palatalized pronunciation of alveolar lateral approximant l’ characteristic of Peripheral Polish. 5. Palatalized pronunciation of voiced retroflex affricates č’, ǯ’ instead of the Standard Polish voiced alveolo-palatal ć, ʒ́ , as well as pronunciation of palatalized voiced retroflex č’ instead of the Standard Polish č. 6. Five realisations of “nasal vowels” ǫ, ę: a) synchronous pronunciation ǫ, ę; b) denasalization into o, e; c) asynchronous pronunciation on, on’, en, om, em; d) pronunciation of the sound cluster eŋ with velar nasal consonant ŋ in the ending; e) the realisation of ę with a vowel cluster eu. 7. So called “singing pronunciation” i.e. lengthened pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables. 8. Merging of unstressed vowels o, e into a. 9. Reduction of unstressed vowel e > i, y. 10. Reduction of unstressed vowel o> u. When describing the Peripheral Polish spoken in the current territory of Lithuania and Belarus, a number of scientists note that various peculiarities of regiolects have emerged under the influence of Russian, Belarusian and Lithuanian languages. The material gathered during the current research allows proposing that phonetic peculiarities of the Polish language used in Rēzekne today are connected with the influence of Russian and Latvian languages. The peculiarities of the oldest generation of speakers were previously recorded by the researcher of Latgalian Polish language Małgorzata Ostrówka, but the current data shows that there are considerable differences in the language of the three studied generations. The main traces of the language spoken by the youngest generation of speakers are palatalized pronunciation of voiced retroflex affricates č’, ǯ’, pronunciation of the Standard Polish semi- vowel ṷ, the use of the dental lateral approximant ł instead of the Standard Polish alveolar lateral approximant l, synchronous realisation of “nasal vowels” ę, ǫ or their realisation with a sound cluster eŋ in the ending. On the contrary, the oldest generation retains dental lateral approximant ł instead of the Standard Polish semi-vowel ṷ, shows traces of “singing pronunciation”, asynchronous and denasalized pronunciation of “nasal vowels”, reduction of unstressed vowels, palatalized pronunciation of alveolar lateral approximant l’, merging of unstressed vowels o, e into a and pronunciation of palatalized voiced retroflex č’ instead of the Standard Polish č. The peculiarities recorded in the speech of the middle generation are a mixture of those of the old and young generations: dental lateral approximant ł and semi- vowel ṷ, various realization of “nasal vowels”, reduction of unstressed vowels, palatalized pronunciation of voiced retroflex č’. Disregarding the fact that the language of the youngest generation is phonetically closer to the Standard Polish language, provisional data gained by the author demonstrate insufficient vocabulary and restricted fluency. The representatives of the oldest and the middle generations are mostly fluent – speak without hesitation. It can be concluded that the Polish language spoken by the Poles in Rēzekne today is an aggregate of idiolects with many common phonetic peculiarities, but their frequency depends on the generation of the speaker and languages s/he uses on everyday basis. Continuation of research on morphology, lexis and syntax of the Polish language spoken in Rēzekne will allow constructing the full picture of the peculiarities of the regiolect.
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Lorenc, Anita. "Polish pronunciation animations developed on the basis of electromagnetic articulography." Lingua Posnaniensis 56, no. 1 (July 24, 2015): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2014-0007.
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Abstract This paper discusses the subject of pronunciation visualization, based on methodologies in experimental phonetics. It presents a brief survey of major Polish instrumental research into articulation, focusing primarily on contemporary dynamic visualizations using electromagnetic articulography. The author’s own investigations were conducted using an AG 500 articulograph, a device which records and visualizes the working and movement of the articulatory organs. Two speakers were recorded: one with standard pronunciation and the other with articulation defects. A multi-specialist team prepared vocal tract models, taking into account the speaker’s anatomical conditions as recorded with the articulograph, video recordings, and photographs. Articulographic data enabled the preparation of pronunciation animations of 45 words, which show the standard realization of all vowels and consonants of Polish, and eight animations of non-standard articulation.
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Rubach, Jerzy. "Feature Geometry from the Perspective of Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian." Linguistic Inquiry 38, no. 1 (January 2007): 85–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2007.38.1.85.
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This article looks at two current models of feature geometry, the Halle-Sagey model as modified by Halle (2005) and the Clements-Hume model, from the perspective of palatalization and related processes in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian. The Halle-Sagey model predicts that palatalization should be analyzed by assuming derivational levels and is thus at odds with the tenet of strict parallelism in Optimality Theory. In contrast, the Clements-Hume model appears to be able to achieve the same goal without recourse to derivational stages because it is based on the assumption that, in the ways relevant for palatalization, vowels and consonants are characterized by the same features. However, analysis of palatalization and related processes shows that this assumption is incorrect. The consequence is that derivational stages cannot be avoided and that the tenet of strict parallelism must be rejected.
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Klimek, Jolanta. "Z fonetyki "Listów Święteo Oyca Partheniusza..." (1643)." Acta Baltico-Slavica 37 (June 30, 2015): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2013.039.
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Selected remarks on the phonetics of Letters of Father Parthenius... (1643)This paper is devoted to a selection of issues concerning the phonetics of the 17th‑century Kievan variety of Polish, analyzed in the context of the 17th‑century standard Polish and its other regional varieties. Polish translations of the letters written by the Patriarch of Constantinople Parthenius I to the Kievan Metropolitan Piotr Mohyla were used as research material. The vocalic analysis covers the following aspects: the raised vowels, the reduction of oN into uN, the alternation between każdy and kożdy, as well as the nasal vowel articulation. The paper also discusses the following consonantal features: the distortion in the palatalization of consonants, the phonetic realization of -ou-, -au- in borrowings, the presence of the palatalized ‑ch’ – and the problematic spelling of l – ł. No significant phonetic contrasts have been detected between Letters... and other texts written in the Kievan variety of Polish. This allows a conclusion that the phonetics of the translated letters is representative of the Kievan Polish of the 1640s. This variety, on the other hand, exhibits the influence of the standard Polish as well as of Russian. Фонетика текста Listy Swieteo Oyca Partheniusza... (1643)Статья посвящена вопросам фонетики языка семнадцатого века Киева, рассматриваемого на фоне восточного варианта и общепольского языка. В качестве исходного материала взят польский перевод писем патриарха Константинополя Партения I митрополиту Киева, Петру Могиле. Анализ вокализма включает: суженные гласные, чередование każdy – kożdy и реализацию носовых гласных. Анализ консонантизма включает: нарушения мягкости согласных, судьбу -ou-, -au- в заимствованных формах, наличие мягкого -ch’-, ошибочные записи l – ł. Не обнаруживается больших различий между Письмами... и другими польскими текстами, напечатанными в XVII в. в Киеве, поэтому можно прийти к выводу, что фонетика перевода Писем... характерна для польского языка, употребляемого в то время в Киеве. В описываемом варианте языка можно найти следы воздействия как общепольского языка, так и восточнославянского субстрата.
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Brazaitienė, Laura. "Subdialects of the Kaunas environs in manuscript sources." Lietuvių kalba, no. 14 (June 10, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2020.22457.
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The goal of the article is to discuss the change of the subdialects of the surrounding area of Kaunas belonging to the territory of Kaunas district. The manuscripts of the second half of the 20th century and the printed texts of these subdialects and audio recordings served as research material. The situation of subdialects in the Kaunas area is revealed by the analysis in different periods by the differentiating (the pronunciation of the consonant l, accented long and accented short vowels, stress retraction) and their characteristic (the pronunciation of unaccented inflexional vowels ė and o) dialectal features recorded in the manuscripts.It was found that the western part of the dialect area was more homogeneous in all classifications: the consonant lwas usually not hardened, cases of stress retraction were few, and the unaccented long vowels were seldom shortened. In the eastern part, the inhabitants of both speakers of the traditional Lithuanian subdialect and the local Polish language tended to retract the stress, shorten the unaccented long vowels, and prolong the accented short vowels. The influence of the local Polish language is thought to be explained by some other cases recorded in this part of the subdialect area.
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Jekiel, Mateusz, and Kamil Malarski. "Musical Hearing and Musical Experience in Second Language English Vowel Acquisition." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 1666–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-19-00253.
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Purpose Former studies suggested that music perception can help produce certain accentual features in the first and second language (L2), such as intonational contours. What was missing in many of these studies was the identification of the exact relationship between specific music perception skills and the production of different accentual features in a foreign language. Our aim was to verify whether empirically tested musical hearing skills can be related to the acquisition of English vowels by learners of English as an L2 before and after a formal accent training course. Method Fifty adult Polish speakers of L2 English were tested before and after a two-semester accent training in order to observe the effect of musical hearing on the acquisition of English vowels. Their L2 English vowel formant contours produced in consonant–vowel–consonant context were compared with the target General British vowels produced by their pronunciation teachers. We juxtaposed these results with their musical hearing test scores and self-reported musical experience to observe a possible relationship between successful L2 vowel acquisition and musical aptitude. Results Preexisting rhythmic memory was reported as a significant predictor before training, while musical experience was reported as a significant factor in the production of more native-like L2 vowels after training. We also observed that not all vowels were equally acquired or affected by musical hearing or musical experience. The strongest estimate we observed was the closeness to model before training, suggesting that learners who already managed to acquire some features of a native-like accent were also more successful after training. Conclusions Our results are revealing in two aspects. First, the learners' former proficiency in L2 pronunciation is the most robust predictor in acquiring a native-like accent. Second, there is a potential relationship between rhythmic memory and L2 vowel acquisition before training, as well as years of musical experience after training, suggesting that specific musical skills and music practice can be an asset in learning a foreign language accent.
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Lipińska, Dorota. "“Never too late to spot a difference”: the development of L2 speech perception in adults." Language in Focus 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lifijsal-2016-0006.
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Abstract Learning correct pronunciation of a second/foreign language always represents a considerable challenge for language learners (e.g. Rojczyk, 2010a), especially for adults (e.g. Flege, 2007). There is an abundance of studies (e.g. Nowacka, 2010; Flege, 1991) showing that second language learners whose first language (L1) phonetic system has only one sound where L2 is characterized by noticeable richness of separate sound categories, encounter serious problems when they try to distinguish those new sounds and, moreover, they tend to apply their native vowels or consonants in L2 speech. It may be easily audible in the case of vowels and actually a lot of studies on L2 learners’ production and perception of L1 and L2 vowels have been carried (e.g. Flege, 1992; Nowacka, 2010; Rojczyk, 2010a; Rojczyk, 2010b). The aim of this study was to examine elementary learners’ perception of 4 German vowels, namely: /ɪ/, /iː/, /ʏ/ and /yː/. They were organized as two sets of minimal pairs, namely /ɪ/ vs. /ʏ/ and /iː/ vs. /yː/. The aforementioned sounds were chosen for the study since /ʏ/ and /yː/ are considered to be very difficult vowels for Polish learners (e.g. Bęza, 2001). Twelve elementary, adult (29-52 years old) Polish learners of German agreed to participate in the study. The subjects had just began their A2-level language course, however they had been taught the basics of German pronunciation for a year, during their A1-level course. They were presented a printed list of word pairs and listened to the recorded words. Then they were asked to circle the right option in each pair. The results revealed that although all study participants were adults when they started learning German and they were still just elementary users of the language, they were already able to distinguish correctly a considerable number of words. It may suggest that proper pronunciation training during a FL/L2 course can provide language learners with measurable benefits.
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Karpiński, Maciej, and Katarzyna Klessa. "The perception of non-native phonological categories in adult-directed and infant-directed speech: An experimental study." Logopedia Silesiana, no. 9 (December 29, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/logopediasilesiana.2020.09.13.
Full textAbstract:
In the present study, we test whether adult listeners detect phonological contrasts faster and more accurately in non-native infant-directed speech (IDS) than in non-native adult-directed speech (ADS). 21 participants listened to pairs of speech signals and their task was to decide as quickly as possible whether the signals constitute the same or different words. Each pair of signals contained target vowels or consonants representing a certain category of contrast that was phonologically relevant in a given language but not in Polish, i.e., the native language of the participants of the listening test. The signals were presented in a random order, and each pair occurred in the material twice. Although we demonstrated significant acoustic-phonetic differences between the utterances realized in the IDS and ADS speaking styles, the listeners in our study were not significantly more accurate or faster in the identification of contrasts in either IDS or ADS stimuli.
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SCHWARTZ, GEOFFREY. "A representational parameter for onsetless syllables." Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 3 (January 17, 2013): 613–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000436.
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Syllables without consonantal onsets may be invisible for stress-assignment, reduplication, or tone. Many authors attribute this behavior to some sort of prosodic deficiency, while having little to say about cases in which onsetless syllables act as well-formed constituents. In the Onset Prominence (OP) representational environment, the ambiguous behavior of onsetless syllables is explained by means of a single representational parameter. Prosodically active initial vowels are assumed to be specified for the Vocalic Onset (VO) layer of structure, a specification lacking in prosodically inert onsetless syllables. Diverse phonological implications of VO specification for KiKerewe, Eastern Arrernte, Tashlhiyt Berber and Polish are examined. In the case of Polish, phonetic data on the glottalization of initial vowels provide additional support for the representational proposal. Finally, the place of the OP environment within the context of modern phonological theory is discussed.
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Korycka, Anna. "Analysis of Chosen Phonetic and Morphological Features Present in Polish Folk Songs in the Vilnius Region." Respectus Philologicus 22, no. 27 (October 25, 2012): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2012.27.15348.
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This article is devoted to an analysis of certain phonetic and morphological features that occur in the material of Polish folk music in the Vilnius region. Excerpts were chosen with respect to the dominant linguistic elements (both phonetic and morphological) of the region in question. Examples were taken from Songs of Vilnius Region (Pieśni Wileńszczyzny) by Jan Mincewicz, materials gained from the Archive of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore in Vilnius, and the author’s own recordings. Based on dialectological publications (Kurzowa, Grek-Pabisowa, Sawaniewska-Mochowa, Rieger and others), an investigation into the occurrence of specific features of Northern Borderlands Polish in the Polish folk songs of the Vilnius region was undertaken. The Polish community is a dynamic group, the vast majority nurturing their own culture, language and customs.The first section of the article analyzes the phonetic features connected with the system of vowels and consonants. The second section contains an analysis of morphological phenomena (inflectional and word formative) present in the Polish folk songs known and sung in the Vilnius region. It was found that certain nouns change their grammatical gender; such singularities occur in the presence of the verb and the suffix -uk. The structure of the dialect in the researched area has been preserved quite well, which can be confirmed by the frequency with which the features typical of this region occur.In conclusion, on the basis of phonetics and morphology, it can be stated that the language of the Polish folk songs known and sung in Vilnius has retained many features of the dialect specific to the Northern Polish Borderlands.
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Guz, Marzena. "Niemieckie ślady w reportażach Melchiora Wańkowicza z tomu „Anoda i katoda”. Reportaże z części „Kraj lat dziecinnych” w perspektywie leksykalnej." Forum Filologiczne Ateneum, no. 1(6)2018 (December 31, 2018): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36575/2353-2912/1(6)2018.023.
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The subject of the study is German traces in Melchior Wańkowicz’s reportages published in the “Anoda i katoda” [“The Anode and Cathode”] series, in the part titled “Kraj lat dziecinnych” [The Land of Childhood]. This paper presents the vocabulary of German origin and Polish vocabulary referring to Germany and discusses common words and proper names, mostly of German origin, including quotations and lexis more or less assimilated in the Polish language. Appellatives are classified into parts of speech. The prevailing group of proper names comprises surnames, divided into two groups: German surnames and Polonised surnames. Another issue discussed in this article refers to the ways in which the presented vocabulary underwent Polonisation. Additionally, an interesting question is why the author, born in the Russian partition territory, uses so many words related to Germany. Wańkowicz refers to history, which justifies lexical items of German provenance, e.g. Ober-Ost. The presence of numerous surnames of German origin may result from Wańkowicz’s memories, e.g. Gebethner and Wolff are publishers of his story for children, and the surname Einstein is referred to in relation to Warsaw. As for the presence of appellatives, they were probably well-assimilated and frequently used, since most of them are not distinguished in any way in the text by the author. Some of the above-quoted Germanisms (appellatives and proper names) were Polonised in terms of vowels and consonants and through the application of Polish word-forming suffixes.
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Łukaszewicz, Beata, and Janina Mołczanow. "The role of vowel parameters in defining lexical and subsidiary stress in Ukrainian." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 54, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2018-0014.
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Abstract Recent work suggests that Ukrainian represents a typologically rare bidirectional stress system with internal lapses, i.e. sequences of unstressed syllables in the vicinity of primary stress (Łukaszewicz and Mołczanow 2018a, b). The system is more intricate than the hitherto known bidirectional systems (e.g. Polish), and thus interesting from the theoretical perspective, as it involves interaction between free lexical stress and secondary stresses. Lexical and subsidiary prominence in Ukrainian have been shown to be expressed acoustically in terms of increased duration of the whole syllable. This leaves open the question of the role of classic vowel parameters in shaping prominence effects in this language. The present study fills this gap by investigating vowel duration, intensity, and F0 as potential acoustic correlates of primary and secondary stress in Ukrainian. It focuses on words with primary stress on the fifth syllable. Such words are predicted to have secondary stress on the first and third syllables. The results point to statistically significant lengthening of vowels carrying lexical stress as well as of those in the initial syllable, but not in the third syllable. A possible explanation is that other parameters, e.g. consonant duration, may be crucial in the case of word-internal subsidiary stress in Ukrainian.
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Jaskuła, Krzysztof, and Jolanta Szpyra-Kozłowska. ""Wychódźc", "Pcim" i "Rzgów". Grupy spółgłoskowe w nazwach miejscowości w świetle fonotaktyki polskiej." Język Polski 100, no. 3 (October 2020): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31286/jp.100.3.4.
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The paper undertakes an interesting and largely under-researched issue of initial and final consonant clusters in many Polish place names which are either unattested in common words or occur only in isolated cases, as illustrated by the examples provided in the title. The presentation of the relevant language data is followed by a brief description of the historical sources of such clusters which involve sound changes (e.g. disappearance of weak vowels, palatalization and segment metathesis), as well as borrowings from other languages and local dialects. Next, the discussion focuses on the place the names in question should occupy in the Polish phonotactic system. The authors argue that equating phonotactic well-formedness with structures attested in language and ill-formedness with those which are unattested is too simplistic. A solid analysis of the aforementioned issues requires a substantial modification and introduction of several subtler distinctions. They claim, therefore, that phonotactic restrictions form a scale, with well-formed and ill-formed sound sequences appearing at its extremities and with rare consonant clusters and those found only in place names and some borrowings located in the middle.
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Kim, Hyunsoon. "The place of articulation of the Korean plain affricate in intervocalic position: an articulatory and acoustic study." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31, no. 2 (December 2001): 229–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100301002055.
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The place of articulation of the Korean plain affricate /c/ and the obstruents /t, s/ is articulatorily and acoustically examined in the intervocalic positions /a―a, a―i, a―u/ taken from four subjects in three dialects. The articulatory data of direct palatograms and linguograms have shown that in these contexts, the plain affricate is not post-alveolar as usually assumed in the literature, but alveolar, just like the alveolar consonants /t, s/, despite some speaker variation regarding the active articulator (tip, blade, anterodorsum). The examination of LPC data has also shown that the affricate is alveolar, like the consonants /t, s/, both for its stop part and for its frication part. The phonetic results are then confirmed by the review of Skalicková's (1960) palatogram of the affricate, and the comparison of X-ray data of the affricate /c/ to those of the Korean obstruents /t, s/ (Skalicková 1960), the Korean vowel /i/ (Han 1978) and post-alveolars in other langauges such as Czech (Danes et al. 1954) and Polish (Wierzchowska 1980). Based on the present phonetic results, we propose that, following IPA usage, the Korean plain affricate is transcribed as /ts/.
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Gralińska-Brawata, Anna. "Language Experience and Phonetic Training as Factors Influencing Timing Organisation in Polish Learners of English." Research in Language 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2014-0018.
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The paper investigates the dynamics of speech rhythm in Polish learners of English and, specifically, how rhythm measurements revealing durational characteristics of vocalic and consonantal intervals through the measures (%V, ΔV, ΔC, VarcoV, VarcoC and nPVI) change along the process of second language acquisition as a result of language experience and phonetic training, and influence rhythmic characteristics of L2 English. The data used for the analysis come from 30 Polish first-year students of the University of Łódź recorded reading two texts (English and Polish) during two recording sessions separated by a 7-month period of language studies and compared to the data obtained from the recordings of native speakers of English. The experiment aims at verifying whether the participants achieve progress in the rhythm measure scores under the influence of language experience and phonetic training, as it has already been confirmed that general proficiency of non-native speakers of English is a key factor contributing to the successful production of rhythmic patterns in English (Waniek-Klimczak 2009, Roach 2002). The results have shown no substantial and consistent progress for the whole group and across all the measures. Statistical tests, however, have revealed significant changes in the subjects' performance with respect to the vocalic measures ΔV and VarcoV. This may reflect the effect of the type of phonetic training the students are offered, which is segment-based with particular emphasis on vowels.
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Teeranon, Phanintra. "The Influence of Initial Consonants on the Intrinsic Pitch of High and Low Vowels in the Malay Dialect Spoken in Pathumthani Province, Thailand." MANUSYA 9, no. 1 (2006): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00901002.
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High vowels tend to have higher intrinsic F0 (pitch) than low vowels (e.g. Lehiste, 1970; Whalen and Levitt, 1995). Higher intrinsic F0 occurs on vowels which follow voiceless consonants, lower intrinsic F0 occurs on vowels which follow voiced consonants. When high vowels follow voiced consonants and low vowels follow voiceless consonants, the voicing of initial consonants has been found to counterbalance the intrinsic F0 value of high and low vowels. In other words, voiced consonants will lower F0 values of high vowels, and voiceless consonants will raise F0 values of low vowels to the extent that the average F0 of these high vowels is actually lower than the average F0 of the low vowels under examination (Clark and Yallop, 1990; House and Fairbanks, 1953; Lehiste, 1970; Lehiste and Peterson, 1961; Laver, 1994). To test whether this counterbalance finding is applicable to Southeast Asian languages, the F0 values of high and low vowels following voiceless and voiced consonants were studied in a Malay dialect of the Austronesian language family spoken in Pathumthani Province, Thailand.
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Moradi, Shahram, Björn Lidestam, Henrik Danielsson, Elaine Hoi Ning Ng, and Jerker Rönnberg. "Visual Cues Contribute Differentially to Audiovisual Perception of Consonants and Vowels in Improving Recognition and Reducing Cognitive Demands in Listeners With Hearing Impairment Using Hearing Aids." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 9 (September 18, 2017): 2687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-h-16-0160.
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Purpose We sought to examine the contribution of visual cues in audiovisual identification of consonants and vowels—in terms of isolation points (the shortest time required for correct identification of a speech stimulus), accuracy, and cognitive demands—in listeners with hearing impairment using hearing aids. Method The study comprised 199 participants with hearing impairment (mean age = 61.1 years) with bilateral, symmetrical, mild-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss. Gated Swedish consonants and vowels were presented aurally and audiovisually to participants. Linear amplification was adjusted for each participant to assure audibility. The reading span test was used to measure participants' working memory capacity. Results Audiovisual presentation resulted in shortened isolation points and improved accuracy for consonants and vowels relative to auditory-only presentation. This benefit was more evident for consonants than vowels. In addition, correlations and subsequent analyses revealed that listeners with higher scores on the reading span test identified both consonants and vowels earlier in auditory-only presentation, but only vowels (not consonants) in audiovisual presentation. Conclusion Consonants and vowels differed in terms of the benefits afforded from their associative visual cues, as indicated by the degree of audiovisual benefit and reduction in cognitive demands linked to the identification of consonants and vowels presented audiovisually.
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Wolfe, Virginia I., and Suzanne D. Blocker. "Consonant-Vowel Interaction in an Unusual Phonological System." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 55, no. 3 (August 1990): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5503.561.
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This paper presents information regarding the interactive effects of consonants and vowels in a disordered phonological system. Labial and labiodental consonants were produced as alveolar consonants before front vowels and labial consonants before back vowels. Motivation for the sound change is discussed in terms of assimilation and labial constraints. Implications for therapeutic intervention are discussed.
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Teeranon, Phanintra. "Initial Consanant Voicing Perturbation of the Fundamental Frequency of Oral Vowels and Nasal Vowels: A Controversial Case from Ban Doi Pwo Karen." MANUSYA 15, no. 2 (2012): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01502003.
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This paper aims to analyze the acoustic characteristics of initial consonant voicing perturbation of the fundamental frequency of oral vowels and nasal vowels of Ban Doi Pwo Karen. Three age groups of informants were selected: over-sixty years old (>60), middle aged (35-45), and under-twenty years old (<20). The acoustic analysis method was employed to analyze the mean vowel duration (msec), mean vowel amplitude (dB), and mean vowel fundamental frequency (Hz). The results show that voiceless initial consonants tend to cause a lower fundamental frequency than that of the voiced initial consonants. This has excited controversy concerning the tonogenesis theory of initial voicing perturbation on vowels. However, it was later found that the vowels followed by voiceless initial consonants were breathy and it was the voice register of vowels that caused the low fundamental frequency values. In contrast to other studies, the nasal vowels were not always higher in fundamental frequency when compared to oral vowels. In all age groups, nasal vowels following either voiceless or voiced consonants were found to be higher in fundamental frequency than oral vowels, except in the younger age group where the fundamental frequency of nasal vowels following voiced consonants was lower than that of the oral vowels following voiced consonants.
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Kerdpol, Karnthida, Volker Dellwo, and Mathias Jenny. "Phonetic Sources of Sound Change: The Influence of Thai on Nasality in Pwo Karen." MANUSYA 19, no. 1 (2016): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01901003.
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The phonetic realization of nasal vowels produced by Pwo speakers of different ages can vary. The present study investigated mid and low nasal vowels of Pwo speakers from Mae Hong Son province, Thailand. Due to the higher tendency of language contact with Thai, the younger group’s nasal vowels were expected to lose more nasality than the older group. The emergence of final nasal consonants was also expected in the younger group. The nasalization duration and consonant duration of both groups were analyzed. The results showed that, regardless of age, mid nasal vowels of some speakers had final nasal consonants, while low nasal vowels of all speakers did not. Furthermore, the older group had both longer nasalization duration and consonant duration than the younger group, suggesting their higher tendency to preserve nasality. The younger group had shorter nasalization duration and consonant duration, indicating the loss of nasality in vowels without compensatory final nasal consonants. The change might be due to the vowel quality. High vowels were fully denasalized with no compensatory final nasal consonants. Mid vowels were nasalized with the emergence of final nasal consonants. Low vowels remained nasalized without final nasal consonants. We could not confirm that the emergence of final nasal consonants was induced by Thai because it occurred in both groups. The existence of final nasal consonants in the younger group could not be used as evidence of an effect of contact.
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Tambovtsev, Yuri A. "The Consonantal Coefficient in Selected Languages." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 30, no. 2 (1985): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100010884.
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In this paper, the consonantal coefficient is defined as the ratio of consonants to vowels occurring in continuous spoken texts in any one language. The vowel coefficient is the reciprocal, i.e. the ratio of vowels to consonants in the same type of texts. For example, if a text consisted of all vowels and no consonants, the value of the consonantal coefficient would be zero. The vocalic coefficient would theoretically be infinity, but no comparison could actually be made. Similarly, in a text that was all consonants and no vowels, the values would be reversed. In a text in which the number of vowels and consonants was equal, the value of both the consonantal coefficient and the vocalic coefficient would be 1, or unity. The use of the coefficient gives us a method for the classification of languages that can be of use in typological studies, just as the coefficient of stem to inflection or vice-versa can give us another index for typological classification.
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Oyinloye, Mayowa Emmanuel, and Chinedu Nwadinobi Anyanwu. "An Optimality-Theoretic Study of Nasalization in Mbaise." Journal of Modern Languages 31, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jml.vol31no2.6.
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Within the ambit of Optimality Theory, this paper examined the phonological distribution of nasalized consonants and nasalized vowels in the Mbaise dialect of Igbo (spoken in Nigeria) with a view to identifying the relevant constraint hierarchies controlling their surface realization. Using the West African Linguistic Society Questionnaire and a researcher-designed wordlist, the data were obtained via structured oral interview from two competent native speakers of the dialect, and were analyzed using a descriptive approach grounded on the chosen theoretical framework. Arising from the analysis were the following findings: Mbaise operates two systems of nasal specification ‒ the contrastive type affecting consonants and the context-induced type affecting vowels; nasalized consonants are phonemic while nasalized vowels are allophonic; the nasalized consonants are largely restricted to intervocalic position while the nasalized vowels appear after tautosyllabic nasal(ized) consonants. It was argued that the surface realization of the nasalized consonants is controlled by IDENT-CONS/NAS whereas that of the nasalized vowels is controlled by *NV[-nasal]. Despite the difference in their phonological distribution and functional status, Mbaise nasalized consonants and nasalized vowels have a structural relationship within the syllable in which they occur. Therefore, it was concluded that their well-formedness is governed by a single hierarchy: IDENT-CONS/NAS, *NV[-nasal] >> *FRIC/NAS, *LIQ/NAS >> *CONS/NAS, *V/NAS >> IDENT-IO(nasal).
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Canalis, Stefano, and Furkan Dikmen. "Turkish palatalized consonants." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 5, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v5i1.4781.
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This study aims to explore the nature of consonant-final Turkish roots that select suffixes with front vowels despite having a back vowel in their final syllable, thus seemingly violating palatal harmony. While there is little controversy that final laterals in such roots are palatalized, opinions vary about the phonetic and phonological nature of the other final consonants. We want to argue that all word-final (or occasionally penultimate) consonants of these roots are palatalized, and that this palatalization is the underlying cause of ‘disharmony’. The phonetic evidence supporting our claims comes from an experiment in which we matched 12 irregular roots with their regular counterparts and asked 10 native speakers of Turkish to read these words. We found that, compared to ‘regular’ roots ending with a plain consonant, the final consonants of ‘irregular’ roots have a significantly higher F2. The last vowels of ‘irregular’ roots were also found to have a somewhat higher F2 than the last vowels of ‘regular’ roots at their offset, but the difference fairly rapidly decreases at vowel midpoint, and at vowel onset F2 values are very similar in both ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’ roots. These combined results suggest that the final consonant of the ‘irregular’ roots has an underlying palatal secondary articulation, while fronting in the preceding vowels is likely due to co-articulation.
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Gómez, David M., Peggy Mok, Mikhail Ordin, Jacques Mehler, and Marina Nespor. "Statistical Speech Segmentation in Tone Languages: The Role of Lexical Tones." Language and Speech 61, no. 1 (May 9, 2017): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830917706529.
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Research has demonstrated distinct roles for consonants and vowels in speech processing. For example, consonants have been shown to support lexical processes, such as the segmentation of speech based on transitional probabilities (TPs), more effectively than vowels. Theory and data so far, however, have considered only non-tone languages, that is to say, languages that lack contrastive lexical tones. In the present work, we provide a first investigation of the role of consonants and vowels in statistical speech segmentation by native speakers of Cantonese, as well as assessing how tones modulate the processing of vowels. Results show that Cantonese speakers are unable to use statistical cues carried by consonants for segmentation, but they can use cues carried by vowels. This difference becomes more evident when considering tone-bearing vowels. Additional data from speakers of Russian and Mandarin suggest that the ability of Cantonese speakers to segment streams with statistical cues carried by tone-bearing vowels extends to other tone languages, but is much reduced in speakers of non-tone languages.
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Kusuma, Adhi, and Victa Sari Dwi Kurniati. "A Comparative Study of English and Javanese Sound Inventories." TAMANSISWA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL IN EDUCATION AND SCIENCE 2, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/tijes.v2i1.8553.
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This essay aims at comparing and contrasting the English and Javanese with respect to the sound inventories completed. Based on Maddieson’s research (cited in Aronoff & Ress-Miller 2003, p. 183) there are between six and 95 consonants and between three and 46 vowels in a language. While English has 24 consonants and 12 vowels (Fromkin et al. 2008, p. 216) and Javanese has 23 consonants and 6 vowels (Ager 2009; Wedhawati & Arifin 2006, p. 65). In sum, the sound the English and Javanese inventories are both similar and different in several respects to how their consonants and vowels are produced and where in the mouth they are produced. Additionally, by comparing two languages, it can be seen that some sounds exist in one language but does not exist in another.Â
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WINSKEL, HEATHER. "Orthographic and phonological parafoveal processing of consonants, vowels, and tones when reading Thai." Applied Psycholinguistics 32, no. 4 (April 7, 2011): 739–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271641100004x.
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ABSTRACTFour eye movement experiments investigated whether readers use parafoveal input to gain information about the phonological or orthographic forms of consonants, vowels, and tones in word recognition when reading Thai silently. Target words were presented in sentences preceded by parafoveal previews in which consonant, vowel, or tone information was manipulated. Previews of homophonous consonants (Experiment 1) and concordant vowels (Experiment 2) did not substantially facilitate processing of the target word, whereas the identical previews did. Hence, orthography appears to be playing the prominent role in early word recognition for consonants and vowels. Incorrect tone marker previews (Experiment 3) substantially retarded the subsequent processing of the target word, indicating that lexical tone plays an important role in early word recognition. Vowels in VOP (Experiment 4) did not facilitate processing, which points to vowel position being a significant factor. Primarily, orthographic codes of consonants and vowels (HOP) in conjunction with tone information are assembled from parafoveal input and used for early lexical access.
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Fejes, László. "Erzya stem-internal vowel-consonant harmony: A new approach." Acta Linguistica Academica 68, no. 1-2 (July 24, 2021): 158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2062.2021.00466.
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AbstractAlthough Erzya harmony is discussed as a kind of vowel harmony traditionally, suffix alternations show that there is a close interaction between consonants and vowels, therefore we should speak about a consonant-vowel harmony. This paper demonstrates that the palatalizedness of the consonants and the frontness of the vowels are also strongly connected inside stems: first syllable front vowels are quite rare after word-initial non-palatalized dentals but are dominant after palatalized ones; first syllable back vowels are dominantly followed by non-palatalized dentals, while the latter are very rare after front vowels.
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Shihab Ahmed, Inst Mubdir. "Semi-Vowels in English and their Counterparts in Arabic, A Contrastive Study." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 59, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v59i3.1144.
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The present study attempts to shed light on a phonetic phenomenon in both English and Arabic related to what is called semi-vowels. The English semi-vowel /j/ and /w/ and the Arabic (و) and (ي) are either considered consonants or vowels depending on certain bases. Hence, this study tries to investigate these bases. The study aims at giving a description of the English and Arabic semi-vowels and showing whether both languages are similar or different with reference to their production and function. The study hypothesises that considering the English Semi-vowels as either consonants or vowels is determined phonetically or phonologically, whereas in Arabic such a case is determined by the phonological environment in which they occur. To realize the aims of the study and to prove its hypotheses, a description of semi-vowels in both languages is presented and a contrastive analysis is carried out. The study concludes that the semi-vowels in both languages are considered vowels in their production and like consonants in their function. Also, the study finds that there is no much difference as regards the production of the semi-vowels in both languages.
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Quy, Nguyen Tran. "Acoustic properties of Vietnamese initial consonants." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 1, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v1i4.465.
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In acoustic phonetic research, phonetic data is needed to prove authenticity. The acoustic phonetic analysis method is valid for verifying previous phonetic hypotheses. Thereby, lay the foundations of science to reinforce the notion of phonetic or phonetic study. The formant frequencies F1, F2, F3 are considered as the basis for measuring vowels. According to consonants, the length of VOT, formant transitions, antiformants, and locus frequencies will be noted. In this article, we present the basis to measure Vietnamese initial consonants such as: voiced consonants, voiceless consonants, stop consonants, fricative consonants, nasal consonants. The voiced consonants will have a voice bar and voiceless consonants will have no voice bar. Fricative consonants always have higher frequencies than stop consonants. Based on the spectral image of a consonant, we can determine the articulation of consonants. The acoustic properties of the nasal consonant and lateral consonant are nearly identical to the acoustic properties of the vowels, because in the construction of these consonants, the vocal cords are more vibrating.
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Imam, SMN, and D. Takahashi. "Nature of errors in percentage syllable articulation as an effect of reverberation time on Bangla." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, no. 1 (April 8, 2017): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i1.32067.
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This paper identifies the nature of errors in the Percentage Syllable Articulation (PSA) test for Bangla, as a continuation and extension of a study conducted and published by the authors to determine the effects of Reverberation Time (RT) on Bangla. Errors due to RT 2.0 s are enumerated to derive Percent Error (PE) at initial, medial and final positions of phonemes in syllables, for both vowels and consonants. It is found that consonants are more vulnerable to errors than vowels, as their mean PEs are 37.8% and 27.6% respectively. Relative positions of phonemes in syllables have significant effect on PE. For vowels, mean PE increases from 12.1% to 56.7% for their medial and medial plus final positions respectively. For consonants, mean PE rises from 17.1% to 67.8% for their initial and final positions. Variations in PE within same groups of vowels and consonants, exemplify unique inherent characteristics of each phoneme.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(1), 21-30, 2017
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Carreiras, M., and C. J. Price. "Brain Activation for Consonants and Vowels." Cerebral Cortex 18, no. 7 (January 29, 2008): 1727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm202.
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Bonatti, Luca L., Marcela Peña, Marina Nespor, and Jacques Mehler. "On Consonants, Vowels, Chickens, and Eggs." Psychological Science 18, no. 10 (October 2007): 924–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02002.x.
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Esposito, Christina M., and Sameer ud Dowla Khan. "Contrastive breathiness on consonants and vowels." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128, no. 4 (October 2010): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3508880.
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Caramazza, Alfonso, Doriana Chialant, Rita Capasso, and Gabriele Miceli. "Separable processing of consonants and vowels." Nature 403, no. 6768 (January 2000): 428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35000206.
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Глазкова and E. Glazkova. "An Argue of Vowels and Consonants." Primary Education 2, no. 4 (August 15, 2014): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5296.
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Buchwald, Adam, and Brenda Rapp. "Consonants and vowels in orthographic representations." Cognitive Neuropsychology 23, no. 2 (March 2006): 308–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000527.
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Carreiras, Manuel, Margaret Gillon-Dowens, Marta Vergara, and Manuel Perea. "Are Vowels and Consonants Processed Differently? Event-related Potential Evidence with a Delayed Letter Paradigm." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 2 (February 2009): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21023.
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To investigate the neural bases of consonant and vowel processing, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants read words and pseudowords in a lexical decision task. The stimuli were displayed in three different conditions: (i) simultaneous presentation of all letters (baseline condition); (ii) presentation of all letters, except that two internal consonants were delayed for 50 msec (consonants-delayed condition); and (iii) presentation of all letters, except that two internal vowels were delayed for 50 msec (vowels-delayed condition). The behavioral results showed that, for words, response times in the consonants-delayed condition were longer than in the vowels-delayed condition, which, in turn, were longer than in the baseline condition. The ERPs showed that, starting as early as 150 msec, words in the consonants-delayed condition produced a larger negativity than words in vowels-delayed condition. In addition, there were peak latency differences and amplitude differences in the P150, N250, P325, and N400 components between the baseline and the two letter-delayed conditions. We examine the implications of these findings for models of visual-word recognition and reading.
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Bessell, Nicola J. "Local and non-local consonant–vowel interaction in Interior Salish." Phonology 15, no. 1 (August 1998): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675798003510.
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Local consonant–vowel (C–V) interaction is attested in many languages, both as a phonetic and as a phonological process. There can be a clear developmental relationship between the two, with phonologisation of phonetic interaction occurring quite commonly (Hyman 1976, Ohala 1981). Thus, a common (historical) context for nasal vowels is an adjacent nasal consonant. When consonants trigger non-local effects (i.e. when the domain of the consonantal feature extends beyond adjacent segments), typically both vowels and consonants are targeted. For example, in consonant-induced nasal or emphasis harmony all segments in the harmony domain usually take the consonantal feature. If some segments are neutral, targets still include both consonants and vowels.
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New, Boris, Verónica Araújo, and Thierry Nazzi. "Differential Processing of Consonants and Vowels in Lexical Access Through Reading." Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (December 2008): 1223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02228.x.
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Do consonants and vowels have the same importance during reading? Recently, it has been proposed that consonants play a more important role than vowels for language acquisition and adult speech processing. This proposal has started receiving developmental support from studies showing that infants are better at processing specific consonantal than vocalic information while learning new words. This proposal also received support from adult speech processing. In our study, we directly investigated the relative contributions of consonants and vowels to lexical access while reading by using a visual masked-priming lexical decision task. Test items were presented following four different primes: identity (e.g., for the word joli, joli), unrelated ( vabu), consonant-related ( jalu), and vowel-related ( vobi). Priming was found for the identity and consonant-related conditions, but not for the vowel-related condition. These results establish the privileged role of consonants during lexical access while reading.
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Bonatti, Luca L., Marcela Peña, Marina Nespor, and Jacques Mehler. "Linguistic Constraints on Statistical Computations." Psychological Science 16, no. 6 (June 2005): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01556.x.
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Speech is produced mainly in continuous streams containing several words. Listeners can use the transitional probability (TP) between adjacent and non-adjacent syllables to segment “words” from a continuous stream of artificial speech, much as they use TPs to organize a variety of perceptual continua. It is thus possible that a general-purpose statistical device exploits any speech unit to achieve segmentation of speech streams. Alternatively, language may limit what representations are open to statistical investigation according to their specific linguistic role. In this article, we focus on vowels and consonants in continuous speech. We hypothesized that vowels and consonants in words carry different kinds of information, the latter being more tied to word identification and the former to grammar. We thus predicted that in a word identification task involving continuous speech, learners would track TPs among consonants, but not among vowels. Our results show a preferential role for consonants in word identification.
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Esposito, Christina M., Sameer ud Dowla Khan, Kelly H. Berkson, and Max Nelson. "Distinguishing breathy consonants and vowels in Gujarati." Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 6, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 215–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jsall-2019-2011.
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AbstractAcross languages, the acoustic and articulatory correlates of breathiness are similar whether they are associated with consonants or with vowels. This raises the question of whether breathy consonants are confusable with breathy vowels in languages in which a phonemically breathy vowel contrasts with a phonemically modal vowel that follows a breathy-aspirated consonant, e. g. Gujarati /ba̤ɾ/ ‘outside’ vs. /bʱaɾ/ ‘burden’, respectively. We investigate the perception of a minimal triplet of Gujarati words, with a breathy vowel vs. a breathy consonant vs. an all-modal sequence, via three tasks: free-sort, AX discrimination, and picture-matching identification. Results across the three tasks indicate that breathiness is indeed confusable across the association types. Specifically, while listeners do recognize the stronger breathiness in vowels following breathy consonants, they are not necessarily able to determine whether that breathiness is associated with the vowel or the consonant. Furthermore, they do not reliably recognize the subtler breathiness of breathy vowels, which often indicates that they are the same as or an acceptable realization of an all-modal sequence (/baɾ/ ‘twelve’). This suggests a potential perceptual merger in Gujarati, despite previously-reported evidence of a robust three-way contrast in production.